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Eichhorst, Werner & Ulf Rinne (2017): The European youth guarantee. A preliminary assessment and broader conceptual implications. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 34-38.

Abstract

"The European Youth Guarantee can be viewed as an EU-wide framework comprising a system of measures to be taken by each Member State, which were, for example. encouraged to also use demand-side initiatives such as hiring subsidies (Andor 2016). More generally, the European Youth Guarantee is 'a commitment by all Member States to ensure that all young people under the age of 25 years receive a good quality offer of employment, continued education, apprenticeship or traineeship within a period of four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education' (European Commission 2017).3 In this context, best practices in the context of school-to-work transitions should be transferred from well-performing countries such as Austria and Finland to all Member States (Andor 2016)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Escudero, Verónica & Elva López Mourelo (2017): The European Youth Guarantee. A systematic review of its implementation across countries. (ILO Research Department working paper 21), Genf, 23 S.

Abstract

"The European Youth Guarantee (YG) is one of the most innovative labour market policies of recent years. It arrived at a time when an urgent and radical response was needed to address the detrimental long-lasting consequences of long-term unemployment. This article examines empirical evidence on the effectiveness of past youth guarantee experiences, as well as the few existing evaluations of the YG, to identify the factors that are key to their success. We then assess whether the key success factors are embedded into the implementation plans published by the European countries and the extent to which these objectives have been met in practice. Our analysis shows that while most of countries have established clear eligibility criteria and appropriate institutional frameworks, and are providing a comprehensive package of measures, many of them are still facing challenges when meeting the objectives of early intervention and effective enforcement mechanisms. Finally, although countries' initial spending in the national YG schemes has often outpaced planned expenditures, in many instances resource allocations have not been sufficient to match the recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garda, Paula (2017): Enhancing employability and skills to meet labour market needs in Italy. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1401), Paris, 40 S. DOI:10.1787/260deeb4-en

Abstract

"The various deficiencies of the labour market and the educational system have resulted in high unemployment, low labour force participation, low skills levels and high skill mismatch. Job creation is key to tackling the high unemployment rates, especially for the young and long-term unemployed. Promoting jobs without paying attention to their quality and to the skills required by employers may have adverse impact on welfare and productivity. The Jobs Act and Good School ('Buona Scuola'), two major reforms of the labour market and the educational system, are good steps in the right direction. The Jobs Act and the temporary social security contribution exemptions have contributed to raise employment. By strengthening job search and training policies, the Jobs Act can enhance jobseekers' employability. Increasing the effectiveness of public employment services, given the low spending level, remains a challenge. The Good School reform has the potential to improve school outcomes and provide more aligned skills to the job market. Increasing employability by upgrading skills that match employer needs remains a priority. Business involvement in education and training institutions at all educational levels will be paramount to ensure the provision of relevant skills, the availability of traineeship and apprenticeship places and provide on-the-job training. The adaptability of skills could be encouraged by lowering barriers to labour mobility and boosting work-based learning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gille, Christoph & Ute Klammer (2017): Wohlfahrtskapitalistische Regime und Handlungsfähigkeit erwerbsloser junger Menschen in Spanien und Deutschland. In: Soziale Passagen, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 43-63. DOI:10.1007/s12592-017-0262-5

Abstract

"Anhand der Möglichkeiten zur Herstellung von Handlungsfähigkeit junger Erwerbsloser in den wohlfahrtskapitalistischen Regimen von Deutschland und Spanien geht der Artikel der Frage nach, wie und mit welchen Ergebnissen sozialpolitische Regimeforschung und akteur*innenbasierte Forschungsansätze kombiniert werden können. Dabei werden zunächst zentrale Aspekte der Arbeitsmarktentwicklung und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen beider Regime verglichen. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung junger Erwerbsloser in beiden Ländern anhand von ausgewählten Bewältigungsweisen vorgestellt, bevor Charakteristika der Regime aus akteur*innenbasierter Perspektive erörtert und Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Helbling, Laura, Stefan Sacchi & Christian Imdorf (2017): Understanding cross-country variation in the long-term consequences of graduating at a bad time. A comparison of five European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 6.3), Oslo, 40 S.

Abstract

"This working paper investigates if graduating in a bad economy scars careers of youth cohorts in terms of increased future unemployment and overrepresentation in fixed-term and involuntary part-time work. These dynamics of scarring are explored from a cross-country comparative perspective, focusing on the UK, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Finland. These countries make up for interesting cases as they differ remarkably on institutional and economic dimensions such as for example the vocational orientation of their education systems, the strictness of employment protection legislation, active labour market policies to support job-search success of jobless young people and the general level of prevalent youth unemployment, which are assumed to be related to cross-nationally distinct patterns in scarring effects. The focus of the empirical analysis is on long-term effects of the level of aggregate youth unemployment at graduation on career evolvement of school-leaver cohorts over 12 years since their graduation, distinguishing between educational groups while allowing for gender effects. All in all we find that bad luck in timing of labour market entry can scar future careers over the long-run. A bad economy at labour market entry may thus be seen as a major risk factor for the future integration of youth cohorts in very different institutional contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hernanz, Virginia & Juan F. Jimeno (2017): Youth Unemployment in the EU. Recent Developments and old problems. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 3-10.

Abstract

"High and persistent unemployment has been a recurrent phenomenon in Europe since the early 1980s. Nowadays, despite some economic recovery from the Great Recession and the European debt crisis, it remains at levels well above those registered in the mid-2000s. Moreover, there are two new developments with potentially adverse consequences. One is the increasing divergence of unemployment rates across European countries (see Boeri and Jimeno 2016); the other is the higher likelihood of unemployment among youths, despite their declining weights in the population and in the labour force due to demographic trends. In fact, it is the concentration of unemployment among the younger population groups in some countries that explains a good deal of the increasing unemployment divergence in the EU." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Knecht, Alban & Roland Atzmüller (2017): Von der Ausbildungsgarantie zur Ausbildungspflicht. Die Entwicklung der österreichischen Beschäftigungspolitik für Jugendliche. In: Neue Praxis, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 239-252.

Abstract

"Der Ausbau der Aktivitäten und Maßnahmen zur Unterstützung von Jugendlichen im Übergang Schule - Ausbildung - Erwerbsleben erscheint als eine wesentliche Dimension des aktivierenden, zunehmend auf eine sozialinvestive Ausrichtung setzenden Umbaus des Wohlfahrtsstaates. Im jugendpolitischen Bereich lassen sich dabei jedoch eine Reihe von Widersprüchen und Ambivalenzen dieser Strategien und Aktivitäten erkennen. Diese werden von den Autoren anhand jüngster Entwicklungen in Österreich näher beleuchtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Köster, Thomas (2017): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa. Eine europäische Verantwortung. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 269), Sankt Augustin, 12 S.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der EU, insbesondere in Südeuropa, verharrt auf hohem Niveau. Die Arbeitslosenquote von Jugendlichen im Alter von 16 bis 25 ist etwa doppelt so hoch wie die Arbeitslosenquote insgesamt. Warum entstehen in Deutschland Fachkräftelücken, während Jugendliche im Süden Europas ohne Perspektive sind? Die Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit (eine der Grundfreiheiten des Binnenmarktes) sollte nicht nur verbrieftes Recht der Europäer sein, sondern gelebte Wirklichkeit werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Marelli, Enrico (2017): Young people in crisis times. Comparative evidence and policies. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 19-25.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment is a pathology that bears heavy economic, social and even political consequences. We can here recall three key empirical features: (i) youth unemployment rates (YUR) are generally higher than adult or total unemployment rates (UR); (ii) YUR are more sensitive than UR both to the business cycle, in particular to recessions, and to crisis episodes; (iii) there is great variation across European countries, in terms of both levels and dynamics of YUR." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Stefanie Ledermaier, Carlos Vacas-Soriano & Lena Jacobs (2017): Long-term unemployed youth. Characteristics and policy responses. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 85 S. DOI:10.2806/940447

Abstract

"While the youth labour market has improved considerably since 2014, one legacy of the recent economic crisis is the large cohort of long-term unemployed young people, which represents nearly one-third of jobless young people. This report provides an updated profile of the youth labour market in 2016 and describes trends over the past decade. It explores the determinants of long-term unemployment, at both sociodemographic and macroeconomic levels. It also provides evidence on the serious consequences for young people of spending a protracted time in unemployment, such as scarring effects on income and occupation and on several dimensions of young people's well-being. The report concludes with a discussion of selected policy measures recently implemented by 10 Member States in order to prevent young people from becoming long-term unemployed or, if they are in such circumstances, to integrate them into the labour market or education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meierkord, Anja, Alexa Meyer-Hamme & Lars Thies (2017): An incomplete recovery. Youth unemployment in Europe 2008-2016. Gütersloh, 19 S.

Abstract

"Fast zehn Jahre nach Beginn der europaweiten Finanzkrise ist auch die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa im Zuge der Erholung der Arbeitsmärkte weiter zurückgegangen. Bei genauer Betrachtung der Entwicklung zwischen 2008 und 2016 zeigen sich jedoch große Unterschiede: Vor allem einige süd- und osteuropäische Länder haben das Vorkrisen-Niveau ihrer Jugendbeschäftigungsquote noch nicht wieder erreicht. Ebenso bleibt die Integration bestimmter Gruppen junger Menschen in Bildung oder Arbeit eine große Herausforderung. Weitere Maßnahmen sind auf Ebene der EU und in Mitgliedsstaaten erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Moffat, John & Duncan Roth (2017): Cohort size and youth labour-market outcomes in Europe. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 2735-2740., 2017-11-22.

Abstract

"Using data from 49 European regions covering 2005-2012, this paper estimates the effect of cohort size on youth employment and unemployment outcomes. The effects are found to be very sensitive to the age range of the sample used for estimation. In particular, the results show a negative (positive) effect of cohort size on employment (unemployment) among individuals aged 18-22 but the opposite effects among older individuals. This heterogeneity is driven by Eastern and Western European countries. For Southern European countries, belonging to a larger cohort is found to be beneficial across all age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möller, Joachim (2017): Youth unemployment in Europe from a regional perspective. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 11-18.

Abstract

"It is an established fact that in most countries the unemployment rate of young workers exceeds that of prime-age workers. To a certain extent a moderately elevated rate of joblessness among young workers might be seen as 'natural'. For instance, job mobility in general is higher for entrants in the labour market. Younger workers are not yet closely attached to a specific workplace or occupation. They are often looking for better alternatives and are more inclined to try something new. As a result of these specific mobility patterns, employment spells are shorter and frictional unemployment is higher. Since mobility should lead to better matches, it even contributes to better labour market efficiency." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Higgins, Niall & Valentino Moscariello (2017): Labour market institutions and youth labour markets. Minimum wages and youth employment revisited. (Employment working paper 223), Genf, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper mainly focuses on the issue of interactions between labour market institutions and policies and their effects on youth labour markets, and is primarily concerned with issues grouped under pillars 1 and 3 of youth employment policy as identified by the resolution issued in 2012 by the International Labour Conference calling for action on the youth employment crisis. These institutions also have implications for pillar 5, young people's rights at work. The paper reports the results of a meta-analysis of the youth employment effects of minimum wage legislation. The main contribution of the paper, however, concerns the role of other labour market institutions in determining the size of the dis-employment effects of minimum wages in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pastore, Francesco (2017): Getting it right: Youth employment policy within the EU. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 26-33.

