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Martín-Gutiérrez, Ángela, Elisabet Montoro-Fernández & Ana Dominguez-Quintero (2024): Towards Quality Education: An Entrepreneurship Education Program for the Improvement of Self-Efficacy and Personal Initiative of Adolescents. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 1. DOI:10.3390/socsci13010023

Abstract

"In recent decades, youth unemployment has been the focus of attention of international and community bodies in the area of social rights. Specifically, there is a need to promote attitudes and skills to access employment, decent work, and entrepreneurship. The measures implemented have not been effective. In 2023, Spain had the highest youth unemployment rate in the European Union (29.6%). An improvement in the level and quality of education and training of young people would reduce their level of unemployment. Entrepreneurship education is, therefore, a necessary value in the society of the 21st century since it is a tool for the development and growth of the younger population. In the entrepreneurship education model proposed in this study for adolescents, we focus on the capacities of self-efficacy and personal initiative as precursors of entrepreneurial behavior. This paper analyzes the differences between the mean values of the variables before and after the implementation of the educational program and the influence or correlation between the variables. The main results are threefold: (i) the educational program implemented improves the mean values of the two variables analyzed; (ii) self-efficacy exerts a positive or direct influence on personal initiative, and (iii) the educational program improves or reinforces the positive influence of self-efficacy on personal initiative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verd, Joan M., Alejandro Godino, Alejandro González-Heras & Joan Rodríguez-Soler (2024): Escaping the trap of temporary employment: Precariousness among young people before and after Spain's 2021 labour market reform act. In: International Journal of Social Welfare online erschienen am 23.01.2024. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12645

Abstract

"Temporary employment has been the core dimension of employment precariousness in Spain for decades. In December 2021, a labor market reform aimed at reducing the use of fixed‐term contracts, which especially affected young people, was passed. This article compares the situation of young workers before and after this labor market reform, with the objective of identifying internal differences among this age group. The results show a substantial reduction in the prevalence of temporary employment after the reform, although they also show that temporary employment, as well as incipient forms of precariousness such as involuntary part‐time employment, are more concentrated than before among the most disadvantaged in this age group, following traditional patterns of segmentation in the labor market. This article, therefore, provides insights into which profiles of young workers were better off after the reform and which were not, offering valuable lessons for other countries with similar labor market challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Emmanouil, Effie, Georgios Chatzichristos, Andrew Herod & Stelios Gialis (2023): In what way a 'Guarantee for youth'? NEETs entrapped by labour market policies in the European Union. In: Journal of Youth Studies online erschienen am 16.05.2023, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2023.2211943

Abstract

"Following the economic crisis of 2008/2009, the European Union developed the Youth Guarantee (YG) Action Plan to tackle youth labour market disengagement by ‘fostering employability’ and ‘removing barriers’ to employment. The current study adopts a Geographical Political Economy approach to analysing the YG's underpinnings and the conditions that differentiate its application on a regional level to explore whether – and, if so, how – the YG helps young people in the Southern EU to enter the labour market. The article introduces the first comparative, cross-regional investigation of the YG programme, targeting the NUTS-II regions of Spain and Italy. It uses mixed methods, supplementing quantitative analysis with in-depth interviews with key informants. We show that in Spanish and Italian regions the YG is closely entwined with socio-spatial inequality and labour precarity, which is reflected in the growing rates of temporary employment and inactive youth. Crucially, we conclude, such outcomes are not simply the result of the institutional/operational misapplications of the YG, as is often assumed. Rather, these misapplications are systematically reinforced by the mechanics of labour flexibilisation within a recessionary and crisis-prone environment, one whose geographical unevenness means that the YG is playing out in quite different ways in different places." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Malo, Miguel Ángel, Chiara Mussida, Begona Cueto & Maurizio Baussola (2023): Being a NEET before and after the Great Recession: persistence by gender in Southern Europe. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 319-339. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwab043

Abstract

"This article adds to the scant literature on the time persistence of being a young Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) by including four main novelties: we distinguish short- and long-term persistence; we use estimations before (2004–2007) and after the Great Recession (2013–2016); we analyse four Southern European countries that are relatively similar and were significantly affected by the Great Recession (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain); and all analyses are disaggregated by gender. The descriptive analysis shows a convergence in NEET rates by gender in the four countries due to a worsening of the male NEET rate and no improvement among young females. The econometric estimations show that long-term persistence is smaller than short-term persistence and that the latter increased after the Great Recession, especially for male NEETs. Policy implications for the design of the Youth Guarantee and lessons from the coronavirus pandemic are also discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Avagianou, Athina, Nikos Kapitsinis, Ioannis Papageorgiou, Anne Hege Strand & Stelios Gialis (2022): Being NEET in Youthspaces of the EU South: A Post-recession Regional Perspective. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 425-454. DOI:10.1177/11033088221086365

Abstract

"Youth unemployment and precarity have been expanding in the aftermath of the recent global recession. This article offers a theoretically informed empirical examination of the spatio-temporally uneven expansion of young people “Not in Employment, Education or Training” (NEETs) between 2008 and 2018 in the European Union (EU) South, namely in Italy, Spain, Greece and Cyprus. This article contributes to the growing literature on youth inactivity and marginalization, by focusing on the spatial, rather than just the temporal dimension of youth which marks most relevant studies. The analysis engages with the concept of “youthspaces” to critically analyse the economic, social and political spatialities that determine the dynamic relationship between youth and the labour market, and discuss the persistently high NEET rate in the EU South. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we highlight that gender, class, education and economic growth are key socio-spatial factors that determine the geographically uneven expansion of NEETs across the study regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Martínez-García, Miguel Á. & Angeles Cámara (2022): Impact of an Economic Crisis on Youth Employment: Evidence from 2008 Financial Crisis in Spain. In: Economics, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 276-287. DOI:10.1515/econ-2022-0033

