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Assmann, Marie-Luise (2023): Personalized Support in Youth Labor Market Policy. The Role of Youth Career Agencies. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 231 S.

Abstract

"In the face of increasing youth unemployment across Europe, innovative approaches to youth labor market policy are crucial. One such approach is the introduction of ‘one-stop shops’ for young people. Here, employment offices and other actors, such as youth social services, cooperate to offer young people coordinated advice from a single source. The impact of their introduction upon the young people that use them is, thus far, under-researched. This study begins to fill this gap by outlining the support approach of the German ‘youth career agencies’ that centers on gaining a more complete picture of the young person’s life situation in order to offer them a range of possible support programs. The study interrogates whether the youth career agencies do offer more personalized advice for young people during their transition to employment than classical job center teams. It argues that, if the cooperative relationships between the actors involved in the youth career agencies are of good quality, more personalized support is likely to be offered there. However, personalized support in youth career agencies is still limited by the diverse specifications and target figures demanded of job centers by the Federal Employment Agency and also influenced by the professional background of the individual caseworkers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Filomena, Mattia, Isabella Giorgetti & Matteo Picchio (2022): Off to a Bad Start: Youth Nonemployment and Labor Market Outcomes Later in Life. (IZA discussion paper 15366), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of nonemployment experienced by Italian youth after leaving secondary school on subsequent labor market outcomes. We focus on the impact on earnings and labor market participation both in the short- and in the long-term, up to 25 years since school completion. By estimating a factor analytic model which controls for time-varying unobserved heterogeneity, we find that the negative effect of nonemployment on earnings is especially persistent, being sizeable and statistically significant up to 25 years after school completion, for both men and women. Penalties in terms of participation last instead shorter; they disappear by the 10th year after school completion. Hence, early nonemployment operates by persistently locking the youth who get off to a bad start into low-wage jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Konle-Seidl, Regina (2022): Ist diese Krise anders? Wie sich die Corona-Krise auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Situation von Jugendlichen in Europa auswirkt. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.01.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-01-18. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220120.01

Abstract

"Wirtschaftliche Einbrüche haben für junge Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt allgemein schwerwiegendere Folgen als für andere Altersgruppen. Wie wirkt sich die Covid-19-Krise diesbezüglich im Vergleich mit der globalen Finanzkrise vor einem Jahrzehnt aus? Ein genauer Blick auch auf andere europäische Länder liefert hier interessante Einblicke." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ralston, Kevin, Dawn Everington, Zhiqiang Feng & Chris Dibben (2022): Economic Inactivity, Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) and Scarring: The Importance of NEET as a Marker of Long-Term Disadvantage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 59-79. DOI:10.1177/0950017020973882

Abstract

"The category of not in employment, education or training (NEET) refers to young people who are recorded as neither in paid employment nor formal education either at one time point, or for a continuous period. This article assesses levels of employment scarring for those aged 36–39, at Census 2011 (prime employment years) who were recorded as NEET when aged 16–19 at Census 1991 in Scotland. Outcomes are compared for those who moved from NEET into economic activity and by gender. We find evidence that NEET status leads to long-term scarring associated with economic inactivity and unemployment and that this is only partially offset for those who moved from NEET in 1991 to be economically active in 2001. The results also highlight gendering of NEET outcomes. NEET may be a category borne of administrative convenience, rather than sociological consistency but, as intended, it captures a group who experience disadvantage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bentolila, Samuel, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen & Juan F. Jimeno (2021): Lost in Recession: Youth Employment and Earnings in Spain. (Estudios sobre la Economía Española / Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada 2021-12), Madrid, 32 S.

Abstract

"Young workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that, while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berloffa, Gabriella, Alina Şandor, Mark Smith & Paola Villa (2021): Youth employment trajectories and labour market reforms during the Great Recession in Europe. In: SINAPPSI, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 8-21.

Abstract

"The Great Recession had profound consequences for the quantity and quality of work for young people in European countries. Usual labour market indicators capture only some crisis effects, highlighting the need for a more dynamic and nuanced approach. As a result, this paper adopts an innovative approach to both the analysis of the integration of young adults (aged 17-34) on to the labour market and the study of the relationship between the labour market performance and policy making." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Fraja, Gianni, Sara Lemos & James Rockey (2021): The Wounds That Do Not Heal: The Lifetime Scar of Youth Unemployment. In: Economica, Jg. 88, H. 352, S. 896-941. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12384

Abstract

"This paper uses UK administrative data to study the long-term effects of unemployment on earnings. It is the first paper to pinpoint accurately the relative importance of the timing of employment shocks within workers’ lives. We find a strong effect of events in the first few years after entry into the labour market: each month of unemployment between ages 18 and 20 causes a permanent income loss of 1.2% per year. This scar effect of youth unemployment is lower when it happens when the worker's age is between 21 and 23, and it disappears altogether in the next three-year age period. The scar effect is most severe for individuals at the lower end of the ability distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans, Golo Henseke, Juliane Achatz, Silke Anger, Bernhard Christoph & Alexander Patzina (2021): Youth unemployment in Germany and the United Kingdom in times of Covid-19 (Series "Tracking youth joblessness during the Covid-19 crisis"). In: IAB-Forum H. 04.08.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-07-30.

Abstract

"Despite economic and institutional differences, youth unemployment figures in Germany and the United Kingdom rose during the Covid-19 pandemic and reached a peak in August 2020. Since then they have tended to decrease in both countries. Three aspects are important in this regard: the total number of unemployed youth, the inflow pattern of young people into unemployment, and the duration of their unemployment spells. The analysis of the two countries’ youth unemployment is embedded in a broader European perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tubadji, Annie, Hans Dietrich, Vasilis Angelis, Anette Haas & Brigitte Schels (2021): Fear-of-failure and cultural persistence in youth entrepreneurship. Comparative analysis: Greece versus Germany. In: Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Jg. 33, H. 5, S. 513-538., 2019-11-12. DOI:10.1080/08276331.2019.1692999

Abstract

"This paper explores the sensitivity of youth's fear of failure to local culture, in terms of its persistence across space and its change (hysteresis) in times of economic shocks, which renders entrepreneurship a very dubious tool for tackling youth unemployment especially in times of crisis. We focus on youth in Germany and Greece which are culturally and economically very different countries. Data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) provides a pooled cross-section for the period 2003-2010. We address the data using a probit model with year fixed effects. Regarding the influence of personal fear-of-failure, we find that youth between 15 and 24 years of age are less entrepreneurial in both Greece and Germany, while the 25-34 years old young adults in Greece are already at the same entrepreneurial level as an average adult. Our findings also support existing gender differentials in both countries, which generally phase out among young people. Yet, country differences in perceptions have the greatest impact on entrepreneurial propensity. Regarding the local cultural characteristics, there is evidence of cultural embeddedness and cultural persistence effects especially among youth between 15 and 24 years of age which makes entrepreneurship an unsuitable" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Andersen, Ditte (2020): Stuck! Welfare state dependency as lived experience. In: European Societies, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 317-336. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2019.1616796

Abstract

"The concern that public support may spur dependency has been voiced throughout the history of welfare states. Nevertheless, little research examines the experience of welfare state dependency in the context of recipients' everyday lives. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of a case involving Anna, who depends on the Danish welfare system for financial benefits and other forms of support. The study spans five years from age 19 to 24, and includes some of the significant others in Anna's everyday life - her mother, who also depends on welfare, and her caseworkers. By situating Anna's experiences in a temporal and social context, the case study advances a nuanced understanding of welfare state dependency and identifies three driving forces of the experience: (1) the concern about intergenerational transmission of dependency that spurs a shared sense of hopelessness among Anna and her significant others; (2) the recurrent changes of diagnoses that adds to the feeling of dependency by repeatedly generating waiting time, e.g. for new psychiatric assessments; (3) the system's requirement to produce numerous but sketchy future plans that lack real-world plausibility. The case study clarifies the importance that respectable exits out of welfare state dependency are not only imaginable but also believable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Carstensen, Jeanette, Oskar Jost & Holger Seibert (2020): Arbeitsmarktsituation der Jüngeren in Berlin. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Berlin-Brandenburg 02/2020), Nürnberg, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die Arbeitsmarktsituation junger Menschen erfordert ein besonderes Augenmerk, da hier entscheidende Weichen für die spätere Erwerbsbiografie gestellt werden. Berlin verzeichnete lange Zeit im Bundesländervergleich besonders hohe Jugendarbeitslosenquoten, die insbesondere aus einer unzureichenden Lehrstellenversorgung resultierten. Sowohl im Zuge des Nachwendegeburtenknicks als auch aufgrund eines zunehmenden und selbsttragenden Aufschwungs in den letzten zehn Jahren besserte sich die Situation sukzessive. Es konnten mehr junge Menschen in Berlin in Ausbildung und Beschäftigung finden, sodass die Jugendarbeitslosenquote deutlich abgebaut wurde. Gleichwohl offenbaren die Ergebnisse des vorliegenden Berichts anhaltende Defizite und Potenziale, die es auszubauen gilt. So fällt die Jugendarbeitslosenquote junger Ausländer in Berlin nach wie vor deutlich höher aus als diejenige der deutschen Jugendlichen, was auf strukturelle Unterschiede und Probleme hindeutet. Darüber hinaus weisen junge Ausländer aus den Asylherkunftsländern momentan noch besonders hohe Arbeitslosenquoten auf, die weitere Anstrengungen erfordern, um eine Verfestigung in Arbeitslosigkeit zu verhindern und bestehende Unterschiede zu reduzieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dohmen, Dieter, Galiya Yelubayeva, Charlotte Firzlaff & Michael Cordes (2020): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 75), Berlin, 61 S.

Abstract

"Nachdem die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in den vergangenen fünfzehn Jahren deutlich gesunken ist, könnte sie jetzt um bis zu 40 Prozent ansteigen. Zwar sind davon, relativ gesehen, Hochschulabsolventen und beruflich Qualifizierte stärker betroffen, allerdings sind die Zukunftsaussichten für geringqualifizierte junge Menschen besonders ungünstig. Männer sind dabei durchgängig stärker betroffen als Frauen. Die Analysen zeigen zudem, wie sehr die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit durch wenig wirksame Bildungsangebote kaschiert wird.Dies sind die Kernergebnisse einer aktuellen Analyse des FiBS zur Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland in Krisenzeiten. Die Studie zeigt einerseits, dass die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit über alle Qualifikationsniveaus hinweg bei jungen Männern wie Frauen deutlich rückläufig ist. Andererseits wird deutlich, dass in Krisenzeiten fast ausschließlich die Arbeitslosigkeit junger Männer ansteigt, während die der jungen Frauen zum Teil sogar weiter sinkt. Dies gilt über alle Qualifikationsgruppen hinweg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dohmen, Dieter, Zein Karsin & Galiya Yelubayeva (2020): Youth unemployment in times of crises in the EU 27. (FiBS-Forum / Forschungsinstitut für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie 72), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die neue Studie „Youth Unemployment in Times of Crises in the EU 27“ des FiBS Forschungsinstituts für Bildungs- und Sozialökonomie untersucht die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der EU in der Folge der Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise 2008/09 und verknüpft diese mit einer ersten Schätzung, wie die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit nach der Corona-Krise zunehmen könnte. Demnach könnte die Arbeitslosigkeit von Geringqualifizierten sogar die 40-Prozent-Marge überschreiten, allerdings erst Mitte der 2020er Jahre. Weiterhin wird die Arbeitslosigkeit von Männern möglicherweise höher sein als die von Frauen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Jianu, Ionuț (2020): The Effect of Young People Not In Employment, Education or Training, On Poverty Rate in European Union. (arXiv papers), 14 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to estimate the effect of young people who are not in employment, education or training (neets rate) on the people at risk of poverty rate in the European Union. Statistical data covering the 2010-2016 period for all EU-28 Member States have been used. Regarding the methodology, the study was performed by using Panel Estimated Generalized Least Squares method, weighted by Period SUR option. The effect of neets rate on poverty rate proved to be positive and statistically significant in European Union, since this indicator includes two main areas which are extremely relevant for poverty dimension. Firstly, young unemployment rate was one of the main channels through which the financial crisis has affected the population income. Secondly, it accounts for the educational system coverage and its skills deficiencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Roberts, Ken (2020): Regime Change: Education to Work Transitions in England, 1980s-2020s. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 3, H. 1, S. 23-42. DOI:10.1007/s43151-020-00004-6