Abstract

"This essay aims at assessing the employment and education policy implemented in EU countries to address youth unemployment, perhaps the most important social problem of the EU. It seeks to provide an overall evaluation of a number of interventions which have been implemented in various EU countries in this field." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schoon, Ingrid & John Bynner (Hrsg.) (2017): Young people's development and the great recession. Uncertain transitions and precarious futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 487 S. DOI:10.1017/9781316779507

Abstract

"The 2007 - 8 financial crisis and subsequent 'Great Recession' particularly affected young people trying to make their way from education into the labour market at a time of economic uncertainty and upheaval. This is the first volume to examine the impact of the Great Recession on the developmental stage of young adulthood, a critical phase of the life course that has great significance in the foundations of adult identity. Using evidence from longitudinal data sets spanning three major OECD countries, these essays examine the recession's effects on education and employment outcomes and consider the wider psycho-social consequences, including living arrangements, family relations, political engagement, and health and well-being. While the recession intensified the impact of pre-existing trends towards a prolonged dependence on parents and, for many, the precaritisation of life chances, the findings also point to manifestations of resilience, where young people countered adversity by forging positive expectations of the future." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Signorelli, Marcello (2017): Youth unemployment in transition economies. Both general and age-specific policies are necessary to reduce youth unemployment in transition economies. (IZA world of labor 401), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.401

Abstract

"A simple one size fits all policy to improve the employment opportunities of young people in transition economies does not exist. Instead, an integrated design of broad multi-level policies tailored to each country's unique characteristics in conjunction with specific youth-oriented ones is necessary to reduce the persisting labor-related disadvantages of young people compared to adults. While further research is certainly required, some potentially helpful policy actions to consider include the reform of educational systems to promote better school-to-work transitions and improvement of public and private employment services for young people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Simões, Francisco, Ana Meneses, Rui Luís & Rui Drumonde (2017): NEETs in a rural region of Southern Europe: perceived self-efficacy, perceived barriers, educational expectations, and vocational expectations. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 20, H. 9, S. 1109-1126. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2017.1311403

Abstract

"The aim of this research is to understand the influence of demographic and professional experience factors on the self-efficacy and perceived barriers of rural Portuguese youths not in employment, education or training (NEET), as well as on their educational and vocational expectations at age 35. These indicators are involved in the compromise mechanism of choice of the circumscription and compromise theory, a construct that describes the reason why certain vocational alternatives are progressively restricted among young adults. Most of the participants were female and their age ranged from 18 to 30.
Findings show that the participants' self-efficacy was positively affected by having a previous job contract, and negatively influenced by longer unemployment periods (>24 months). Longer unemployment periods also increase the perception of barriers. Educational expectations at age 35 were significantly higher among participants who had completed middle school and marginally lower for those living with their parents, while vocational expectations at age 35 were more conservative among those who had concluded high school. Recommendations are made regarding employment policies as well as training and vocational guidance interventions for NEETs in rural regions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tolgensbakk, Ida, Janikke Solstad Vedeler & Bjørn Hvinden (2017): Youth unemployment and the consequences for life satisfaction and social trust in seven European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.4), Oslo, 58 S.

Abstract

"The 2007-2008 global financial crisis led to the 'Great Recession', making a multi-year debt crisis a reality for several Eurozone countries. These developments had large and persistent effects on European youth labour markets, causing high unemployment rates among the youth in many countries. In an effort to understand the subjective effects of youth unemployment in Europe, the NEGOTIATE project conducted life story interviews with 211 individuals from seven countries and three cohorts (1950 - 1955, 1970 - 1975 and 1990 - 1995). The participating countries were Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland and the UK. The Norwegian team has written the present report, with important inputs from all the participating national teams." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tosun, Jale, Marge Unt & Eskil Wadensjö (2017): Youth-oriented Active Labour Market Policies. Explaining Policy Effort in the Nordic and the Baltic States. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 51, H. 4, S. 598-616. DOI:10.1111/spol.12315

Abstract

"The starting point of this study is the seemingly striking similarity in the number of youth-oriented labour market policies adopted by the Nordic and the Baltic EU member states in 2013 - 14 despite markedly different welfare regimes. The similarities remain when concentrating on active labour market policies (ALMPs) and extending the observation period to 2007 - 15, but the application of a more refined coding scheme suggests that there are also notable cross-country differences. Estonia, Finland and Sweden are found to exhibit a relatively similar approach to youth-oriented ALMPs, while Denmark, Latvia and Lithuania are more distinct cases. The similarities in the policy effort can be explained by similar problem pressure, EU-guided policy learning and the provision of EU funding. Lastly, the policy approaches of the Nordic states indicate a path-dependency. Thus, while the youth-oriented policy effort may appear to be quite similar, important differences remain." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Tymowski, Jan (2017): Youth employment initiative. European implementation assessment. In-depth-analysis. Brüssel, 28 S. DOI:10.2861/310563

Abstract

"This in-depht analysis, produced by the Ex-Post Evaluation Unit of the European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS), aimst at presenting an overview of the state of implementation of the Youth Employment Initative (YEI), which was established in 2013. It was drafted following the publication of the European Commission's report on the YEI and the Youth Guarantee, and also takes the findings of the Court of Auditors' special reports on the implementation of both instruments into account. The analysis seeks to contribute to the preparation of a non-legislative implementation report by the European Parliament's Commitee on Employment and Social Affairs" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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International Labour Office (2017): Global employment trends for youth 2017. Paths to a better working future. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, XI, 115 S.

Abstract

"Incorporating the most recent employment trends for young women and men, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment, unemployment, working poverty and informality.
The 2017 edition discusses the implications of technological change for youth labour market prospects, focusing on trends in sectoral employment and on the forms of work available to young people.
The report draws on the extensive range of analyses undertaken by the ILO and others in recent years so as to outline innovative and effective policy responses to the challenges facing young women and men entering the world of work today. It also offers insights into the directions needed for national policies and programmes to meet the challenges the youth of tomorrow will encounter in their search for entry points into decent work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anger, Silke, Ute Leber & Margarida Rodrigues (2016): Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge in Europa: Der Start ins Berufsleben ist in einigen Ländern besonders schwierig. (IAB-Kurzbericht 11/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt hat eine zentrale Bedeutung für die wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes. Dies gilt umso mehr, als frühe Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen wichtig sind für den späteren Beschäftigungserfolg. Allerdings ist der Eintritt in das Erwerbsleben für viele Jugendliche in Europa auch infolge der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise immer noch schwierig. Ein neuer Indikator der EU, die Erwerbstätigenquote von Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge, soll den Beitrag des Bildungssystems beim Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt adäquat abbilden. Auf Basis dieser Kennzahl zeigen die Autorinnen die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung von jungen Menschen mit Schul-, Berufs- oder Hochschulabschluss in Europa über die letzten zehn Jahre und gehen auf Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern sowie auf länderspezifische Einflussfaktoren ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ayllón, Sara & Natalia Nollenberger (2016): Are recessions good for human capital accumulation? (NEGOTIATE working paper 5.1), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper is the first to investigate to what extent the high levels of joblessness brought by the Great Recession across Europe have translated into higher school attendance among youth. Using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the EU- SILC on 28 countries, we establish a robust counter-cyclical relationship between rising unemployment rates and school enrollment. The same is true for transitions back to education. However, our analysis by subgroups reveals a worrisome trend by which youths belonging to most disadvantaged backgrounds (measured by low household income) became less likely to enroll in University studies. The austerity measures and educational cutbacks imposed during the recession, not only changed the pattern of educational decisions among you" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ayllón, Sara & Natalia N. Ferreira-Batista (2016): The effects of the economic crisis on drug consumption of young individuals in Europe. Unemployment, drugs and attitudes among European youth. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.2), Oslo, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies changes in patterns of drugs consumption and attitudes to- wards drugs in relation to sky-high (youth) unemployment rates in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Our analysis is based on data for 28 European countries referred to young people between the ages of 15 and 24. We find that consumption of cannabis and of 'new substances' is positively related with increasing unemployment rates. For example, an increase of 1% in the regional unemployment rate is associated with an increase of nearly 0.7% of young people declaring to have consumed cannabis at any point in time. Our findings also indicate that higher unemployment rates can be associated with more young people perceiving that access to drugs became more difficult, particularly for ecstasy, cocaine and heroin. On the opposite, we do not find any link between changes in the unemployment rate and changes in perceived risk of drugs use. Finally, according to young Europeans, when the economy worsens, anti-drug policies should focus on the reduction of poverty and unemployment, and not on implementing tougher measures against users." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bacher, Johann & Dennis Tamesberger (2016): Soziale Exklusion von Jugendlichen in Österreich. Vorschlag für einen Index zur Messung der Ausgrenzungsgefährdung von Jugendlichen. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 71-90.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag versucht den Kritikpunkt der mangelnden Spezifität des NEET-Konzeptes zu überwinden, indem ein neuer Index zur Messung der Ausgrenzungsgefährdung von Jugendlichen vorgeschlagen wird. Dabei wird neben dem NEET-Status auch der frühe Schulabgang und die prekäre Beschäftigung von Jugendlichen berücksichtigt. Demnach sind rund 128.000 Jugendliche, in Österreich von sozialer Ausgrenzung betroffen. Dieser Indikator ist in der Lage zukünftige Arbeitslosigkeit oder einen NEET-Status vorherzusagen." (Autorenreferat, © ISW-Linz)

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Bäckman, Olof & Anders Nilsson (2016): Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult. Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 2, S. 136-157. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153699

Abstract

"In this article we analyse the development of young adults not in education, employment or training (NEET) in three complete Swedish birth cohorts born in 1975, 1980 and 1985. We analyse the risk for future labour-market exclusion among NEETs, and how this risk varies between three birth cohorts who made the transition from school to work during periods characterised by different opportunity structures for young adults. Analyses using propensity score matching with repeated outcomes show that belonging to the NEET-group in early adulthood has an independent effect on the development of subsequent labour-market risk for both men and women. Moreover, this effect increases across the cohorts. The fact that the degree of labour-market attachment has clear and long-lasting implications indicates that the problems associated with being NEET cannot be reduced to a transient phase. Rather, it seems as though being NEET may be both a step on an already unfavourable life career and a triggering factor for social exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cabasés Piqué, M. Àngels, Agnès Pardell Veà & Tanja Strecker (2016): The EU youth guarantee - a critical analysis of its implementation in Spain. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 19, H. 5, S. 684-704. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2015.1098777

Abstract

"The significant increase in youth unemployment in different parts of Europe caused by the economic crisis has led to the European Council Recommendation on Establishing a Youth Guarantee (2013). This Guarantee addresses the so-called 'NEET' (Not in Education, Employment, or Training) younger than 25 years of age and stipulates that employment, education or training shall be provided within a period of 4 months. As the initiative is relatively recent, in-depth analyses of its contents and implantation in the Member States are still missing. This paper analyses the European Recommendation and its implementation in Spain, evaluating its potential to improve the situation of the young people and society as a whole and its risks in provoking undesired side-effects. Our results question if the whole target group will be reached and highlight the measures' low potential to promote a real and durable change. Increasing precariousness and insecurity and the tendency to only redistribute existing labour make it conceivable that the Guarantee may contribute to converting precariousness into a new labour paradigm for the whole population. The insufficient and retroactive funding of the Youth Guarantee can provoke negative side-effects for other social policies and the country's development. We conclude with several recommendations on how to improve the Youth Guarantee and its implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Caliendo, Marco & Ricarda Schmidl (2016): Youth unemployment and active labor market policies in Europe. In: IZA journal of labor policy, Jg. 5, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1186/s40173-016-0057-x