Abstract

"This article addresses the impact that the previous economic crisis had on Spanish economy, focusing on the effects on employment. Therefore, the data on the employed population drawn from the economically active population surveys are broken down by age groups, to analyse the 2008 financial crisis. The model created makes it possible to quantify the losses in production and employment in all sectors, highlighting construction, manufacturing, real estate, and professional and administrative activities as the most affected sectors due to the fall in youth employment. The results obtained allow different employment policies to be focused on sectors most affected by the economic crisis and show that crises do not equally affect all works, because younger workers have suffered disproportional job losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Simionescu, Mihaela & Javier Cifuentes-Faura (2022): Forecasting National and Regional Youth Unemployment in Spain Using Google Trends. In: Social work & society, Jg. 164, H. 3, S. 1187-1216. DOI:10.1007/s11205-022-02984-9

Abstract

"In Spain, the youth unemployment rate is one of the highest in the European Union. With the pandemic caused by Covid-19, young people face high unemployment rates and are more vulnerable to a decrease in labour demand. This paper analyses and predicts youth unemployment using Google Trends indices in Spain for the period between the first quarter of 2004 and the second quarter of 2021, being the first work to carry out this study for Spain and the first to use the regional approach for the country. Vector autoregressive Bayesian models and vector error correction models have been used for national data, and Bayesian panel data models and fixed effects model for regional data. The results confirm that forecasts based on Google Trends data are more accurate in predicting the youth unemployment rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bentolila, Samuel, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen & Juan F. Jimeno (2021): Lost in Recession: Youth Employment and Earnings in Spain. (Estudios sobre la Economía Española / Fundación de Estudios de Economía Aplicada 2021-12), Madrid, 32 S.

Abstract

"Young workers in Spain face the unprecedented impact of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 crisis in short sequence. Moreover, they have also experienced a deterioration in their employment and earnings over the last three decades. In this paper we document this evolution and adopt a longitudinal approach to show that employment and earnings losses suffered by young workers during recessions are not made up in the subsequent expansions. We also estimate the size of the scarring effects of entering the job market in a recession for college-educated workers during their first decade in the labor market. Our empirical estimates indicate that, while there is some evidence of scarring effects, the driving force is a trend worsening of youth labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moreno-Colom, Sara, Albert Trinidad, Núria Alcaraz & Vicent Borràs Català (2021): Neither studying nor working: free time as a solution? In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 7, S. 977-993. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1784857

Abstract

"This article analyses the importance of free-time activities in building the identity of Spanish young people who neither study nor work. The initial point is that the situation of unemployment, inactivity and precarious work that affects many young people leads to changes in the construction of their identity. Low employment and job insecurity accentuate the loss of centrality of paid work in their life project, and the use of free time reflects the traits that identify them in a specific context. The relationship between free time and training and/or working time was therefore investigated using a qualitative methodological strategy to analyse the structure, meaning and content of free time according to young people’s situation in relation to education and employment, their gender and their region of residence. The results suggest that the symbolic centrality of working time persists alongside changes in the meaning and content of free time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Strecker, Tanja, Joffre López & M. Àngels Cabasés (2021): Examining NEET situations in Spain: Labour Market, Discourses and Policies. In: Journal of applied youth studies, Jg. 4, H. 2, S. 119-134. DOI:10.1007/s43151-021-00048-2

Abstract

"Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) and its Spanish equivalent 'nini' (Ni estudia, Ni trabaja) have dominated youth policy discourses in recent years. Within the European Union, Spain is one of the countries with the highest proportion of young people in NEET situations. In this article, it is argued that the idea of NEET has been weaponised to stigmatise youth, by evoking the phantom of a demotivated young person with scarce training. This stigmatisation has little to do with the reality of many young Spaniards who can find themselves in different situations, such as unemployment, precarious employment, training and education in a matter of days. Thus, there is a need to consider the different experiences and structural circumstances of so-called NEETs rather than viewing them as a homogenous and static group. Using documentary analysis and secondary data, this article examines the diversity of NEET situations for the youth in Spain, which is generally not captured in large national statistics data-sets and policies. Furthermore, it analyses the EU Youth Guarantee and its application in Spain, highlighting where official objectives have not been met, and includes an overview of the current effects of the coronavirus crisis. Ultimately, the paper shows that public discourses centred on an artificially created social group (NEET) legitimise and produce policies that do not respond to young people's actual needs and problems, especially for the most vulnerable among them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lewis, Paul & Jason Heyes (2020): The changing face of youth employment in Europe. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 457-480. DOI:10.1177/0143831X17720017

