Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
-
Literaturhinweis
Frühkindliche Betreuung erhöht den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern ohne Abitur (2023)
Zitatform
Hermes, Henning, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter & Simon Wiederhold (2023): Frühkindliche Betreuung erhöht den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern ohne Abitur. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 52-55.
Abstract
"In den meisten Ländern wirkt sich die Geburt eines Kindes negativ auf den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern aus, insbesondere bei Müttern mit niedrigerem Schulabschluss. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse eines Feldexperiments in Deutschland vorgestellt, in dem Familien bei der Bewerbung für einen Platz in einer Kindertagesstätte (Kita) unterstützt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der verbesserte Zugang zu frühkindlicher Betreuung die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass Mütter ohne Abitur in Vollzeit arbeiten, und deren Haushaltseinkommen steigert. Um den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern zu verbessern, sollte die Politik den Zugang zu frühkindlicher Betreuung erleichtern und die Zahl der Kita-Plätze noch weiter erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender, Unemployment, and Subjective Well-Being: Why Do Women Suffer Less from Unemployment than Men? (2023)
Zitatform
Heyne, Stefanie & Jonas Voßemer (2023): Gender, Unemployment, and Subjective Well-Being: Why Do Women Suffer Less from Unemployment than Men? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 301-316. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac030
Abstract
"Previous studies have shown that women suffer less from unemployment than men in terms of subjective well-being. However, there is little research that aims to test possible explanations for this gender-specific reaction. We distinguish two different ways in which unemployment reduces well-being, namely the financial and non-financial effects of becoming unemployed. Gender differences in both types could explain the different effects on the well-being of women and men. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we analyse why women are less affected by unemployment than men. Applying fixed-effects panel regressions, we find substantially smaller negative effects for women, but this can only to a small extent be explained by different financial effects. To test the relevance of non-financial effects, we investigate how gender differences vary between subgroups, for which the non-financial effects should differ. Our analyses show that gender differences are more pronounced both among people who were socialized in West Germany compared to East Germany and among parents compared to singles. Moreover, differences in labour market attachment prior to the transition to unemployment explain a large share of the gender gap. These findings support the assumption that non-financial effects are responsible for the weaker consequences of unemployment among women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Changes in Perceived Fairness of Division of Household Labor Across Parenthood Transitions: Whose Relationship Satisfaction Is Impacted? (2023)
Zitatform
Hiekel, Nicole & Katya Ivanova (2023): Changes in Perceived Fairness of Division of Household Labor Across Parenthood Transitions. Whose Relationship Satisfaction Is Impacted? In: Journal of Family Issues, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 1046-1073. DOI:10.1177/0192513X211055119
Abstract
"Using a nationally representative, prospective study of young German adults, we address two research questions: First, are changes in the perceptions of the fairness of (un)paid labor division associated with changes in men’s and women’s partnership satisfaction across fertility transitions? Second, is this association moderated by men and women’s pre-birth gender role attitudes? Our results indicate that differences between respondents in changes in relationship satisfaction after fertility transitions could be observed across perceptions of the fairness of the division of labor, rather than across differing actual divisions of household labor. That effect was found for women, but not men. Across gender role attitudes, the perception of a stable fair arrangement was detrimental to traditional men’s relationship satisfaction, whereas the perception of increased fairness protected against declines in relationship satisfaction only for egalitarian women. We discuss how the mismatch between imagined and lived realities might affect relationship dynamics across fertility transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Simultaneity in binary outcome models with an application to employment for couples (2023)
Honore, Bo E.; Hu, Luojia; Kyriazidou, Ekaterini; Weidner, Martin;Zitatform
Honore, Bo E., Luojia Hu, Ekaterini Kyriazidou & Martin Weidner (2023): Simultaneity in binary outcome models with an application to employment for couples. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 64, H. 6, S. 3197-3233. DOI:10.1007/s00181-023-02417-7
Abstract
"Two of Peter Schmidt's many contributions to econometrics have been to introduce a simultaneous logit model for bivariate binary outcomes and to study estimation of dynamic linear fixed effects panel data models using short panels. In this paper, we study a dynamic panel data version of the bivariate model introduced in Schmidt and Strauss (Econometrica 43:745–755, 1975) that allows for lagged dependent variables and fixed effects as in Ahn and Schmidt (J Econom 68:5–27, 1995). We combine a conditional likelihood approach with a method of moments approach to obtain an estimation strategy for the resulting model. We apply this estimation strategy to a simple model for the intra-household relationship in employment. Our main conclusion is that the within-household dependence in employment differs significantly by the ethnicity composition of the couple even after one allows for unobserved household specific heterogeneity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
A cross-national study of family-friendly policies, gender egalitarianism, and work–family conflict among working parents (2023)
Zitatform
Hsiao, Hsinyi (2023): A cross-national study of family-friendly policies, gender egalitarianism, and work–family conflict among working parents. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 18. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0291127
Abstract
"Social policies impinge on daily lives of individuals and affect how they negotiate work and family demands. To fill in the void in the international work–family literature regarding whether public family-friendly policies effectively decrease work–family conflict the present study examined multilevel effects of family-friendly policies, organizational type, and family characteristics on working parents' work–family conflict by gender using random samples of 6,878 individuals in 24 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North and South America. Drawn on role stress theory, gender egalitarianism, and institutional theory this study showed that parental leave policies have greater influence on work–family conflict among men compared to women. Individual dimensions of parental leave policies on men's experience of work–family conflict impinged on workplace characteristics and family characteristics. Implementing parental leave policies with high flexibility and higher rates of income replacement may help men with working spouses or who are employed in the public sector to reduce bidirectional conflicts between work and family. Women generally were not protected by individual dimensions of parental leave policies. Instead, societal attitudes towards gender played a key role in helping women reduce bidirectional conflicts between work and family roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Public child care and mothers' career trajectories (2023)
Huber, Katrin; Rolvering, Geske;Zitatform
Huber, Katrin & Geske Rolvering (2023): Public child care and mothers' career trajectories. (CEPA discussion papers / Center for Economic Policy Analysis 64), Potsdam, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the effect of public child care on mothers' career trajectories. To this end, we combine county-level data on child care coverage with detailed individual-level information from the German social security records and exploit a set of German reforms leading to a substantial temporal and spatial variation in child care coverage for children under the age of three. We conduct an event study approach that investigates the labor market outcomes of mothers in the years around the birth of their first child. We thereby explore career trajectories, both in terms of quantity and quality of employment. We find that public child care improves maternal labor supply in the years immediately following childbirth. However, the results on quality-related outcomes suggest that the effect of child care provision does not reach far beyond pure employment effects. These results do not change for mothers with different 'career costs of children'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation: Die Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation von Frauen und Männern in geschlechtersegregierten und -integrierten Berufen (2023)
Hünefeld, Lena; Dötsch, Mareike;Zitatform
Hünefeld, Lena & Mareike Dötsch (2023): Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation: Die Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation von Frauen und Männern in geschlechtersegregierten und -integrierten Berufen. (baua: Fokus), Dortmund, 26 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:fokus20230324
Abstract
"Frauen und Männer sind oftmals in unterschiedlichen Branchen und Berufen tätig. Die ungleiche Verteilung von Personen der beiden Geschlechter auf Berufe und Führungspositionen wird als berufliche Geschlechtersegregation bezeichnet. Auswertungen der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2018 dazu zeigen, dass es sowohl im Hinblick auf körperliche und psychische Arbeitsanforderungen als auch in Bezug auf die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern und innerhalb der für sie „typischen“ Berufe gibt. Die Analysen weisen zudem auf Unterschiede mit Blick auf gesundheitliche Beschwerden hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Fertility and parental retirement (2023)
Ilciucas, Julius;Zitatform
Ilciucas, Julius (2023): Fertility and parental retirement. In: Journal of Public Economics, Jg. 226. DOI:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.104928
Abstract
"I study how reduced retirement opportunities in one generation affect fertility in the subsequent generation. I use administrative Dutch data and exploit the 2006 Dutch pension reform, which induced individuals born from January 1, 1950 onward to delay retirement while exempting those born earlier. I find that this reform reduced fertility among women with affected mothers. The reduction is economically significant and persists after the impact on retirement fades out. I supplement my analysis with survey evidence and argue that the fertility reduction can be explained by reduced grandparental child care supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Promotion Prospects and Within-level Wage Growth: A Decomposition of the Part-time Penalty for Women (2023)
Ilieva, Boryana;Zitatform
Ilieva, Boryana (2023): Promotion Prospects and Within-level Wage Growth: A Decomposition of the Part-time Penalty for Women. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 457), München ; Berlin, 40 S.