Abstract

"Since the economic crisis in 2008, European youth unemployment rates have been persistently high at around 20% on average. The majority of European countries spends significant resources each year on active labor market programs (ALMP) with the aim of improving the integration prospects of struggling youths. Among the most common programs used are training courses, job search assistance and monitoring, subsidized employment, and public work programs. For policy makers, it is of upmost importance to know which of these programs work and which are able to achieve the intended goals - may it be the integration into the first labor market or further education. Based on a detailed assessment of the particularities of the youth labor market situation, we discuss the pros and cons of different ALMP types. We then provide a comprehensive survey of the recent evidence on the effectiveness of these ALMP for youth in Europe, highlighting factors that seem to promote or impede their effectiveness in practice. Overall, the findings with respect to employment outcomes are only partly promising. While job search assistance (with and without monitoring) results in overwhelmingly positive effects, we find more mixed effects for training and wage subsidies, whereas the effects for public work programs are clearly negative. The evidence on the impact of ALMP on furthering education participation as well as employment quality is scarce, requiring additional research and allowing only limited conclusions so far." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chevalier, Tom (2016): Varieties of youth welfare citizenship. Towards a two-dimension typology. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 3-19. DOI:10.1177/0958928715621710

Abstract

"How do welfare states deal with the period of the life course that is youth? In this article, we propose a two-dimension typology in order to account for cross-national variation in the access to financial independence of young people, that is, what we call 'youth welfare citizenship'. The first dimension addresses the issue of welfare support, and distinguishes between a familialization perspective, according to which young people are seen as children, and an individualization perspective, in which they are considered as adults. The second dimension relates to the integration into the labour market, which can either provide skills for every young person in an encompassing strategy, or deliver such skills only to a specific part of the youth population in a more selective strategy. It leads to four regimes of youth welfare citizenship, which we identify in the article: the denied citizenship, the monitored citizenship, the second-class citizenship and the enabling citizenship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cockx, Bart (2016): Do youths graduating in a recession incur permanent losses? Penalties may last ten years or more, especially for high-educated youth and in rigid labor markets. (IZA world of labor 281), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.281

Abstract

"The Great Recession that began in 2008 - 2009 dramatically increased youth unemployment. But did it have long-lasting, adverse effects on the careers of youths? Are cohorts that graduate during a recession doomed to fall permanently behind those that graduate at other times? Are the impacts different for low- and high-educated individuals? If recessions impose penalties that persist over time, then more government outlays are justified to stabilize economic activity. Scientific evidence from a variety of countries shows that rigid labor markets can reinforce the persistence of these setbacks, which has important policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cockx, Bart & Eva van Belle (2016): Waiting longer before claiming, and activating youth. No point? (CESifo working paper 6104), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"In Belgium school-leavers are entitled to unemployment benefits after a waiting period and eligible to intensified counselling and training in the Youth Work Plan (YWP) if a job is not found within three months. The length of the waiting period and eligibility to the YWP are sharply determined by two distinct age thresholds. These are exploited to estimate the impact of these policies on the transition rate to employment and on the quality of work. Both policies increase job finding only slightly and insignificantly. The accepted wage is unaffected, but the number of working days falls and, hence, also earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans (2016): Erwerbslosigkeit Jugendlicher in Europa im Jahr 2014. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Berichte 04/2016), Nürnberg, 6 S.

Abstract

"In dem Aktuellen Bericht werden die Entwicklung der Jugenderwerbslosigkeit in Europa sowie der altersspezifischen Unterschiede im Erwerbslosigkeitsrisiko und der Dauern der Erwerbslosigkeit dargestellt. Zudem wird das Risiko, erwerbslos zu werden und erwerbslos zu bleiben, betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans & Joachim Möller (2016): Youth unemployment in Europe - business cycle and institutional effects. In: International economics and economic policy, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 5-25., 2015-11-04. DOI:10.1007/s10368-015-0331-1

Abstract

"In the aftermath of the Great Recession 2008/2009 European youth unemployment rose sharply from below 4.2 m in 2007 to more than 5.6 m young people under 25 unemployed in the EU28 countries in 2013. The youth unemployment rate expanded from 15.5 in 2007 to 25.5 in 2013. Beyond the consequences for individuals youth unemployment as a mass phenomenon is potentially menacing the stability of democratic societies. Hence there are good reasons to fight youth unemployment by any means. The paper analyses the specific structure and causes of youth unemployment. Although youth unemployment is also influenced by individual factors like insufficient qualification, we show that country-specific factors - institutions, traditions and characteristic structures - are of high importance in explaining the huge disparities between European countries. Using panel data estimates with specific country and time fixed effects we show that especially the Mediterranean countries responded to the economic downturn in a specific way. However, the high correlation of changes in the youth and adult unemployment rates across countries points to the fact that not only structural factors but also business cycle effects are important for explaining the sharp increase in the youth unemployment rate in Europe. The rise in joblessness is in fact closely related to macroeconomic slackness. Therefore, we argue that a two-handed approach combining institutional improvements with growth stimulating measures is needed to overcome the problem." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dingeldey, Irene & Lisa Steinberg (2016): Strategies to improve labour market integration of young people. Analysing linkages between horizontal and vertical policy coordination. (NEGOTIATE working paper 8.1), Oslo, 25 S.

Abstract

"WP8 deals with the co-ordination of policy measures and strategies to strengthen young people's negotiating positions in the transition to the labour market. The focus is on the development and coordination of policy efforts within a system of multi-level governance. The template aims to address three issues by analysing the following questions: 1. Vertical and horizontal coordination of European policies to improve labour market integration of young people - Does coordination take place through 'hard' or 'soft' measures? - Which actors are involved in decision-making? - When does multi-level policy coordination to help labour market integration of young people work best?' 'Under what conditions are the development and coordination of such policies across multiple levels of governance likely to succeed?' 2. Impact of European initiatives, support and mutual learning on national and subnational policies/strategies - What impact did European programs like 'Youth Guarantee' and Youth initiative and 'Youth on the move' have at national and sub-national level? 3. Re-integration of national experiences in the European policy agenda - Which approaches, experiences and achievements of European countries have influenced European level initiatives? The template aims to provide a basis for country chapters on the implementation of European initiatives, a comparative report on strengths and weaknesses of policy coordination and policy outcomes in a MLG system as well as policy recommendations on how actors might improve coordination across governance levels. Empirical information of this working paper will be based on secondary country-based literature, official documents, existing national policy/program evaluations, and expert interviews with 4 - 5 key officials from agencies involved in the implementation of these programs in each country." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Egdell, Valerie & Ronald McQuaid (2016): Supporting disadvantaged young people into work. Insights from the capability approach. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1111/spol.12108

Abstract

"The Capability Approach (CA) offers a perspective on the employment activation of young people that is concerned with their freedom to make choices that they value rather than focusing solely on outcomes, such as having to take any job. It incorporates empowerment and the individual and external conversion factors that influence the conversion of resources into functionings for young people, such as getting a job that they value. This article considers the implications of using the CA as a lens for analyzing youth activation polices. A more capability informed approach to employment activation would not measure success solely by the transition into work, but rather by whether it has improved the young person's capabilities, and might focus, for example, on more sustainable and valued careers and develop individuals' freedom of choice in the labour market. Using data from two UK case studies of third sector organizations that support young people into work, it explores these issues empirically, including the extent to which these employment activation programmes, in their current form, can enhance the capabilities of beneficiaries. Conclusions on the implications of a CA for employment activation are made." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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García-Pérez, J. Ignacio, Ioana Marinescu & Judit Vall Castello (2016): Can fixed-term contracts put low skilled youth on a better career path? Evidence from Spain. (IZA discussion paper 9777), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"By reducing the commitment made by employers, fixed-term contracts can help low-skilled youth find a first job. However, the long-term impact of fixed-term contracts on these workers' careers may be negative. Using Spanish social security data, we analyze the impact of a large liberalization in the regulation of fixed-term contracts in 1984. Using a cohort regression discontinuity design, we find that the reform raised the likelihood of male high-school dropouts working before age 19 by 9%. However, in the longer run, the reform reduced number of days worked (by 4.5%) and earnings (by 9%)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gellermann, Jan F. C. (2016): "Schwierige Jugend". Zur Studie "Disconnected Youth" - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Berufe. In: Siegen: sozial H. 1, S. 36-39.

Abstract

"Seit 2014 führt das Zentrum für Planung und Evaluation Sozialer Dienste der Universität Siegen (ZPE) ein auf drei Jahre angelegtes Forschungsprojekt mit dem Titel 'Disconnected Youth - Entkopplungen beim Übergang von der Schule in Ausbildung und Beruf' durch. Auftraggeber ist die Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Ziel der laufenden Studie ist es, Sozialisationsprozesse und Biografieverläufe von Jugendlichen zu erfassen, denen der stabile Übergang in das Ausbildungssystem mittel- und langfristig nicht gelingt. Die Untersuchung wird an zwei vorgegebenen Standorten in Rheinland-Pfalz durchgeführt. Der Fokus dieser Studie liegt auf jenen Fällen, die von beteiligten Fachkräften als 'besonders schwierig' bezeichnet werden und davon bedroht sind, den Anschluss an den Ausbildungsmarkt im Zweifel dauerhaft zu verlieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Ghoshray, Atanu, Javier Ordóñez & Hector Sala (2016): Euro, crisis and unemployment. Youth patterns, youth policies? (IZA discussion paper 9952), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the occurrence of structural breaks in European unemployment associated with major events experienced by the European economies at an institutional level: the creation of the European and Monetary Union (EMU) in 1999, and the Euro/financial crisis in 2008-2009, which was followed by a general and intensive reform process in the years afterwards. Beyond the well documented asymmetries across countries, we uncover different responses of adult and youth unemployment rates. While adult unemployment is more prone to experience structural breaks, youth unemployment is more sensitive to business cycle oscillations. This has been especially so in the recent crisis and calls for fine tuning policy measures specifically targeted to youth unemployed in bad times. One important implication of our findings is that generic labour market reforms are not effective enough to solve the youth unemployment problem across Europe. We point to educational policies that raise average qualifications and help school-to-work transitions as suitable complementary cures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hall, Caroline, Kaisa Kotakorpi, Linus Liljeberg & Jukka Pirttilä (2016): Screening through activation. Differential effects of a youth activation programme. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2016,15), Uppsala, 62 S.

Abstract

"We study the anatomy of responses to a major activation programme targeted at unemployed youth, introduced in Sweden in 2007. We use a regression discontinuity design to analyse individual reactions to the programme. We find that individuals who have a relatively high predicted probability of finding a job respond to the threat of activation, whereas there is no significant effect for individuals in a weaker labour market position. This is consistent with activation programmes working as a screening device between those who are able to find work on their own vs. those who are not. In addition to examining traditional predictors of poor labour market outcomes (e.g. education and school dropout status), we find a strong concentration of health problems among individuals with poor labour market prospects. We use register data covering the entire Swedish population, including very detailed information on health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hoch, Carolin (2016): Straßenjugendliche in Deutschland - eine Erhebung zum Ausmaß des Phänomens. Zwischenbericht - zentrale Ergebnisse der 1. Projektphase. (Forschungsschwerpunkt "Übergänge im Jugendalter" am Deutschen Jugendinstitut e.V. Wissenschaftliche Texte), Halle, 59 S.

Abstract

"In Deutschland beginnen Straßenkarrieren von Jugendlichen im Durchschnitt im Alter von 16 Jahren. Rund 40 Prozent von ihnen sind Mädchen. Häufig fliehen die Jugendlichen wegen großer Probleme in ihrer Familie. Unterschlupf finden sie dann meist bei Freunden. Zu diesen Ergebnissen kommt eine neue Studie des Deutschen Jugendinstituts e.V., für die rund 300 Jugendliche in Berlin, Hamburg und Köln befragt wurden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hora, Ondrej, Markéta Horáková & Tomá¿ Sirovátka (2016): Institutional determinants of early job insecurity in nine European countries. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.4), Oslo, 69 S.