Abstract

"This paper argues the case for viewing a country’s transition regime as a totality in which different career steps and routes assign significance and value to one another. Following the destruction of major sections of Britain’s transition regime in the 1970s and 1980s, the paper explains how the regime has subsequently been reconstructed following the 1988 Education Reform Act, replacing the vocational education and training schemes of the 1980s with government-supported apprenticeships, almost uninterrupted employment growth since 1992, and the financialization of the corporate economy alongside uncapped expansion of higher education. England’s current transition regime keeps rates of youth unemployment and NEET below the European Union averages and delivers the fastest transitions in Europe. However, the reconstructed regime also locks-in features that may well become long-term problems, namely an expensive higher education system which leaves graduates with debts that many do not expect to repay in full, and substantial low wage, low skill, low productivity sectors in the economy and workforce." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yeung, Wei-Jun Jean & Yi Yang (2020): Labor Market Uncertainties for Youth and Young Adults. An International Perspective. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 688, H. 1, S. 7-19. DOI:10.1177/0002716220913487

Abstract

"A crisis for youth labor market conditions has been building globally for more than two decades, reflected in the persistently high rates of youth unemployment around the world, which is about three times as high as that for adults. About one in five young people are not in education, employment, or training, and a large share of young adults are working in the informal economy or in precarious conditions. This volume includes a collection of thirteen articles that examine the causes, patterns, and consequences of labor market uncertainties for youth and young adults in Europe, Latin/South America, the United States, and Asia, as well as a concluding article. They reveal vast inequalities among young people, with those having the least education and lowest skills, females, those with low family socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic minorities, and migrants being the most vulnerable. In this introduction, we describe the global trends and regional variation in labor market conditions for young people, explicate the importance of integrating young people into labor markets, and summarize the findings and policy implications of these articles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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International Labour Office (2020): Global employment trends for youth 2020. Technology and the future of jobs. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, 184 S.

Abstract

"Incorporating the most recent labour market information available, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment and unemployment. The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available to young people. It focuses on shifts in job characteristics, sectors and skills, as well as examining the impact of technological change on inequalities in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2020): Entwicklungen in der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/22719). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/23099 (06.10.2020)), 21 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der Abgeordneten Matthias Seestern-Pauly, Katja Suding, Grigorios Aggelidis, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion der FDP zu Entwicklungen in der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit u.a. mit Statistiken zur Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosenquote, zu Zu- und Abgängen aus Jugendgarantie und zu Nichterwerbstätigen Jugendlichen, die weder an Bildung noch an Weiterbildung teilnehmen. (IAB-Doku)

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Ayllón, Sara & Xavier Ramos (2019): Youth earnings and labour market volatility in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 158, H. 1, S. 83-113. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12069

Abstract

"We provide new evidence on earnings volatility and labour market volatility, which also includes flows into and out of employment, of young workers across Europe during the Great Recession, and examine the institutional factors that may shape these flows. Using EU-SILC data, we document large disparities in volatility levels and trends across European countries. As expected, the Great Recession increased volatility among Europe's youth, offsetting the falling trend observed over the last years of economic prosperity. Larger unemployment benefits and more stringent employment protection legislation are related to lower earnings and labour market volatility." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Binelli, Chiara (2019): Employment and earnings expectations of jobless young skilled. Evidence from Italy. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 145, H. 1, S. 201-231. DOI:10.1007/s11205-019-02106-y

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Bolíbar, Mireia, Joan Miquel Verd & Oriol Barranco (2019): The downward spiral of youth unemployment. An approach considering social networks and family background. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 401-421. DOI:10.1177/0950017018822918

Abstract

"Taking as a starting point the relationship between unemployment and the loss of social support put forward by social exclusion theory, this article aims to analyse how long-term unemployment affects young people's support networks for job seeking. To do so, it uses the framework of social network analysis. Based on data produced by a personal network survey of 250 young individuals in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, the results highlight the particularly harmful effect of long-term unemployment on the support network of young individuals with a low family socioeconomic status background. Unemployment reduces the presence of resourceful contacts among these young workers, which is not the case for young people with a higher family socioeconomic status. Moreover, gender and educational level intervene in the relationship between unemployment and loss of social support. These findings refine the social exclusion theory shedding light on how social inequalities crosscut labour market trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Contini, Dalit, Marianna Filandri & Lia Pacelli (2019): Persistency in the NEET state: a longitudinal analysis. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 22, H. 7, S. 959-980. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1562161

Abstract

"This article addresses the NEET phenomenon in a longitudinal perspective, by examining the case of Italy, a country experiencing one of the highest and increasing NEET shares in the EU. We exploit the longitudinal sample of the 2008-2011 EU-SILC data, providing self-declared information on individuals' educational and occupational status on a monthly basis for 4 years. Firstly, we propose a classification of individual histories in education, employment and the NEET states. According to our estimates, more than 40% of the Italian young people report being NEET for at least 13 months out of 48, and more than 10% for (almost) the entire period. Secondly, we examine the composition of the NEET groups and draw a long-term NEET risk profile for individuals from different sociodemographic groups. Thirdly, we examine the longitudinal histories by distinguishing between unemployment and inactivity spells. Our findings show that the NEET phenomenon among Italian young adults is largely an issue of unemployment. The only exception is represented by Italian older females with children, the majority of which portrays themselves as inactive. Still, a sizable portion of these women define themselves as being mainly 'unemployed' instead of 'performing domestic tasks', indicating an unsatisfied wish or need to work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph (2019): Junge Erwerbslose in Spanien und Deutschland. Alltag und Handlungsfähigkeit in wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen. (Transformation des Sozialen - Transformation Sozialer Arbeit 07), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 490 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-24462-0

Abstract

"Die grundlegenden Veränderungen von Wohlfahrtsstaat und Kapitalismus schlagen sich in der EU insbesondere im Alltag junger Erwerbsloser nieder. Christoph Gille untersucht, wie junge Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland trotz der Restriktionen, die damit verbunden sind, Handlungsfähigkeit in ihrem Alltag herstellen. Dazu entwickelt er in der Tradition der Wohlfahrtsstaatenforschung "von unten" ein akteursbezogenes Verständnis des jeweiligen nationalen Kontextes. Deutlich werden so die Effekte der unterschiedlichen Sozialstaaten, aber auch die Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den beiden Ländern, und damit der transnationale Charakter der andauernden wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Transformation." (Verlagsangaben, © Springer)

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Hvinden, Bjørn, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Christer Hyggen (Hrsg.) (2019): Negotiating early job insecurity well-being, scarring and resilience of European youth. Cheltenham: Elgar, 264 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118798

Abstract

"Offering new knowledge and insights into European job markets, this book explores how young men and women experience job insecurity. By combining analysis of original data collected through a variety of innovative methods, it compares the trajectories of early job insecurity in nine European countries. Focusing on the ways in which young adults deal with this by actively increasing their chances of getting a job through a variety of methods, as the book shows how governmental policies can be altered to reduce early job insecurity." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hvinden, Bjørn, Christer Hyggen, Mi A. Schoyen & Tomá¿ Sirovátka (Hrsg.) (2019): Youth unemployment and job insecurity in Europe. Problems, risk factors and policies. Cheltenham: Elgar, 272 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118897

Abstract

"Providing original insights into the factors causing early job insecurity in European countries, this book examines its short- and long-term consequences. It assesses public policies seeking to diminish the risks to young people facing prolonged job insecurity and reduce the severity of these impacts. Based on the findings of a major study across nine European countries, this book examines the diverse strategies that countries across the continent use to help young people overcome employment barriers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Umkehrer, Matthias (2019): The impact of declining youth employment stability on future wages. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 619-650., 2017-11-08. DOI:10.1007/s00181-018-1444-5

Abstract

"Has the early career become less stable during the 1980s and 1990s? And does a lack of early-career employment stability inhibit wage growth? I analyze exceptionally rich administrative data on male graduates from Germany's dual education system to shed more light on these important questions. The data indicate a decline in youth employment durations since the late 1970s, limited to already relatively short durations. Controlling for endogeneity of employment in youth with training firm fixed effects and by exploiting institutional variation in the timing of nationwide macroeconomic shocks, I find significant returns to early-career employment stability in terms of higher wages in adulthood. These returns decline not only across the wage distribution, but also with cohort age. The findings suggest less stable employment in the early years of a career to have become increasingly costly during the 1990s for the least advantaged workers." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Verd, Joan Miquel, Oriol Barranco & Mireia Bolíbar (2019): Youth unemployment and employment trajectories in Spain during the Great Recession. What are the determinants? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-019-0254-3

Abstract

"Since the beginning of the recession period in Europe, unemployment has greatly affected the young adult population. In this context, Spain is regarded as an extreme case, due to its exceptionally high youth unemployment rates. This article seeks to identify the determinants that have led certain groups of Spanish young people to suffer labour market trajectories with higher levels of unemployment and instability during the Great Recession than others. To do this, retrospective data from the 2012 Catalan Youth Survey are used. With these data and using cluster analysis, a typology of labour market trajectories is constructed. Next, multinomial logistic regressions are used to identify what individual socio-demographic characteristics and pre-crisis employment experiences are connected to these different typological career paths. Results show that the highly differentiated career paths are associated with different social profiles and differences in the presence of unemployment. Moreover, interesting differences among the most unstable career paths appear. For the most vulnerable social profiles the employment trajectory prior to the crisis seems to point towards the existence of an entrapment in low-skilled jobs that alternate with situations of unemployment. For those with a slightly better position their employment situation after the initiation of the crisis seems to have been impacted by their brief labour market trajectory before the crisis and their resulting work experience gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Axelrad, Hila, Miki Malul & Israel Luski (2018): Unemployment among younger and older individuals. Does conventional data about unemployment tell us the whole story? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0237-9

Abstract

"In this research we show that workers aged 30 - 44 were significantly more likely than those aged 45 - 59 to find a job a year after being unemployed. The main contribution is demonstrating empirically that since older workers' difficulties are related to their age, while for younger individuals the difficulties are more related to the business cycle, policy makers must devise different programs to address unemployment among young and older individuals. The solution to youth unemployment is the creation of more jobs, and combining differential minimum wage levels and earned income tax credits might improve the rate of employment for older individuals." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Caroleo, Floro Ernesto, Olga Demidova, Enrico Marelli & Marcello Signorelli (Hrsg.) (2018): Young people and the labour market. A comparative perspective. (Routledge Studies in labour economics), Abingdon: Routledge, 266 S.

Abstract

"Young people are a vulnerable category of workers, finding themselves in a delicate phase of their working life: their first entry into the labour market. In many European countries, youngsters are unemployed or have difficulty finding and obtaining jobs. This situation has deteriorated particularly after the crises, recessions and stagnation that has impacted European economies in recent years. In addition to the cyclical or crisis impact, structural factors are also very important. Additionally, prolonged crises, as in some Eurozone countries, have transformed a significant part of cyclical unemployment in structural (long term) unemployment.
Young People and the Labour Market: A Comparative Perspective explores the condition of young people in the labour market. The authors present new evidence from several countries, with a special focus on Europe, and offer a comparative perspective. They investigate questions such as which structural conditions and labour market institutions guarantee better youth performance, which education systems and school-to-work processes are more effective and in which countries is gender differentiation less of an issue. All of the aforementioned, as well as many other comparisons which the authors make, are significant in helping to facilitate the successful design of labour and education policies." (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dvouletý, Ondrej, Monika Mühlböck, Julia Warmuth & Bernhard Kittel (2018): 'Scarred' young entrepreneurs. Exploring young adults' transition from former unemployment to self-employment. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 21, H. 9, S. 1159-1181. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1450971

Abstract

"The recent increase in youth unemployment has major implications for the current and future development of European labour markets. Previous studies reveal the long lasting 'scarring effects' of early unemployment experience on later career prospects, including a higher probability of future unemployment or social exclusion. Self-employment is often advocated as a potential remedy for unemployment in general and youth unemployment in particular. In this study, we investigate the individual-level factors that lead young people with the 'scar' of previous unemployment to engage in self-employment. Based on a recent survey among young adults in eleven European countries, we show that previous unemployment has a significant moderating effect on other individual-level characteristics usually associated with a higher likelihood of being self-employed. While the overall propensity of self-employment is not affected by unemployment experience, the reasons for becoming one's own boss differ considerably between those young adults who have and those who have not experienced unemployment in the past." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goglio, Valentina & Roberto Rizza (2018): Young adult occupational transition regimes in Europe. Does gender matter? In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 1/2, S. 130-149. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-04-2017-0052

Abstract

"Purpose
The objective of this paper is to achieve a greater understanding of the transitions young adults experience into and out of the labor market and the influence that gender and married/cohabiting status have on employment careers.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper focuses on young adults (25-34 years old) in four European countries - Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom and Norway - that are representative of different youth transition regimes. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC survey (for the years 2006-2012) and event history analysis we investigate: the effect of the particular set of institutional features of each country, the effect of the cohort of entry and of gender differences in determining transitions across labour market status.
Findings
Findings show that the filter exercised by the national institutions has a selective impact on the careers of young adults, with some institutional contexts more protective than others. In this respect, the condition of inactivity emerges as an interesting finding: on one side, it mainly involves women in a partnership, on the other side it is more common in protective youth regimes, suggesting that it may be a chosen rather than suffered condition.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to existing literature by: i) focusing on a specific category, young adults from 25 to 34 years old, which is increasingly recognized as a critical stage in the life course though it receives less attention than its younger counterpart (15-24); ii) integrating the importance of family dynamics on work careers by analysing the different effects played by married/cohabiting status for men and women." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Schmillen, Achim & Matthias Umkehrer (2018): The scars of youth. Effects of early-career unemployment on future unemployment experience. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 156, H. 3/4, S. 465-494., 2016-12-01. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12079

Abstract

"Does early-career unemployment cause future unemployment? The authors approach this question using German administrative matched employer - employee data that track almost 700,000 individuals over 24 years. Instrumenting early-career unemployment with firm-specific labour demand shocks, they find significant and long-lasting 'scarring effects'. In the mean, each additional day of unemployment during the first eight years on the labour market increases unemployment in the following 16 years by half a day. However, quantile regressions show that the scarring effects are much stronger for individuals who already suffer from lengthy and repeated spells of unemployment." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Shi, Lulu P., Christian Imdorf, Robin Samuel & Stefan Sacchi (2018): How unemployment scarring affects skilled young workers. Evidence from a factorial survey of Swiss recruiters. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0239-7

Abstract

"We ask how employers contribute to unemployment scarring in the recruitment process in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. By drawing on recruitment theories, we aim to better understand how recruiters assess different patterns of unemployment in a job candidate's CV and how this affects the chances of young applicants being considered for a vacancy. We argue that in contexts with tight school-work linkage and highly standardised Vocational Education and Training systems, the detrimental effect of early unemployment depends on how well the applicant's profile matches the requirements of the advertised position. To test this assumption, we surveyed Swiss recruiters who were seeking to fill positions during the time of data collection. We employed a factorial survey experiment that tested how the (un)employment trajectories in hypothetical young job applicants' CV affected their chances of being considered for a real vacancy. Our results show that unemployment decreases the perceived suitability of an applicant for a specific job, which implies there is a scarring effect of unemployment that increases with the duration of being unemployed. But we also found that these effects are moderated by how well the applicant's profile matches the job's requirements. Overall, the worse the match between applicant's profile and the job profile, the smaller are the scarring effects of unemployment. In sum, our findings contribute to the literature by revealing considerable heterogeneity in the scarring effects of unemployment. Our findings further suggest that the scarring effects of unemployment need to be studied with regard to country-specific institutional settings, the applicants' previous education and employment experiences, and the job characteristics." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Singh, Ajit, Florian Engel & Simone Kreher (2018): Heranwachsende im Dreieck des SGB-II-Leistungsbezugs. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Triangulation von Daten, Methoden und Perspektiven für die Rekonstruktion kindlicher Lebenswelten. In: Sozialer Sinn, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 11-43. DOI:10.1515/sosi-2018-0002

Abstract

"Als Beitrag zu einer interpretativen Ungleichheits- und Armutsforschung thematisiert dieser Aufsatz methodologische und methodische Probleme, die bei der Rekonstruktion von Lebenswelten von Kindern, die von außen betrachtet in ,prekären Verhältnissen' des SGB-II-Bezugs aufwachsen, zu lösen sind. Dabei schlagen wir vor, eine Brücke zwischen Armutsforschung und den New Childhood Studies zu schlagen, um die Agency von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Hinblick auf ihre subjektiven Sicht- und Erlebensweisen deutlicher hervortreten zu lassen. Zudem wird reflektiert, wie spezifische Vorstellungen und Wissensbestände über 'Normalität' in der Erhebungssituation virulent werden, die auch bis in die hermeneutische Auswertung fortwirken können. Die Triangulation verschiedener Datensorten, Verfahren und Perspektiven ermöglichte uns einen reflexiven Umgang mit den jeweiligen Wirklichkeitskonstruktionen, die auch mit Blick auf die Positionalität der Forscherinnen zum Gegenstand gemacht werden." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Templin, Ute (2018): Jugendliche in prekären Lebenslagen im Übergang zum Beruf. Biographische Zugänge zu Lebenswelten und Bildungsprozessen. Berlin: Logos, 328 S.

Abstract

"Mit welchen Schwierigkeiten Jugendliche aus prekären Lebenslagen auf ihrem Weg von der Arbeitslosigkeit in eine Ausbildung bzw. in einen Beruf zu kämpfen haben, dieser Frage geht Ute Templin auf der Basis von Lebensgeschichten von jungen Menschen nach, die 2002 im Alter von 15 bis 18 Jahren an einer betrieblichen Grundausbildungsmaßnahme teilgenommen haben.
Ute Templin, die die halbjährige Maßnahme mit ursprünglich 17 TeilnehmerInnen geleitet hat, befragte sieben von ihnen acht Jahre später im Rahmen eines Ehemaligentreffens. Die theoretischen Perspektiven Pierre Bourdieus auf soziale Ungleichheiten und ihre Reproduktion mittels des Habitus werden hierbei genutzt, um die Auswirkungen prekärer Lebenslagen der untersuchten Jugendlichen auf ihren weiteren Bildungs- und Lebensweg zu analysieren. Hermeneutische Zugänge und reflexive Analysen ermöglichen Einblicke in jugendliche Lebenswelten und individuelle Problemlagen. Die Statuspassagen-Theorie und Konzepte der Übergangsforschung dienen dazu, den Übergang vom schulischen in das berufliche Feld auch als Transitionsprozess zu fassen. Die empirische Studie von Ute Templin lässt sich im Feld der Übergangsforschung, der Forschungen zur Reproduktion sozialer Ungleichheit sowie Biographie- und Lebensweltforschung in der Erziehungswissenschaft verorten." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Zick, Sebastian (2018): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Von der Identifikation der Krise zur Etablierung eines Politikfeldes. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Working paper Forschungsförderung 066), Düsseldorf, 62 S.

Abstract

"Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ist in aller europäischer Munde. Seit Anbeginn der Finanzkrise im Jahr 2008 erscheint das Problem der Nichtbeschäftigung von Jugendlichen allgegenwärtig. Dabei täuscht diese vermeintliche Erfindung des Diskurses um Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa über den Befund hinweg, dass dieses Thema in je unterschiedlichen Varianten zumindest seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre eine Konstante der Bemühungen um europäische Integration ist. Was unter Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu verstehen ist, welche Ursachen, Auswege, Chancen und Risiken mit ihr beschrieben werden, ist jedoch keineswegs selbstverständlich und selbst stets Gegenstand von politischen Aushandlungsprozessen. Innerhalb dieser Prozesse stellt die Europäische Union (EU) einen besonders gewichtigen Akteur dar. Hier setzt das vorliegende Working Paper an: Es versucht mit einer Analyse zentraler Strategiepapiere der EU von 1993-2013 einerseits die Mechanismen, Strategien sowie rhetorischen und argumentativen Schritte in der Etablierung eines diskursiven und neuen politischen Feldes 'Jugendarbeitslosigkeit' nachzuvollziehen. Andererseits untersucht das Paper auch die differenten Logiken, Programmatiken und normativen Orientierungen, mit welchen das Problem 'Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa' beschrieben und bearbeitet wird. Dabei wird der Konstruktion und Identifikation des Krisenhaften eine besondere Bedeutung zuteil. Durch die rhetorische Produktion und inhaltliche Ausgestaltung von Krise schaffen die Dokumente Räume der gemeinsamen Verantwortung und legitimieren politisches Intervenieren. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wird so sukzessive als eigenständiges Politikfeld etabliert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2018): Investing in youth: Norway. (Investing in youth), Paris, 149 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264283671-en

Abstract

"The present report on Norway is part of the series on 'Investing in Youth' which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of youth policies in the areas of education, training, social and employment policies. Its main focus is on young people who are not in employment, education or training (the 'NEETs'). Earlier reviews in the same series have looked at youth policies in Brazil (2014), Latvia and Tunisia (2015), Australia, Lithuania and Sweden (2016), Japan (2017)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ayllón, Sara & Javier Valbuena (2017): Youth unemployment and stigmatization across Europe. A comparative analysis. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.4), Oslo, 24 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the dynamics of the scarring effect of youth unemployment along the business cycle in 12 European countries. On the one hand, we analyse differences associated to the negative effect of past unemployment experiences in future labour market status. And, on the other hand, we consider potential stigmatization against prospect young workers, that is, the extent to which employers are more reluctant to hire individuals with a history of unemployment. Our results are based on data from the EU-SILC for the period 2004 to 2015 and provide support in favour of a significant scarring effect of unemployment among youths that is highly heterogeneous across the countries under analysis and that increased substantially during the Great Recession. On the contrary, evidence on stigma effects was found to be rather weak." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bacher, Johann, Christina Koblbauer, Heinz Leitgöb & Dennis Tamesberger (2017): Small differences matter: How regional distinctions in educational and labour market policy account for heterogeneity in NEET rates. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-017-0232-6

Abstract

"Labour market and education policy makers and researchers are increasingly focusing on the NEET indicator as a supplement to the youth unemployment rate. Analyses of factors influencing NEET have concentrated primarily on individual characteristics such as gender and migration background on one hand, and on macro-level factors of nations such as economic growth and minimum wage regulations on the other. However, nations are not homogenous, especially when a country is divided into several federal states, as is the case with Austria. This article aims to analyse regional differences within Austria. In order to explain the differences, we define a multilevel model that contains four contextual factors: the importance of upper secondary education; the importance of dual education; vacant jobs; and expenditures for active labour market policy. Because the institutional level addresses different age groups, the analysis was split into two age groups: 15 - 19 and 20 - 24 years. The results have shown that, besides the social structure of the population, contextual factors like the upper secondary education, the dual education, vacant jobs, and expenditures for active labour market policy are also relevant for explaining regional differences in the NEET rates. But one main insight was that the impact of the contextual factors varies between different social groups." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Buttler, Dominik & Piotr Michon (2017): Consequences of early job insecurity and the role of the welfare state. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.5), Oslo, 34 S.

Abstract

"The detrimental effect of joblessness on individual wellbeing is relatively well recognized (usually in the context of Western economies) as an additional, non-pecuniary cost of unemployment. However, the strength of the relationship between the employment status and life satisfaction varies considerably among countries. Relatively little is known about what forces drive these discrepancies, especially in the group of young people. The aim of the proposed paper is to identify the contextual factors influencing the strength of the relationship between the employment status and the level of individual wellbeing. In particular we are interested in the role of four policy fields: education policy, employment protection, passive and active labour market policy. In the empirical part of the paper we use data from two waves of the European Social Survey and apply the random intercept model. We find that vocationally oriented and tracked education systems as well as generous active and passive labour market policies strengthen the employment-wellbeing relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph & Ute Klammer (2017): Wohlfahrtskapitalistische Regime und Handlungsfähigkeit erwerbsloser junger Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 43-63. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0262-5

Abstract

"Anhand der Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Handlungsfähigkeit junger Erwerbsloser in den wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen von Deutschland und Spanien geht der Artikel der Frage nach, wie und mit welchen Ergebnissen sozialpolitische Regimeforschung und akteur*innenbasierte Forschungsansätze kombiniert werden können. Dabei werden zunächst zentrale Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktentwicklung und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen beider Regime verglichen. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung junger Erwerbsloser in beiden Ländern anhand von ausgewählten Bewältigungsweisen vorgestellt, bevor Charakteristika der Regime aus akteur*innenbasierter Perspektive erörtert und Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Stefanie Ledermaier, Carlos Vacas-Soriano & Lena Jacobs (2017): Long-term unemployed youth. Characteristics and policy responses. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 85 S. DOI:10.2806/940447

Abstract

"While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people's well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meierkord, Anja, Alexa Meyer-Hamme & Lars Thies (2017): An incomplete recovery. Youth unemployment in Europe 2008-2016. Gütersloh, 19 S.

Abstract

"Fast zehn Jahre nach Beginn der europaweiten Finanzkrise ist auch die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa im Zuge der Erholung der Arbeitsmärkte weiter zurückgegangen. Bei genauer Betrachtung der Entwicklung zwischen 2008 und 2016 zeigen sich jedoch große Unterschiede: Vor allem einige süd- und osteuropäische Länder haben das Vorkrisen-Niveau ihrer Jugendbeschäftigungsquote noch nicht wieder erreicht. Ebenso bleibt die Integration bestimmter Gruppen junger Menschen in Bildung oder Arbeit eine große Herausforderung. Weitere Maßnahmen sind auf Ebene der EU und in Mitgliedsstaaten erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schoon, Ingrid & John Bynner (Hrsg.) (2017): Young people's development and the great recession. Uncertain transitions and precarious futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 487 S. DOI:10.1017/9781316779507

Abstract

"The 2007 - 8 financial crisis and subsequent 'Great Recession' particularly affected young people trying to make their way from education into the labour market at a time of economic uncertainty and upheaval. This is the first volume to examine the impact of the Great Recession on the developmental stage of young adulthood, a critical phase of the life course that has great significance in the foundations of adult identity. Using evidence from longitudinal data sets spanning three major OECD countries, these essays examine the recession's effects on education and employment outcomes and consider the wider psycho-social consequences, including living arrangements, family relations, political engagement, and health and well-being. While the recession intensified the impact of pre-existing trends towards a prolonged dependence on parents and, for many, the precaritisation of life chances, the findings also point to manifestations of resilience, where young people countered adversity by forging positive expectations of the future." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tolgensbakk, Ida, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Bjørn Hvinden (2017): Youth unemployment and the consequences for life satisfaction and social trust in seven European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.4), Oslo, 58 S.

Abstract

"The 2007-2008 global financial crisis led to the 'Great Recession', making a multi-year debt crisis a reality for several Eurozone countries. These developments had large and persistent effects on European youth labour markets, causing high unemployment rates among the youth in many countries. In an effort to understand the subjective effects of youth unemployment in Europe, the NEGOTIATE project conducted life story interviews with 211 individuals from seven countries and three cohorts (1950 - 1955, 1970 - 1975 and 1990 - 1995). The participating countries were Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland and the UK. The Norwegian team has written the present report, with important inputs from all the participating national teams." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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International Labour Office (2017): Global employment trends for youth 2017. Paths to a better working future. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, XI, 115 S.

Abstract

"Incorporating the most recent employment trends for young women and men, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment, unemployment, working poverty and informality.
The 2017 edition discusses the implications of technological change for youth labour market prospects, focusing on trends in sectoral employment and on the forms of work available to young people.
The report draws on the extensive range of analyses undertaken by the ILO and others in recent years so as to outline innovative and effective policy responses to the challenges facing young women and men entering the world of work today. It also offers insights into the directions needed for national policies and programmes to meet the challenges the youth of tomorrow will encounter in their search for entry points into decent work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ayllón, Sara & Natalia N. Ferreira-Batista (2016): The effects of the economic crisis on drug consumption of young individuals in Europe. Unemployment, drugs and attitudes among European youth. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.2), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies changes in patterns of drugs consumption and attitudes to- wards drugs in relation to sky-high (youth) unemployment rates in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Our analysis is based on data for 28 European countries referred to young people between the ages of 15 and 24. We find that consumption of cannabis and of 'new substances' is positively related with increasing unemployment rates. For example, an increase of 1% in the regional unemployment rate is associated with an increase of nearly 0.7% of young people declaring to have consumed cannabis at any point in time. Our findings also indicate that higher unemployment rates can be associated with more young people perceiving that access to drugs became more difficult, particularly for ecstasy, cocaine and heroin. On the opposite, we do not find any link between changes in the unemployment rate and changes in perceived risk of drugs use. Finally, according to young Europeans, when the economy worsens, anti-drug policies should focus on the reduction of poverty and unemployment, and not on implementing tougher measures against users." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans (2016): Erwerbslosigkeit Jugendlicher in Europa im Jahr 2014. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Berichte 04/2016), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"In dem Aktuellen Bericht werden die Entwicklung der Jugenderwerbslosigkeit in Europa sowie der altersspezifischen Unterschiede im Erwerbslosigkeitsrisiko und der Dauern der Erwerbslosigkeit dargestellt. Zudem wird das Risiko, erwerbslos zu werden und erwerbslos zu bleiben, betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans & Joachim Möller (2016): Youth unemployment in Europe - business cycle and institutional effects. In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 5-25., 2015-11-04. DOI:10.1007/s10368-015-0331-1

Abstract

"In the aftermath of the Great Recession 2008/2009 European youth unemployment rose sharply from below 4.2 m in 2007 to more than 5.6 m young people under 25 unemployed in the EU28 countries in 2013. The youth unemployment rate expanded from 15.5 in 2007 to 25.5 in 2013. Beyond the consequences for individuals youth unemployment as a mass phenomenon is potentially menacing the stability of democratic societies. Hence there are good reasons to fight youth unemployment by any means. The paper analyses the specific structure and causes of youth unemployment. Although youth unemployment is also influenced by individual factors like insufficient qualification, we show that country-specific factors - institutions, traditions and characteristic structures - are of high importance in explaining the huge disparities between European countries. Using panel data estimates with specific country and time fixed effects we show that especially the Mediterranean countries responded to the economic downturn in a specific way. However, the high correlation of changes in the youth and adult unemployment rates across countries points to the fact that not only structural factors but also business cycle effects are important for explaining the sharp increase in the youth unemployment rate in Europe. The rise in joblessness is in fact closely related to macroeconomic slackness. Therefore, we argue that a two-handed approach combining institutional improvements with growth stimulating measures is needed to overcome the problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gellermann, Jan F. C. (2016): "Schwierige Jugend". Zur Studie "Disconnected Youth" - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Berufe. In: Siegen: sozial H. 1, S. 36-39.

Abstract

"Seit 2014 führt das Zentrum für Planung und Evaluation Sozialer Dienste der Universität Siegen (ZPE) ein auf drei Jahre angelegtes Forschungsprojekt mit dem Titel 'Disconnected Youth - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Beruf' durch. Auftraggeber ist die Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Ziel der laufenden Studie ist es, Sozialisationsprozesse und Biografieverläufe von Jugendlichen zu erfassen, denen der stabile Übergang in das Ausbildungssystem mittel- und langfristig nicht gelingt. Die Untersuchung wird an zwei vorgegebenen Standorten in Rheinland-Pfalz durchgeführt. Der Fokus dieser Studie liegt auf jenen Fällen, die von beteiligten Fachkräften als 'besonders schwierig' bezeichnet werden und davon bedroht sind, den Anschluss an den Ausbildungsmarkt im Zweifel dauerhaft zu verlieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hora, Ondrej, Markéta Horáková & Tomá¿ Sirovátka (2016): Institutional determinants of early job insecurity in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.4), Oslo, 69 S.

Abstract

"In the European labour market, young people have been disproportionally affected by job insecurity indicated by unemployment, inactivity, job precariousness and fragmented careers during and after the economic crisis of 2008. This may be crucial for their ability to maintain a living income and to live a decent life on their present and future life course. The increasing polarisation in the labour market may become a persistent structural feature in the conditions of the changing employment structures and flexibilization of labour. This challenge was recognised at the EU level when Youth Opportunities Initiative (2011), Youth Employment Package (2012) and Youth Guarantee (2013) were launched and underpinned with financing from ESF schemes. The European countries, however, have experienced very different impacts of the crisis on their labour markets (Karamessini et al. 2016). Similarly, the initial responses in active labour market policies (ALMPs) to the crisis also diverged considerably (Clasen et al 2012). The question arises about the longer-term adaptations of labour market policy and other policies to the challenge of increasing early job insecurity and the associated structural changes in the labour market.
The aim of this paper is to assess in nine national contexts how recent reforms in labour market institutions and policies and the skill formation systems may have affected the incidence of early job insecurity and the patterns of labour market entry/integration of young women and men. Job insecurity as understood here includes two dimensions: (a) insecurity of maintaining the current job, (b) insecurity of getting another job in the future, that is, job insecurity and employment insecurity (compare Chung and van Oorschot 2011)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hyggen, Christer, Christian Imdorf, Dimitris Parsanaglou, Stefan Sacchi, Robin Samuel, Rumiana Stoilova, Lulu P. Shi, Aggeliki Yfanti & Gabriela Yordanova (2016): Understanding unemployment scars. A vignette Experiment of employers' decisions in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. (NEGOTIATE working paper 7.2), Oslo, 63 S.

Abstract

"In an effort to broaden the understanding of how early job insecurity can affect an individual's future career from an employer's perspective NEGOTIATE conducted an employer-sided survey with an integrated multidimensional vignette experiment in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. This report documents the sampling and data-collection in the four countries. In addition we present some basic descriptive results from the survey. Data from the survey will be available for public use, following a quarantine period after the end of the project, through the data repository at the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD).
Theoretical considerations underpinning the survey, state of research and a further description of the methodological approach is previously published in the NEGOTIATE Working paper D7.1 Studying employer's risk assessment and the role of institutions: An experimental design (Shi, L.P, C. Imdorf and R. Samuel 2016)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karamessini, Maria, Maria Symeonaki, Glykeria Stamatopoulou & Antonis Papazachariou (2016): The careers of young people in Europe during the economic crisis *. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.2), Oslo, 93 S.

Abstract

"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of young people's careers in Europe and the identification of the risk factors influencing them. The study of transitions between labour market states and the measurement of the school-to-work transition probabilities has become of utmost importance, since young people's pathways from school to sustained work have become rough and unpredictable. The probability of someone who has concluded full-time education to move successfully into full-time occupation seems to decrease, while, on the other hand, the probability of engaging into a part-time or temporary job increases. Emphasis should therefore be given to the estimation of different indicators that can be used in order to capture the extent and forms of job insecurity. Several methodological approaches are proposed in the present study, taking advantage of existing data sources, cross-sectional and longitudinal, so as to provide a full picture of early job insecurity in all European countries and its relation to a number of socio-demographic variables that might be influencing its magnitude. The results uncover that there are important differences between countries, when all estimated early job insecurity indicators are taken into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marconi, Gabriele, Miroslav Beblavý & Ilaria Maselli (2016): Age effects in Okun's law with different indicators of unemployment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 23, H. 8, S. 580-583. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2015.1090540

Abstract

"We reassess the results from the literature on the relationship between the youth unemployment rate and GDP growth (Okun's law), based on the concern that the unemployment rate is not an ideal indicator for teenagers and young adults. Using the unemployment ratio instead, we find that youth unemployment (15 - 24 years old) is not significantly more responsive to economic growth than prime-age (25 - 64) unemployment. However, compared to prime-age unemployment, teenagers' unemployment (15 - 19) is relatively unresponsive, whereas young adult's (20 - 24) unemployment is more strongly correlated with economic growth. These results are quite different than those obtained with the unemployment rate as the dependent variable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ayllón Gatnau, Sara & Xavier Ramos (2015): Permanent and transitory earnings inequality of young people in Europe *. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.1), Oslo, 35 S.

Abstract

"We provide new evidence on earnings volatility and labour market volatility, which also includes flows into and out of employment, of young workers across Europe over the Great Recession, and examine the institutional factors that may shape both earnings and labour market volatility. Using EU-SILC data, we document large disparities in volatility levels and trends of youth across European countries, which makes it difficult to group countries with similar volatility trends into meaningful clusters. Trends do not differ by gender, age, or education. As expected, the Great Recession increases volatility for Europe's youth, offsetting the falling trend observed over the last years of economic prosperity. Larger unemployment benefits and more stringent employment protection legislation are related to lower earnings and labour market volatility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bell, David N. F. & David G. Blanchflower (2015): Youth unemployment in Greece. Measuring the challenge. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-4-1

Abstract

"A historically high level of youth unemployment presents Greece with a huge social and economic challenge. This paper analyses various dimensions of this challenge. We argue that though the conventional definition of 'youth' is the 16-24 age group, there is a strong case for considering 25 to 29-year-olds as sharing common problems with conventionally defined youth. There are also grounds for examining why females seem to fare worse than males in the Greek labour market. The negative effects of the recession on Greek well-being have affected all age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berg, Gerard J. van den, Antoine Bozio & Mónica Costa Dias (2015): Policy discontinuity and duration outcomes. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,10), Uppsala, 55 S.

Abstract

"Causal effects of a policy change on hazard rates of a duration outcome variable are not identified from a comparison of spells before and after the policy change, if there is unobserved heterogeneity in the effects and no model structure is imposed. We develop a discontinuity approach that overcomes this by considering spells that include the moment of the policy change and by exploiting variation in the moment at which different cohorts are exposed to the policy change. We prove identification of average treatment effects on hazard rates without model structure. We estimate these effects by kernel hazard regression. We use the introduction of the NDYP program for young unemployed individuals in the UK to estimate average program participation effects on the exit rate to work as well as anticipation effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit aus einer europäischen Perspektive. Theoretische Ansätze, empirische Konzepte und ausgewählte Befunde. (IAB-Discussion Paper 24/2015), Nürnberg, 31 S.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag führt in die Thematik von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ein, diskutiert zentrale theoretische sowie verwandte empirische Ansätze (social exclusion, NEET - Not in Education, Employment or Training), stellt die vorherrschenden Verfahren zur Messung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und darauf bezogene Kennziffern vor und berichtet über ausgewählte empirische Befunde. Weiterhin werden mögliche individuelle Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit aus einer europäischen Perspektive. In: M. Klebl & S. Popescu-Willigmann (Hrsg.) (2015): Handbuch Bildungsplanung : Ziele und Inhalte beruflicher Bildung auf unterrichtlicher, organisationaler und politischer Ebene, S. 555-586, 2015-06-13.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag führt in die Thematik Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Abgrenzung zu alternativen Konzepten wie sozialer Exklusion oder NEET sowie unter Rückgriff auf zentrale theoretische Ansätze ein, stellt die vorherrschenden Verfahren zur Messung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und darauf bezogene Kennziffern vor und berichtet ausgewählte aktuelle empirische Befunde. Weiterhin werden individuelle Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit kritisch diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dingeldey, Irene, Bjørn Hvinden, Christer Hyggen, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Mi Ah Schøyen (2015): Understanding the consequences of early job insecurity and labour market exclusion. The interaction of structural conditions, institutions, active agency and capability. (NEGOTIATE working paper 2.1), Oslo, 43 S.

Abstract

"This document is the first deliverable from Work Package 2 of the NEGOTIATE project, 'Early job insecurity and youth unemployment as a theoretical and societal challenge'. The Work Package's first objective is to develop 'an original analytical framework for a comparative assessment of the individual and societal consequences of job insecurity early in a career. The analytical framework integrates concepts such as negotiation, agency, capability, empowerment, social resilience, embedded employability, networks, transition regimes, welfare state regimes and multi-level governance. A key interest is how to conceptualise the interactions between the young adults' agency and structurally given constraints and opportunities, (e.g. how they perceive and use their scope for action through networks and active agency, even in seemingly adverse circumstances) and in what sense young adults' find ways of negotiating the challenges of prolonged unemployment and job insecurity.' (DoA, Annex 1, Part A, p. 16). NEGOTIATE's core question is how young people's scope for agency interacts with different layers of structural conditions in a multi-level governance system.
As means to answering this question, the deliverable will review and summarise relevant theoretical literature on key concepts and assess how they contribute to an understanding of the consequences of early job insecurity for young people. A particular interest is the extent to which young women and men are able to negotiate these conditions and avoid the most adverse consequences of such insecurity. We will be particularly attentive to mechanisms of gendered labour market outcomes and patterns of market marginalisation of young people.
The practical goal of presenting the analytical framework and undertaking a conceptual clarification is to provide a common basis for the empirical work of NEGOTIATE (cf. Work Packages 3-8), as well as a conceptual base for the final synthesis of results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Florian Wozny & Michael Cox (2015): Policy performance and evaluation: Germany. (IZA research report 66), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

Der Beitrag beginnt mit einer Darstellung der Struktur des deutschen Bildungssystems, seiner Institutionen, der Hierarchie der Zuständigkeiten und der Akteure auf dem Feld der Bildungspolitik - des Schulsystems, der tertiären Bildung und vor allem der beruflichen Bildung (duales System). Im nächsten Schritt werden die aktive bzw. aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen für den Leistungsbezug, der Kündigungsschutz und neuere politische Innovationen auf den Politikfeldern Bildung, Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Mindestlohn beschrieben. Ein letzter Blick gilt den unterschiedlichen Förderungsmöglichkeiten für (arbeitslose) Jugendliche und deren Subgruppen und den Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der im europäischen Vergleich deutlich niedrigeren Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. (IAB)

Zitatform

Graham, John R., Micheal L. Shier & Marilyn Eisenstat (2015): Young adult social networks and labour market attachment. Interpersonal dynamics that shape perspectives on job attainment. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 769-786. DOI:10.1017/S0047279415000276

Abstract

"Following a qualitative study design with young adults (aged seventeen to twenty-nine) of a racialised minority status (n = 36) in a low-income community in Toronto, Canada, we found that social relationships and dynamics greatly influenced perspectives towards labour market success. Respondents identified that interpersonal relationships with employers, family members and neighbourhood/community members influenced their perseverance and motivation for upward social mobility through securing and maintaining employment. The findings highlight the fundamental relationship between perceptions of upward social mobility and individual social capital. In particular, the wide array of social networks that can influence the perspectives of racial minority young adults - both positively and negatively. The findings extend contemporary discussions about the relationship between social capital and career aspirations among racial minority young adults, to include a spectrum of interrelated social networks that collectively aid in improving personal development. While contemporary discussions focus on the utility of informal knowledge sharing about career development and post-secondary attainment, the findings here demonstrate the importance of policy and programme solutions that support the mobilisation of a wider array of embedded social resources, within the social networks of racial minority young adults, that help support positive perceptions towards upward social mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grünert, Holle & Christina Buchwald (2015): Unterstützungsangebot für junge Langzeitarbeitslose auf dem Weg in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt. Erfahrungen aus einem Integrationsprojekt in Dresden und Meißen. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 42-45.

Abstract

"Die Lage am Arbeitsmarkt hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren positiv entwickelt, die Nachfrage nach qualifizierten Fachkräften ist gestiegen, die Zahl der Arbeitslosen gesunken. Allerdings profitieren nicht alle Personengruppen gleichermaßen vom Aufschwung am Arbeitsmarkt. Vor allem unter den Arbeitslosen aus dem Rechtskreis des SGB II gibt es eine fatale Tendenz zur Verstetigung von Exklusion. Dies ist besonders problematisch, wenn die Exklusion vom Arbeitsmarkt junge Menschen am Beginn ihrer Erwerbsbiografie trifft. Im Beitrag wird das Pilotprojekt 'ZIEL - Zielgerichtete Integration junger Langzeitarbeitsloser' in Sachsen vorgestellt und untersucht, welchen Beitrag es leisten kann, den Teufelskreis von Arbeitslosigkeit, Verlust an Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und Qualifikationsverschleiß zu durchbrechen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Möller, Joachim & Matthias Umkehrer (2015): Are there long-term earnings scars from youth unemployment in Germany? In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 235, H. 4/5, S. 474-498., 2015-01-22. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2015-4-509

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earning potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Möller, Joachim, Gerhard Bosch, Günther Schmid, Jörg Schmidt & Jörg Asmussen (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa - Generation ohne Perspektive? Zur Diskussion gestellt. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 68, H. 17, S. 3-21.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union, vor allem in den südeuropäischen Ländern, ist erschreckend hoch. Das hat nicht nur unmittelbare Konsequenzen für die ökonomische Lage der Betroffenen, sondern auch erhebliche Folgen im weiteren Berufsleben. Droht langfristige eine 'verlorene Generation' heranzuwachsen, die auch im späteren Erwerbsleben kaum Chancen auf einen Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt hat? Für Joachim Möller, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg, und Universität Regensburg, lässt sich der dramatische Anstieg der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit nicht durch eine Veränderung struktureller Faktoren erklären. Vielmehr liege der Misere die allgemeine Arbeitsmarktschwäche zugrunde, die sich auch in der Arbeitslosenquote der übrigen Erwerbspersonen widerspiegelt. Es empfehle sich deshalb die doppelseitige Strategie: Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der Arbeitsmarktstrukturen in den Krisenländern bedürfen einer Komplementierung durch eine Steigerung der aggregierten Nachfrage, um die Schaffung und Erhaltung von Arbeitsplätzen zu begünstigen. Gerhard Bosch, Universität Duisburg-Essen, sieht ein Versagen der Hilfsprogramme der EU, die bislang die hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Süd- und Osteuropa nicht erkennbar verringern konnten. Nach Ansicht von Günther Schmid, ehem. FU Berlin, gilt es langfristig für die Länder mit hoher oder gar dramatisch hoher Jugendarbeitslosigkeit, die institutionellen Kapazitäten für duale Ausbildungssysteme aufzubauen. Jörg Schmidt, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, findet es zu früh, um von einer verlorenen Generation Jugendlicher in Europa zu sprechen. Die vergleichsweise hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in einigen südeuropäischen Staaten gebe zwar Anlass zur Sorge, allerdings hätten einige der institutionellen Regelungen auch Reformpotenzial, um diesem Problem zu begegnen, insbesondere im Bereich der (beruflichen) Bildungssysteme sowie der Kündigungsschutz- und Mindestlohnregelungen. Jörg Asmussen, Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, sieht bei der Bekämpfung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa in den letzten Jahren einige Erfolge. Aber es findet noch immer jeder fünfte arbeitswillige junge Europäer keinen Job. Es sollten u.a. die Berufsausbildungssysteme durch Modernisierung gestärkt, die Arbeitsmarktverwaltungen modernisiert und Existenzgründungen ermöglicht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Sacht, Stephen (2015): On the efficiency of labor market reforms. How to solve the Spanish puzzle? (Economics. Discussion papers 2015-55), Kiel, 20 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we shed light on the relationship between labor market policy, entrepreneurship and youth unemployment prior to and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in Spain. We discuss the situation, where labor market and macroeconomic policies were largely inefficient in reducing high levels of (youth) unemployment after 2007. We rise the question why in a situation of low inflation rates, an increase in (youth) unemployment had been observed although the labor market becomes more flexible due to the associated structural reform in 2010. We call this the Spanish Puzzle. The main reason for this observation can be found in the phenomena of downward nominal rigidity and the existence of a liquidity trap. Given the recovery of the Spanish economy in 2015, this development is grounded on (besides the increase in private consumption and a trade surplus) several policy measurements in order to strengthen entrepreneurial activity in 2013. The corresponding boost in private investment expenditure can be identified as the sustainable main driver for job creation in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmidt, Matthias, Ina Zwingmann & Falk Richter (2015): Was soll nur aus euch werden: arbeitslos, ziellos, perspektivlos? Eine Untersuchung zur Zielorientierung jugendlicher Arbeitsuchender. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 69, H. 3, S. 152-165.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa erreicht derzeit mit einem Durchschnittswert von 21,9 % alarmierende Werte. Aktuelle Studien belegen in diesem Zusammenhang, dass gegenüber Arbeitslosen eine Vielzahl von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen bestehen, die eine spezielle Form der gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit darstellen. Die häufigsten Vorurteile beziehen sich auf die Ziel- und Motivationslosigkeit von Arbeitslosen. Dabei haben Ziele insbesondere bei Arbeitsuchenden eine bedeutsame regulative Funktion, indem sie die Motivation und aktiven Handlungen bei der Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsplatzsuche steuern. Insgesamt stellen Vorurteile in Zeiten von Wirtschafts- und Sozialkrisen eine bedeutsame Bedrohung dar, weil sie die zur Bewältigung einer Krise notwendige Entwicklung von Solidarität verhindern. In der vorliegenden Studie haben wir ausgehend von den bestehenden Vorurteilen sowie der Bedeutsamkeit von Zielen für Arbeitslose die Zielhierarchien von 265 jungen Arbeitsuchenden im Alter zwischen 17 und 27 Jahren analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Arbeitsuchenden nicht generell Ziel- oder Motivationsverluste aufweisen und eine konkrete und realistische Zielsetzung auch einen Einfluss auf die Motivation und aktive Zielverfolgung hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bergin, Adele, Elish Kelly & Seamus McGuinness (2014): Changes in labour market transitions in Ireland over the Great Recession. (IZA discussion paper 8401), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"This paper assesses the impact that the 2009 Great Recession had on individual's transitions to and from unemployment in Ireland. The rate of transition from unemployment to employment declined between 2006 and 2011, while the rate from employment to unemployment increased. The impact of some of the factors identified as contributing to the likelihood of a transition taking place were found to have changed over this period. In particular, young people are much less likely to exit unemployment, but at the same time they have a lower risk of becoming unemployed. Education has become an increasingly important factor in both supporting unemployment exits and reducing the risk of becoming unemployed since the recession. The scarring impact of long-term unemployment appears to have fallen substantially in Ireland post-recession. The results from a decomposition analysis show that compositional changes are largely unimportant in explaining the change in the transition rates between 2006 and 2011." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans (2014): Erwerbslosigkeit Jugendlicher in Europa im Jahr 2013. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Berichte), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"Die Rezession seit 2008/09 hat in Europa deutliche Spuren auf dem Arbeitsmarkt für Jugendliche hinterlassen. Mit Ausnahme von Deutschland hat die Jugenderwerbslosigkeit in fast allen EU-Staaten deutlich zugenommen. Auch im Jahr 2013 verbesserte sich die Lage in vielen europäischen Staaten noch nicht. Vor allem in den süd- und osteuropäischen Ländern bewegt sich das Erwerbslosigkeitsrisiko nach wie vor auf einem hohen Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ioannidou, Alexandra (2014): Die Situation der Jugendlichen auf dem griechischen Arbeitsmarkt. Was geschieht, wenn nichts geschieht? Berlin, 10 S.

Abstract

"- Rund jeder vierte Mensch unter 25 Jahren ist in der EU heute ohne Arbeit, wobei die Quoten in Griechenland, Spanien und Italien doppelt so hoch liegen.
-?? Der griechische Arbeitsmarkt bietet hoch qualifizierten und kompetenten jungen Menschen wenige Chancen; die Alternativen sind Auswanderung oder Selbstständigkeit.
-?? Politische Absichtserklärungen auf supranationaler und nationaler Ebene wie die sogenannte Jugendgarantie stellen eine Chance dar. Neben den bildungs- und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind es letztlich aber die wirtschaftspolitischen Maßnahmen, die zum nachhaltigen Abbau der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit führen können.
-?? Was geschieht, wenn nichts geschieht? Eine ganze Generation würde ihre Zukunft verlieren. Weitere mögliche Folgen: Vertrauensverlust gegenüber den demokratischen Institutionen, Politikverdrossenheit und der Anstieg rechtsradikaler, populistischer und antieuropäischer Bewegungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Junankar, Pramod N. (2014): The impact of the global financial crisis on youth labour markets. (IZA discussion paper 8400), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the impact of the GFC on youth unemployment and long term unemployment. In particular, we study whether the GFC had a bigger impact on youths than adults, and whether youth unemployment rates increased due to an increase in youth wages relative to adult wages. To anticipate our results, we find that the youth unemployment rates increased significantly more than that of adults even though youth wages had been falling relative to adult wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Leitner, Sebastian & Robert Stehrer (2014): Labour market transitions of young people during the economic crisis. (WIIW working paper 109), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the impacts of the crisis on various groups in the labour market, providing a comparison across groups of EU countries and individual Central and East European new EU Member States. In particular, it reports how the crisis affected the transitions of people between different states in the labour market: employment, unemployment, education and inactivity. Based on EU SILC data, a descriptive overview concerning the changes in transition rates is provided by estimating Markov transition probabilities. This is complemented by a set of probit regression results pointing towards significant changes in the various transitions triggered by the crisis. This is particularly the case for the younger age cohorts and low-educated workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mascherini, Massimiliano, Anna Ludwinek, Carlos Vacas, Anja Meierkord & Michael Gebel (2014): Mapping youth transitions in Europe. Dublin, 100 S. DOI:10.2806/51024

Abstract

"Young people in Europe continue to experience great difficulties in entering the labour market. Although the youth unemployment rate in a few Member States has started to fall, overall 23% of young European job-seekers aged 15 - 24 could not find a job in January 2014. In 2012, 14.6 million young people across Europe were not in employment, education or training (NEETs), accounting for 15.9% of the entire population of those aged 15 - 29. This report analyses the labour market situation of young people in Europe, focusing in particular on their school-to-work transition, while also monitoring their more general transition to adulthood. The report also investigates the ability of young people to remain in employment against the odds during the crisis and charts their transitions from temporary to permanent contracts. The report concludes with a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of selected policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Möller, Joachim & Matthias Umkehrer (2014): Are there long-term earnings scars from youth unemployment in Germany? (ZEW discussion paper 2014-089), Mannheim, 27 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the relationship between early-career unemployment and prime-age earnings with German administrative linked employer-employee data. The careers of more than 720,000 male apprenticeship graduates from the cohorts of 1978 to 1980 are followed over 24 years. On average, early-career unemployment has substantial negative effects on earnings accumulated later in life. An identification strategy based on plant closure of the training firm at the time of graduation suggests that the revealed correlation is not the result of unobserved heterogeneity. Scarring effects also vary considerably across the earnings distribution. Workers with a high earnings potential are able to offset adverse consequences of early-career unemployment to a large extent. Workers who are located at the bottom of the prime-age earnings distribution, in contrast, suffer substantial and persistent losses. Our findings imply that a policy with the aim of preventing early-career unemployment would have long-lasting beneficial effects on future earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Münch, Joachim (2014): Jugend ohne Arbeit. Eine unendliche Geschichte? Baltmannsweiler: Schneider-Verl. Hohengehren, 120 S.

Abstract

"Der Autor verdeutlicht in diesem Buch sowohl die bildungspolitische und arbeitsmarktpolitische Relevanz als auch die gesellschaftspolitische Brisanz der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Ist Arbeitslosigkeit seit der Industrialisierung ein Massenproblem mit zum Teil verheerenden Folgen für Individuen und Gesellschaft, so gilt dies in besonderer Weise für die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Joachim Münch zeigt deren Ursachen in historischer und systematischer Perspektive auf und diskutiert die einschneidenden Folgen für die betroffenen jungen Menschen, lässt es aber dabei nicht bewenden. Er eruiert Lösungsansätze in Bildung, Ausbildung und Beschäftigung und kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Jugendarbeitslosigkeit wie Arbeitslosigkeit überhaupt leider ein ständiger Begleiter der modernen Arbeitsgesellschaft bleiben wird, aber bei entschiedenem politischen Wollen minimiert werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schmillen, Achim & Matthias Umkehrer (2014): Verfestigung von früher Arbeitslosigkeit: Einmal arbeitslos, immer wieder arbeitslos? (IAB-Kurzbericht 16/2014), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"Die Autoren untersuchen den Zusammenhang zwischen der Arbeitslosigkeit in den ersten acht Erwerbsjahren (als 'Jugendarbeitslosigkeit' bezeichnet) und derjenigen in den darauffolgenden 16 Erwerbsjahren (dem 'späteren Erwerbsleben') für Personen, die zwischen 1978 und 1980 in das Erwerbsleben eingetreten sind.
Die Ergebnisse zeigen: Arbeitslosigkeit zu Beginn des Erwerbslebens geht mit einem deutlich erhöhten Arbeitsmarktrisiko im späteren Erwerbsverlauf einher. Im späteren Erwerbsverlauf waren Personen mit ausgeprägter Jugendarbeitslosigkeit sowohl von häufigeren als auch von längeren Episoden der Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen. Allerdings sind die Unterschiede bei der Häufigkeit weitaus deutlicher ausgeprägt als bei der Dauer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tamesberger, Dennis (2014): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Eine Beschreibung des Problemausmaßes und der Folgen. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 139-158.

Abstract

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wurden auf Basis unterschiedlicher Indikatoren das Problemausmaß der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union (EU 27) und die damit verbundenen Folgen anhand des internationalen Forschungsstandes beschrieben. Das Ausmaß der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union ist als ernst zu nehmendes Problem zu bewerten und birgt die Gefahr in sich, das Europäische Projekt zu gefährden. Besonders problematisch erscheint, dass rund ein Drittel der arbeitslosen Jugendlichen bereits 12 Monate oder länger arbeitslos sind. Es wurde dargelegt, dass lang anhaltende Arbeitslosigkeit bei Jugendlichen weit reichende Folgen für die Betroffenen, für die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und für die Gesellschaft an sich haben kann. Für die Betroffenen zeigen sich als Folge der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit eine geringere Lebenszufriedenheit, ein schlechterer Gesundheitszustand, ein erhöhtes Arbeitslosigkeitsrisiko und ein geringeres Einkommen in der Zukunft. Die individuellen Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit haben wiederum Rückkoppelungseffekte auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung (hohe ökonomische Kosten, Zunahme der Einkommensungleichheit) und den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt. Der Beitrag plädiert abschließend dafür, die Bekämpfung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit als prioritäres Ziel in der Europäischen Wirtschaftspolitik zu verankern und durch eine Finanztransaktionssteuer die notwendigen finanziellen Mittel z.B. zur Umsetzung einer Jugendgarantie in der Europäischen Union zu generieren. Darüber hinaus sind vor allem makroökonomische Maßnahmen zur Stimulierung der wirtschaftlichen Nachfrage angezeigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Tamesberger, Dennis, Heinz Leitgöb & Johann Bacher (2014): How to combat NEET? Evidence from Austria. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 221-227. DOI:10.1007/s10272-014-0503-1

Abstract

The number young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) has been rising since the beginning of the economic and financial crisis in 2008. This article contributes to the discussion about the reduction of the NEET rate by addressing the questions: Which structural factors can explain differences in the NEET rates among Austrian federal states? What causes an increased or reduced NEET risk at the individual level? What are the key factors for an exit from a NEET situation?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thompson, Spencer, Aline Hohbein & Lars Thies (2014): Zukunft unsicher. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich. Gütersloh, 102 S.

Abstract

"Wie entsteht Jugendarbeitslosigkeit? Von welchen Faktoren wird sie beeinflusst? Spielen konjunkturelle und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Einflüsse die entscheidende Rolle, oder ist es die Flexibilität der Arbeitsmärkte? Anhand von Daten des europäischen Statistikamtes Eurostat und der europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (European Labour Force Survey) geht die vorliegende Studie auf empirischer Grundlage der Frage nach, wie sich in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Frankreich, Spanien, Schweden und Deutschland die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt hat und von welchen Faktoren diese bestimmt wird. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass der Ausgestaltung der Ausbildungssysteme eine wesentliche Bedeutung zukommt: Je stärker Praxiserfahrungen in die Ausbildung integriert werden - ob nun auf formelle oder auf informelle Weise - desto besser sind die Übergangschancen der Absolventen in den Arbeitsmarkt. Das duale Ausbildungssystem deutscher Prägung schneidet einerseits sehr gut ab bei diesem Vergleich, denn die betriebliche Praxis ist ein integraler Bestandteil der Ausbildung. Andererseits zeigt ein genauerer Blick auch Probleme auf: Wer als junger Mensch seinen Weg in das deutsche Ausbildungssystem findet, hat zwar beste Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wem dies jedoch nicht gelingt, der hat schlechte Karten. Ohne Ausbildungsplatz ist die berufliche Zukunft düster für Jugendliche in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans (2013): Youth unemployment in the period 2001-2010 and the European crisis. Looking at the empirical evidence. In: Transfer, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 305-324., 2013-07-24. DOI:10.1177/1024258913495147

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit im Zeitraum 2001-2010 auf Makroebene. Es werden alternative Konzepte zur Ermittlung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit als abhängige Größe eingeführt. Während die herkömmliche Jugendarbeitslosenquote am stärksten auf konjunkturelle Effekte, die Verbesserung des allgemeinen Ausbildungsniveaus oder die Erhöhung des Beschäftigungsanteils in der Industrie anspricht, reagiert sie nicht auf die relative Zunahme erwerbsloser junger Menschen. Alternativ dazu werden die NEET-Quote (der Anteil junger Menschen, die sich nicht in schulischer oder beruflicher Ausbildung befinden und keiner Arbeit nachgehen) und der Anteil Erwerbsloser in der jungen Gesamtbevölkerung verwendet, die beide die Arbeits- und Erwerbslosigkeit ins Verhältnis zur jungen Gesamtbevölkerung setzen. Im Vergleich zur NEET-Quote reagiert letzteres Modell besser auf Veränderungen in der Anzahl junger Erwerbsloser und bietet auch gute Erklärungsansätze. Abschließend wurde noch das Verhältnis zwischen Jugend- und Erwachsenenarbeitslosigkeit untersucht, was zeigte, dass sich diese Kennzahl in den 2000er Jahren bis 2008 erhöht hat. In den Krisenjahren stagnierte sie hingegen oder war sogar leicht rückläufig. Allgemein betrachtet, schien die Entwicklung dieses Verhältnisses in den 2000er Jahren nur einen schwachen Zusammenhang mit der Konjunktur aufzuweisen, was weiter untersucht werden sollte. Der Beitrag erörtert außerdem mögliche Konsequenzen für politische Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Tito Boeri, An de Coen, Vincenzo Galasso, Michael J. Kendzia & Nadia Steiber (2013): How to combine the entry of young people in the labour market with the retention of older workers? (IZA discussion paper 7829), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides an overview of the employment situation of young and old workers in the EU Member States, setting out the most recent development during the crisis and dealing with policies implemented to promote the employment of both groups. The evidence collected shows that there is no competition between young and older workers on the labour market. Structural or general policies to enhance the functioning of EU labour markets are crucial to improving the situation of both groups. However, the responsibility for employment policies still predominantly lies within Member States of the European Union, although initiatives taken at the EU level can provide added value, particularly through stimulating the exchange of experiences and facilitating regional and cross-border mobility throughout the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gaini, Mathilde, Aude Leduc & Vicard Augustin (2013): Peut-on parler de "générations sacrifiées" ? Entrer sur le marché du travail dans une période de mauvaise conjoncture économique. In: Economie et Statistique H. 462-463, S. 5-25.

Abstract

"Die Wirtschaftskrise gegen Ende der 2000er Jahre schränkte die kurzfristigen Arbeits- und Gehaltsperspektiven der jungen Menschen, die auf den Arbeitsmarkt kamen bzw. kommen wollten ein, und traf sie dadurch hart. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung zu Frankreich versuchen wir in Erfahrung zu bringen, ob junge Menschen, die zum Zeitpunkt ihres ersten Eintritts ins Arbeitsleben einer Wirtschaftskrise ausgesetzt waren, auch langfristig benachteiligt bleiben. Wir haben dazu aufgrund der Daten der Erhebung Emploi (Beschäftigung) die Kohorten der Schulabgänger von 1982 bis 2010 untersucht. Dieser Zeitraum umfasst mehr als zwei komplette Schulbesuchsdauern. Kurzfristig äußert sich die Benachteiligung der betroffenen Kohorten mehr im Beschäftigungsanteil als in der Höhe des Gehalts derer, die eine Arbeit gefunden haben. Nach Ablauf von 4 Jahren verblassen beide Abweichungen und die Kurven laufen zusammen. Die Unterschiede zwischen Generationen, die zu mehr oder weniger günstigen Konjunkturlagen den Arbeitsmarkt. betraten, erweisen sich somit in Frankreich als weniger ausgeprägt als in den meisten anderen Ländern. Eine mögliche Erklärung könnte der hohe Anteil an jungen Menschen sein, die zu Mindestlohnbedingungen eingestellt werden. Der gesetzliche Mindestlohn ist auch in schlechten Konjunkturzeiten kaum nach unten flexibel. Die Auswirkung der schwachen Konjunktur beschränkt sich daher auf den Beschäftigungsanteil, hat aber keine nachteiligen Wirkungen auf die spätere Eingliederung ins Arbeitsleben. Die Tatsache, zu Beginn der Berufslaufbahn mehr arbeitslos gewesen zu sein, scheint von den Arbeitgebern nicht als Zeichen schlechterer Einstellbarkeit gewertet zu werden, da sie wissen, dass der Arbeitslosenprozentsatz der jungen Menschen in Frankreich ohnehin bei allen Kohorten hoch ist. Es ist natürlich noch zu früh, um sagen zu können, ob diese Ergebnisse auf die aktuelle Krise, deren Ausmaß und Mechanismen sehr spezifisch sind, extrapoliert werden können. Es ist nicht auszuschließen, dass ihre Auswirkungen auf die Berufslaufbahnen stärker als in der Vergangenheit sein werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

González Pandiella, Alberto (2013): Getting Irish youth on the job track. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1101), Paris, 38 S. DOI:10.1787/5k3twr9k6s7h-en

Abstract

"Irish youth was hit hard by the crisis. Many young workers have remained unemployed for a long time and, unless it is tackled promptly, this issue will become one of the most enduring legacies of the recession. New labour market policy initiatives have been introduced recently, but more will be needed to limit scarring effects and keep youth connected so that they can get back to work as soon as the recovery strengthens. For many young workers learning new skills is the way to get ready. The Irish economy is shifting away from bricks and mortar towards knowledge-based services, and those previously employed in construction-related activities need to acquire the skills and competencies required in these expanding sectors. For those who have already drifted into more marginalised environments, a longer process of rehabilitation will be necessary to escape poverty and social exclusion. This chapter recommends focusing limited fiscal resources on policies empirically-proven to help regain employment; this will require systematic and rigorous evaluation of labour-market programmes and policy decisions to close down ineffective schemes while strengthening successful ones." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gorry, Aspen (2013): Minimum wages and youth unemployment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 64, H. November, S. 57-75. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.08.004

Abstract

"This paper constructs a labor search model to explore the effects of minimum wages on youth unemployment. To capture the gradual decline in unemployment for young workers as they age, the standard search model is extended so that workers gain experience when employed. Experienced workers have higher average productivity and lower job finding and separation rates that match wage and worker flow data. In this environment, minimum wages can have large effects on unemployment because they interact with a worker's ability to gain job experience. The increase in minimum wages between 2007 and 2009 can account for a 0.8 percentage point increase in the steady state unemployment rate and a 2.8 percentage point increase in unemployment for 15-24 year old workers in the model parameterized to simulate outcomes of high school educated workers. Minimum wages can also help explain the high rates of youth unemployment in France compared to the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Madsen, Per Kongshøj, Oscar Molina, Jesper Møller & Mariona Lozano (2013): Labour market transitions of young workers in Nordic and southern European countries. The role of flexicurity. In: Transfer, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 325-343. DOI:10.1177/1024258913495348

Abstract

"Die Wirtschaftskrise hat das Interesse an der zunehmend prekären Lage junger Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt neu entfacht. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet Übergangssituationen junger Menschen am Arbeitsmarkt in den nordischen und südeuropäischen Beschäftigungssystemen, bewertet Unterschiede in Art und Umfang der Ungewissheit, die sie dabei erfahren, sowie die im Rahmen der Wirtschaftskrise beobachteten Veränderungen. Es wird argumentiert, dass die ''Flexicurity''- Arbeitsmarktpolitiken bei der Eindämmung des zunehmenden Auseinanderklaffens der Arbeitsmärkte in der EU nur bedingt erfolgreich waren. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße für die jungen Arbeitnehmer/innen in Südeuropa, denen in erhöhtem Maße die Dimension der Flexibilität abverlangt wird und die weniger in den Genuss der ausgleichenden Sicherheitsmaßnahmen kommen. Die Analyse zeigt außerdem, wie die Krise die Kluft zwischen den beiden Gruppen von Ländern erweitert hat in Bezug auf den Grad der Ungewissheit beim Übergang junger Arbeitnehmer/innen in ein Beschäftigungsverhältnis und in Bezug auf die Form dieser Ungewissheit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ploetz, Yvonne (Hrsg.) (2013): Jugendarmut. Beiträge zur Lage in Deutschland. Opladen: Budrich, 280 S.

Abstract

"Armut ist bei Jugendlichen schon lange kein Randphänomen mehr. Im Gegenteil: Die Altersgruppe der 15- bis 24-Jährigen ist schon quantitativ die am stärksten von Armut betroffene Bevölkerungsgruppe. Welche Einzelschicksale verbergen sich hinter den Zahlen? Was macht Armut mit Jungen und Mädchen, die sich auf dem Weg ins Erwachsenenleben mit einer derart schwerwiegenden Lebenssituation konfrontiert sehen? Welche politischen Instrumente sind denkbar, um diesem Problem gerecht zu werden? Fachleute und Personen des öffentlichen Lebens setzen sich in dem Sammelband mit den Ursachen und Auswirkungen von Jugendarmut in der Bundesrepublik auseinander und diskutieren Auswege aus der Armut junger Menschen. Sie nehmen die verschiedenen Dimensionen von Jugendarmut in Augenschein und stellen sie in den Kontext der ökonomischen, sozialen und politischen Entwicklungen der letzten Jahrzehnte. Intention ist dabei, zu einer größeren Sensibilität für die Problematik in Politik, Wissenschaft und den öffentlichen Debatten beizutragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Inhaltsverzeichnis:
Konstantin Wecker: Ein Grußwort (7-8);
Einleitung
Yvonne Ploetz: Jugendarmut (11-15);
Jugendarmut - ein Problem neben vielen?
Ronald Lutz: Jugendarmut als Prozess der Erschöpfung - Verfestigung sozialer Ungleichheit (19-40);
Hans-Peter Michels: Jugend in Armut - Kritisch-psychologische Sichtweisen (41-57);
Jugendarmut im flexibilisierten Kapitalismus
Christoph Butterwegge: Die gesellschaftlichen Ursachen von Jugendarmut - Globalisierung, Neoliberalismus und Sozialreformen (61-77);
Jonas Boos: Gegenwehr - Jugendproteste in Europa (79-94);
Yvonne Ploetz, Stefan Kalmring: Jugendarmut - hoch brisant, doch politisch völlig vernachlässigt (95-116);
Max Koch: Von feinen und groben Unterschieden - zur Reproduktion von (Jugend)armut und Klassengesellschaft (117-138);
Werner Seppmann: Jugendarmut als Klassenfrage (139-156);
Wolfgang Gaiser, Martina Gille, Johann de Rijke: Armut in der Jugendphase - Konsequenzen für Lebensorientierung und soziale Integration (157-175);
Dimensionen von Jugendarmut
Heinz Bierbaum: Generation Praktikum - Jugendliche am Arbeitsmarkt in Zeiten der Unsicherheit (179-186);
Carola Bury: Verhütung von jungen Frauen in Zeiten von Hartz IV - praktisch nur theoretisch (187-204);
Anne Ames: Mit Druck und Strafen auf den rechten Weg bringen? Sanktionen nach dem SGB II für unter 25-Jährige (205-222);
Gerhard Trabert: Gesundheit, Ernährung und psychisches Wohlbefinden - Gesundheitsrisikofaktor Armut (223-240);
Stefan Thomas: Armuts- und Exklusionsdynamiken unter Jugendlichen - die Berliner Jugendszene "Bahnhof Zoo" (241-260);
Nachwort
Klaus Farin: Mehr als ein Nachwort - Aufschlüsse über Ausschlüsse Jugendlicher (263-275).