Abstract
"I study the life-cycle pattern of part-time employment and its impact on wage growth in female careers. I show that the part-time wage penalty consists of two essential components: i) a penalty for promotions and ii) a within-career-level wage penalty. Using dynamic structural modeling, I quantify the relative importance of the channels. The penalty for working half a day for two consecutive years in one's early thirties is one Euro per hour. 70% of it is due to slowdowns in experience accumulation within career levels. A part-time spell of four years marks the point at which forgone chances of promotion and within-level wage losses contribute to the wage penalty to an equal degree. Counterfactual simulations demonstrate that financial incentives to increase the time spent working can be well complemented by policies which ensure that experienced young women are promoted early in their careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Gaps From Labor Market Shocks (2023)
Zitatform
Ivandić, Ria & Anne Sophie Lassen (2023): Gender Gaps From Labor Market Shocks. (Upjohn Institute working paper 387), Kalamazoo, Mich., 59 S. DOI:10.17848/wp23-387
Abstract
"Job loss leads to persistent adverse labor market outcomes, but assessments of gender differences in labor market recovery are lacking. We utilize plant closures in Denmark to estimate gender gaps in labor market outcomes and document that women face an increased risk of unemployment and lose a larger share of their earnings in the two years following job displacement. When accounting for observable differences in human Capital across men and women, half of the gender gap in unemployment remains. In a standard decomposition framework, we document that child care imposes an important barrier to women’s labor market recovery regardless of individual characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps from labor market shocks (2023)
Zitatform
Ivandić, Ria & Anne Sophie Lassen (2023): Gender gaps from labor market shocks. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102394
Abstract
"Job loss leads to persistent adverse labor market outcomes, but assessments of gender differences in labor market recovery are lacking. We utilize plant closures in Denmark to estimate gender gaps in labor market outcomes and document that women face an increased risk of unemployment and lose a larger share of their earnings in the two years following job displacement. The majority of the gender gap in unemployment remains after accounting for observable differences in human capital across men and women. In a standard decomposition framework, we document that child care imposes an important barrier to women’s labor market recovery regardless of individual characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender wage gap in European emerging markets: a meta-analytic perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Iwasaki, Ichiro & Mihoko Satogami (2023): Gender wage gap in European emerging markets: a meta-analytic perspective. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00333-y
Abstract
"In this paper, we report the results of a meta-analysis of 670 estimates extracted from 53 previous research works to estimate the gender wage gap in European emerging markets. A meta-synthesis of collected estimates exhibits that the gender differences have a statistically significant and economically meaningful impact on wage levels. Synthesis results also reveal that the gender wage gap in countries with EU membership is lower than that in non-EU member states and, nevertheless, the wage gap between men and women has a tendency to diminish over time in the region as a whole. The meta-regression analysis of literature heterogeneity and test for publication selection bias back up the findings obtained from the meta-synthesis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The UK gender pay gap: Does firm size matter? (2023)
Zitatform
Jones, Melanie & Ezgi Kaya (2023): The UK gender pay gap: Does firm size matter? In: Economica, Jg. 90, H. 359, S. 937-952. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12481
Abstract
"Motivated by the introduction of the UK Gender Pay Gap Reporting legislation to large firms, defined as over 250 employees, we use linked employee–employer panel data from the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings to explore pre-legislation variation in the gender pay gap by firm size. In doing so, we contribute to the evidence on the relationship between two prominent empirical regularities in the labour economics literature, namely the gender pay gap and the firm-size wage premium. We find that both the raw and adjusted gender pay gaps increase with firm size in the UK private sector, even after controlling for unobserved worker heterogeneity, consistent with the legislation being targeted effectively. However, this conclusion changes after accounting for unobserved firm-level heterogeneity. Large firms have smaller within-firm raw gender pay gaps and similar adjusted gender pay gaps when compared to smaller firms. Our findings are not specific to the current definition of large firms but hold more generally, including at alternative proposed size thresholds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Constrained 'choices': Optional familism and educational divides in work-family arrangements (2023)
Zitatform
Jozwiak, Andreas (2023): Constrained 'choices': Optional familism and educational divides in work-family arrangements. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 700-726. DOI:10.1111/spol.12901
Abstract
"German family policy was dramatically reformed in the 2000s because of dual reforms to parental leave and childcare provision. While considerable evidence has suggested the reforms affected employment and other outcomes, this article asks what the consequences of these reforms are for the family, specifically for patterns of work-family arrangements. Moreover, it asks how education matters for work-family arrangements post-reform. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data, I show that college-educated mothers giving birth to their first child after the reforms earned roughly half of household income if they benefited from expanded local childcare access. By contrast, in areas with lower childcare availability, even among the college-educated, mothers' earnings resemble pre-reform patterns, where mothers earn between a quarter to a third of household income. Therefore, the reforms contributed to greater differences in family structures based on the education. One interpretation of these findings is that the status reproducing nature of the Continental welfare states has recalibrated for the modern age, de-gendered for those with the greatest labour market returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Väterreport 2023: Entwicklungen und Daten zur Vielfalt der Väter in Deutschland (2023)
Zitatform
Juncke, David, Claire Samtleben & Evelyn Stoll (2023): Väterreport 2023. Entwicklungen und Daten zur Vielfalt der Väter in Deutschland. (Väterreport ... / Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend), Berlin, 74 S.