Abstract

"In the European labour market, young people have been disproportionally affected by job insecurity indicated by unemployment, inactivity, job precariousness and fragmented careers during and after the economic crisis of 2008. This may be crucial for their ability to maintain a living income and to live a decent life on their present and future life course. The increasing polarisation in the labour market may become a persistent structural feature in the conditions of the changing employment structures and flexibilization of labour. This challenge was recognised at the EU level when Youth Opportunities Initiative (2011), Youth Employment Package (2012) and Youth Guarantee (2013) were launched and underpinned with financing from ESF schemes. The European countries, however, have experienced very different impacts of the crisis on their labour markets (Karamessini et al. 2016). Similarly, the initial responses in active labour market policies (ALMPs) to the crisis also diverged considerably (Clasen et al 2012). The question arises about the longer-term adaptations of labour market policy and other policies to the challenge of increasing early job insecurity and the associated structural changes in the labour market.
The aim of this paper is to assess in nine national contexts how recent reforms in labour market institutions and policies and the skill formation systems may have affected the incidence of early job insecurity and the patterns of labour market entry/integration of young women and men. Job insecurity as understood here includes two dimensions: (a) insecurity of maintaining the current job, (b) insecurity of getting another job in the future, that is, job insecurity and employment insecurity (compare Chung and van Oorschot 2011)." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hutchinson, Jo, Vanessa Beck & Tristram Hooley (2016): Delivering NEET policy packages? A decade of NEET policy in England. In: Journal of education and work, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 707-727. DOI:10.1080/13639080.2015.1051519

Abstract

"This article explores the way in which government policy shapes the lives of young people who are not in education, employment or training (NEET). In particular it examines how the concept of NEETs is set within a specific infrastructure and discourse for managing and supporting young people. The article provides a brief history of the NEET concept and NEET initiatives, before moving on to scrutinise the policies of the Coalition Government. A key distinction is made between those policies and practices that seek to prevent young people becoming NEET from those that seek to re-engage those who are NEET. It is argued that the Coalition has drawn on a similar active labour market toolkit to the previous Labour administration, but that this has been implemented with fewer resources and less co-ordination. It concludes that there is little reason to believe that Coalition policy will be any more successful than that of the previous government, and some reason to be concerned that it will lead to young people becoming more entrenched within NEET." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hyggen, Christer, Christian Imdorf, Dimitris Parsanaglou, Stefan Sacchi, Robin Samuel, Rumiana Stoilova, Lulu P. Shi, Aggeliki Yfanti & Gabriela Yordanova (2016): Understanding unemployment scars. A vignette Experiment of employers' decisions in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. (NEGOTIATE working paper 7.2), Oslo, 63 S.

Abstract

"In an effort to broaden the understanding of how early job insecurity can affect an individual's future career from an employer's perspective NEGOTIATE conducted an employer-sided survey with an integrated multidimensional vignette experiment in Bulgaria, Greece, Norway and Switzerland. This report documents the sampling and data-collection in the four countries. In addition we present some basic descriptive results from the survey. Data from the survey will be available for public use, following a quarantine period after the end of the project, through the data repository at the Norwegian Centre for Research Data (NSD).
Theoretical considerations underpinning the survey, state of research and a further description of the methodological approach is previously published in the NEGOTIATE Working paper D7.1 Studying employer's risk assessment and the role of institutions: An experimental design (Shi, L.P, C. Imdorf and R. Samuel 2016)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Karamessini, Maria, Maria Symeonaki, Glykeria Stamatopoulou & Antonis Papazachariou (2016): The careers of young people in Europe during the economic crisis *. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.2), Oslo, 93 S.

Abstract

"In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of young people's careers in Europe and the identification of the risk factors influencing them. The study of transitions between labour market states and the measurement of the school-to-work transition probabilities has become of utmost importance, since young people's pathways from school to sustained work have become rough and unpredictable. The probability of someone who has concluded full-time education to move successfully into full-time occupation seems to decrease, while, on the other hand, the probability of engaging into a part-time or temporary job increases. Emphasis should therefore be given to the estimation of different indicators that can be used in order to capture the extent and forms of job insecurity. Several methodological approaches are proposed in the present study, taking advantage of existing data sources, cross-sectional and longitudinal, so as to provide a full picture of early job insecurity in all European countries and its relation to a number of socio-demographic variables that might be influencing its magnitude. The results uncover that there are important differences between countries, when all estimated early job insecurity indicators are taken into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kis, Viktória (2016): Work-based learning for youth at risk. Getting employers on board. (OECD education working papers 150), Paris, 44 S. DOI:10.1787/5e122a91-en

Abstract

"Work-based learning can provide a bridge into careers and its potential benefits are particularly noticeable for youth at risk - those most likely to face difficulties in accessing jobs and learning opportunities. If this potential is to be fully realised, work-based learning programmes must be attractive to employers. Achieving this requires a closer look at the costs and benefits for employers when they offer work-based learning. This paper looks at tools designed to help get employers on board for work-based learning, with an emphasis on work-based learning for youth at risk. International experience suggests that financial incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks are not the answer. Attention should be focussed instead on non-financial measures that improve the cost-benefit balance of apprenticeship to employers. These include adjusting key parameters of apprenticeship schemes, better preparing youth at risk for apprenticeship and providing support (e.g. remedial courses, mentoring) to youth at risk during apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marconi, Gabriele, Miroslav Beblavý & Ilaria Maselli (2016): Age effects in Okun's law with different indicators of unemployment. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 23, H. 8, S. 580-583. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2015.1090540

Abstract

"We reassess the results from the literature on the relationship between the youth unemployment rate and GDP growth (Okun's law), based on the concern that the unemployment rate is not an ideal indicator for teenagers and young adults. Using the unemployment ratio instead, we find that youth unemployment (15 - 24 years old) is not significantly more responsive to economic growth than prime-age (25 - 64) unemployment. However, compared to prime-age unemployment, teenagers' unemployment (15 - 19) is relatively unresponsive, whereas young adult's (20 - 24) unemployment is more strongly correlated with economic growth. These results are quite different than those obtained with the unemployment rate as the dependent variable." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano & Stefanie Ledermaier (2016): Engaging the 'missing middle'. Status quo, trends and good practice. Dublin, 14 S.

Abstract

"Youth unemployment policy has tended to focus on two groups: young people with low educational attainment and those with higher education who have failed to find work. However, there is a large group of middle attainers who tend to be overlooked by policy - young people who have completed second-level education but do not follow academic routes into higher education. These are the 'missing middle', who may be confronted with a range of challenges when trying to find alternative ways into employment, further education or training. This paper describes the middle attainers and looks at recent trends in policy from different EU countries aimed at engaging this group." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano & Stefanie Ledermaier (2016): Exploring the diversity of NEETs. Dublin, 63 S. DOI:10.2806/62307

Abstract

"The concept of NEET (young people not in employment, education or training) has, since 2010, been widely used as a tool to inform youth-oriented policies in the 28 Member States of the European Union. While it has been a valuable addition to more traditional indicators used to understand the economic and social vulnerability of young people and their labour market participation, it has often been criticised because of the heterogeneity of the population it captures. This report explores the diversity of NEETs and suggests seven subgroups into which the NEET population can be disaggregated using data routinely collected for the EU Labour Force Survey. Through analysis of the data for each of these subgroups, it offers a contemporary overview of the composition of the NEET population, both at EU28 level and in each Member State. It is hoped this information will help policymakers more precisely target interventions intended to ease young people's engagement with the world of work and training. An executive summary is available - see Related content - and a separate annex presents detailed information on the composition of NEETs in the 28 Member States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mol, Christof Van (2016): Migration aspirations of European youth in times of crisis. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 19, H. 10, S. 1303-1320. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2016.1166192

Abstract

"In recent years, the European Union (EU) passed through a significant economic crisis. All across Europe, European young people are among the groups which are hit hardest, with youth unemployment rates rising to over 50% in member states such as Greece and Spain. In the classical migration literature, it is suggested that such unfavourable economic climate would make people more likely to move abroad. Whereas in press releases we are regularly confronted with stories about South European young adults with tertiary education working in bars in Northern European cities, limited empirical evidence exists as such on the relationship between the recent Euro-crisis and migration aspirations. This paper addresses this gap in the academic literature. Using data from Flash Eurobarometer 395, I investigate which micro- and macro-level characteristics influence migration aspirations of young people across the member states of the EU. The results reveal the importance of individual characteristics and feelings of discontent with the current climate in explaining migration aspirations. Furthermore, I detect a negative relationship of relative welfare levels with migration aspirations, and a positive relationship of the youth unemployment ratio. Together, the results suggest that potential young intra-EU movers are positively selected from the population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Müller, Steffen & Renate Neubäumer (2016): Size of training firms and cumulated long-run unemployment exposure. The role of firms, luck, and ability in young workers' careers. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2016,05), Halle, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes how life-cycle unemployment of former apprentices depends on the size of the training firm. We start from the hypotheses that the size of training firms reduces long-run cumulated unemployment exposure, e.g. via differences in training quality and in the availability of internal labor markets, and that the access to large training firms depends positively on young workers' ability and their luck to live in a region with many large and medium-sized training firms. We test these hypotheses empirically by using a large administrative data set for Germany and find corroborative evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Papadopoulos, Orestis (2016): Economic crisis and youth unemployment. Comparing Greece and Ireland. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 409-426. DOI:10.1177/0959680116632326

Abstract

"Both Greece and Ireland have long suffered high youth unemployment rates and have been pressured to restructure their employment and social systems under the European Employment Strategy. Problems were aggravated by the harsh conditions imposed by the Troika following bail-outs. Yet there was significant divergence in youth employment outcomes between Greece and Ireland despite a convergence of policies. In Ireland, tighter conditionality of benefits and stronger 'activation' were already on the agenda of the social actors, so their implementation was not forcefully contested. In Greece, the lack of effective social protection made it difficult for successive governments to build support for flexibilization, and the escalating insecurity of young Greeks and their families gave rise to social unrest and political instability. This contrast leads to a reappraisal of the convergence - divergence debate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Riso, Sara (2016): Start-up support for young people in the EU. From implementation to evaluation. Dublin, 76 S. DOI:10.2806/075998

Abstract

"Against a background of high youth unemployment, policymakers are paying more attention to encouraging young people to start their own businesses as a means of easing their entry into the labour market. As part of the Youth Guarantee, launched in 2013, several Member States have introduced start-up support measures for young job-seekers. However, these measures vary considerably in terms of their content, delivery and aims. This report provides an overview of the current start-up support measures targeted at young people, as well as other more general measures that have relevance for them. It also reviews evaluations of the impact of selected start-up support measures. In doing so, it highlights some of the key methodological issues and limitations of the evaluation exercise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schels, Brigitte (2016): NEET und sozial benachteiligte junge Menschen im Übergang in das Erwerbsleben. Konzepte, Befunde, Diskussionen. In: A. Lange, H. Reiter, S. Schutter & C. Steiner (Hrsg.) (2016): Handbuch Kindheits- und Jugendsoziologie, S. 241-252. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-05676-6_14-1

Abstract

"Das Akronym NEET ('not in employment, education, or training') steht in der europäischen Sozialberichterstattung und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Diskussion für eine Gruppe von sozial benachteiligten jungen Menschen mit besonderem Förderbedarf. Im Folgenden wird die Begriffsgenese skizziert und Zahlen zu NEETs in Europa vorgestellt. Weiter wird die Aussagekraft der Kategorie NEET, die junge Menschen in heterogenen Lebenslagen zusammenfasst, beleuchtet. Abschließend wird auf den Forschungsstand zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren, Konsequenzen und Perspektiven von NEET-Jugendlichen geblickt und kritisch diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2016): Society at a glance 2016. OECD social indicators. (Society at a glance 08), Paris, 135 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264261488-en

Abstract

"Society at a Glance 2016' bietet einen Überblick über die aktuellen soziale Trends in den 35 OECD- sowie ausgewählten Partnerländern, darunter Brasilien, Russland, China und Indien.
Im Mittelpunkt stehen diesmal vor allem Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene ohne Schulabschluss oder Berufsausbildung. Darüber hinaus wurden alle bisherigen Indikatoren aktualisiert und ergänzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