Abstract

"This article examines trends in youth employment across the EU-15 countries during 2002-2006 and 2007-2011. Drawing upon microdata from the EU Labour Force Survey it examines changes in contract type, hours worked and occupation by level of education. Although the financial crisis creates a discontinuity in numbers employed, and despite certain country specificities, the authors observe common structural changes across the two periods. They find an increasing shift from permanent full-time to temporary part-time contracts, the 'hollowing out' of traditional mid-skill level occupations and evidence of 'occupational filtering down' whereby the higher-educated are substituted for the lower-educated in low-skilled occupations. The authors observe some growth in 'professionals' following the crisis, but little evidence of the rise of a new knowledge economy. This raises questions concerning the most appropriate policy approaches to education and training and labour market regulation if European nations are to provide high-quality employment opportunities for their young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Úbeda, Miquel, M. Àngels Cabasés, Malena Sabaté & Tanja Strecker (2020): The Deterioration of the Spanish Youth Labour Market (1985–2015). An Interdisciplinary Case Study. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 28, H. 5, S. 544-563. DOI:10.1177/1103308820914838

Abstract

"The Spanish labour market is notorious for its high unemployment rate and its exceptionally high youth unemployment rate, job insecurity, impermanence and underemployment. This article presents a systematic analysis of the Spanish labour market's deterioration process, in particular focusing on the youth labour market. It combines historic reviews with statistical analyses of data from official sources, like the Continuous Sample of Working Lives (CSWL), through different econometric models. The procedure consists of three steps: (a) first, a historical estimation to facilitate the systematic selection of the statistics, in this case contracts taken from a large sample of the Spanish workforce over the period 1985?2015; (b) econometric modelling of relevant indicators, in this case the average annual income, daily working hours and average length of contract; and (c) an analysis of the identified trends and conjuncture regarding precarious work and gender inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bolíbar, Mireia, Joan Miquel Verd & Oriol Barranco (2019): The downward spiral of youth unemployment. An approach considering social networks and family background. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 401-421. DOI:10.1177/0950017018822918

Abstract

"Taking as a starting point the relationship between unemployment and the loss of social support put forward by social exclusion theory, this article aims to analyse how long-term unemployment affects young people's support networks for job seeking. To do so, it uses the framework of social network analysis. Based on data produced by a personal network survey of 250 young individuals in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, the results highlight the particularly harmful effect of long-term unemployment on the support network of young individuals with a low family socioeconomic status background. Unemployment reduces the presence of resourceful contacts among these young workers, which is not the case for young people with a higher family socioeconomic status. Moreover, gender and educational level intervene in the relationship between unemployment and loss of social support. These findings refine the social exclusion theory shedding light on how social inequalities crosscut labour market trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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García-Pérez, J. Ignacio, Ioana Marinescu & Judit Vall Castello (2019): Can fixed-term contracts put low skilled youth on a better career path? Evidence from Spain. In: The economic journal, Jg. 129, H. 620, S. 1693-1730. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12621

Abstract

"By reducing the commitment made by employers, fixed-term contracts can help low-skilled youth find a first job. However, the long-term impact of fixed-term contracts on these workers' careers may be negative. Using Spanish social security data, we analysed the impact of a large liberalisation in the regulation of fixed-term contracts in 1984. Using a cohort regression discontinuity design, we find that over the first 10 years in the labour market, the reform reduced the number of days worked (by 4.9%) and earnings (by 9.8%). Over 27 years of labour market career, yearly earnings losses amount to a persistent 7.3%." (Author's abstract) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph (2019): Junge Erwerbslose in Spanien und Deutschland. Alltag und Handlungsfähigkeit in wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen. (Transformation des Sozialen - Transformation Sozialer Arbeit 07), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 490 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-24462-0

Abstract

"Die grundlegenden Veränderungen von Wohlfahrtsstaat und Kapitalismus schlagen sich in der EU insbesondere im Alltag junger Erwerbsloser nieder. Christoph Gille untersucht, wie junge Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland trotz der Restriktionen, die damit verbunden sind, Handlungsfähigkeit in ihrem Alltag herstellen. Dazu entwickelt er in der Tradition der Wohlfahrtsstaatenforschung "von unten" ein akteursbezogenes Verständnis des jeweiligen nationalen Kontextes. Deutlich werden so die Effekte der unterschiedlichen Sozialstaaten, aber auch die Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen den beiden Ländern, und damit der transnationale Charakter der andauernden wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Transformation." (Verlagsangaben, © Springer)

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Rodriguez-Modroño, Paula (2019): Youth unemployment, NEETs and structural inequality in Spain. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 433-448. DOI:10.1108/IJM-03-2018-0098

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to apply an intersectional analysis to assess the impact of structural factors on the risk of being a NEET for youth in Spain. The author study if inequalities have changed after the economic crisis, once youth policies designed to improve the Spanish school-to-work transition (SWT) system were implemented.
Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on microdata from the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the paper compares the probability of becoming not in employment, education or training (NEET) of young men and women born inside or outside Spain and living in different types of households.
Findings
Although unemployment rates have improved since the end of the crisis, the situation regarding youth employment, poverty and inequalities remains challenging. Gender and other structural differences are usually ignored in policy debates and in the measures adopted to fight youth unemployment, leading to the persistance of inequalities.
Research limitations/implications
The analysis illustrates new lines and trajectories in the segmentation of youth labor markets along the lines of gender, household and country of origin.
Practical implications
The findings highlight the need for introducing an analysis of the different sources of vulnerability in policy designs in order to promote a real and sustainable change in SWTs.
Originality/value
The contribution of this research to the literature on NEET and SWT is to introduce a framework that allows for the intersectional analysis of gender and other structural inequalities." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Verd, Joan Miquel, Oriol Barranco & Mireia Bolíbar (2019): Youth unemployment and employment trajectories in Spain during the Great Recession. What are the determinants? In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1186/s12651-019-0254-3