Abstract
"Der neue Väterreport zeigt, dass sich Väter viel stärker als früher eine partnerschaftlich organisierte Aufgabenteilung in der Familie wünschen. Jeder zweite Vater möchte gern die Hälfte der Betreuung übernehmen. Tatsächlich gelingt dies nur jedem fünften Vater. Die Lücke zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit ist noch immer groß. Der Väterreport beschreibt auf Basis amtlicher Statistiken, wissenschaftlicher Studien und repräsentativer Bevölkerungsbefragungen die Lebenslagen, Werte und Einstellungen von Vätern in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven (2023)
Juncke, David; Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Juncke, David & Axel Plünnecke (2023): Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven. (Policy paper / Prognos AG), Berlin, 8 S.
Abstract
"Wie wirkt sich das Elterngeld auf die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf aus? Wie auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot und wo kann es weiterentwickelt werden? Diesen Fragen widmeten sich Prognos und das Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) in ihrem gemeinsamen Papier „Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven“. Es zeigt: Mit dem Elterngeld gehen eine steigende Müttererwerbstätigkeit und eine vermehrte Beteiligung der Väter an der Kinderbetreuung einher. Reformen des Elterngeldes sollten auf dessen Weiterentwicklung ausgerichtet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in Deutschland: Aktuelle arbeitsmedizinische Beobachtungen aus Praxis, Medien und Wissenschaft (2023)
Kallenberg, Christine;Zitatform
Kallenberg, Christine (2023): Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in Deutschland. Aktuelle arbeitsmedizinische Beobachtungen aus Praxis, Medien und Wissenschaft. In: Arbeitsmedizin, Sozialmedizin, Umweltmedizin, Jg. 58, H. 5, S. 298-305. DOI:10.17147/asu-1-273028
Abstract
"In der arbeitsmedizinischen Praxis fällt unter dem Aspekt der Lebensverlaufsperspektive von Frauen die enge Verwobenheit von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit auf. Rollenstereotype bei der Berufswahl, horizontale und vertikale Segregatin, Gender-Pay-Gap und Androzentrismus im Berufskrankheitenrecht zeigen zukünftige Erwartungen und Aufgaben für die Arbeitsmedizin mit dem Fokus Frauengesundheit und soziale Gerechtigkeit an." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender and the blurring boundaries of work in the era of telework—A longitudinal study (2023)
Zitatform
Karjalainen, Mira (2023): Gender and the blurring boundaries of work in the era of telework—A longitudinal study. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. e13029. DOI:10.1111/soc4.13029
Abstract
"This longitudinal study analyses gender and the blurring boundaries of work during prolonged telework, utilising data gathered during the different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic caused a major change in the knowledge work sector, which has characteristically been more prone to work leaking into other parts of life. The study examines the blurring boundaries of telework: between time and place, care and housework, and emotional, social, spiritual and aesthetic labour. The experiences of different genders regarding the blurring boundaries of work during long-term telework are scrutinised using a mixed methods approach, analysing two surveys (Autumn 2020: N = 87, and Autumn 2021: N = 94) conducted longitudinally in a consulting company operating in Finland. There were several gendered differences in the reported forms of labour, which contribute to the blurring boundaries of work. Some boundary blurring remained the same during the study, while some fluctuated. The study also showed how the gendered practices around the blurring boundaries of work transformed during prolonged telework. Blurring boundaries of work and attempts to establish boundaries became partially gendered, as gender and life situation were reflected in knowledge workers' experiences of teleworking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Strength in Numbers? Gender Composition, Leadership, and Women's Influence in Teams (2023)
Karpowitz, Christopher F.; Preece, Jessica; Stoddard, Olga B.; O'Connell, Stephen D.;Zitatform
Karpowitz, Christopher F., Stephen D. O'Connell, Jessica Preece & Olga B. Stoddard (2023): Strength in Numbers? Gender Composition, Leadership, and Women's Influence in Teams. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16625), Bonn, 54 S.
Abstract
"Policies that increase women's representation often intend to provide women with influence over processes and decisions of the organization in which they are implemented. This paper studies the effect of gender composition and leadership on women's influence in two field experiments. Our first study finds that male-majority teams accord disproportionately less influence to women and are less likely to choose women to represent the team externally. We then replicate this finding in a new context and with a larger sample. To investigate the relationship between formal leadership and women's influence and authority, the second study also varied the gender of an assigned team leader. We find that a female leader substantially increases women's influence, even in male-majority teams. With a model of discriminatory voting, we show that either increasing the share of women or assigning a female leader reduces the rate at which individual teammates discriminate against women by more than 50%. These conditions both increase the influence of women and improve women's experience in work teams by creating an institutional environment that reduces the expression of discriminatory behavior at the individual level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender wage gap trends in Europe: The role of occupational skill prices (2023)
Zitatform
Kaya, Ezgi (2023): Gender wage gap trends in Europe: The role of occupational skill prices. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 162, H. 3, S. 385-405. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12338
Abstract
"This paper explores gender wage gap trends by assessing the role of changing wage returns to occupational skills, brains - cognitive and interpersonal skills, and brawn - motor-skills and physical strength. Using harmonised data for six European countries and comparable data for the US, this paper finds substantial variation in the impact of occupational skill prices across countries. However, in all countries, a considerable portion of the change in the gender wage gap cannot be explained by changes in occupational skill prices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann) (2023)
Zitatform
Keitel, Christiane; Andreas Filser, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann (interviewte Person) (2023): Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann). In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230207.01
Abstract
"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zugunsten von Kinderbetreuung unterbrechen. Der IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023 zeigt nun unter anderem auf, wie sich eine Erwerbsunterbrechung der Väter auf die Arbeitsmarktrückkehr der Mütter auswirkt. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Corinna Frodermann, Ann-Christin Bächmann und Andreas Filser nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Keitel, Christiane; Filser, Andreas ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ; Frodermann, Corinna ; -
Literaturhinweis
Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld (2023)
Keller, Matthias; Körner, Thomas;Zitatform
Keller, Matthias & Thomas Körner (2023): Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 88-101.