Die Arbeitsunterlage der Kommissionsdienststellen ergänzt die Mitteilung der Europäischen Kommission, in der sie die wichtigsten Erfolge bei der Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie und der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative - YEI) seit dem Start 2013 (bis zum Stand: Juni 2016) darstellt und Schlussfolgerungen für die Verbesserung der Maßnahmen der EU und der Mitgliedstaaten zur Umsetzung nationaler Jugendgarantie-Programme zieht. Sie versteht sich als Hilfsmittel für die Akteure in den Ländern zur Fortsetzung der nationalen Umsetzung des Programms und stellt Praxisbeispiele für signifikante Reformschritte und gelungene Maßnahmen aus den Mitgliedstaaten vor und benennt - wo möglich - identifizierbare Erfolgsfaktoren. Ebenso dient die Arbeitsunterlage als Referenzdokument, das auf zahlreiche Untersuchungen, Berichte und Statistiken weiterer nationaler wie gemeinschaftlicher Ressourcen verweist. Die Berichte basieren auf Daten aus der laufenden Beobachtung des Beschäftigungsausschusses (Employment Committee - EMCO) aus den Jahren 2014 und 2015 unter einem gemeinsamen Indikatorenrahmen und den Kernaussagen der Tagung des Rats für 'Beschäftigung, Sozialpolitik, Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz' am 7. März 2016 sowie auf der Auswertung von Antworten aus den Mitgliedstaaten im Rahmen des Sozialen Dialogs und Beratungen mit Jugendlichen auf dem Europäischen Jugend-Event (European Youth Event - EYE) vom 20.-21. Mai 2016 am Sitz des Europäischen Parlaments in Straßburg und schließlich auch auf einem Bericht des Europäischen Beschäftigungsobservatoriums (EEPO) zur Umsetzung der Jugendgarantie. (IAB)

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2016): Investing in youth: Sweden. (Investing in youth 06), Paris, 202 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264267701-en

Abstract

"This report is part of the series on 'Investing in Youth' which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. This series covers both OECD countries and countries in the process of accession to the OECD, as well as some emerging economies. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of youth policies in the area of education, training, social and employment policies. Its main focus is on disadvantaged youth including those at risk of disengaging.
Chapter 1. Labour market and educational outcomes of youth in Sweden
Chapter 2. Characteristics of youth not in employment, education or training (NEETs) in Sweden
Chapter 3. Benefits receipt and youth poverty in Sweden
Chapter 4. Raising school completion rates and providing high-quality professional training in Sweden
Chapter 5. Guaranteeing employment or training options for NEETs in Sweden" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2016): Leaving education early: Putting vocational education and training centre stage. Volume I, Investigating causes and extent. (CEDEFOP research paper 57), Thessaloniki, 136 S. DOI:10.2801/893397

Abstract

"This Cedefop study examines the contribution that vocational education and training (VET) can make to reducing early leaving from education and training (ELET). Published in two volumes, this first looks at quantitative data to understand better the extent of early leaving from VET (ELVET). It analyses mechanisms for monitoring early leaving (at national and EU-levels), and examines VET and labour-market-specific factors, as well as those related to the individual and his/her family background, contributing to this phenomenon. It aims to assist national policy-makers and decision-makers at different levels in developing existing monitoring systems to measure ELVET and inform VET policies to tackle ELET. It also aims to assist European stakeholders to refine the EU indicator to capture the important variations in individual situations of early leavers. The second volume reviews VET-related measures to tackle ELET, either by preventing learners dropping out and/or by bringing those who have already left back to education and training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2016): Leaving education early: Putting vocational education and training centre stage. Volume II, Evaluating policy impact. (CEDEFOP research paper 58), Thessaloniki, 149 S. DOI:10.2801/967263

Abstract

"This Cedefop study focuses on the contribution that vocational education and training (VET) can make to reducing early leaving from education and training (ELET). Published in two volumes, the first is dedicated to understanding better the learning pathways of young students, providing measurements of early leaving in VET, and understanding the role of VET in breaking the vicious cycle of early leaving and unemployment. This second volume reviews VET-related measures to tackle ELET, either by preventing learners dropping out and/or by bringing those who have already left back to education and training. This volume identifies and discusses the key features of successful policies and practices, plus the conditions necessary to evaluate and upscale successful regional and local practices to national strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Seit 2013 verfolgen die Union und ihre Mitgliedstaaten eine ehrgeizige Strategie zur Reduzierung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Auf Vorschlag der Kommission haben alle Mitgliedstaaten der Einführung einer Jugendgarantie zugestimmt. Dabei handelt es sich um die politische Zusage - in Form einer Empfehlung des Rates vom April 2013 - , sicherzustellen, dass allen jungen Menschen innerhalb von vier Monaten, nachdem sie arbeitslos werden oder die Schule verlassen, eine hochwertige Arbeitsstelle oder Weiterbildungsmaßnahme oder ein hochwertiger Ausbildungs- bzw. Praktikumsplatz angeboten wird. Die Einführung der Jugendgarantie ging mit politischen Leitlinien und finanzieller Unterstützung auf EU-Ebene einher, insbesondere in Form der Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (Youth Employment Initiative, YEI). Drei Jahre nach Einführung der Jugendgarantie gibt es in der EU 1,4 Millionen weniger arbeitslose Jugendliche.
Zusätzlich bietet die Beschäftigungsinitiative für junge Menschen (YEI) mit finanziellen Ausgangsmitteln in Höhe von 6,4 Mrd. EUR erstmalig eine gezielte Unterstützung für junge NEETs in Regionen, die mit Jugendarbeitslosigkeitsquoten von über 25 % zu kämpfen haben." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Ayllón Gatnau, Sara & Xavier Ramos (2015): Permanent and transitory earnings inequality of young people in Europe *. (NEGOTIATE working paper 4.1), Oslo, 35 S.

Abstract

"We provide new evidence on earnings volatility and labour market volatility, which also includes flows into and out of employment, of young workers across Europe over the Great Recession, and examine the institutional factors that may shape both earnings and labour market volatility. Using EU-SILC data, we document large disparities in volatility levels and trends of youth across European countries, which makes it difficult to group countries with similar volatility trends into meaningful clusters. Trends do not differ by gender, age, or education. As expected, the Great Recession increases volatility for Europe's youth, offsetting the falling trend observed over the last years of economic prosperity. Larger unemployment benefits and more stringent employment protection legislation are related to lower earnings and labour market volatility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bachinger, Karin, Andrea Dorr & Eva Heckl (2015): Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Schweiz. Good-Practice-Beispiele an der Schnittstelle "Schule - Beruf". (AMS report 110), Wien, 72 S.

Abstract

"Die Erfahrungen anderer Länder sind von Bedeutung, um das Förderinstrumentarium des Arbeitsmarktservice in Österreich laufend zu optimieren und den wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen anzupassen. Dabei kommt in erster Linie jenen Ländern eine besondere Bedeutung zu, die ähnliche Rahmenbedingungen am Arbeitsmarkt aufweisen. Während meistens der Blick auf Deutschland fällt, wird in dieser Studie die Schweiz genauer unter die Lupe genommen. Dieses Nachbarland zeichnet sich durch eine niedrige Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und ein umfangreiches Angebot an Maßnahmen für verschiedene arbeitsmarktpolitisch relevante Zielgruppen aus. Im Fokus dieser von der KMU Forschung Austria im Auftrag der Abteilung Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich im Jahr 2014 erstellten Untersuchung stehen Maßnahmen für Jugendliche mit sozialen Benachteiligungen (z. B. Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund, ohne Pflichtschulabschluss) am Übergang 'Schule und Beruf'." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Beck, Vanessa (2015): Learning providers' work with NEET young people. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 67, H. 4, S. 482-496. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2015.1086412

Abstract

"This article investigates the impact of the relationship between learning providers and young people who have experienced not being in Education, Employment or Training (NEET) on the latters' agency development. Agency is defined as not only bounded but generated by intra-action with relations of force, including learning providers themselves. Providers facilitate the development of individual agency in the form of self-esteem and motivation. However, they also support activation into the labour market and, in doing so, add barriers and challenges to established institutional structures and personal boundaries. Emotional labour strategies utilised by learning providers reveal the potentially negative impact of their values, backgrounds and experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bell, David N. F. & David G. Blanchflower (2015): Youth unemployment in Greece. Measuring the challenge. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-25. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-4-1

Abstract

"A historically high level of youth unemployment presents Greece with a huge social and economic challenge. This paper analyses various dimensions of this challenge. We argue that though the conventional definition of 'youth' is the 16-24 age group, there is a strong case for considering 25 to 29-year-olds as sharing common problems with conventionally defined youth. There are also grounds for examining why females seem to fare worse than males in the Greek labour market. The negative effects of the recession on Greek well-being have affected all age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berg, Gerard J. van den, Antoine Bozio & Mónica Costa Dias (2015): Policy discontinuity and duration outcomes. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,10), Uppsala, 55 S.

Abstract

"Causal effects of a policy change on hazard rates of a duration outcome variable are not identified from a comparison of spells before and after the policy change, if there is unobserved heterogeneity in the effects and no model structure is imposed. We develop a discontinuity approach that overcomes this by considering spells that include the moment of the policy change and by exploiting variation in the moment at which different cohorts are exposed to the policy change. We prove identification of average treatment effects on hazard rates without model structure. We estimate these effects by kernel hazard regression. We use the introduction of the NDYP program for young unemployed individuals in the UK to estimate average program participation effects on the exit rate to work as well as anticipation effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berger, Florian, Larissa Talmon-Gros & Thomas Teichler (2015): Entwicklung eines ganzheitlichen Handlungskonzepts zur Steigerung der Mobilität ausbildungssuchender Jugendlicher innerhalb Deutschlands. Schlussbericht. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Energie. Frankfurt am Main, 63 S.

Abstract

"Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden insbesondere folgende Fragen analysiert: Welche fördernden und hemmenden Faktoren gibt es für die Mobilität und Flexibilität ausbildungssuchender Jugendlicher? Wie bzw. mit welchen Maßnahmen nehmen Akteure bereits heute Einfluss auf Mobilitätsentscheidungen sowie auf die Flexibilität von Ausbildungssuchenden? Welche Akteure sind das? Welche zusätzlichen Maßnahmen sind sinnvoll? Wie muss ein praktikabler, ansprechender und wirksamer Ansatz gestaltet sein? Auf Basis der Antworten auf diese Frage wird ein Handlungskonzept entworfen, das für verschiedene Akteure (Staat, Unternehmen, Regionen) Hinweise gibt, wie die verschiedenen regionalen oder branchenspezifischen Herausforderungen adressiert werden können." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Borlagdan, Joseph (2015): Inequality and 21-year-olds' negotiation of uncertain transitions to employment. A Bourdieusian approach. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 18, H. 7, S. 839-854. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2014.992327

Abstract

"Faced with uncertainty, how do young people navigate the transition from school to work? Applying Bourdieu's concept of habitus to the 'fields' of education and employment, I argue that past experience, family background and unequal access to economic, social and symbolic forms of capital differentiate their transitions. Drawing on the tenth wave of the Australian longitudinal Life Chances Study, we found that all of the twenty-five 21-year-olds interviewed expressed uncertainty when discussing their futures. However, those from high-income backgrounds with access to strong social, economic and cultural resources were better able to manage the risks arising from uncertainty than their counterparts from low-income backgrounds. The following article seeks to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of young people's experiences at age 21 through the application of Bourdieu's conceptual framework. The interviewees' habitus and cultivation of varying forms of capital tend towards social reproduction, yet also reveal opportunities for those considered 'disadvantaged' to mobilise their cultural resources. Bourdieu's model of the field, and its component conceptual tools, provide an explanatory frame to make sense of the seemingly incoherent paths that young people trace between education and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bäckman, Olof, Vibeke Jakobsen, Thomas Lorentzen, Eva Österbacka & Espen Dahl (2015): Early school leaving in Scandinavia. Extent and labour market effects. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 253-269. DOI:10.1177/0958928715588702

Abstract

"The article explores the extent to which the organization of vocational tracks in upper secondary school affects the labour market risks associated with early school exit. The Nordic countries share many features, but the upper secondary school systems differ significantly in how their vocational tracks are organized. Denmark and Norway have dual vocational tracks, that is, they combine school-based education and workplace apprenticeships, whereas in Finland and Sweden they are primarily school based. We analyse administrative longitudinal data from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s in the four countries and find the highest vocational track dropout rates in Norway and the lowest in Finland. The results indicate that the relative labour market effect of dropping out from a vocational track is most detrimental in Norway. It is also in Norway that we find the greatest gender differences in this respect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Böwing-Schmalenbrock, Melanie, Ralf Kuhnke, Matthias Müller & Birgit Reißig (2015): 2. Förderphase des Bundesprogramms "XENOS - Integration und Vielfalt". Abschlussbericht der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung. München, 148 S.