Abstract

"Since the beginning of the recession period in Europe, unemployment has greatly affected the young adult population. In this context, Spain is regarded as an extreme case, due to its exceptionally high youth unemployment rates. This article seeks to identify the determinants that have led certain groups of Spanish young people to suffer labour market trajectories with higher levels of unemployment and instability during the Great Recession than others. To do this, retrospective data from the 2012 Catalan Youth Survey are used. With these data and using cluster analysis, a typology of labour market trajectories is constructed. Next, multinomial logistic regressions are used to identify what individual socio-demographic characteristics and pre-crisis employment experiences are connected to these different typological career paths. Results show that the highly differentiated career paths are associated with different social profiles and differences in the presence of unemployment. Moreover, interesting differences among the most unstable career paths appear. For the most vulnerable social profiles the employment trajectory prior to the crisis seems to point towards the existence of an entrapment in low-skilled jobs that alternate with situations of unemployment. For those with a slightly better position their employment situation after the initiation of the crisis seems to have been impacted by their brief labour market trajectory before the crisis and their resulting work experience gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Acosta-Ballesteros, Juan, Pilar M. Osorno-Del Rosal & Olga María Rodríguez-Rodríguez (2017): Gender differences in the quality of the school-to-work transition in Spain. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 57, S. 5780-5791. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1343445

Abstract

"This article analyses to what extent gender affects the quality of the school-to-work transition in Spain, paying special attention to workers' educational attainment. We estimate a four-equation system that explains the main obstacles young people face in their insertion process: part-time work, overeducation, fixed-term contracts and long unemployment spells; the model also considers the impact of the latter variable on the other three. Moreover, a synthetic indicator of transition quality based on the estimation of this model is developed. We conclude that men experience a better insertion process than women at every level of education (except for higher vocational training), although the gender gap is greater for long-cycle university programmes. Furthermore, when field of study is considered, men from most specializations enjoy a smoother transition than their female counterparts; nevertheless, women have the advantage in some female-dominated fields. A further analysis of gender differences reveals that they are due to the fact of being male or female to a great extent. The results also highlight that school-leavers from work-oriented programmes and those specialized in fields that provide them with more specific skills are more likely to succeed in the transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dingeldey, Irene, Marie-Luise Assmann & Lisa Steinberg (2017): Strategies to improve labour market integration of young people. Comparing policy coordination in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.2), Oslo, 55 S.

Abstract

"The analysis is based on nine in-depth country studies including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Greece, Germany, Poland, Spain, the UK and two non-EU countries; Norway and Switzerland, which serve as a reference group.
The empirical research makes use of both primary and secondary sources, as well as four to six expert interviews per country to identify different types of youth employment regimes and strategies used to implement the respective policies.
The introduction of the Youth Guarantee (YG) was met with high expectations. Since the economic crisis youth unemployment has significantly increased. It was accompanied by a flexibilisation of employment forms and the lowering of youth wages, both attempts to facilitate integration in the labour market. Hence, it was up to the YG to address existing problems vis-à-vis young people entering the labour market, and to improve policy coordination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph & Ute Klammer (2017): Wohlfahrtskapitalistische Regime und Handlungsfähigkeit erwerbsloser junger Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 43-63. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0262-5

Abstract

"Anhand der Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Handlungsfähigkeit junger Erwerbsloser in den wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen von Deutschland und Spanien geht der Artikel der Frage nach, wie und mit welchen Ergebnissen sozialpolitische Regimeforschung und akteur*innenbasierte Forschungsansätze kombiniert werden können. Dabei werden zunächst zentrale Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktentwicklung und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen beider Regime verglichen. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung junger Erwerbsloser in beiden Ländern anhand von ausgewählten Bewältigungsweisen vorgestellt, bevor Charakteristika der Regime aus akteur*innenbasierter Perspektive erörtert und Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Helbling, Laura, Stefan Sacchi & Christian Imdorf (2017): Understanding cross-country variation in the long-term consequences of graduating at a bad time. A comparison of five European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.3), Oslo, 40 S.

Abstract

"This working paper investigates if graduating in a bad economy scars careers of youth cohorts in terms of increased future unemployment and overrepresentation in fixed-term and involuntary part-time work. These dynamics of scarring are explored from a cross-country comparative perspective, focusing on the UK, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Finland. These countries make up for interesting cases as they differ remarkably on institutional and economic dimensions such as for example the vocational orientation of their education systems, the strictness of employment protection legislation, active labour market policies to support job-search success of jobless young people and the general level of prevalent youth unemployment, which are assumed to be related to cross-nationally distinct patterns in scarring effects. The focus of the empirical analysis is on long-term effects of the level of aggregate youth unemployment at graduation on career evolvement of school-leaver cohorts over 12 years since their graduation, distinguishing between educational groups while allowing for gender effects. All in all we find that bad luck in timing of labour market entry can scar future careers over the long-run. A bad economy at labour market entry may thus be seen as a major risk factor for the future integration of youth cohorts in very different institutional contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Higgins, Niall & Valentino Moscariello (2017): Labour market institutions and youth labour markets. Minimum wages and youth employment revisited. (Employment working paper 223), Genf, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper mainly focuses on the issue of interactions between labour market institutions and policies and their effects on youth labour markets, and is primarily concerned with issues grouped under pillars 1 and 3 of youth employment policy as identified by the resolution issued in 2012 by the International Labour Conference calling for action on the youth employment crisis. These institutions also have implications for pillar 5, young people's rights at work. The paper reports the results of a meta-analysis of the youth employment effects of minimum wage legislation. The main contribution of the paper, however, concerns the role of other labour market institutions in determining the size of the dis-employment effects of minimum wages in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cabasés Piqué, M. Àngels, Agnès Pardell Veà & Tanja Strecker (2016): The EU youth guarantee - a critical analysis of its implementation in Spain. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 19, H. 5, S. 684-704. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2015.1098777