Abstract
"Erwerbsbeteiligung und Arbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern unterscheiden sich stark; das ist einer der Hauptgründe für die geringeren Verdienste von Frauen im Vergleich zu Männern. Wie sich die Erwerbstätigkeit und die Aufteilung der Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern seit dem Jahr 2005 entwickelt haben, insbesondere seit der Einführung des Elterngelds im Jahr 2007, hat das Statistische Bundesamt auf Grundlage von Ergebnissen des Mikrozensus untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen hierbei die Erwerbskonstellationen von Paaren mit und ohne Kinder. Ergebnisse zur Erwerbssituation alleinerziehender Mütter und Väter ergänzen die Analyse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)
-
Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave Reforms in South Korea, 1995–2021: Policy Translation and Institutional Legacies (2023)
Kim, Yeonjin; Lundqvist, Åsa;Zitatform
Kim, Yeonjin & Åsa Lundqvist (2023): Parental Leave Reforms in South Korea, 1995–2021: Policy Translation and Institutional Legacies. In: Social Politics, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 1113-1136. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxad008
Abstract
"This article aims to explore how policy translation and institutional legacies have shaped South Korean parental leave policies between 1995 and 2021. It draws on a document analysis of central political documents and interviews with a number of key policy actors in South Korea. The findings show that reforms of parental leave policies were implemented according to four major rationales: maternity protection; combating low-fertility rates; (working mothers’) work–family life reconciliation; and, finally, men's involvement in childcare. Swedish parental leave policies, especially the introduction of the quota system (the “daddy month”), served as inspiration. The current design of Korean parental leave differs, however, from that of Sweden, and is analyzed as a result of localized reforms surrounding plummeting fertility rates and institutional legacies, mainly connected to the organization of the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Occupational Sex Segregation and its Consequences for the (Re-)Production of Gender Inequalities in the German Labour Market (2023)
Kleinert, Corinna ; Leuze, Kathrin ; Rompczyk, Kai; Hägglund, Anna Erika; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ; Gatermann, Dörthe;Zitatform
Kleinert, Corinna, Kathrin Leuze, Ann-Christin Bächmann, Dörthe Gatermann, Anna Erika Hägglund & Kai Rompczyk (2023): Occupational Sex Segregation and its Consequences for the (Re-)Production of Gender Inequalities in the German Labour Market. In: S. Weinert, G. J. Blossfeld & H.-P. Blossfeld (Hrsg.) (2023): Education, Competence Development and Career Trajectories, S. 295-317, 2022-05-01. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-27007-9_13
Abstract
"In Germany, the structuring principle connecting the educational system and the labour market is occupations. In theory, this occupational principle is gender-neutral, because both women and men are channelled into jobs according to the occupations for which they are trained. In practice, however, it means that patterns of occupational sex segregation in the education system are reproduced in the labour market. As a consequence, occupational sex segregation has important consequences for the subsequent employment biographies and life courses of women and men. In this chapter, we study the relevance of occupational sex segregation for the (re-)production of gender inequalities in the German labour market. More specifically, we examine long-term trends in occupational sex segregation, how occupational sex segregation is causally linked to other occupational characteristics, how these occupational characteristics translate into gender inequalities regarding non-monetary labour market outcomes, and how these occupational characteristics affect the gender wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Norms under Socialism and Capitalism: A Historical Examination of Attitudes towards Maternal Employment in the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (2023)
Kleinschrot, Leonie;Zitatform
Kleinschrot, Leonie (2023): Gender Norms under Socialism and Capitalism: A Historical Examination of Attitudes towards Maternal Employment in the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-07
Abstract
"Research on the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the 1980s shows a high level of congruence between conservative social policy deterring mothers from employment and traditional societal gender norms. In contrast, little is known about whether people in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) agreed with the socialist idea of continuous full-time maternal employment. Based on unexploited GDR data from 1984 and a description of contemporary social policy, this study examines attitudes towards maternal employment, whether they were related to individual preferences for work or children, and their congruence with the socialist policy. The same questions are examined for the FRG using data from 1982. Results for the GDR indicate that one third of respondents rejected the socialist idea of maternal full-time employment, with individual work preferences being decisive for respondents’ assessments. In the FRG, there was a high degree of agreement with the gender norm of maternal non-employment, with this being dependent on individual preferences for children. These findings complement post-reunification evidence on East-West-differences in gender norms and provide insights into attitudes under Eastern European state socialism. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Demographic Developments in Eastern and Western Europe Before and After the Transformation of Socialist Countries”." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The Enduring Grip of the Gender Pay Gap (2023)
Kochhar, Rakesh;Zitatform
Kochhar, Rakesh (2023): The Enduring Grip of the Gender Pay Gap. Washington, DC, 15 S.
Abstract
"The gender pay gap – the difference between the earnings of men and women – has barely closed in the United States in the past two decades. In 2022, American women typically earned 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. That was about the same as in 2002, when they earned 80 cents to the dollar. The slow pace at which the gender pay gap has narrowed this century contrasts sharply with the progress in the preceding two decades: In 1982, women earned just 65 cents to each dollar earned by men. Line chart showing gender pay gap narrowed in the 1980s and ’90s, but progress has stalled since There is no single explanation for why progress toward narrowing the pay gap has all but stalled in the 21st century. Women generally begin their careers closer to wage parity with men, but they lose ground as they age and progress through their work lives, a pattern that has remained consistent over time. The pay gap persists even though women today are more likely than men to have graduated from college. In fact, the pay gap between college-educated women and men is not any narrower than the one between women and men who do not have a college degree. This points to the dominant role of other factors that still set women back or give men an advantage." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender employment gap at arrival and its dynamics: The case of refugees in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Kosyakova, Yuliya, Zerrin Salikutluk & Jörg Hartmann (2023): Gender employment gap at arrival and its dynamics: The case of refugees in Germany. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 87, 2023-08-27. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100842
Abstract
"In recent years, refugee women’s experiences have received considerable attention in the academic discourse on immigrant labor market integration. Taking a dynamic perspective, we investigate gender differences in the labor market integration of refugees who arrived in Germany between 2013 and 2019. We examine refugees' trajectories in the early post-arrival period and explore a number of conditions that have been proposed to influence gendered labor market outcomes. Using panel data from the IAB-BAMF-SOEP Refugee Sample, we find initially narrow gender differences among refugees that gradually widen over time. While initial differences in human capital and care responsibilities contribute significantly to the gender gap in employment in the first year after arrival, our study shows that the gap widens primarily due to refugee women experiencing lower returns to their human and social capital and health, as well as bearing a heavier burden of childcare responsibilities. These findings highlight the compounded disadvantages that refugee women face in the host country due to their limited ability to fully utilize their labor market resources, coupled with their primary responsibility for childcare. Moreover, our findings suggest that existing theoretical explanations in the literature are insufficient to fully explain the barriers refugee women face when entering the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Beyond the “Comforts” of work from home: Child health and the female wage penalty (2023)
Kouki, Amairisa;Zitatform
Kouki, Amairisa (2023): Beyond the “Comforts” of work from home: Child health and the female wage penalty. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 157. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104527
Abstract
"Using data on American women and the health status of their children, this paper provides estimates of the effect of remote work on female wages. A temporary child health shock, which does not affect a woman's labor market outcomes beyond inducing her to work at home, is used as an instrument. Instrumental variable estimates indicate a substantial wage penalty that is more likely attributed to women's choices or assignments of less promotable job tasks when working from home. The findings are valuable in assessing the costs associated with remote flexibility, especially when children are required to stay at home during episodes of illness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gendered employment patterns: Women's labour market outcomes across 24 countries (2023)
Zitatform
Kowalewska, Helen (2023): Gendered employment patterns: Women's labour market outcomes across 24 countries. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 151-168. DOI:10.1177/09589287221148336
Abstract
"An accepted framework for ‘gendering’ the analysis of welfare regimes compares countries by degrees of ‘defamilialization’ or how far their family policies support or undermine women’s employment participation. This article develops an alternative framework that explicitly spotlights women’s labour market outcomes rather than policies. Using hierarchical clustering on principal components, it groups 24 industrialized countries by their simultaneous performance across multiple gendered employment outcomes spanning segregation and inequalities in employment participation, intensity, and pay, with further differences by class. The three core ‘worlds’ of welfare (social-democratic, corporatist, liberal) each displays a distinctive pattern of gendered employment outcomes. Only France diverges from expectations, as large gender pay gaps across the educational divide – likely due to fragmented wage-bargaining – place it with Anglophone countries. Nevertheless, the outcome-based clustering fails to support the idea of a homogeneous Mediterranean grouping or a singular Eastern European cluster. Furthermore, results underscore the complexity and idiosyncrasy of gender inequality: while certain groups of countries are ‘better’ overall performers, all have their flaws. Even the Nordics fall behind on some measures of segregation, despite narrow participatory and pay gaps for lower- and high-skilled groups. Accordingly, separately monitoring multiple measures of gender inequality, rather than relying on ‘headline’ indicators or gender equality indices, matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Arbeit und Gender (2023)
Krause, Florian; Arndt, Luisa; Vedder, Günther; Vedder, Günther; Honé, Alicia; Warnecke, Anja; Pieper, Jessica;Zitatform
Krause, Florian & Günther Vedder (Hrsg.) (2023): Arbeit und Gender. (Schriftenreihe zur interdisziplinären Arbeitswissenschaft 15), Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 189 S.