Zitatform

Rieke, Volker, Gerhard Bosch, Friedrich Hubert Esser, Klaus-Dieter Sohn, Sebastian Czuratis, Felix Rauner & Günter Lambertz (2013): Duale Ausbildung, 'Jugendgarantie' oder zusätzliche Hilfsfonds: Was tun gegen die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 66, H. 16, S. 3-24.

Abstract

"Wie ist das Problem der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu lösen? Volker Rieke, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, stellt die bilateralen Berufsbildungskooperationen des BMBF als Beitrag für mehr Jugendbeschäftigung in Europa vor. Gerhard Bosch, Universität Duisburg-Essen, betont, dass die hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit strukturelle und konjunkturelle Ursachen, die man mit unterschiedlichen Maßnahmen angehen muss, hat. Die Einführung dualer Berufsausbildung erfordere einen Umbau von Institutionen, der nur langfristig zu erreichen sei. Friedrich Hubert Esser, Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung, Bonn, unterstreicht, dass das Arbeitsmarktrisiko von jungen Menschen sehr stark von der aktuellen Situation der jeweiligen nationalen Arbeitsmärkte geprägt wird, die wiederum entscheidend von den Wirtschaftsstrukturen und der Wirtschaftskraft abhängt. Die aktuellen Probleme, die viele Länder in Südeuropa in diesem Bereich haben, könnten deshalb auch nicht allein durch eine Reform ihrer Berufsbildungssysteme behoben werden. Klaus-Dieter Sohn und Sebastian Czuratis, Centrum für Europäische Politik, Freiburg, sehen vier Bereiche, die reformiert werden sollten: 1. müsse sich die Ausbildung an den Bedürfnissen der Unternehmen orientieren, ein erfolgreicher Weg sei die duale Ausbildung, 2. solle der Mindestlohn abgeschafft werden, 3. müsse die Arbeitnehmermobilität gefördert und 4. der Arbeitsmarkt flexibilisiert werden. Auch Felix Rauner, Universität Bremen, sieht in der Einführung der dualen Berufsausbildung das Instrument zur Bekämpfung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Er weist aber auch darauf hin, dass ihre Einführung langfristige ökonomische Entwicklungsprozesse und den Wandel von Bildungstraditionen voraussetze. Günter Lambertz, Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag, hebt hervor, dass für den Erfolg des im deutschsprachigen Raum verbreiteten Systems der Berufsausbildung die enge Verknüpfung von Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt entscheidend ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schmillen, Achim & Matthias Umkehrer (2013): The scars of youth. Effects of early-career unemployment on future unemployment experience. (IAB-Discussion Paper 06/2013), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Steht Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in einem kausalen Zusammenhang mit der Erfahrung späterer Arbeitslosigkeit? Wir beantworten diese Frage mit Hilfe administrativer Integrierter Betriebs- und Personendaten, welche es uns erlauben, mehr als 800.000 Personen über 24 Jahre hinweg zu folgen. Indem wir Jugendarbeitslosigkeit durch zum Zeitpunkt des Arbeitsmarkteintritts vorherrschende regionale Arbeitsmarktbedingungen und firmenspezifische Arbeitsnachfrageschocks instrumentieren und Zensierte-Instrumentvariablen-Quantilsregressionen heranziehen, zeigen wir, dass Jugendarbeitslosigkeit signifikante und lang anhaltende 'Scarring'-Effekte nach sich zieht. Im Median führt ein zusätzlicher Tag Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu 0,96 weiteren Tagen Arbeitslosigkeit während der späteren Erwerbsphase. Im oberen Bereich der Arbeitslosigkeitsverteilung sind die Effekte noch ausgeprägter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2013): Situation Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener zu Beginn des Erwerbslebens. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 17/12022 (07.01.2013)), 44 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Fragen der Fraktion Die Linke nach der Situation Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener zu Beginn des Erwerbslebens, u.a. nach der Armutsgefährdung 15- bis 25-Jähriger Beschäftigter, nach dem Anteil der Absolventen und Absolventinnen, die nach ihrer Ausbildung oder ihrem Studium Praktika absolvieren, nach Schlussfolgerungen der Bundesregierung aus der Studie "Generation Praktikum 2011", nach dem Handlungsbedarf im Bereich der beruflichen Vermittlung und der Beschäftigungssituation von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mit Migrationshintergrund, nach Zahl der Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen im staatlichen Transferleistungsbezug trotz Erwerbsarbeit, nach Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen im ALG-I- und ALG-II-Bezug und in arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen und nach der Langzeitarbeitslosenquote der 15- bis 25-Jährigen. (IAB)

Abstract

"Young workers across the EU, particularly young labour market entrants, are faced with major employment difficulties. High unemployment rates and poorer working conditions for young people have added new negative dimensions to the traditional problems of this group in accessing work. This report looks at the current working conditions of Europe's young labour market entrants and how these conditions have evolved in recent years, especially during the crisis. It finds a greater prevalence of non-standard forms of employment among young workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Caporale, Guglielmo Maria & Luis A. Gil-Alana (2012): Persistence in youth unemployment. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1248), Berlin, 10 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the degree of persistence of youth unemployment (total, male and female) in twenty-four countries by using two alternative measures: the AR coefficient and the fractional differencing parameter, based on short- and longmemory processes respectively. The evidence suggests that persistence is particularly high in Japan and some EU countries such as Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Finland, where appropriate policy actions are of the essence. Specifically, active labour market policies are necessary to prevent short-term unemployment from becoming structural (long-term)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietrich, Hans (2012): Youth unemployment in Europe. Theoretical considerations and empirical findings. Berlin, 40 S.

Abstract

"The concept of youth unemployment as dealt with in this paper covers the problems encountered by young people below 25 years of age entering the labour market and finding permanent employment.
In most European countries youth unemployment has risen significantly as a result of the economic crisis. Compared to youth unemployment, adult unemployment experienced the effects of the crisis with some delay. But in the long run, the recession has affected all age groups. In the 2000s there were significant changes in the pattern of youth unemployment due to gender, citizenship or educational level.
The results indicate individual avoidance strategies such as reducing labour market participation (prolonging of or returning to education) or interregional mobility. Reviewing the literature on labour market policy there are no clear and universal solutions for the prevention or reduction of youth unemployment, whether in terms of active labour market policy and labour market institutions or regulation / deregulation. However, national experiences differ in different areas.
Individual and familial guidance and counselling on both educational and occupational choices can help young people in their school-to-work transitions and in the labour market. Workers' associations and unions can also help young people entering the labour market." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dimitrov, Yordan (2012): Youth Unemployment in Bulgaria. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 20 S.

Abstract

"The present paper explores the latest developments in the youth situation on the Bulgarian labour market. It focuses on topics such as youth unemployment, employment, inactivity, labour market participation, role of education, demography and economic growth. Young people are analysed in terms of their gender, sex, age, duration of joblessness, social status and the like. The main causes of being unemployed at a young age are also identified and commented on. Additional attention is paid to the main traits of young people in employment. Finally, youth employment policies are presented and their effect on young people is analysed. The paper concludes with some policy recommendations on how to make youth labour market participation easier and more effective." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kohlrausch, Bettina (2012): Youth unemployment in Germany. Skill biased patterns of labour market integration. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 15 S.

Abstract

"The scope of the present report covers the exploration of patterns of youth unemployment, which is defined as the unemployment of young people aged between 15 and 25 years. The focus is non-academic youngsters. Even more so than in many other countries, in Germany labour market chances depend on access to vocational training. In this regard, the German VET system is the most decisive gatekeeper in distributing future labour market chances. Therefore, this paper focuses, on one hand, on patterns of youth unemployment, showing that lower qualified youngsters have a higher risk to become unemployed and, on the other hand, on access to vocational training. The report reveals that - particularly due to the rising relevance of the so called transition system - in recent years access to vocational training has become more stratified." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lefresne, Florence (2012): Youth unemployment and youth employment policy. Lessons from France. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 19 S.

Abstract

"This study examines youth integration into the labour market in France. In the first part, a diagnosis of youth over-unemployment from the point of view of their particular position on the labour market is presented. The high concentration of young people in insecure jobs (CDD and temporary work) explains their job-unemployment sensitivity to the economic cycle. Due to labour market segmentation, young people are integrated into sectors with a high labour rotation rate or in less skilled jobs. The second part of this analysis describes demographics in France and the role of the education system, both of which help to explain the significant drop in the number of working youth in the past 30 years and, in the meanwhile, the sharp rise in the proportion of young graduates. In the third part, the position of young women is examined in light of the inertia in both educational and professional career choices, but also the existence of job discrimination. The fourth part examines the hypothesis of excessive labour market rigidity and suggests potential responses, although these hypotheses have been called into question by the crisis. In the fifth and last part, the role of public policy in youth professional integration is re-examined, emphasising numerous potential levers of action." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Matsumoto, Makiko, Martina Hengge & Iyanatul Islam (2012): Tackling the youth employment crisis. A macroeconomic perspective. (Employment working paper 124), Geneva, 53 S.

Abstract

"In light of the grim spectre of a scarred generation and the negative externalities associated with poor youth labour market outcomes (unhappiness, crime, inequality, negative impact on national budgets, political instability), it is important to have a deeper comprehension of the drivers of poor youth employment outcomes. Such comprehension, based on a robust evaluation of available experience and evidence, enables appropriate policy action on multiple fronts to be undertaken in order to enhance durable and productive employment opportunities for young people. The paper seeks to make a modest contribution to that objective. In particular, the aim of the current paper is to clarify and explore the impact of the macroeconomic policy environment on youth labour market outcomes vis-à-vis other structural and supply-side factors. Such analyses will enable governments and social partners in ILO member states to ascertain the extent to which changes in the macroeconomic policy environment can improve employment outcomes for young people." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Olofsson, Jonas & Eskil Wadensjö (2012): Youth, education and labour market in the nordic countries. Similar but not the same. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"Closer examination, however, reveals major differences between the Nordic countries in the conditions for young people. In Denmark, labour market entry conditions are very good for young people, also compared to countries outside the Nordic region. By contrast, Finland and Sweden have high unemployment and considerably lower employment levels also in a broader international perspective. Norway falls somewhere in between, with considerably better labour market conditions for young people than Finland and Sweden. The purpose of this study is to examine similarities and differences related to a specific aspect of the welfare systems, namely vocational training at upper secondary school level or initial vocational training, and labour market policy measures to facilitate the entry of young people into working life. While the study encompasses the Nordic countries, the premise for comparison is to highlight a number of issues that are current in Sweden. The primary aim of the comparative approach is therefore to increase our understanding of the challenges faced by initial vocational training and labour market policy in Sweden." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco (2012): Youth unemployment in Italy at the time of the new Great Depression. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the causes of youth unemployment in Italy by considering mainly the immediate impact of what Paul Krugman has referred to as a twenty-first century version of the Great Depression. The current economic crisis has not only made existing weaknesses in Italy's school-to-work transition system worse, it has also added further cause for concern. In fact, the current 'Great Depression' has contributed to a dramatic increase in both the absolute and the relative disadvantage of young people compared to adults. This report sets out the main effects the current recession has had on youth labour market outcomes over the past decade." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Polakowski, Michal (2012): Youth unemployment in Poland. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 21 S.

Abstract

"From the social perspective, one of the most important effects of the crisis has been the sharp increase in unemployment since 2008, especially among young people. This is also the case in Poland where the level of youth unemployment has increased significantly since 2008. However, this rise was not as dramatic as in other countries due to the fact that the Polish labour market was characterised by a comparatively high level of youth unemployment prior to 2008. What has changed dramatically since 2008 is the nature of youth employment, the most typical development being the growth of precarious employment based on fixed-term contracts, especially among the youngest workers. The aim of this paper is to explore these issues in more detail, with a particular focus on the dynamics of the labour market: unemployment, employment and inactivity rates over the past decade. Attention will also be paid to the nature of atypical employment and the consequences of this form of contractual agreement for employment pathways and financial wellbeing. The paper also focuses on the transition from the education system to the labour market for young adults, with an emphasis on skills mismatches. The important problem of the lack of interest among employers in shaping the skills of young people through vocational education and inwork training will also be considered. This situation is bring about a segmentation of the labour market, with the majority of young workers occupying less stable and low-paid positions." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))