Abstract

"The significant increase in youth unemployment in different parts of Europe caused by the economic crisis has led to the European Council Recommendation on Establishing a Youth Guarantee (2013). This Guarantee addresses the so-called 'NEET' (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) younger than 25 years of age and stipulates that employment, education or training shall be provided within a period of 4 months. As the initiative is relatively recent, in-depth analyses of its contents and implantation in the Member States are still missing. This paper analyses the European Recommendation and its implementation in Spain, evaluating its potential to improve the situation of the young people and society as a whole and its risks in provoking undesired side-effects. Our results question if the whole target group will be reached and highlight the measures' low potential to promote a real and durable change. Increasing precariousness and insecurity and the tendency to only redistribute existing labour make it conceivable that the Guarantee may contribute to converting precariousness into a new labour paradigm for the whole population. The insufficient and retroactive funding of the Youth Guarantee can provoke negative side-effects for other social policies and the country's development. We conclude with several recommendations on how to improve the Youth Guarantee and its implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cockx, Bart (2016): Do youths graduating in a recession incur permanent losses? Penalties may last ten years or more, especially for high-educated youth and in rigid labor markets. (IZA world of labor 281), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.281

Abstract

"The Great Recession that began in 2008 - 2009 dramatically increased youth unemployment. But did it have long-lasting, adverse effects on the careers of youths? Are cohorts that graduate during a recession doomed to fall permanently behind those that graduate at other times? Are the impacts different for low- and high-educated individuals? If recessions impose penalties that persist over time, then more government outlays are justified to stabilize economic activity. Scientific evidence from a variety of countries shows that rigid labor markets can reinforce the persistence of these setbacks, which has important policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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García-Pérez, J. Ignacio, Ioana Marinescu & Judit Vall Castello (2016): Can fixed-term contracts put low skilled youth on a better career path? Evidence from Spain. (IZA discussion paper 9777), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"By reducing the commitment made by employers, fixed-term contracts can help low-skilled youth find a first job. However, the long-term impact of fixed-term contracts on these workers' careers may be negative. Using Spanish social security data, we analyze the impact of a large liberalization in the regulation of fixed-term contracts in 1984. Using a cohort regression discontinuity design, we find that the reform raised the likelihood of male high-school dropouts working before age 19 by 9%. However, in the longer run, the reform reduced number of days worked (by 4.5%) and earnings (by 9%)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hora, Ondrej, Markéta Horáková & Tomá¿ Sirovátka (2016): Institutional determinants of early job insecurity in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.4), Oslo, 69 S.

Abstract

"In the European labour market, young people have been disproportionally affected by job insecurity indicated by unemployment, inactivity, job precariousness and fragmented careers during and after the economic crisis of 2008. This may be crucial for their ability to maintain a living income and to live a decent life on their present and future life course. The increasing polarisation in the labour market may become a persistent structural feature in the conditions of the changing employment structures and flexibilization of labour. This challenge was recognised at the EU level when Youth Opportunities Initiative (2011), Youth Employment Package (2012) and Youth Guarantee (2013) were launched and underpinned with financing from ESF schemes. The European countries, however, have experienced very different impacts of the crisis on their labour markets (Karamessini et al. 2016). Similarly, the initial responses in active labour market policies (ALMPs) to the crisis also diverged considerably (Clasen et al 2012). The question arises about the longer-term adaptations of labour market policy and other policies to the challenge of increasing early job insecurity and the associated structural changes in the labour market.
The aim of this paper is to assess in nine national contexts how recent reforms in labour market institutions and policies and the skill formation systems may have affected the incidence of early job insecurity and the patterns of labour market entry/integration of young women and men. Job insecurity as understood here includes two dimensions: (a) insecurity of maintaining the current job, (b) insecurity of getting another job in the future, that is, job insecurity and employment insecurity (compare Chung and van Oorschot 2011)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Die Arbeitsunterlage der Kommissionsdienststellen ergänzt die Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, in der sie die wichtigsten Erfolge bei der Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie und der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative - YEI) seit dem Start 2013 (bis zum Stand: Juni 2016) darstellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die Verbesserung der Maßnahmen der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten zur Umsetzung nationaler Jugendgarantie-Programme zieht. Sie versteht sich als Hilfsmittel für die Akteure in den Ländern zur Fortsetzung der nationalen Umsetzung des Programms und stellt Praxisbeispiele für signifikante Reformschritte und gelungene Maßnahmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten vor und benennt - wo möglich - identifizierbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Ebenso dient die Arbeitsunterlage als Referenzdokument, das auf zahlreiche Untersuchungen, Berichte und Statistiken weiterer nationaler wie gemeinschaftlicher Ressourcen verweist. Die Berichte basieren auf Daten aus der laufenden Beobachtung des Beschäftigungsausschusses (Employment Committee - EMCO) aus den Jahren 2014 und 2015 unter einem gemeinsamen Indikatorenrahmen und den Kernaussagen der Tagung des Rats für 'Beschäftigung, Sozialpolitik, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz' am 7. März 2016 sowie auf der Auswertung von Antworten aus den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen des Sozialen Dialogs und Beratungen mit Jugendlichen auf dem Europäischen Jugend-Event (European Youth Event - EYE) vom 20.-21. Mai 2016 am Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments in Straßburg und schließlich auch auf einem Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EEPO) zur Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie. (IAB)