Abstract
"Das Zusammenspiel von Arbeit und Gender ist innerhalb der Arbeitswissenschaft seit vielen Jahren von besonderem Interesse. Permanent kommen an der Schnittstelle aktuelle Themen hinzu, die bisher noch wenig beforscht wurden. In diesem Sammelband geht es um Fragestellungen aus folgenden Bereichen: (1) Menstruationsbedingte Arbeitsunfähigkeit – eine Diskursanalyse; (2) Frauen im organisationalen Führungsfeld unter Covid 19; (3) Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie, Beruf und Ehrenamt; (4) Sind Frauen im vorzeitigen Ruhestand glücklicher?; (5) Gewichtsdiskriminierung im Privat- und Berufsleben. Alle Beiträge sind am Institut für interdisziplinäre Arbeitswissenschaft der Leibniz Universität Hannover entstanden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Nomos)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
Now, Women Do Ask: A Call to Update Beliefs about the Gender Pay Gap (2023)
Kray, Laura; Lee, Margaret; Kennedy, Jessica;Zitatform
Kray, Laura, Jessica Kennedy & Margaret Lee (2023): Now, Women Do Ask: A Call to Update Beliefs about the Gender Pay Gap. In: The Academy of Management Discoveries. DOI:10.5465/amd.2022.0021
Abstract
"For over two decades, gender differences in the propensity to negotiate have been thought to explain the gender pay gap. We ask whether a “women don’t ask” pattern holds today among working adults. We compare estimates of gender differences in negotiation propensity (Study 1) with actual patterns from MBA students (n = 1,435) and alumni (n = 1,939) from a top U.S. business school (Studies 2A-2B). Contrary to lay beliefs, women report negotiating their salaries more often (not less) than men. We then re-analyze meta-analytic data on self-reported initiation of salary negotiations to reconcile our findings with prior work (Study 2C). While men reported higher negotiation propensity than women prior to the twenty-first century, the gender difference grew neutral and then reversed since then. Negotiation propensity rose across time for both men and women, although to differing degrees. Finally, we explore the consequences of the now-outdated belief that “women don’t ask,” finding that it increases gender stereotyping, even on dimensions unrelated to negotiation, and it is associated with both greater system-justification and weaker support for legislation addressing pay equity (Studies 3 and 4). Our research calls for an updating of beliefs about gender and the propensity to negotiate for pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty (2023)
Zitatform
Kreyenfeld, Michaela, Dirk Konietzka, Philippe Lambert & Vincent Jerald Ramos (2023): Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 39, H. 1. DOI:10.1007/s10680-023-09656-5
Abstract
"Building on a thick strand of the literature on the determinants of higher-order births, this study uses a gender and class perspective to analyse second birth progression rates in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1990 to 2020, individuals are classified based on their occupation into: upper service, lower service, skilled manual/higher-grade routine nonmanual, and semi-/unskilled manual/lower-grade routine nonmanual classes. Results highlight the “economic advantage” of men and women in service classes who experience strongly elevated second birth rates. Finally, we demonstrate that upward career mobility post-first birth is associated with higher second birth rates, particularly among men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The strength of gender norms and gender-stereotypical occupational aspirations among adolescents (2023)
Zitatform
Kuhn, Andreas & Stefan C. Wolter (2023): The strength of gender norms and gender-stereotypical occupational aspirations among adolescents. In: Kyklos, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 101-124. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12320
Abstract
"We empirically test the hypothesis that adolescents' occupational aspirations are more gender-stereotypical if they live in a region where the societal norm towards gender equality is weaker. For our analysis, we combine rich survey data describing a sample of 1,434 Swiss adolescents who attended 8th grade in 2013 with municipal voting results dealing with gender equality and policy. We find that occupational aspirations predominantly follow gender stereotypes and that adolescents living in municipalities with a stronger norm towards gender equality are significantly less likely to aspire for a gender-stereotypical occupation, even after controlling for individual-level controls. At the same time, we also find that the association is surprisingly weak – in the sense that adolescents tend to aspire for gender-stereotypical occupations even in the most gender-progressive municipalities. Moreover, a more detailed analysis shows that the association mainly reflects the intergenerational transmission of occupations from parents to their children and/or regional differences in the prevailing occupational structure. We discuss the implications of these findings and several mechanisms that are consistent with the evidence from our analysis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators (2023)
Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Graf, Nikolaus;Zitatform
Köppl-Turyna, Monika & Nikolaus Graf (2023): Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators. (Policy note / EcoAustria - Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 54), Wien, 21 S.