Abstract

"Das XENOS-Programm 'Integration und Vielfalt' (XENOS II) will die Integration von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen in den Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsmarkt und damit auch die Integration in die Gesellschaft verbessern. Es richtet sich nicht nur auf individuelle Beschäftigungsförderung und die Verbesserung des Zugangs zu Ausbildung und Arbeit, sondern auch auf die Stärkung interkultureller Kompetenzen. Ziel der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung ist die prozessbegleitende Programmevaluation. In diesem Rahmen wurden sämtliche Projekte und in ausgewählten Stichproben Adressatengruppen einiger Projekte befragt. Mit diesem Forschungsansatz konnten Erkenntnisse zur Projektumsetzung, zu hinderlichen und förderlichen Bedingungen, zu möglichen Problementwicklungen und Bewältigungsstrategien und zur Zielerreichung sowie Projektverstetigung gewonnen werden. In dem hier vorliegenden Abschlussbericht werden die gewonnenen und ausgewerteten Daten aller Erhebungen vorgestellt, zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt und daraus Erkenntnisse abgeleitet. Diese werden an den Programmzielen gemessen und bewertet und zu Handlungsempfehlungen verdichtet, um zukünftigen Programmumsetzungen zu dienen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Chen, Xuan, Carlos A. Flores & Alfonso Flores-Lagunes (2015): Going beyond LATE. Bounding average treatment effects of job corps training. (IZA discussion paper 9511), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"We derive nonparametric sharp bounds on average treatment effects with an instrumental variable (IV) and use them to evaluate the effectiveness of the Job Corps (JC) training program for disadvantaged youth. We concentrate on the population average treatment effect (ATE) and the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), which are parameters not point identified with an IV under heterogeneous treatment effects. The main assumptions employed to bound the ATE and ATT are monotonicity in the treatment of the average outcomes of specified subpopulations, and mean dominance assumptions across the potential outcomes of these subpopulations. Importantly, the direction of the mean dominance assumptions can be informed from data, and some of our bounds do not require an outcome with bounded support. We employ these bounds to assess the effectiveness of the JC program using data from a randomized social experiment with non-compliance (a common feature of social experiments). Our empirical results indicate that the effect of JC on eligible applicants (the target population) four years after randomization is to increase weekly earnings and employment by at least $24.61 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively, and to decrease yearly dependence on public welfare benefits by at least $84.29. Furthermore, the effect of JC on participants (the treated population) is to increase weekly earnings by between $28.67 and $43.47, increase employment by between 4.9 and 9.3 percentage points, and decrease public benefits received by between $108.72 and $140.29. Our results also point to positive average effects of JC on the labor market outcomes of those individuals who decide not to enroll in JC regardless of their treatment assignment (the so-called never takers), suggesting that these individuals would indeed benefit from participating in JC." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit aus einer europäischen Perspektive. Theoretische Ansätze, empirische Konzepte und ausgewählte Befunde. (IAB-Discussion Paper 24/2015), Nürnberg, 31 S.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag führt in die Thematik von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ein, diskutiert zentrale theoretische sowie verwandte empirische Ansätze (social exclusion, NEET - Not in Education, Employment or Training), stellt die vorherrschenden Verfahren zur Messung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und darauf bezogene Kennziffern vor und berichtet über ausgewählte empirische Befunde. Weiterhin werden mögliche individuelle Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit aus einer europäischen Perspektive. In: M. Klebl & S. Popescu-Willigmann (Hrsg.) (2015): Handbuch Bildungsplanung : Ziele und Inhalte beruflicher Bildung auf unterrichtlicher, organisationaler und politischer Ebene, S. 555-586, 2015-06-13.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag führt in die Thematik Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Abgrenzung zu alternativen Konzepten wie sozialer Exklusion oder NEET sowie unter Rückgriff auf zentrale theoretische Ansätze ein, stellt die vorherrschenden Verfahren zur Messung von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit und darauf bezogene Kennziffern vor und berichtet ausgewählte aktuelle empirische Befunde. Weiterhin werden individuelle Folgen von Jugendarbeitslosigkeit kritisch diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa: Auf der Suche nach der richtigen Zahl? In: IAB-Forum H. 2, S. 32-37., 2015-12-01. DOI:10.3278/IFO1502W032

Abstract

"Während die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland zurückgeht, ist sie seit 2008 insbesondere in Südeuropa stark gestiegen. Allerdings wird deren faktisches Ausmaß in der öffentlichen Diskussion überschätzt, wenn als Indikator die 'Erwerbslosenquote' betrachtet wird. Insbesondere im internationalen Vergleich ist es hilfreich, alternative Messkonzepte zu berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dingeldey, Irene, Bjørn Hvinden, Christer Hyggen, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Mi Ah Schøyen (2015): Understanding the consequences of early job insecurity and labour market exclusion. The interaction of structural conditions, institutions, active agency and capability. (NEGOTIATE working paper 2.1), Oslo, 43 S.

Abstract

"This document is the first deliverable from Work Package 2 of the NEGOTIATE project, 'Early job insecurity and youth unemployment as a theoretical and societal challenge'. The Work Package's first objective is to develop 'an original analytical framework for a comparative assessment of the individual and societal consequences of job insecurity early in a career. The analytical framework integrates concepts such as negotiation, agency, capability, empowerment, social resilience, embedded employability, networks, transition regimes, welfare state regimes and multi-level governance. A key interest is how to conceptualise the interactions between the young adults' agency and structurally given constraints and opportunities, (e.g. how they perceive and use their scope for action through networks and active agency, even in seemingly adverse circumstances) and in what sense young adults' find ways of negotiating the challenges of prolonged unemployment and job insecurity.' (DoA, Annex 1, Part A, p. 16). NEGOTIATE's core question is how young people's scope for agency interacts with different layers of structural conditions in a multi-level governance system.
As means to answering this question, the deliverable will review and summarise relevant theoretical literature on key concepts and assess how they contribute to an understanding of the consequences of early job insecurity for young people. A particular interest is the extent to which young women and men are able to negotiate these conditions and avoid the most adverse consequences of such insecurity. We will be particularly attentive to mechanisms of gendered labour market outcomes and patterns of market marginalisation of young people.
The practical goal of presenting the analytical framework and undertaking a conceptual clarification is to provide a common basis for the empirical work of NEGOTIATE (cf. Work Packages 3-8), as well as a conceptual base for the final synthesis of results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dombrowski, Rosine (2015): Berufswünsche benachteiligter Jugendlicher. Die Konkretisierung der Berufsorientierung gegen Ende der Vollzeitschulpflicht. (Berichte zur beruflichen Bildung), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 261 S.

Abstract

"Die Determinanten der Berufswünsche von benachteiligten Jugendlichen sind bisher wenig erforscht. Welchen Einfluss haben Erwartungen, berufliche Motive, familiäre Ressourcen und schulische Unterstützungsstrukturen? In ihrer empirischen Studie analysiert die Autorin mit Daten des nationalen Bildungspanels die Berufswünsche von Jugendlichen, die die Schule voraussichtlich mit Hauptschulabschluss oder ohne Schulabschluss verlassen werden. Die Dissertation liefert Erkenntnisse über Verlaufsmuster von Berufsfindungsprozessen, bringt neue Befunde über die Berufswünsche benachteiligter Jugendlicher ans Licht und markiert weiteren Forschungsbedarf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner & Ulf Rinne (2015): Promoting youth employment through activation strategies. (IZA research report 65), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"The working paper provides an overview of the main features of youth activation strategies around the world. It covers strategies implemented in 33 selected countries from different regions with a view to contributing to the discussion on the emerging approach of activation strategies as a tool to tackle the youth employment challenge. It provides an overview of the main features of these strategies and attempts to conduct a preliminary assessment of what works and what does not in their implementation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Florian Wozny & Michael Cox (2015): Policy performance and evaluation: Germany. (IZA research report 66), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

Der Beitrag beginnt mit einer Darstellung der Struktur des deutschen Bildungssystems, seiner Institutionen, der Hierarchie der Zuständigkeiten und der Akteure auf dem Feld der Bildungspolitik - des Schulsystems, der tertiären Bildung und vor allem der beruflichen Bildung (duales System). Im nächsten Schritt werden die aktive bzw. aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik, die Anspruchsvoraussetzungen für den Leistungsbezug, der Kündigungsschutz und neuere politische Innovationen auf den Politikfeldern Bildung, Arbeitsmarktpolitik, Mindestlohn beschrieben. Ein letzter Blick gilt den unterschiedlichen Förderungsmöglichkeiten für (arbeitslose) Jugendliche und deren Subgruppen und den Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der im europäischen Vergleich deutlich niedrigeren Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. (IAB)

Zitatform

Ghirelli, Corinna (2015): Scars of early non-employment for low educated youth. Evidence and policy lessons from Belgium. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1186/s40174-015-0042-1

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether the early experience of non-employment has a causal impact on workers' subsequent career. The analysis is based on a sample of low educated youth graduating between 1994 and 2002 in Flanders (Belgium). To correct for selective incidence of non-employment, we instrument early non-employment by the provincial unemployment rate at graduation. Since the instrument is clustered at the province-graduation year level and the number of clusters is small, inference is based on wild bootstrap methods. We find that one percentage point increase in the proportion of time spent in non-employment during the first two and a half years of the career decreases annual earnings from salaried employment six years after graduation by 10% and annual hours worked by 7% (unconditional effects). Thus, any policy that prevents unemployment in the first place will be beneficial. In addition, curative policies at the micro level may be required, depending on the actual cause of the scar." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Graham, John R., Micheal L. Shier & Marilyn Eisenstat (2015): Young adult social networks and labour market attachment. Interpersonal dynamics that shape perspectives on job attainment. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 769-786. DOI:10.1017/S0047279415000276

Abstract

"Following a qualitative study design with young adults (aged seventeen to twenty-nine) of a racialised minority status (n = 36) in a low-income community in Toronto, Canada, we found that social relationships and dynamics greatly influenced perspectives towards labour market success. Respondents identified that interpersonal relationships with employers, family members and neighbourhood/community members influenced their perseverance and motivation for upward social mobility through securing and maintaining employment. The findings highlight the fundamental relationship between perceptions of upward social mobility and individual social capital. In particular, the wide array of social networks that can influence the perspectives of racial minority young adults - both positively and negatively. The findings extend contemporary discussions about the relationship between social capital and career aspirations among racial minority young adults, to include a spectrum of interrelated social networks that collectively aid in improving personal development. While contemporary discussions focus on the utility of informal knowledge sharing about career development and post-secondary attainment, the findings here demonstrate the importance of policy and programme solutions that support the mobilisation of a wider array of embedded social resources, within the social networks of racial minority young adults, that help support positive perceptions towards upward social mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grünert, Holle & Christina Buchwald (2015): Unterstützungsangebot für junge Langzeitarbeitslose auf dem Weg in den ersten Arbeitsmarkt. Erfahrungen aus einem Integrationsprojekt in Dresden und Meißen. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 42-45.

Abstract

"Die Lage am Arbeitsmarkt hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren positiv entwickelt, die Nachfrage nach qualifizierten Fachkräften ist gestiegen, die Zahl der Arbeitslosen gesunken. Allerdings profitieren nicht alle Personengruppen gleichermaßen vom Aufschwung am Arbeitsmarkt. Vor allem unter den Arbeitslosen aus dem Rechtskreis des SGB II gibt es eine fatale Tendenz zur Verstetigung von Exklusion. Dies ist besonders problematisch, wenn die Exklusion vom Arbeitsmarkt junge Menschen am Beginn ihrer Erwerbsbiografie trifft. Im Beitrag wird das Pilotprojekt 'ZIEL - Zielgerichtete Integration junger Langzeitarbeitsloser' in Sachsen vorgestellt und untersucht, welchen Beitrag es leisten kann, den Teufelskreis von Arbeitslosigkeit, Verlust an Beschäftigungsfähigkeit und Qualifikationsverschleiß zu durchbrechen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hartz, Peter & Hilarion G. Petzold (Hrsg.) (2015): Gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. Innovative Ideen, Modelle, Strategien. Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 569 S.

Abstract

"Europatriates sind arbeitslose und weiterbildungsinteressierte Jugendliche, die temporär in ein europäisches Partnerland gehen, um einen Beruf zu erlernen oder eine Beschäftigung aufzunehmen. Sie sammeln dabei praktische Erfahrungen, theoretische Kenntnisse, europarelevantes und interkulturelles Wissen. Sie haben die Chance, sich im internationalen Rahmen bewegen zu lernen und sich in Europa zunehmend 'heimisch' zu fühlen.
Dieser Band stellt Ideen, Konzepte, Modelle und Strategien vor, die auf dem 'Ersten operativen Kongress gegen die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa' im Juni 2014 in Saarbrücken erarbeitet und präsentiert wurden. 507 Teilnehmer aus 24 Ländern sind gekommen: Junge Menschen aus ganz Europa, Arbeitsmarktspezialisten, Vertreter aus Politik, Wissenschaft, Wirtschaft, Finanzwesen, aus Ministerien und Verwaltung - eine breite Phalanx von Experten und Expertinnen, die dem Problem massenhafter Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa entgegentreten.
In Vorträgen, auf Podien, in Workshops und in Arbeitskreisen werden Ideen und Modelle diskutiert und konkrete Projekte und Tools von 'best practice' vorgestellt, die unter einer europäischen Perspektive für die Lösung des Problems der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit innovative Beiträge leisten. Hier werden erstmalig die jungen Menschen selbst gehört. Interdisziplinäre und intergenerationale Diskurse zeigen: Es gibt Wege, die Probleme zu lösen. Sie müssen beschritten werden - engagiert, tatkräftig und innovativ - , um der Gefahr einer 'lost generation' zu begegnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kabátek, Jan (2015): Happy birthday, you're fired! The effects of age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands. (IZA discussion paper 9528), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effects of the age-dependent minimum wage on youth employment flows in the Netherlands. The Dutch minimum wage for workers aged 15-23 is defined as a step-wise increasing function of a worker's calendar age. At the age of 23, workers become eligible for the 'adult' minimum wage which does not increase further. This creates an incentive for firms to discriminate against employees on the basis of their age, substituting more expensive older workers with younger ones. In order to grasp the size of these effects, I analyze monthly flows in and out of employment using administrative records for the entire youth population of the Netherlands. I account for the time remaining until workers' next birthdays, exploiting the fact that firms are facing a sharp discontinuity in labor costs in the month when a worker turns one year older. The results show a significant increase in job separation around the time of this discontinuity: the probability of job separation increases by 1.1% in the three calendar months which are closest to a worker's next birthday. This effect exhibits substantial heterogeneity with respect to a worker's age, showing that young and inexperienced workers are more likely to be affected by the discontinuities. The size of the effect also varies by the sector of employment, being particularly large for supermarket employees. Job accession peaks just after workers' birthdays, representing both entry of the workers with higher reservation wages and reemployment of the workers whose jobs are dissolved around the time of the discontinuity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krautschat, Benjamin & Michael Trinko (2015): Ausbildungsgarantie - ein Weg zur Inklusion in der beruflichen Bildung? In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 20-23.

Abstract

"Das Thema Inklusion gewinnt in der beruflichen Bildung zunehmend an Bedeutung, da unterschiedliche Personengruppen bei der Suche nach einem Ausbildungsplatz nach wie vor benachteiligt werden. Die UNESCO fordert in ihren Leitlinien zu Inklusion, allen Menschen den Zugang zu qualitativ hochwertiger Bildung zu ermöglichen und sie dabei individuell zu fördern. Zur Umsetzung dieses Anspruchs wird in diesem Beitrag der Ansatz der Ausbildungsgarantie in den Blick genommen. Anhand der Erfahrungen mit diesem Modell in Österreich werden Chancen für eine bessere Integration in Ausbildung betrachtet und eine mögliche Umsetzung für Deutschland aus Sicht des DGB skizziert." (Autorenreferat, BIBB-Doku)

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Anna Ludwinek & Stefanie Ledermaier (2015): Social inclusion of young people. Dublin, 145 S. DOI:10.2806/588575

Abstract

"Since the onset of the economic crisis, the unemployment level among young people has risen sharply and although an improvement is now being registered some EU countries still have stubbornly high youth unemployment rates. Young people, especially those who are not in employment, education or training (NEET), are now the group at highest risk of social exclusion, with severe consequences not only for the individuals concerned but for the economy and society as a whole. Through its Youth Strategy 2010 - 2018, the EU has adopted a comprehensive and holistic approach to the social inclusion of young people. While the Youth Guarantee (which guarantees young people a work or training placement) seeks to intervene quickly and help young people back into the labour market, there are many other policies and measures at EU, Member State and regional level promoting the social inclusion of young people. This report discusses the first year of implementation of the Youth Guarantee and draws on case study findings showcasing successful initiatives aimed at preventing the social exclusion of young people in the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mendolia, Silvia & Ian Walker (2015): Youth unemployment and personality traits. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 4, S. 1-26. DOI:10.1186/s40172-015-0035-3

Abstract

"This paper investigates the relationship between personality traits in adolescence and education and labour market choices. In particular, we investigate the impact of locus of control, effort and diligence, and self-esteem on the risk of youths being unemployed (sometimes referred to as NEET ('Not in Education, Employment or Training'), assuming unconfoundedness. Thus, our focus is on early dropouts from both education and the labour market at age 18 - 20. We use matching methods to control for a rich set of adolescent and family characteristics by estimating the treatment effects, conditional on unconfoundedness, of multiple personality traits at the same time (Wooldridge, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, 2010). Finally, we use the methodology proposed by Altonji (J Polit Economy 113:151 - 184, 2005) that involves making hypotheses about the correlation between the unobservables and observables that determine the outcomes and the unobservables that influence personality. Our results show that individuals that display low effort and diligence, low self-esteem, and external locus of control are estimated to be more likely to drop out of education and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möller, Joachim, Gerhard Bosch, Günther Schmid, Jörg Schmidt & Jörg Asmussen (2015): Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa - Generation ohne Perspektive? Zur Diskussion gestellt. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 68, H. 17, S. 3-21.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in der Europäischen Union, vor allem in den südeuropäischen Ländern, ist erschreckend hoch. Das hat nicht nur unmittelbare Konsequenzen für die ökonomische Lage der Betroffenen, sondern auch erhebliche Folgen im weiteren Berufsleben. Droht langfristige eine 'verlorene Generation' heranzuwachsen, die auch im späteren Erwerbsleben kaum Chancen auf einen Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt hat? Für Joachim Möller, Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), Nürnberg, und Universität Regensburg, lässt sich der dramatische Anstieg der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit nicht durch eine Veränderung struktureller Faktoren erklären. Vielmehr liege der Misere die allgemeine Arbeitsmarktschwäche zugrunde, die sich auch in der Arbeitslosenquote der übrigen Erwerbspersonen widerspiegelt. Es empfehle sich deshalb die doppelseitige Strategie: Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und der Arbeitsmarktstrukturen in den Krisenländern bedürfen einer Komplementierung durch eine Steigerung der aggregierten Nachfrage, um die Schaffung und Erhaltung von Arbeitsplätzen zu begünstigen. Gerhard Bosch, Universität Duisburg-Essen, sieht ein Versagen der Hilfsprogramme der EU, die bislang die hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Süd- und Osteuropa nicht erkennbar verringern konnten. Nach Ansicht von Günther Schmid, ehem. FU Berlin, gilt es langfristig für die Länder mit hoher oder gar dramatisch hoher Jugendarbeitslosigkeit, die institutionellen Kapazitäten für duale Ausbildungssysteme aufzubauen. Jörg Schmidt, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft Köln, findet es zu früh, um von einer verlorenen Generation Jugendlicher in Europa zu sprechen. Die vergleichsweise hohe Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in einigen südeuropäischen Staaten gebe zwar Anlass zur Sorge, allerdings hätten einige der institutionellen Regelungen auch Reformpotenzial, um diesem Problem zu begegnen, insbesondere im Bereich der (beruflichen) Bildungssysteme sowie der Kündigungsschutz- und Mindestlohnregelungen. Jörg Asmussen, Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales, sieht bei der Bekämpfung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa in den letzten Jahren einige Erfolge. Aber es findet noch immer jeder fünfte arbeitswillige junge Europäer keinen Job. Es sollten u.a. die Berufsausbildungssysteme durch Modernisierung gestärkt, die Arbeitsmarktverwaltungen modernisiert und Existenzgründungen ermöglicht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Möller, Joachim (2015): Reaktionen der EU auf die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit. In: U. von Alemann, E. G. Heidbreder, H. Hummel, D. Dreyer & A. Gödde (Hrsg.) (2015): Ein soziales Europa ist möglich : Grundlagen und Handlungsoptionen, S. 201-216, 2015-01-01. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-04952-2_12

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht die Gründe, die für eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener verantwortlich sein könnten. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden einige grundlegende Fakten der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa beleuchtet. Es zeigt sich, dass die Veränderung der Jugendarbeitslosigkeit hoch mit der Veränderung der allgemeinen Arbeitslosigkeit korreliert. Neuere Forschungen untermauern, dass Jugendarbeitslosigkeit Narben hinterlässt, die im gesamten Erwerbsleben nachwirken. Die Situation insbesondere in den europäischen Krisenstaaten lässt damit erhebliche negative ökonomische und soziale Langzeiteffekte befürchten. Diskutiert werden die Erfolgsaussichten möglicher arbeitsmarktpolitischer Instrumente der Europäischen Union in diesem Kontext." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Otto, Hans-Uwe, Roland Atzmüller, Thierry Berthet, Lavinia Bifulco, Jean-Michel Bonvin, Enrica Chiappero, Valerie Egdell, Björn Halleroed, C.C. Kjeldsen, Marek Kwiek, Regine Schröer, Josiane Vero & Marianna Zielenska (Hrsg.) (2015): Facing trajectories from school to work. Towards a capability-friendly youth policy in Europe. (Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects 20), Cham: Springer London, 394 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-11436-1

Abstract

"This book promotes a radical alternative impact on youth policy in Europe to overcome the situation of vulnerability and discrimination of a growing number of youngsters in their transition from school to work. It follows a Human Development perspective in using the Capability Approach (CA) as analytical and methodological guiding tool to improve the social conditions of the most socially vulnerable young people in European societies. The mission of the interdisciplinary authors is to expand the actual chances of the young to actively shape their lives in a way they have reason to choose and value. This book is based on the research of the EU Collaborative Project 'Making Capabilities Work' (WorkAble), funded by the EU within the Seventh Framework Programme. It is the first empirical project to pursue a justice theory perspective on a European level. It also contributes to a fundamental change in the currently mostly insufficient attempts within the human capital approach to use the labour market to ensure desired lifestyle forms and a secure income for vulnerable youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pastore, Francesco (2015): The European youth guarantee. Labor market context, conditions and opportunities in Italy. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 4, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1186/s40174-015-0033-2

Abstract

"This essay aims to discuss the conditions for a successful implementation of the European Youth Guarantee in Italy. In principle, the program should be able to affect the frictional and mismatch components of unemployment, if not the Keynesian and neoclassical ones, as also the experience of Scandinavian countries suggests. However, this requires an in-depth transformation of the entire school-to-work transition system, involving not only public employment services, but also educational and training systems. To tackle the Keynesian and neoclassical components of unemployment, instead, it is vital to rethink the European austerity and reduce the labor wedge." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pastore, Francesco (2015): The European youth guarantee. Labor market context, conditions and opportunities in Italy. (IZA discussion paper 8921), Bonn, 34 S.