Zitatform

Sacht, Stephen (2015): On the efficiency of labor market reforms. How to solve the Spanish puzzle? (Economics. Discussion papers 2015-55), Kiel, 20 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we shed light on the relationship between labor market policy, entrepreneurship and youth unemployment prior to and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in Spain. We discuss the situation, where labor market and macroeconomic policies were largely inefficient in reducing high levels of (youth) unemployment after 2007. We rise the question why in a situation of low inflation rates, an increase in (youth) unemployment had been observed although the labor market becomes more flexible due to the associated structural reform in 2010. We call this the Spanish Puzzle. The main reason for this observation can be found in the phenomena of downward nominal rigidity and the existence of a liquidity trap. Given the recovery of the Spanish economy in 2015, this development is grounded on (besides the increase in private consumption and a trade surplus) several policy measurements in order to strengthen entrepreneurial activity in 2013. The corresponding boost in private investment expenditure can be identified as the sustainable main driver for job creation in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Berlingieri, Francesco, Holger Bonin & Maresa Sprietsma (2014): Youth unemployment in Europe. Appraisal and policy options. Stuttgart, 138 S.

Abstract

"Der alarmierende Anstieg der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit infolge der jüngsten Wirtschaftskrise kann für die Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene nicht ohne Folgen bleiben. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass in der EU über 5,5 Millionen junge Menschen Schwierigkeiten haben, einen Arbeitsplatz zu finden, müssen Strategien zur Bekämpfung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt werden. Nur so kann verhindert werden, dass eine verlorene Generation von europäischen Jugendlichen entsteht, die auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und in der Gesellschaft dauerhaft benachteiligt sind.
Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Robert Bosch Stiftung die vorliegende Studie beim Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW) in Mannheim in Auftrag gegeben. Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Entwicklung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa zu untersuchen, die maßgeblichen institutionellen und ökonomischen Ursachen für Jugendarbeitslosigkeit zu identifizieren und die Maßnahmen zu diskutieren, die ergriffen werden können, um eine bessere Arbeitsmarktintegration von jungen Erwachsenen zu erzielen.
Obgleich die Studie die Perspektive der EU-Mitgliedstaaten insgesamt abdeckt, legt sie den Schwerpunkt auf die südeuropäischen Länder, die in besonderem Maße von der aktuellen Jugendarbeitslosigkeitskrise betroffen sind. Den Hauptteil bilden drei Länderberichte, in denen die Lage in Italien, Spanien und Portugal im Detail dargestellt wird und aktuelle sowie mögliche zukünftige politische Initiativen untersucht werden, die zu einer Senkung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in diesen Ländern beitragen könnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Clement, Ute & Martin Koch (2014): Spanische Jugendliche in deutscher Ausbildung. In: Die berufsbildende Schule, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 98-102.

Abstract

"Mit dem Programm MobiPro-EU unterstützt die Bundesrepublik Deutschland die Ausbildung und Beschäftigung von Jugendlichen. Auf Internetseiten wie "the job of my life" oder "make it in Germany" wird in südeuropäischen Ländern für eine Beschäftigung oder Ausbildung in Deutschland geworben. Die Jugendlichen werden in ihren Heimatländern ausgewählt und erhalten schon dort Deutschunterricht. Deutschland und seine potenziellen Ausbildungsbetriebe lernen sie während eines ersten Besuchs im Frühjahr kennen. Fällt die Entscheidung positiv aus, so reisen sie im Laufe des Sommers ein, erhalten vor Ort weiteren Sprachunterricht sowie organisatorische Hilfen. Wie aussichtsreich dieses Unterfangen ist, wird in hohem Maße davon abhängen, ob die Vorstellungen und Haltungen der einreisenden Jugendlichen mit denen der aufnehmenden Schulen und Betriebe in Einklang zu bringen sind. Mit welchen Erfahrungen, Hoffnungen, Perspektiven kommen diese Jugendlichen bei uns an? Welche Erwartungen haben sie und wie tragfähig sind diese? Eine explorative Studie gibt hier einen ersten Aufschluss." (Textauszug; BIBB-Doku)

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner & Franziska Neder (2014): Youth unemployment in Mediterranean countries. (IZA policy paper 80), Bonn, 11 S.

Abstract

"In all Mediterranean countries youth unemployment has reached alarming record levels. This paper analyses the current situation in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. In all countries school dropout rates are high, returns to education are low and the transition from education to work is problematic and difficult. This is due to a poor working vocational training system, the dualization of the labor market and minimum wages that are set too high. The Great Recession deteriorated the situation of young people, but youth unemployment is mostly structural. To overcome this crisis the overall performance of the labor market has to be improved." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thompson, Spencer, Aline Hohbein & Lars Thies (2014): Zukunft unsicher. Jugendarbeitslosigkeit im europäischen Vergleich. Gütersloh, 102 S.

Abstract

"Wie entsteht Jugendarbeitslosigkeit? Von welchen Faktoren wird sie beeinflusst? Spielen konjunkturelle und wirtschaftsstrukturelle Einflüsse die entscheidende Rolle, oder ist es die Flexibilität der Arbeitsmärkte? Anhand von Daten des europäischen Statistikamtes Eurostat und der europäischen Arbeitskräfteerhebung (European Labour Force Survey) geht die vorliegende Studie auf empirischer Grundlage der Frage nach, wie sich in Großbritannien, den Niederlanden, Frankreich, Spanien, Schweden und Deutschland die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit entwickelt hat und von welchen Faktoren diese bestimmt wird. Im Ergebnis wird deutlich, dass der Ausgestaltung der Ausbildungssysteme eine wesentliche Bedeutung zukommt: Je stärker Praxiserfahrungen in die Ausbildung integriert werden - ob nun auf formelle oder auf informelle Weise - desto besser sind die Übergangschancen der Absolventen in den Arbeitsmarkt. Das duale Ausbildungssystem deutscher Prägung schneidet einerseits sehr gut ab bei diesem Vergleich, denn die betriebliche Praxis ist ein integraler Bestandteil der Ausbildung. Andererseits zeigt ein genauerer Blick auch Probleme auf: Wer als junger Mensch seinen Weg in das deutsche Ausbildungssystem findet, hat zwar beste Chancen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Wem dies jedoch nicht gelingt, der hat schlechte Karten. Ohne Ausbildungsplatz ist die berufliche Zukunft düster für Jugendliche in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Barreira Cerqueiras, Eva M. (2013): Vocational education and training for employment in Spain. In: Berufsbildung, Jg. 67, H. 141, S. 44-46.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschreibt das spanische Berufsbildungssystem mit dem Schwerpunkt betriebliche Weiterbildung." (BIBB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dolado, Juan J., Marcel Jansen, Florentino Felgueroso, Andres Fuentes & Anita Wölfl (2013): Youth labour market performance in Spain and its determinants. A micro-level perspective. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1039), Paris, 71 S. DOI:10.1787/5k487n5bfz5c-en

Abstract

"This paper provides both descriptive and empirical evidence about the main youth labour market problems in Spain. Using the experiences of other EU economies as a benchmark, we document the performance of Spain as regards a wide set of youth labour market dimensions. These include employment and unemployment rates, youth wages, decisions to work and study, youth mobility, type of employment contract, time to find a first job, skill mismatch, etc. Cross-country econometric evidence from different micro-datasets is reported to understand the role played by several underlying supply/demand factors which might explain the difficulties faced by the Spanish youth labour market (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Spain)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Maguire, Sue, Bart Cockx, Juan J. Dolado, Florentino Felgueroso, Marcel Jansen, Izabela Styczynska, Elish Kelly, Seamus McGuinness, Werner Eichhorst, Holger Hinte & Ulf Rinne (2013): Youth unemployment. Forum. In: Intereconomics, Jg. 48, H. 4, S. 196-235.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment has been on the rise since the beginning of the crisis in 2008. Even more troublesome is the dramatic rise in the number of youth not in employment, education or training, which has led to widespread concerns about the impact on social cohesion and fears of a 'lost generation'. Given the extreme differences in youth unemployment levels among member states, it is clear that no single labour market policy will be appropriate throughout the EU. There may, however, be opportunities for mutual learning on how to combat youth unemployment. This Forum explores youth unemployment in the EU via case studies of England, Belgium, Spain, Poland and Ireland. It also examines Germany's dual vocational training system as one potential solution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wölfl, Anita (2013): Improving employment prospects for young workers in Spain. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1040), Paris, 30 S. DOI:10.1787/5k487n7hg08s-en

Abstract

"The unemployment rate among young people has reached painfully high levels, in particular among those young people with low levels of education. There are two crucial policy priorities to improve employment prospects for youth in Spain. First, in the very short term, there is need for quick action to target well-designed active labour market programmes to the most disadvantaged youth and provide more job-search assistance and guidance for all youth experiencing difficulties in finding a job in the current labour market. Second, the current crisis is an opportunity to tackle some of the structural weaknesses in the Spanish youth labour market. This implies in particular reforms to prevent youth from dropping out of education at a very early stage and to improve the school to work transition of young people. Key issues are to better match skills acquired in education to those asked for by businesses, as well as to establish an effective system of vocational education, and to reduce remaining demand side barriers, notably labour market duality and a rigid collective bargaining system, which both have prevented an efficient allocation of labour resources in the past and a flexible adjustment during the crisis. This Working Paper relates to the 2012 OECD Economic Survey of Spain (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/spain)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Corrales-Herrero, H. & B. Rodríguez-Prado (2012): Characterizing Spanish labour pathways of young people with vocational lower-secondary education. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 44, H. 29, S. 3777-3792. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2011.581218

Abstract

"School-to-work transition is no longer considered to take place at one point but it is seen as a sequential process with multiple stages that extend over a relatively long period in which individuals gradually settle down into the labour market. This article constructs and examines the labour pathways followed by Spanish young people who have completed vocational lower secondary education. To do so, we use the Survey on Educational-Training Transition and Labour Integration, a retrospective longitudinal dataset that contains monthly calendar information about the labour states in the 4 years after completing vocational education. A wide range of states is covered: part-time employment, full-time employment, unemployment and several situations of inactivity. To examine young labour pathways we use sequence analysis, an exploratory technique which allows us to obtain a measure of dissimilarity between sequences. Later, a cluster analysis is applied that allow us to identify seven patterns of transition into the labour market. Nevertheless, most trajectories may be classified as linear, with a successful integration into the labour market. A multinomial logit model confirms that demographic and educational variables are relevant to explain the pathways followed by young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kawaguchi, Daiji & Tetsushi Murao (2012): Who bears the cost of the business cycle? Labor-market institutions and volatility of the youth unemployment rate. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 1, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1186/2193-9004-1-10

Abstract

"The way age-specific unemployment rates fluctuate over the business cycle differs significantly across countries. This paper examines the effect of labor-market institutions on the fluctuations of age-specific unemployment rates based on panel data of 18 OECD countries between 1971 and 2008. Empirical results suggest that the cost of the business cycle disproportionately falls on youths in countries with stricter employment protection. This implies that a higher adjustment cost of an existing workforce induces the employment adjustment of new entrants into the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rocha Sanchez, Fernando (2012): Youth unemployment in Spain. Situation and policy recommendations. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Study), Bonn, 26 S.

Abstract

"The main aim of this report is to study the phenomenon of youth unemployment in Spain by examining its characteristics and causes, and suggesting possible measures to tackle it. To this end, the content is structured as follows: Section 1 includes a diagnosis of youth unemployment in Spain, and the main factors responsible for the greater vulnerability of young people in the current economic crisis. Section 2 offers a general assessment of the labour market reforms approved in Spain since the beginning of the crisis. Section 3 focuses on a series of possible measures aimed at encouraging the creation of jobs for young people. Finally, the report includes a statistical annex, with data on youth unemployment for the period 2000 - 2012, which is not fully reflected in the text." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Referat Mittel- und Osteuropa (2012): Wir müssen draußen bleiben. Aktuelle Länderstudien der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung analysieren Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Ein detaillierter Blick auf die Hintergründe mit Beispielen aus Spanien, Deutschland, Italien, Frankreich und Polen. (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Studie), Bonn, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Schulden- und Wirtschaftskrise verstärkt zwar die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in vielen europäischen Ländern, aber sie ist nicht ihre strukturelle Ursache: Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Länderstudien der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) aus 20 europäischen Staaten zeigen, dass einem wachsenden Teil der jungen Menschen in der EU schon seit Jahren der reibungslose Übergang von der Schule in eine unbefristete, regulär bezahlte Beschäftigung nicht mehr gelingt. Statt einer festen Arbeitsstelle finden viele 15- bis 24-Jährige auf den zunehmend deregulierten Arbeitsmärkten der EU nur unsichere Teilzeit- oder Aushilfsjobs oder befristete Stellen. Sie sind damit die Ersten, die bei konjunkturellen Schwankungen ihre Beschäftigung verlieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kieselbach, Thomas (2003): Long-term unemployment among young people. The risk of social exclusion. In: American Journal of Community Psychology, Jg. 32, H. 1/2, S. 69-76. DOI:10.1023/A:1025694823396

Abstract

"The European Union considers long-term unemployment among youth an impediment to their full integration into society. The Commission of the European Union has, therefore, supported research into the mechanisms by which youth unemployment leads to social exclusion. This paper provides a brief summary of the project's findings. These imply that theories and previous research concerning social exclusion and social support can help explain the effects of youth unemployment although the phenomena vary from country to country. Results also suggest that the construct of social exclusion leads to interventions that reduce the personal and societal costs of youth unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kieselbach, Thomas, Kees van Heeringen, Michele La Rosa, Louis Lemkow, Katerina Sokou & Bengt Starrin (Hrsg.) (2001): Living on the edge. An empirical analysis on long-term youth unemployment and social exclusion in Europe. (Psychologie sozialer Ungleichheit 11), Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 476 S.

Abstract

"In the volume, the European research project YUSEDER ('Youth Unemployment and Social Exclusion: Dimensions, Subjective Experiences and Institutional Responses in Six Countries of the EU'), supported by the EU Commission (Directorate General Research) as a part of the programme Targeted Socio-Economic Research (TSER), addresses the question of what effects long-term unemployment has on young people in regard to their feeling of belonging to society. Does long-term unemployment imply the risk of social exclusion for young people? How does social exclusion develop, and which factors counteract the processes of exclusion? Thus far, research into unemployment has seldom performed comparative studies. This interdisciplinary project in six European countries has conducted for the first time a qualitative study with 300 long-term unemployed young people from age 20 to 25. The inquiry was carried out in the three northern European countries Sweden, Belgium and Germany and in the three southern European countries Greece, Italy and Spain. Researchers from psychology, sociology, public health and psychiatry participated in this research project co-ordinated by Thomas Kieselbach." Content: Executive Summary:
Kieselbach/ Beelmann/ Stitzel/Traiser: Comparative Report. Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in six countries of the EU;
National Reports:
Rantakeisu/ Forsberg/ Kalander-Blomqvist/ Löfgren/ Johansson/ Starrin: Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in Sweden; Willems/ Vanderplasschen/ van Heeringen: Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in Belgium;
Kieselbach/ Beelmann/ Traiser/ Meyer: Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in Germany;
Sokou/ Bayetakou/ Papantoniou: Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in Greece;
Borghi/ Chicchi/ La Rosa: Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in Italy;
Espluga/ Baltiérrez/ Lemkow: Empirical analysis of the risk of social exclusion of long-term unemployed young people in Spain.
(IAB2) ((en))