Abstract
"Die Verfügbarkeit qualitativ hochwertiger, örtlich erreichbarer, zeitlich flexibler Kinderbetreuung stellt eine Grundvoraussetzung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie dar. Österreich weist eine überdurchschnittliche Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern auf, zugleich findet diese Erwerbsbeteiligung sehr häufig in Form von Teilzeitbeschäftigung statt. Teilzeitbeschäftigung stellt wieder mit, eine Ursache für geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt dar. Institutionelle Kinderbetreuung kann die Arbeitsmarktteilnahme von Müttern befördern und zu einer Ausweitung der Arbeitszeit führen. Zugleich gehen von Kinderbetreuung positive Effekte auf die Bildungsergebnisse und auf die schulische Integration bildungsbenachteiligter Kinder aus. In Anbetracht der aktuellen Arbeitskräfteknappheit kann eine Ausweitung der Erwerbsintegration von Müttern eine Option darstellen, die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften zu decken. Kurzum: Von Kinderbetreuung gehen viele positive, gesellschaftlich und politisch erwünschte Effekte aus. Dennoch: Trotz der in der jüngeren Vergangenheit erzielten Fortschritte sind etwa bei der Betreuung von Kleinkindern unter drei Jahren und im Hinblick auf verlängerte flexible Öffnungszeiten am Tagesrand sowie Schließtage während den Ferien Aufholpotenziale insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen gegeben. [...]" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Maternal health, well-being, and employment transitions: A longitudinal comparison of partnered and single mothers in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Kühn, Mine, Christian Dudel & Martin Werding (2023): Maternal health, well-being, and employment transitions. A longitudinal comparison of partnered and single mothers in Germany. In: Social science research, Jg. 114. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102906
Abstract
"Balancing parenthood and employment can be challenging and distressing, particularly for single mothers. At the same time, transitioning to employment can improve the financial situations of single mothers and provide them with access to social networks, which can have beneficial effects on their health and well-being. Currently, however, it is not well understood whether the overall impact of employment on single mothers is positive or negative, and to what extent it differs from the impact of employment on partnered mothers. Building on the literature on work-family conflict, we investigate the differential effects of employment transitions on the health and well-being of single mothers and partnered mothers. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992–2016), we apply panel regression techniques that address the potential endogeneity of maternal employment, as well as the dynamic nature of the relationship between employment transitions and maternal health and well-being. We find that employment has a positive impact on single mothers, and that single mothers benefit from employment significantly more than partnered mothers. Surprisingly, income does not appear to be an important driver of these results. Overall, our findings suggest that employment plays a key role in the well-being of single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
The effects of Covid-19 on couples’ job tenures: Mothers have it worse (2023)
Zitatform
Lafuente, Cristina, Astrid Ruland, Raül Santaeulàlia-Llopis & Ludo Visschers (2023): The effects of Covid-19 on couples’ job tenures: Mothers have it worse. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102404
Abstract
"We study the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment contracts and job tenures of couples, and how these are shaped by gender and the presence of children. Using the Spanish Labor Force Survey, we find that women with children have suffered relatively larger losses of higher-duration, permanent jobs since the pandemic than men or women without children. These losses emerge approximately one year after the onset of the pandemic and persist, even though the aggregate male and female employment rate has recovered. Our results point to potential labor market scars, in particular, for mothers, that hide behind standard aggregate employment measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland (2023)
Lawitzky, Corinna; Weyh, Antje;Zitatform
Lawitzky, Corinna & Antje Weyh (2023): Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Gender, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 119-137., 2021-12-07. DOI:10.3224/gender.v15i1.09
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Rollenbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Datengrundlage bildet die Beschäftigtenhistorik des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, die Angaben zu allen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in Deutschland enthält. Vollzeitbeschäftigte Frauen mit Kindern verdienen weniger als Frauen ohne Kinder, wobei dieser Lohnunterschied in Westdeutschland deutlich größer ausfällt als in Ostdeutschland. Mittels einer Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung weisen wir wichtige Einflussfaktoren aus und können einen bereinigten Lohnunterschied ermitteln. Dabei deuten die Ergebnisse der Zerlegungen darauf hin, dass historische Unterschiede bezüglich der gesellschaftlichen Leitbilder zur Mutterrolle in Ost- und Westdeutschland weiterhin bestehen. Die Abkehr vom traditionellen Bild der Mutterrolle ist somit nach wie vor relevant für den Abbau des Lohnnachteils für Mütter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Weyh, Antje; -
Literaturhinweis
Union brokerage and the gender gap in the labor market: A cross-national comparative study of associational networks and gendered labor force participation in OECD countries (2023)
Zitatform
Lee, Cheol-Sung & Taekyeong Goh (2023): Union brokerage and the gender gap in the labor market. A cross-national comparative study of associational networks and gendered labor force participation in OECD countries. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 64, H. 1, S. 22-56. DOI:10.1177/00207152221108139
Abstract
"This article explores the role of union-centered brokerage in promoting women’s labor force participation in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries for the last three decades. Using two measures of brokerage, a union’s core brokerage role, and its general brokerage role, we attempted to capture the processes by which union activists mobilize and extend women’s rights in associational fields. Then, we tested our key argument that union-centered brokerage plays the most effective role among the different brokerage types in channeling women’s interests by transforming them into wider class-linked or cross-class concerns. Cross-national and comparative case studies demonstrate that union-led brokerage promotes greater presence of women in the economy. Our findings revealed that, when controlling for economic, regional, and cultural factors, both types of brokerage roles impact women’s participation in the labor market and their participation compared to that of men. The overall findings underscore the importance of creating and utilizing solidarity structures through effective channeling mechanisms in civic associational fields between labor-based organizations and other reform-oriented civic groups in achieving egalitarian socioeconomic goals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Documenting occupational sorting by gender in the UK across three cohorts: does a grand convergence rely on societal movements? (2023)
Lekfuangfu, Warn N.; Lordan, Grace;Zitatform
Lekfuangfu, Warn N. & Grace Lordan (2023): Documenting occupational sorting by gender in the UK across three cohorts: does a grand convergence rely on societal movements? In: Empirical economics, Jg. 64, H. 5, S. 2215-2256. DOI:10.1007/s00181-022-02314-5
Abstract
"We consider the extent to which temporal shifts have been responsible for an increased tendency for females to sort into traditionally male roles over time, versus childhood factors. Drawing on three cohort studies, which follow individuals born in the UK in 1958, 1970 and 2000, we compare the shift in the tendency of females in these cohorts to sort into traditionally male roles compared to males, to the combined effect of a large set of childhood variables. For all three cohorts, we find strong evidence of sorting along gendered lines, which has decreased over time, yet there is no erosion of the gender gap in the tendency to sort into occupations with the highest share of males. Within the cohort, we find little evidence that childhood variables change the tendency for females of either the average or highest ability to sort substantively differently. Our work is highly suggestive that temporal shifts are what matter in determining the differential gendered sorting patterns we have seen over the last number of decades, and also those that remain today. These temporal changes include attitudinal changes, technology advances, policy changes and economic shifts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Modern fathers' dilemma of work-family reconciliation. Findings from the German Youth Institute Survey AID:A II (2023)