Abstract

"This essay aims to discuss the conditions for a successful implementation of the European Youth Guarantee in Italy. In principle, the program should be able to affect the frictional and mismatch components of unemployment, if not the Keynesian and neoclassical ones, as also the experience of Scandinavian countries suggests. However, this requires an in-depth transformation of the entire school-to-work transition system, involving not only public employment services, but also educational and training systems. To tackle the Keynesian and neoclassical components of unemployment, instead, it is vital to rethink the European austerity and reduce the labor wedge." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pompei, Fabrizio & Ekaterina Selezneva (2015): Education mismatch, human capital and labour status of young people across European Union countries. (IOS working papers 347), Regensburg, 37 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the influence of country-level education mismatch on the individual-level relationship between education and the probability of being unemployed or staying in alternative labour statuses, for young people aged 15 - 34 in 2006, 2008 and 2010, living in 21 EU countries. We assume that young people may fall in five labour market statuses: 1) Employee; 2) Self-employed; 3) Unemployed; 4) In Education; 5) Inactive, and perform a multinomial logit model to study the effects of years of education on relative probability of being in labour statuses 2, 3, 4, or 5, compared to the base category (Employee). Afterwards, we interact the individual-level years of education with a country-level indicator of education mismatch in order to identify the heterogeneous effects of the aggregate mismatch among people with different educational attainments. Results show that more years of education: i) reduce the relative probability of being unemployed; ii) have a cumulative effect by extending the period of education; iii) slightly raise the relative probability to be self-employed. As regards country-level education mismatch, we found that only after 2008 it produces an additional effect on better educated young people by further reducing their relative unemployment risk when it is compared to that of low educated youngsters. This outcome tells us that improving access to university degrees remains the main road to tackle youth unemployment caused by education mismatch, even after the outburst of the current financial and economic crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Radoman, Mihailo & Marcel C. Voia (2015): Youth training programs and their impact on career and spell duration of professional soccer players. In: Labour, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 163-193. DOI:10.1111/labr.12049

Abstract

"A unique data set of post-war English trained soccer players is used to study the impact of the youth training program they attended on their career and spell duration. Duration models in the spirit of Abbring and van den Berg are employed to estimate local treatment effects of different training programs on players - survival in the top European leagues. The results indicate that the duration patterns of players are dependent on the youth academy they attended. Certain clubs, with a well-established reputation in developing youth talent, outperform others in terms of producing and evaluating the ability of their youth players to succeed in top European leagues. The spell analysis outlines the nature of the competitive environment in which smaller clubs have a chance to keep up with the larger ones in terms of producing and holding on to homegrown talent. Finally, the results of both analyses addressed unobserved heterogeneity, allowed for nonlinearity of covariates using the cubic spline methodology, and were tested for endogeneity bias using a split sample test." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sacht, Stephen (2015): On the efficiency of labor market reforms. How to solve the Spanish puzzle? (Economics. Discussion papers 2015-55), Kiel, 20 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we shed light on the relationship between labor market policy, entrepreneurship and youth unemployment prior to and in the aftermath of the global financial crisis in Spain. We discuss the situation, where labor market and macroeconomic policies were largely inefficient in reducing high levels of (youth) unemployment after 2007. We rise the question why in a situation of low inflation rates, an increase in (youth) unemployment had been observed although the labor market becomes more flexible due to the associated structural reform in 2010. We call this the Spanish Puzzle. The main reason for this observation can be found in the phenomena of downward nominal rigidity and the existence of a liquidity trap. Given the recovery of the Spanish economy in 2015, this development is grounded on (besides the increase in private consumption and a trade surplus) several policy measurements in order to strengthen entrepreneurial activity in 2013. The corresponding boost in private investment expenditure can be identified as the sustainable main driver for job creation in the long run." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schilliger, Martina, Bernard Wandeler & Peter Stade (2015): Berufliche Integration von Jugendlichen in Albanien. Reflexion eines Praxisprojekts mit Angehörigen einer Randgruppe. In: Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 64, H. 7, S. 261-267.

Abstract

"Im Rahmen des Projekts 'Coaching for Employment' der NGO Swisscontact und der Hochschule Luzern - Soziale Arbeit wurden in Albanien Fachkräfte zur Begleitung von Jugendlichen aus Randgruppen (Roma und Egyptian) ins Erwerbsleben ausgebildet. Mithilfe partizipativer Ansätze der Soziokulturellen Animation leistete das Projekt einen Beitrag dazu, dass Jugendliche selbst unter schwierigen Ausgangsbedingungen verstärkt am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben können und die Zusammenarbeit zwischen albanischen NGOs und staatlichen Akteuren verbessert wurde. Bisher wurden rund 40 Coaches ausgebildet und 600 Jugendliche begleitet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidt, Matthias, Ina Zwingmann & Falk Richter (2015): Was soll nur aus euch werden: arbeitslos, ziellos, perspektivlos? Eine Untersuchung zur Zielorientierung jugendlicher Arbeitsuchender. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 69, H. 3, S. 152-165.

Abstract

"Die Jugendarbeitslosigkeit in Europa erreicht derzeit mit einem Durchschnittswert von 21,9 % alarmierende Werte. Aktuelle Studien belegen in diesem Zusammenhang, dass gegenüber Arbeitslosen eine Vielzahl von Stereotypen und Vorurteilen bestehen, die eine spezielle Form der gruppenbezogenen Menschenfeindlichkeit darstellen. Die häufigsten Vorurteile beziehen sich auf die Ziel- und Motivationslosigkeit von Arbeitslosen. Dabei haben Ziele insbesondere bei Arbeitsuchenden eine bedeutsame regulative Funktion, indem sie die Motivation und aktiven Handlungen bei der Ausbildungs- und Arbeitsplatzsuche steuern. Insgesamt stellen Vorurteile in Zeiten von Wirtschafts- und Sozialkrisen eine bedeutsame Bedrohung dar, weil sie die zur Bewältigung einer Krise notwendige Entwicklung von Solidarität verhindern. In der vorliegenden Studie haben wir ausgehend von den bestehenden Vorurteilen sowie der Bedeutsamkeit von Zielen für Arbeitslose die Zielhierarchien von 265 jungen Arbeitsuchenden im Alter zwischen 17 und 27 Jahren analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die untersuchten Arbeitsuchenden nicht generell Ziel- oder Motivationsverluste aufweisen und eine konkrete und realistische Zielsetzung auch einen Einfluss auf die Motivation und aktive Zielverfolgung hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Steeg, Marc van der, Roel van Elk & Dinand Webbink (2015): Does intensive coaching reduce school dropout? Evidence from a randomized experiment. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 48, H. October, S. 184-197. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.07.006

Abstract

"School dropout is an important social and economic problem. This paper investigates the effect of an intensive coaching program aimed at reducing school dropout rates among students aged 16 - 20. Students received support and guidance with their study activities, personal problems and internships in firms. The coaching program lasted one or two years. Students were randomly assigned to the coaching program. We find that one year of coaching reduced school dropout rates by more than 40% from 17 to 10 percentage points. The second year of coaching further reduced school dropout by 1 percentage point. The program is most effective for students with a high ex-ante probability of dropping out, such as students no longer obliged to be in formal education, male students, and students not living with both parents. Cost-benefit analysis suggests that one year of coaching is likely to yield a net social gain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tamesberger, Dennis & Christina Koblbauer (2015): Wie kann die NEET-Rate bzw. die Anzahl an NEET-Jugendlichen gesenkt werden? (AMS-Info 333), Wien, 4 S.

Abstract

"Das vorliegende AMS info stellt die erweiterte Fassung eines Vortrages dar, den Dennis Tamesberger im Rahmen der Tagung 'All we NEET is ...? Barrieren & Chancen für Jugendliche in Bildung & Beruf' am 27.5.2015 in Wien gehalten hat. Veranstalter dieser Tagung waren die Caritas Österreich, die Abt. Arbeitsmarktforschung und Berufsinformation des AMS Österreich und das sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungs- und Beratungsinstitut abif - Analyse, Beratung und interdisziplinäre Forschung." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Tamesberger, Dennis (2015): A multifactorial explanation of youth unemployment and the special case of Austria. In: International social security review, Jg. 68, H. 1, S. 23-45. DOI:10.1111/issr.12058

Abstract

"One of the biggest challenges currently facing European society is the dramatically high level of youth unemployment. Commonly, political solutions and strategies can be found in those countries that have been able to keep youth unemployment low in spite of the financial and economic crises. Austria is such a case. On the basis of European Union Member State data, the article gives a multifactorial explanation of youth unemployment and asks whether these factors can explain relatively low youth unemployment in Austria. With the country's 'youth safety net' presented in detail, it is shown that active labour market policy reduces youth unemployment in Austria. The article also points out the limitations of cross-country comparisons of youth unemployment rates and proposes the use of a greater number of indicators. Finally, the article argues for economic policies to stimulate demand, which have to be based on a political and social commitment to full employment." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Tertilt, Michèle & Gerard J. van den Berg (2015): The association between own unemployment and violence victimization among female youths. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 235, H. 4/5, S. 499-513. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2015-4-510

Abstract

"We estimate the association between the unemployment status of young women and the probability that they are subject to violence, using Swedish population register data covering the period 1999-2008. These data contain the highest-level classification of diagnoses made by medical experts at every individual in-patient and out-patient visit to medical care units, including every contact with a physician. We distinguish between domestic and non-domestic violence. It turns out that unemployed women are significantly more likely to be victimized than employed women with the same individual characteristics. This is mostly reflected in indicators of nondomestic violence and long-run abuse among unemployed female youths." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ulmestig, Rickard & Greg Marston (2015): Street-level perceptions of procedural rights for young unemployed people. A comparative study between Sweden and Australia. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 394-411. DOI:10.1111/spol.12085

Abstract

"Two types of welfare states are compared in this article. Differences in procedural rights for young unemployed at the level of service delivery are analyzed. In Australia, rights are regulated through a rigid procedural justice system. The young unemployed within the social assistance system in Sweden encounter staff with high discretionary powers, which makes the legal status weak for the unemployed but, on the other hand, the system is more flexible. Despite the differences, there is striking convergence in how the young unemployed describe how discretionary power among street-level staff affects their procedural rights. This result can be understood as a result of similar professional norms, work customs and occupational cultures of street-level staff, and that there is a basic logic of conditionality in all developed welfare states where procedural rights are tightly coupled with responsibilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))