Zitatform
Li, Xuan & Claudia Zerle-Elsäßer (2023): Modern fathers' dilemma of work-family reconciliation. Findings from the German Youth Institute Survey AID:A II. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 103-123. DOI:10.20377/jfr-792
Abstract
"Fragestellung: Diese Studie untersucht, wie die beruflichen und familialen Anforderungen und Ressourcen mit den wahrgenommenen Konflikten zwischen Familie und Beruf deutscher Väter zusammenhängen. Hintergrund: Die steigenden Erwartungen an mehr familienbezogenes Engagement bei anhaltend zentraler Bedeutung der Erwerbstätigkeit im männlichen Lebensverlauf stellen Väter vor die Herausforderung, diese Lebensbereiche miteinander zu verbinden. Die meisten Studien zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf konzentrieren sich jedoch nach wie vor auf Mütter und untersuchen Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie (work-to-family) sowie zwischen Familie und Beruf (family-to-work) getrennt. Methode: Zunächst haben wir mit Hilfe einer Clusteranalyse eine Typologie aus vier Gruppen ermittelt, die je unterschiedliche Ausprägungen der work-to-family- und family-to-work-Konflikte haben. Anschließend haben wir den Zusammenhang mit relevanten beruflichen und familialen Anforderungen und Ressourcen in einer multinominalen logistischen Regression von 5.226 deutschen Kernfamilien mit mindestens einem Kind unter 18 Jahren mit analysiert. Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der größte Anteil der Väter (38,2 %) angab, hauptsächlich von der Arbeit unter Druck gesetzt zu werden (= work-to-family-Konflikte überwiegen), 19,8 % hauptsächlich von der Familie (= family-to-work-Konflikte überwiegen). Weitere 13,4 % gaben an, Druck aus beiden Richtungen zu spüren; nur 28,6 % der Väter gaben an, mehr oder weniger frei von Konflikten zu sein. Die Ergebnisse der multinominalen logistischen Regression deuteten darauf hin, dass lange Arbeitszeiten, familienunfreundliche Arbeitsanforderungen und langes Pendeln mit den Konflikten zwischen Beruf und Familie oder doppelten Konflikten der Väter in Zusammenhang stehen. Je höher der Umfang der geleisteten Stunden an Kinderbetreuung unter der Woche und je besser die Paar- und Familienbeziehung erachtet wird, desto geringer die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Väter Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie oder Konflikte in beide Richtungen erlebten, ohne die Wahrscheinlichkeit von family-to-work-Konflikten zu erhöhen. Darüber hinaus stehen ein höheres Familieneinkommen und eine nicht erwerbstätige Partnerin in negativem Zusammenhang mit den Konflikten zwischen Familie und Beruf bei den Vätern. Schlussfolgerung: Diese Ergebnisse haben starke Implikationen für die Praxis der Familienbildung und Familienberatung sowie der Familienpolitik, die Väter in ihrer schwierigen Position zwischen Arbeits- und Familienpflichten besser unterstützen sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender Role Attitudes and Labour Market Behaviours: Do Attitudes Contribute to Gender Differences in Employment in Germany? (2023)
Zitatform
Lietzmann, Torsten & Corinna Frodermann (2023): Gender Role Attitudes and Labour Market Behaviours: Do Attitudes Contribute to Gender Differences in Employment in Germany? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 373-393., 2021-03-07. DOI:10.1177/09500170211011318
Abstract
"This article contributes to the literature on persistent gender inequalities in the labour market by investigating gender role attitudes in Germany and their association with labour market behaviour. Based on the German Panel Study ‘Labour Market and Social Security’ (PASS), longitudinal analyses are applied to examine the influence of gender role attitudes and the household context on various employment states. The results reveal that gender role attitudes are crucial for labour market behaviour and that there are differences among women and men in different household contexts. Whereas single men and women do not differ significantly in their employment probabilities, women in couple households are less active in the labour market than their male counterparts. Furthermore, differences in employment are largest in couples with children. Among women, differences in full-time employment by household context become smaller when these women hold egalitarian attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender-targeted transfers by default? - Evidence from a child allowance reform in Sweden (2023)
Zitatform
Lindahl, Erica, Olof Rosenqvist & Hakan Selin (2023): Gender-targeted transfers by default? - Evidence from a child allowance reform in Sweden. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102389
Abstract
"We exploit a sharp birthday discontinuity in a large and universal Swedish cash transfer program, creating plausibly exogenous variation in the default disbursement option, while holding entitlements and other financial incentives constant. When the cash transfer is paid out to the mother by default, instead of a 50/50 default, it has a large effect (55 percentage points) on the probability that the transfer is deposited in the mother's bank account also in the long run. Surprisingly, we find that the default policy redistributes resources to separated low-income mothers. We find no indications that the 100%-to-the-mother default induces mothers to work less or to take more responsibility for the children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Understanding informal care burden domains' impact on overall burden – a structural equation modeling approach with cross-sectional data from Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Loboiko, Katharina, Michael Steiner & Sabine Bohnet-Joschko (2023): Understanding informal care burden domains' impact on overall burden – a structural equation modeling approach with cross-sectional data from Germany. In: Journal of Social Policy, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1017/S0047279423000302
Abstract
"Informal caregivers are the core of long-term care for older and disabled people. Although previous research has studied factors that influence caregivers’ burden, little is known about the different care domains and why they influence the caregivers’ perceived burden. Drawing on a large-scale German survey, the current study makes a first attempt to address this research gap. The study used cross-sectional data on 1.429 informal caregivers. Germany is characterized by comprehensive but fragmented health and social protection systems oriented toward supporting informal care at home. Structural equation modeling (SmartPLS 3) was used to estimate the effects of five care domains on three burden dimensions and, ultimately, on the overall burden. Our results indicate that support in organizational matters had the highest impact on the overall perceived burden. The findings reveal that German caregivers particularly struggle with bureaucracy, i.e. an area that can directly be influenced by policymakers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap (2023)
Zitatform
Lochner, Benjamin & Christian Merkl (2023): Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16686), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the relationship between gender-specific application behavior, employer-side flexibility requirements, and the gender earnings gap using a unique combination of the German Job Vacancy Survey (JVS) linked to administrative employment records. We document that women have a substantially lower probability of applying to jobs with high flexibility requirements at high-wage firms than do men but have the same probability of being hired upon application. In our two-stage search model, these empirical patterns are rationalized by firms compensating workers for meeting employer-side flexibility requirements. Consistently, we empirically show that among women, mothers face the largest earnings discounts relative to men in jobs with high flexibility requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
How men and women differ when searching for a job: application behaviour can explain half of the residual earnings gap (2023)
Zitatform
Lochner, Benjamin & Christian Merkl (2023): How men and women differ when searching for a job: application behaviour can explain half of the residual earnings gap. In: IAB-Forum H. 25.10.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231025.01
Abstract
"On average, women earn less than men. So far, gender-specific application behaviour has received little attention in this context. It can, however, explain a considerable part of the gender earnings gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Wie Männer und Frauen sich bei der Jobsuche unterscheiden: Bewerbungsverhalten kann die Hälfte der bereinigten Verdienstlücke erklären (2023)
Zitatform
Lochner, Benjamin & Christian Merkl (2023): Wie Männer und Frauen sich bei der Jobsuche unterscheiden: Bewerbungsverhalten kann die Hälfte der bereinigten Verdienstlücke erklären. (IAB-Kurzbericht 8/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2308
Abstract
"Frauen verdienen im Durchschnitt weniger als Männer. Dies wird in der Wissenschaft intensiv analysiert und in der Politik oft debattiert. Dabei findet das geschlechtsspezifische Bewerbungsverhalten bisher kaum Beachtung. Die Analyse detaillierter Betriebsdaten zeigt aber, dass sich Männer und Frauen selbst innerhalb eng definierter Berufe auf Stellen mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften bewerben und dass dies einen erheblichen Teil der Verdienstlücke erklärt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Bereinigte Verdienstlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern mit und ohne Berücksichtigung ihres Bewerbungsverhaltens
- Ein begleitendes Interview mit Benjamin Lochner finden Sie im Online-Magazin IAB-Forum, Open Access
- Auswahlwahrscheinlichkeit von Frauen und Männern
- Lohneinbußen von Frauen nach Anteil der Männer im Bewerberpool
- Bewerbungsverhalten von Frauen und Männern
- Pendelverhalten von Männern und Frauen
- Zusammenhang zwischen Stellenanforderungen und geschlechtsspezifischem Bewerbungspool
-
Literaturhinweis
Working longer with working-time flexibility: Only when job commitment is high and family commitment is low? (2023)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2023): Working longer with working-time flexibility. Only when job commitment is high and family commitment is low? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 35, S. 372-392. DOI:10.20377/jfr-852
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates (a) whether job commitment and family commitment moderate the positive association between flexible working-time arrangements and work hours, and (b) whether childless women and men and mothers and fathers with the same levels of job and family commitment work equally long hours with flexible working-time arrangements. Background: As working-time flexibility increases at many workplaces due to digital technologies and work overload, so too does the risk of working longer hours. Although previous research has neglected job and family commitment as potential moderators of the relationship between working-time flexibility and long working hours, it has found gender inequalities in working hours among employees with flexible working-time arrangements, which have been attributed inter alia to men’s higher commitment to work and lower commitment to family. Method: Multivariate analyses were conducted based on German Family Panel (pairfam) data for 2018, 2019, and 2020. The sample comprised data from 4,568 employee-years, 1,666 part-time employee-years, and 2,902 full-time employee-years. Results: Among full-time employees, only those with high job commitment and low family commitment worked longer hours with employer-driven flexibility and working-time autonomy. Mothers with these arrangements worked fewer hours than childless women, childless men, and fathers, unless they had the same levels of job and family commitment as the latter three groups. Conclusion: These results suggest, first, that among full-time employees with flexible working-time arrangements, job and family commitment are driving factors for working long hours; second, that gender differences in work hours are shaped by parental status; and third, that these differences are due, at least in part, to differences in connectedness to job and family roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Competition, confidence and gender: shifting the focus from the overconfident to the realistic (2023)
Lénárd, Tünde; Horn, Dániel; Kiss, Hubert János;Zitatform
Lénárd, Tünde, Hubert János Kiss & Dániel Horn (2023): Competition, confidence and gender: shifting the focus from the overconfident to the realistic. (CERS-IE working papers 2023,27), Budapest, 37 S.
Abstract
"The gender gap in competitiveness is argued to explain gender differences in later life outcomes, including career choices and the gender wage gap. In experimental settings, a prevalent explanation attributes this gap to males being more (over)confident than females (we call this the compositional channel). While our lab-in-the-field study using data from students in 53 classrooms (N$>$1000) reproduces this finding, it also uncovers a second, potentially more impactful channel of confidence contributing to the gender gap in competitiveness (the preference channel). To disentangle the two channels, we propose a more precise measure of confidence based on whether the subjects' believed performance rank exceeds, coincides with or falls short of their actual performance in a real-effort task. We label categories of this Guessed - Actual Performance (GAP) difference as overconfident, realistic or underconfident, respectively. Surprisingly, there is no gender difference in competitiveness within the over- and underconfident subgroups, while a significant gender gap exists among the realistic. So, even if both genders had the same level of confidence, a persistent gender gap in preference (or taste) for competition would remain in the realistic group. This finding is robust across all specifications, challenging previous theories about the overconfidence of men being the sole driver of the relationship between confidence and the gender gap in competition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Do households live the family model they prefer? Household's work patterns across European policy regimes (2023)
Zitatform
Lütolf, Meret & Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen (2023): Do households live the family model they prefer? Household's work patterns across European policy regimes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1421-1443. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac023
Abstract
"Studies have investigated the equalizing effect of childcare provision and parental leave schemes on gendered work patterns. However, as the relationship between policies and individual time allocations to paid work is complex and challenging to empirically assess, previous research has clarified single aspects of this complexity. The present study theoretically and empirically combines a household perspective by considering the work behaviors of two partners within one household (i.e. a household's lived family model) with a comparative approach to systematically analyze relationships between specific policy designs and households' paid work patterns in a large sample. The findings imply that extensive childcare policies are systematically related to an egalitarian household organization, mostly among those with small children. This association can be observed across households with varying levels of egalitarian norms. Conversely, the findings suggest that the current design of parental leave policies in the 21 European countries does not allow for a true assessment of the potential of leave schemes to influence the within-household division of labor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
-
Literaturhinweis
Women's Attrition from Male-Dominated Workplaces in Norway: The Importance of Numerical Minority Status, Motherhood and Class (2023)
Zitatform
Madsen, Aleksander Å., Idunn Brekke & Silje Bringsrud Fekjær (2023): Women's Attrition from Male-Dominated Workplaces in Norway: The Importance of Numerical Minority Status, Motherhood and Class. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 333-351. DOI:10.1177/09500170211004247
Abstract
"This study explores women’s attrition from male-dominated workplaces based on Norwegian public administrative records, covering individuals born 1945–1983, in the period between 2003 and 2013. It examines sex differences in rates of attrition and tests the significance of two commonly proposed explanations in the literature, namely the degree of numerical minority status and motherhood. It also investigates whether these explanations vary by occupational class. Selection into male-dominated workplaces is accounted for by using individual fixed effects models. The results show that attrition rates from male-dominated workplaces are considerably higher among women than among men. Moreover, the risk of female attrition to sex-balanced workplaces increases, regardless of occupational class, with increases in the percentage of males. Childbirth is associated with an increased risk of attrition to female-dominated workplaces, while having young children (⩽ 10 years old) lowered the risk. This association, however, was primarily evident among working-class women in manual occupations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Aspekt auswählen:
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug