Zitatform

Adunts, David, Tanja Fendel, Andreas Hauptmann, Boris Ivanov & Yuliya Kosyakova (2024): Indische Arbeitskräfte in Deutschland. (Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Aktuelle Daten und Indikatoren), Nürnberg, 12 S.

Abstract

"Die Anzahl indischer Staatsangehöriger in Deutschland ist in den Jahren von 2010 bis 2022 deutlich gestiegen. Im Verhältnis zur ausländischen Bevölkerung insgesamt bzw. Drittstaatsangehörigen machen indische Staatsangehörige dennoch einen relativ kleinen Teil aus. - Die Zuwanderung von indischen Staatsangehörigen ist überdurchschnittlich geprägt durch Erwerbs- und Bildungsmigration. Insbesondere die Einwanderung zur Aufnahme eines Studiums ist seit dem Jahr 2010 vergleichsweise stark gestiegen. - Die Arbeitsmarktintegration von indischen Staatsangehörigen ist gemessen an gängigen Indikatoren insgesamt positiv. Die Beschäftigungsquote ist vergleichsweise hoch und die Arbeitslosen- und SGB-II-Hilfequoten sind relativ niedrig. - Unter den sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten ist das Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeit der indischen Staatsangehörigen überdurchschnittlich hoch, was sich auch in vergleichsweise hohen Arbeitsentgelten widerspiegelt. - Vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels und einem zunehmenden Fach- und Arbeitskräftebedarf in Deutschland könnten Zuwandernde aus Indien dazu beitragen, diesen Bedarf zu decken. - Nach eigenen Auswertungen der World-Gallup-Datenbank könnten sich rund 8 Prozent der 18- bis unter 35-jährigen in Indien vorstellen, auszuwandern. Allerdings steht Deutschland hier in Konkurrenz mit anderen, vor allem angelsächsischen Zielländern, wie den Vereinigten Staaten, dem Vereinigten Königreich, Kanada oder Australien, die aufgrund der englischen Sprache oder von bereits bestehenden Netzwerken für Fachkräfte aus Indien attraktiver sein könnten. - Auswertungen auf Basis der IAB-SOEP Migrationsstichprobe, der IAB-BAMF-SOEP Befragung Geflüchteter und SOEP-Core für 2021 sind konsistent mit den amtlichen Statistiken hinsichtlich eines hohen Qualifikationsniveaus, einer hohen Erwerbsbeteiligung und eines geringen Frauenanteils unter in Indien geborenen Zugezogenen. Der Anteil selbstbewerteter guter Deutschkenntnisse fällt niedriger aus als unter allen in Deutschland lebenden Zugezogenen. - Der Großteil der Inderinnen und Inder möchten für immer in Deutschland bleiben und knapp zwei von fünf Inderinnen und Indern besitzt bereits die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bahar, Dany, Andreas Hauptmann, Cem Özgüzel & Hillel Rapoport (2024): Migration and Knowledge Diffusion: The Effect of Returning Refugees on Export Performance in the Former Yugoslavia. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 106, H. 2, S. 287-304., 2021-11-18. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01165

Abstract

"During the early 1990s Germany offered temporary protection to 700,000 Yugoslavian refugees fleeing war. By 2000, many had been repatriated. We exploit this natural experiment to investigate the role of returning migrants in boosting export performance upon their return. Using confidential German administrative data we find that industries with 10% more returning refugees exhibit larger exports between the pre- and post-war periods by 1 to 1.6%. We use exogenous allocation rules for asylum seekers within Germany as an instrument to deal with endogeneity concerns. We show evidence pointing to productivity shifts as the main mechanism behind our results. Consistently, we find our results are driven by refugees in occupations more apt to transfer knowledge, technologies and best-practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © MIT Press) ((en))

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2024): Rückkehrmigration am Beispiel Italiens: Steueranreize zeigen Wirkung. In: IAB-Forum H. 10.04.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20240410.02

Abstract

"Seit vielen Jahren versucht Deutschland aufgrund des zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels hochqualifizierte Zuwandernde anzuziehen. Deutschland konkurriert hierbei nicht nur mit anderen Zielländern mit vergleichbarem Fachkräftemangel, sondern auch mit den Auswanderungsländern selbst. Einige Staaten, die vom Wegzug einheimischer Fachkräfte betroffen sind, versuchen diese zur Rückkehr ins Heimatland zu bewegen. Sie locken unter anderem mit hohen Steuerermäßigungen für Rückkehrende, wie sie beispielsweise Italien im Jahr 2010 eingeführt hat – mit nicht unerheblichem Erfolg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Teresa Freitas Monteiro (2024): Immigrants’ Returns Intentions and Job Search Behavior When the Home Country Is Unsafe. (CESifo working paper 10908), München, 51 S.

Abstract

"Migration is often temporary, and the intended length of stay in the host country is an important determinant of immigrants’ labor market behavior, human capital investment, and socioeconomic integration. In this paper, we investigate whether safety conditions in the home country affect immigrants’ return intentions and job search behavior. We combine administrative and survey data with precise information on terrorist attacks worldwide. Our identification strategy exploits the quasi-random occurrence of terrorist attacks in the home country relative to the timing of interviews and job separations in Germany. We show that immigrants interviewed after a terrorist attack in their home country are 12 percentage points more likely to wish to remain in Germany permanently. Immigrants react more strongly if they are less integrated in Germany and have close family members in their home country. Consistent with the prediction that revisions to the intended length of stay affect immigrants’ Labor market behavior, we show that immigrants who enter unemployment when a terrorist event hits their home country are 1.8 percentage points more likely to be employed within three months than immigrants who enter unemployment in quiet times. Among those who find employment within three months, immigrants who experience terror events receive lower hourly wages and are more likely to work part-time. These results suggest that immigrants who enter unemployment in a month with high levels of violence in the home country trade immediate job security for lower earnings and less-productive firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hassan, Emmanuel, Linus Siöland, Berkay Akbaba, Daniela Cinova, Michela Gasperini & Matthew Geraci (2024): Annual Report on Intra-EU Labour Mobility 2023. (... annual report on intra-EU labor mobility / European Commission), Luxembourg, 158 S. DOI:10.2767/388182

Abstract

"This annual report presents the latest findings on intra-EU labour mobility, offering updated insights into the trends observed in EU and EFTA countries using data from 2021 and 2022. The analysis encompasses the mobility of all working-age EU citizens (aged 20-64). In Chapter 2, the report delves into the movement and characteristics of the mobile population in the EU and EFTA. Chapter 3 expands on the labor market participation and integration of EU movers. Lastly, in Chapter 4 the intra-EU mobility of seniors and retired movers is analysed, also exploring the relationship between intra-EU mobility and exports of pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kosyakova, Yuliya & Andreas Damelang (2024): The causal effect of liberalizing legal requirements on naturalization intentions. (IAB-Discussion Paper 04/2024), Nürnberg, 36 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2404

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersucht die vielfältigen Faktoren, die die Einbürgerungsabsichten von Geflüchteten beeinflussen, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf den rechtlichen Anforderungen und der Umsetzung von Einbürgerungsgesetzen liegt. Es wird zwischen verschiedenen Einwanderergruppen unterschieden, insbesondere Geflüchteten, Bürgern der Europäischen Union (EU) und Nicht-EU-Bürgern. Mit Hilfe eines Vignettenexperiments unter Eingewanderten in einer umfangreichen repräsentativen Studie in Deutschland werden die Auswirkungen der Liberalisierung der rechtlichen Anforderungen und einem inklusiveren Einbürgerungsprozess auf die Absichten, die deutsche Staatsbürgerschaft zu erwerben, empirisch analysiert. Dieser Vergleich, sowohl zwischen aktuellen und liberalisierten Anforderungen als auch zwischen weniger und mehr inklusiven Einbürgerungsverfahren, bietet ein realistisches Szenario, wie Liberalisierung und Inklusivität die Einbürgerungsabsichten beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Liberalisierung der rechtlichen Anforderungen, insbesondere die Möglichkeit der doppelten Staatsbürgerschaft und eine verkürzte Wartezeit, einen positiven Effekt auf die Einbürgerungsabsichten hat. Gleichzeitig unterscheiden sich diese Effekte zwischen den drei Einwanderergruppen, insbesondere aufgrund von Unterschieden in den empfundenen Vorteilen der Einbürgerung. Im Gegensatz dazu hat ein inklusiverer Einbürgerungsprozess keinen Einfluss auf die Einbürgerungsabsichten der Eingewanderten. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung der Staatsbürgerschaftspolitik für die Einbürgerungsabsichten von Eingewanderten. Allerdings zeigen die Ergebnisse auch differenzierte Reaktionen auf liberalisierte Anforderungen und betonen die Bedeutung von gruppenspezifischen Kosten-Nutzen-Überlegungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schiele, Maximilian (2024): The Role of Gender in Asylum Migration to Europe: Analyzing Country-Level Factors of Gendered Selection of Asylum Seekers to Europe. In: Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies online erschienen am 12.01.2024, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1080/15562948.2023.2298515

Abstract

"While 50% of displaced individuals worldwide are female, women comprised only 31% of the people seeking asylum in Europe between 2008 and 2018. This study utilizes data from Eurostat on 5.6 million asylum-seekers between 2008 and 2018 to identify the country-level factors that drive this gendered selection. The effects are calculated using both a random effects panel model and a fixed effects panel model with clustered standard errors. The results suggest that country-level differences in the degree of gendered selection are largely driven by socio-demographic factors related to women’s social position within their country of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Taylor & Francis) ((en))

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.11.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231128.01

Abstract

"For many years, Germany has been facing an increasing skills shortage in key occupations and has sought to attract a growing number of highly-skilled immigrants. In striving for this goal, Germany is competing not only with other countries with similar skills⎼demands but also with more traditional immigrant-sending countries. Some of these try to counterbalance the outflow of highly⎼skilled nationals by introducing large tax discounts for emigrants who eventually return. One example is the Italian returnees’ tax scheme “Legge Controesodo” (2010), which attracted back a sizeable proportion of highly-skilled young Italians who had been working in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Becker, Regina (2023): Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1099-1131. DOI:10.1177/01979183221111398

Abstract

"This article investigates the subjective employment mobility, defined as migrants' evaluation of their employment situation before and after migration, of European physicians in Germany. Analyzing different dimensions of occupation (e.g., income, working conditions, use of skills, career opportunities) of physicians who migrated to Germany from within the European Union (i.e., EU physicians), it examines which factors influence physicians' perception of whether migration worsened or improved their employment situation. I argue that the original reasons to migrate (e.g., economic, career-related, or family reasons) and other migration-related factors (e.g., language skills), as well as characteristics of the occupation (e.g., the hierarchical structure), must be considered to understand subjective employment mobility. The analyses are based on original survey data collected among EU physicians in Germany (N = 1,058). Results from OLS regressions show that physicians' original reasons for migration largely matched their subjective employment mobility, suggesting that migration for career reasons and a perceived improvement of use of skills and career opportunities are positively linked while migration for economic reasons positively affected physicians' perception of income and working conditions. Physicians aiming for the highest position perceived their overall employment situation as worse compared to before migration, and the origin region mattered, particularly for physicians from EU Eastern member-states, who were more likely to perceive an improvement in their employment situation. Results further inform understandings of labor-related migration of high-skilled professionals by identifying obstacles and conducive conditions at migration for a group that is often assumed not to face barriers in using migration for professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bove, Vincenzo, Georgios Efthyvoulou & Harry Pickard (2023): Government ideology and international migration. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 107-138. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12506

Abstract

"We provide the first empirical evidence that government ideology affects the choice of migration destinations. As ruling political parties differ in their discourse, policies, and positions on migration, the ideology differential between the host and home country governments can shape the relative generosity of the welfare system, the degree of tolerance towards out-groups, and the restrictiveness of migration policies, all acting as important drivers of international migration. Using data on bilateral migration and government ideology for OECD countries between 1990 and 2016, we show that migration flows increase when the government at the destination becomes more left-wing relative to the government at the origin, particularly when both countries are members of the European Economic Area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Andreas Ette, Markus M. Grabka, Yuliya Kosyakova, Wenke Niehues, Nina Rother, C. Katharina Spieß, Sabine Zinn, Martin Bujard, Adriana Cardozo, Jean Philippe Décieux, Amrei Maddox, Nadja Milewski, Robert Naderi, Lenore Sauer, Sophia Schmitz, Silvia Schwanhäuser, Manuel Siegert, Kerstin Tanis & Hans Walter Steinhauer (2023): Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der ersten Welle der IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Befragung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2023), Nürnberg, 136 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2302

Abstract

"Der russische Angriffskrieg auf die Ukraine hat die größte Fluchtbewegung in Europa seit Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs ausgelöst. Seit Kriegsbeginn sind mehr als eine Million Menschen aus der Ukraine nach Deutschland geflohen. Erste repräsentative Erkenntnisse über deren Lebenssituation und Zukunftspläne ermöglicht die Studie „Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine in Deutschland (IAB-BiB/FReDA-BAMF-SOEP Befragung)“, eine gemeinsame Studie des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB), des Bundesinstituts für Bevölkerungsforschung (BiB), des Forschungszentrums des Bundesamts für Migration und Flüchtlinge (BAMF-FZ) und des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) am DIW Berlin. Für diese Studie wurden 11.763 Geflüchtete aus der Ukraine in der Zeit zwischen August und Oktober 2022 befragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Byra, Łukasz (2023): Two possible reasons behind the reluctance of low-skilled workers to migrate to generous welfare states. (Working papers / Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw 2023-24), Warsaw, 49 S.

Abstract

"This paper provides two possible explanations for the mixed evidence regarding migration by low-skilled workers to generous welfare states. Using a model of unrestricted migration to a developed, destination country, which provides a direct and equal social benefit to all its residents, we study the impact of the benefit in a country on the size of its low-skilled immigrant population under the assumption that migration is driven by an international difference in returns to skills, employment opportunities in the destination country, and by the generosity of the benefit in that country. We find that the social benefit affects the size of the country's low-skilled immigrant population not only directly, via the difference between the benefit and its cost in the form of taxation, but also via two indirect channels. The benefit incentivizes taking up low-skilled jobs among the destination country's native residents, which adversely affects wages of low-skilled workers in that country, and it increases the risk of unemployment of low-skilled workers therein. Prospective low-skilled migrants view these side effects of the benefit as “stay away” factors. Simulation of the model based on 2018 data for EU-15 economies without Luxembourg highlights the importance of indirect channels in curtailing the inflow of low-skilled migrants to a generous welfare state. When only direct channels are accounted for, semi-elasticities of the size of the low-skilled immigrant population with respect to the social benefit are between 0.2 and 0.54. When indirect channels are allowed to play their roles, the positive relationship between the social benefit and low-skilled immigration is significantly reduced; the semi-elasticities range from 0.13 to 0.4. At the level of the model's fundamentals, the variation in semi-elasticities between EU-15 countries is largely explained by differences in the size of the welfare state and in efficiency of the labor market across these countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Debray, Alix, Ilse Ruyssen & Kerilyn Schewel (2023): The Aspiration to Stay: A Global Analysis. In: International migration review online erschienen am 13.12.2023, S. 1-47. DOI:10.1177/01979183231216087

Abstract

"There is growing interest from both policy and academic communities in understanding why people do not migrate. This article offers the first global analysis of the aspiration to stay, defined here as the preference to stay in one's country of residence. We make use of the unique Gallup World Polls which provide information on aspirations to stay (as opposed to migrating abroad) as well as on individual characteristics and opinions for 130 countries worldwide between 2010 and 2016. We find staying aspirations are far more common than migration aspirations across the globe and uncover important “retain factors” often overlooked in research on migration drivers — related to social ties, local amenities, trust in community institutions, and life satisfaction. Overall, those who aspire to stay tend to be more content, socially supported and live in communities with stronger institutions and better local amenities. We further explore differences in the relative importance of retain factors for countries at different levels of urbanization, and for different population groups, based on gender, education, rural/urban location, migration history, religiosity, and perceived thriving. Our findings contribute to a more holistic understanding of migration decision-making, illuminating the personal, social, economic, and institutional retain factors countering those that push and pull." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sallam, Hend (2023): Holding the Door Slightly Open: Germany's Migrants' Return Intentions and Realizations. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1181), Berlin, 35 S.

Abstract

"Return migration intentions are complex and are not necessarily followed by future return migration. Our study compares successful return or repeated migration with self-declared return intentions. We take advantage of the latest German Socio-Economic Panel survey dropout studies and fieldwork to observe a wider return migration window than reported in the literature to answer the question of whether return migration intentions eventually coincided with actual emigration behaviors. We also examine the validity of return migration estimates. This paper explores whether return intentions eventually materialize, whether they can eventually predict actual return behaviors, and if the determinants of actual and predicted return based on intentions are similar. Overall, our results support that migration intentions can predict actual return behavior. While our results show discrepancies in the predictors of return intentions and actual returns, they show emigration intentions as good predictors of actual future emigration. Moreover, we find that life satisfaction significantly impacts the individual intention to remigrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Szelewa, Dorota & Michal Polakowski (2023): Labour market hierarchies within and beyond the EU: Poland's politics of migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 49, H. 16, S. 4120-4139. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2023.2207331

Abstract

"This article shows how the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime is underpinned by member states' policies in a major country of emigration such as Poland. Drawing on historical institutionalism, this paper documents the path-dependent approach regarding policies that have contributed to the outflow of Polish workers and simultaneously to meet the demand for labour at home. While concerns about the consequences of emigration were raised already in 2005, Polish governments have kept defending the EU policies that underpin this outflow and its hierarchised nature. Rather than to improve the rights of Polish mobile workers, Polish governments have defended companies' rights to use "wage competitiveness" as a method of increasing mobility. In response to the increasing demand in the domestic labour market, governments first tried return campaigns, but they have since turned to importing labour, especially from Ukraine. In this way, the policies of the Polish state have helped reaffirm the hierarchised nature of the EU mobility regime by exporting workers to be subjected to poor conditions abroad while importing Ukrainian workers to experience poor conditions at home. Thus, Poland occupies an unusual place in the "migration chain", being, simultaneously, a source of as well as a destination for migrant workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tufiș, Paula A. & Dumitru Sandu (2023): Motivation in the dynamics of European youth migration. In: European Societies, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 829-858. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2183231

Abstract

"In this article, we explore the complexities of the relationships between motivations in the migration process of young Europeans who have returned to their country of origin. We analyze a unique database of over 3,000 returnees, a sub-sample from a larger survey of about 30,000 young people in nine European countries. The findings suggest that there is a link between the motivations for the first migration and those for future migration among this group. Generally, past migration motivations tend to reinforce future migration motivations of a similar nature. By controlling for variables related to geographic space (countries of residence, development profiles of NUTS2 regions, urban profiles of local communities of residence), as well as for several socio-demographic variables and life satisfaction, we can better understand the influence of motivations for past migration on motivations for future migrations. This article extends the internal dynamics of migration approach by combining the idea of individual chains of migration motivations that are extending over-time with the idea of cumulative causation operating at the meso level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Winters, Jutta; Filiz Garip (interviewte Person) (2023): "Not recognizing climate change related mobility will not obliterate it, but likely lead to more clandestine mobility" (Interview with Filiz Garip). In: IAB-Forum H. 29.11.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231129.01

Abstract

"Professor Filiz Garip, Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at the renowned Princeton University, gives a Special Lecture at the IAB on 1 December 2023. She will discuss the complex interplay between climate change, migration, and inequality. In this accompanying interview, she describes the connection between weather extremes and migration, shows a window to respond for policy makers, and draws conclusions for future migration and return migration scenarios in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach (2022): The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 89, H. 6, S. 2841-2871. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdac003

Abstract

"This article develops and estimates a dynamic model where individuals differ in ability and location preference to evaluate the mechanisms that affect the evolution of immigrants’ careers in conjunction with their re-migration plans. Our analysis highlights a novel form of selective return migration where those who plan to stay longer invest more into skill acquisition, with important implications for the assessment of immigrants’ career paths and the estimation of their earnings profiles. Our study also explains the willingness of immigrants to accept jobs at wages that seem unacceptable to natives. Finally, our model provides important insight for the design of migration policies, showing that policies that initially restrict residence or condition residence on achievement shape not only immigrants’ career profiles through their impact on human capital investment but also determine the selection of arrivals and leavers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Andresen, Maike, Silke Anger, Akram Al Ariss, Cordula Barzantny, Herbert Brücker, Michael Dickmann, Liisa Mäkelä, Sara Louise Muhr, Thomas Saalfeld, Vesa Suutari & Mette Zølner (Hrsg.) (2022): Wanderlust to wonderland? Exploring key issues in expatriate careers: Individual, organizational, and societal insights. (Personalmanagement und Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 2), Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 292 S. DOI:10.20378/irb-55344

Abstract

"Expatriation has been a topic of much research recently. The important role expatriates play in the internationalisation of an organisation and the resultant effects of such a work experience on the expatriates themselves, have fuelled the interest in this domain. This edited volume serves to provide fresh and timely insights into four areas, covering the individual, over the organisational, to the macro-level. First, the career paths of the expatriates, which not only garners them the career capital they may be able to utilise later in their career but also, the impacts of such an experience on their longer-term career success are in focus. The second block concerns the expatriation phase itself. A critical look is taken into the expatriates’ identity and how it changes over time. Moreover, it discusses factors influencing the expatriates’ well-being, embeddedness, and sociocultural integration during their time abroad. Third, some key global mobility management challenges that organisations face, when managing expatriation, are introduced — such as flexible language management and how to become an international employer. Finally, insights are provided into the role of the host country policies – more specifically hostile environment and migration policies – on expatriate attitudes and behaviour, which has received less attention in previous research. All four areas are finally brought together to present a rich overview of future research questions that shall stimulate researchers and practitioners in their further deliberations. The chapters are based on selected results from the respective research subprojects of the Early Stage Researchers of the Horizon 2020 Global Mobility of Employees (GLOMO) project. This project was funded under the European Union’s Research and Innovation Programme H2020 in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 765355." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Bamberg Press) ((en))

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Axelsson, Linn, Charlotta Hedberg, Nils Pettersson & Qian Zhang (2022): Re-visiting the 'black box' of migration: state-intermediary co-production of regulatory spaces of labour migration. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 594-612. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1978285

Abstract

"It is now widely held that a variety of intermediary actors, including recruitment and staffing agencies, multinational corporations and local brokers, shape labour migration. This paper argues that in order to better understand the global circulation of labour it is necessary to explore the involvement of these actors in the production of the regulatory spaces through which migrant labour is brokered. Indeed, migration intermediaries do not only navigate borders on behalf of their migrant clients. Nor is ‘the state’ primarily a backdrop against which the understanding of the role of intermediaries may be developed. Instead, we argue, regulatory spaces of labour migration are made and remade through direct and indirect exchanges and interactions between intermediaries and state actors. Through an analysis of three moments of regulatory change in Sweden, the paper shows that such interaction does not take place in an even landscape but, rather, that the ability of migration intermediaries to influence the regulation of migration lies in the capacity to form close relationships or establish a powerful presence. A focus on the dynamic co-production of regulatory spaces by intermediaries and state actors, in our view, offers a more nuanced account of how labour migration currently is brokered and regulated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bernard, Aude & Francisco Perales (2022): Linking internal and international migration in 13 European countries: complementarity or substitution? In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 655-675. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1868983

Abstract

"Internal and international migration form part of the same continuum of population movement but are typically conceptualised, measured and studied separately. Despite early theoretical attempts at conceptualising internal and international migration jointly, existing evidence remains partial and fragmented, reflecting a diversity of traditions in migration research. To address this gap in knowledge, this paper takes a step towards integration by comparing the triggers, constraints and resources that shape internal and international migration decisions at the micro-level. To accomplish this, we analyse retrospective migration histories from a 13-country cross-national dataset (the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, n = 201,061 person-years from 6,112 individuals) using multinomial random-effect logistic regression models that account for duration dependence. The results show that internal and international migration are linked to the same life-course events, although economic-related transitions are more strongly associated with international than internal migration. We also find that the same resources (e.g. education) and constraints (e.g. homeownership) shape internal and international migration decisions. Altogether, our findings suggest that there is an opportunity for greater theoretical cross-fertilisation between internal and international migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bilecen, Tuncay (2022): To Stay or to Return? A Review on Return Migration Literature. In: Migration Letters, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 367-385. DOI:10.33182/ml.v19i4.2092

Abstract

"For a long time, return migration had been one of the neglected topics of migration literature. However, in recent years, many studies discussing return migration in various dimensions have been published. This paper aims to assess the main findings of return migration studies, particularly in recent years, with an emphasis on the multifaceted character of return migrations. This study also reveals that, in the last few decades, the transnational ties established by migrants with their homelands have changed their perspectives on return (i.e., re-migration). This trend shows that while human mobility increases with the development of transportation and communication technology, re-migration tends to take on a cyclical, rather than a permanent character in recent times." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bozhinoska Lazarova, Monika, Herbert Brücker & Christoph Deuster (2022): Wanderungsbewegungen in Deutschland: Starker Rückgang während der Covid-19-Pandemie. (IAB-Kurzbericht 10/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2210

Abstract

"Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat die Bedingungen für Migration nach Deutschland und in andere Zielländer verändert. Dabei haben sich Mobilitätsbeschränkungen, sinkende Beschäftigungschancen und Verdienstmöglichkeiten sowie die mit dem Infektionsgeschehen verbundenen Risiken unterschiedlich auf die Ziel- und Herkunftsländer der Migration ausgewirkt. In dem Kurzbericht wird untersucht, wie sich das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Zielländern in der Pandemie entwickelt hat. Mit ihrem Ausbruch im Jahr 2020 ist der Wanderungssaldo in Deutschland gegenüber 2019 um 34 Prozent gesunken, im ersten Halbjahr 2021 um 33 Prozent gegenüber dem ersten Halbjahr 2019. Die Nettomigration in Deutschland ist damit stärker eingebrochen als etwa in Österreich, der Schweiz und den skandinavischen Ländern. Dabei sind die Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie und ihre wirtschaftlichen Folgen zentrale Erklärungsfaktoren für den überdurchschnittlichen Rückgang der Migration in Deutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brücker, Herbert & Philipp Jaschke (2022): Zur verfassungsrechtlichen Prüfung des Asylbewerberleistungsgesetzes. Stellungnahme des IAB vom 4.10.2022 zum Verfahren des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. (IAB-Stellungnahme 06/2022), Nürnberg, 16 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2206

Abstract

"Mit der Stellungnahme nimmt das IAB die Gelegenheit wahr, sich im Rahmen der verfassungsrechtlichen Prüfung des Asylbewerberleistungsgesetzes (AsylbLG) zu äußern. Im Fokus stehen empirische Erkenntnisse zu bedarfsrelevanten Minder- und Mehrbedarfen von Leistungsberechtigten nach dem AsylbLG sowie zu möglichen Zusammenhängen zwischen der Höhe von Leistungssätzen und dem aufenthaltsrechtlichen Status bzw. der Aufenthaltsdauer in Deutschland. Grundsätzlich geht es bei den zu prüfenden Regelungen im AsylbLG um die Gewährung von Leistungen zur Deckung des notwendigen Bedarfs und des notwendigen persönlichen Bedarfs durch Sachleistungen oder Wertgutscheine (anstatt Geldleistungen). Damit wird von der grundsätzlichen Systematik einer Orientierung der Leistungssätze an denen für Grundleistungsbeziehende nach dem SGB II bzw. SGB XII Abstand genommen. Insbesondere wird unterstellt, dass der Bedarf von Asylbewerberinnen und -bewerbern, die in Gemeinschaftsunterkünften untergebracht sind, geringer ist. Die Annahme, dass Personen, die in Gemeinschaftsunterkünften leben, ähnlich wie Ehe- und andere Partner/Partnerinnen eine Lebensgemeinschaft bilden, erscheint wenig realistisch. Zudem werden Kürzungen der Leistungssätze für die Bereiche Freizeit, Unterhaltung, Kultur (Abteilung 9) und Bildungswesen (Abteilung 10) vorgenommen. Die in dieser Stellungnahme zusammengefasste empirische Evidenz spricht dafür, dass sich Kürzungen der Leistungssätze in diesen Bereichen nachteilig auf die Integration der Asylsuchenden in Gesellschaft und Arbeitsmarkt auswirken. Die Kürzung der Leistungssätze für die Asylsuchenden im Vergleich zu Leistungsbeziehenden nach dem SGB II bzw. dem SGB XII steht im Kontext einer gesellschaftlichen Diskussion über die Anreizwirkungen, sogenannte Pull-Effekte, von sozialen Transferleistungen nach dem AsylbLG. Die Befürchtung, dass die Höhe der Leistungssätze des AsylbLG systematisch die Anreize für die Migration nach Deutschland bzw. die Rückkehr in die Herkunftsländer der Asylsuchenden beeinflusst – also die Aufenthaltsdauer und den Aufenthaltsstatus – wird allerdings nicht durch belastbare empirische Befunde aus der Migrationsforschung gestützt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Burzynski, Michal, Christoph Deuster, Frédéric Docquier & Jaime de Melo (2022): Climate Change, Inequality, and Human Migration. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 1145-1197., 2021-10-11. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvab054

Abstract

"This paper investigates the long-term implications of climate change on global migration and inequality. Accounting for the effects of changing temperatures, sea levels, and the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, we model the impact of climate change on productivity and utility in a dynamic general equilibrium framework. By endogenizing people’s migration decisions across millions of 5 × 5 km spatial cells, our approach sheds light on the magnitude and dyadic, education-specific structure of human migration induced by global warming. We find that climate change strongly intensifies global inequality and poverty, reinforces urbanization, and boosts migration from low- to high-latitude areas. Median projections suggest that climate change will induce a voluntary and a forced permanent relocation of 62 million working-age individuals over the course of the twenty-first century. Overall, under current international migration laws and policies, only a small fraction of people suffering the negative effects of climate change manages to move beyond their homelands. We conclude that it is unlikely that climate shocks will induce massive international flows of migrants, except under combined extremely pessimistic climate scenarios and highly permissive migration policies. By contrast, poverty resulting from climate change is a real threat to all of us." (Author's abstract, Copyright Oxford University Press) ((en))

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Chapela, Jorge González (2022): Is there a patience premium on migration? In: Empirical economics, Jg. 63, H. 4, S. 2025-2055. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02196-z

Abstract

"The very few studies on the empirical link between time preference and migration involve small samples or do not control for cognitive skills. This study uses data from a large, nationally representative survey with information on time preferences and cognitive skills to investigate whether cross-region migrants in Spain are less impatient than individuals who choose to remain in their birth region. The empirical model incorporates predicted probabilities of misclassifying lifetime migrant status. The results suggest that the effect of impatience on the likelihood of migrating internally is negative but decreasing, and that it is smaller than the effect on the likelihood of migrating abroad." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Deole, Sumit S. & Marc Oliver Rieger (2022): Immigrant-native gap in risk and time preferences in Germany: Levels, socio-economic determinants, and recent changes. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1055), Essen: Global Labor Organization (GLO), 43 S.

Abstract

"We present new descriptive evidence on the immigrant-native gap in risk and time preferences in Germany, one of the most preferred host countries for immigration. Using the recent waves of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) dataset, we find that the immigrant-native gap in risk preferences has widened for recent immigration cohorts, especially around the 2015 European Refugee Crisis. We attribute the recent widening to decreased assimilation rates of new immigrants caused by a reduced integration due to sudden increases in immigrants flows from culturally diverse parts of the world, particularly around the year 2015. We also find that the immigrant-native gap varies across different migrant groups: "Opportunity seekers", which we define as economic immigrants who intend to stay in Germany only temporarily, are very similar in their risk preferences to natives. Other immigrants, however, are substantially more risk-averse than natives. A smaller gap in risk preferences is also found among migrants who are female, highly educated, proficient in the host language, self-employed and working in predominantly high-skilled jobs. Concerning time preferences, although a noticeably large immigrant-native gap is evident, the gap is not found to vary across most individual-level socio-economic variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Görlach, Joseph-Simon & Katarina Kuske (2022): Temporary migration entails benefits, but also costs, for sending and receiving countries. There are important trade-offs between temporary and permanent migration. (IZA world of labor 503), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.503

Abstract

"Migranten, die von vornherein planen, in ihre Heimatländer zurückzukehren, nehmen eher schlechter bezahlte Jobs an, sparen mehr und transferieren mehr Geld. Die Anreize sich zu integrieren und in aufnahmelandspezifische Qualifikationen zu investieren, sind entsprechend schwächer ausgeprägt. was ihre Karriere behindert. Diese Entscheidungen auf Mikroebene haben in Herkunfts- wie Aufnahmeländern makroökonomische Auswirkungen, von den Effekten der Rücküberweisungen und unternehmerischen Investitionen in der Heimat bis hin zu fiskalischen Folgen in den Zielländern. Diese Aufnahmeländer sehen sich mit einem Trade-off konfrontiert: Während die Rückkehrmigration vor dem Eintritt in den Ruhestand einerseits die Kosten für die öffentlichen Sozialsysteme begrenzt, steigern die Aussichten auf eine dauerhafte Niederlassung den beruflichen Erfolg und die Integration, wodurch Steuereinnahmen steigen und der soziale Zusammenhalt gestärkt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Höpfner, Elena (2022): Why should(n't) refugees be asked about their possessions? Methodological strengths, challenges and pitfalls in the application of object-based interviews in forced migration research. In: F. Yi-Neumann, A. Lauser, A. Fuhse & P. J. Bräunlein (Hrsg.) (2022): Material Culture and (Forced) Migration, S. 84-98, 2021-10-07.

Abstract

"Talking about personal things made visible both their roles at the individual stages of the flight and the connections between life in the country of origin, the causes of escape and the expectations people had of the destination. Escape proved to be a process, which consisted of several stages that were neither independent of each other nor clearly demarcated, and it is in many cases difficult to distinguish escape from a ‘previous’ life. Even though the focus on things often made conversations easier and inspired their owners to recount their strategies and world views in a more vivid and focused way, personal things were not important for all interlocutors. They often appeared as irrelevant, as trivialities, or simply were not there and not missed. Thus, before asking about the possessions and their significance for their owners, one must ask whether they have any relevance at all. This puts into question material culture as an easy and sensitive method of eliciting people’s personal stories. In researching the phenomenon of forced migration with residents of a refugee shelter, one must also have the sensitivity not to talk about things. It is therefore necessary to consider how to deal with meaninglessness and absence of things in the context of such research. For me, depending on the situation and the person, this meant shifting the focus away from the things (back) to the person, if necessary: in other words, to do exactly what qualitative research is all about, namely to maintain an ‘openness’ throughout the research process to reflecting constantly on the limits and dangers of the applied research method." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jäggi, Christian J. (2022): Migration und Flucht. Wirtschaftliche Aspekte - regionale Hot Spots - Dynamiken - Lösungsansätze. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 193 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Fachbuch ordnet die hochaktuelle Fluchtthematik in größere theoretische Zusammenhänge ein. Dabei werden die wichtigsten globalen Fluchtbewegungen und Migrationsrouten und regionale Hot Spots skizziert, und zwar aus europäischer und insbesondere aus schweizerischer Sicht. Für Migration und Flucht gibt es ökonomische Ursachen, aber auch Krieg, Gewalt und Naturkatastrophen führen dazu, dass eine wachsende Zahl von Menschen ihre Heimat verlässt. Neben Fragen des Überlebens sind oft auch der Wunsch nach einem besseren Leben die Motivation dazu. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Darstellungen der Migrationsforschung geht der Schweizer Autor Christian J. Jäggi nicht von linearen Migrationsverläufen, sondern von gleichzeitigen, bilokalen Lebensformen aus. Die ökonomischen Implikationen von Migration und Flucht sowohl für die Migranten als auch für die Herkunfts- und für die Einwanderungsländer werden dargestellt. Zudem werden internationale und globale Strategien und Lösungsansätze analysiert." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Yarar, Betül & Yasemin Karakasoglu (2022): 'Scholars at Risk' in Germany: Forced Migration and Agency in Forced Migration Decision-Making. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 1616-1637. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feac044

Abstract

"The recent migration waves from countries ruled by leaders with autocratic tendencies or under war regimes included also the forced migration of academics who have become targets of widening severe attacks against academic-scientific values, institutions, and students/scholars (GCP EA). Based on empirical research, this paper studies the forced migration of scholars from such countries to Germany after 2015. While putting theoretical concepts deriving from distinct study fields (such as forced migration and exile studies) into a dialog, the paper perceives the migration of these scholars as forced due to risks they encountered in their home countries. It also addresses the complexity of their forced migration as a multidimensional and relational process involving various structural and subjective push-pull drives. In line with the empirical data and post-structuralist theories on migration and forced migration, the paper pursues the following theses: Risks and responses against risks are varied and involve the agency of migrants. Although forced migration is a regulated process concerning migration regimes and laws, it calls for the performance/agency of exiled scholars and other actors’ governing activities. As a complex and transformative process, forced migration results in different exilic positions. It is not a predetermined linear process in time and space, but a process with unexpected outcomes, since it entails the ongoing struggle of exiled scholars over/through their academic and social networks and capitals, which function as mediating-pulling drivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Yi-Neumann, Friedemann, Andrea Lauser, Antonie Fuhse & Peter J. Bräunlein (Hrsg.) (2022): Material Culture and (Forced) Migration. Materialising the transient. London: UCL Press, 352 S. DOI:10.14324/111.9781800081604

Abstract

"Material Culture and (Forced) Migration argues that materiality is a fundamental dimension of migration. During journeys of migration, people take things with them, or they lose, find and engage things along the way. Movements themselves are framed by objects such as borders, passports, tents, camp infrastructures, boats and mobile phones. This volume brings together chapters that are based on research into a broad range of movements – from the study of forced migration and displacement to the analysis of retirement migration. What ties the chapters together is the perspective of material culture and an understanding of materiality that does not reduce objects to mere symbols. Centring on four interconnected themes – temporality and materiality, methods of object-based migration research, the affective capacities of objects, and the engagement of things in place-making practices – the volume provides a material culture perspective for migration scholars around the globe, representing disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, contemporary archaeology, curatorial studies, history and human geography. The ethnographic nature of the chapters and the focus on everyday objects and practices will appeal to all those interested in the broader conditions and tangible experiences of migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Joseph-Simon Görlach (2021): The dynamics of return migration, human capital accumulation, and wage assimilation. (CESifo working paper 9051), München, 90 S.

Abstract

"To assess the implications of the interplay between anticipated migration durations and immigrants' behavior, we develop a lifecycle model in which immigrants decide labor market participation, consumption, and investment in human capital together with the optimal length of migration. We estimate this model using panel data that provide repeated information on immigrants' return intentions and realized return migrations. We show that the relation between return intentions and human capital investment leads to behavior-based selective outmigration, and that policies that influence migrants' return decisions may lead to suboptimal career profiles, inducing welfare losses for both immigrants and the host country's population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Adema, Joop Age Harm, Cevat Giray Aksoy & Panu Poutvaara (2021): Mobile Internet Access and the Desire to Emigrate. (Ifo working paper 365), München, 87 S.

Abstract

"How does mobile internet access affect the desire to emigrate and migration plans? To answer this question, we combine survey data on more than 600,000 individuals from 110 countries with data on worldwide 3G mobile internet rollout. We show that an increase in mobile internet access increases desire to emigrate. This effect is particularly strong for higher-income individuals in low-income countries. We identify three potential mechanisms. Access to the mobile internet lowers the cost of acquiring information and leads to a drop in perceived material well-being and trust in government. Using municipal-level data from Spain, we also document that 3G rollout increased actual migration flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Baas, Meike (2021): Bildungsbeteiligung nach Migrationshintergrund. Der Einfluss von Zuwanderungsgeneration, Zuzugsalter und Zuzugsmotiven. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 2, S. 111-125.

Abstract

"In den letzten Jahren sind sowohl mehr Hochqualifizierte als auch mehr Menschen ohne formalen beruflichen Abschluss nach Deutschland zugewandert. Gerade für Menschen ohne beruflichen Abschluss ist die Bildungsbeteiligung wichtig, sie ist daher eine zentrale Kennzahl der Bildungsdiskussion. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird hier erstmals untersucht, inwiefern sich die Bildungsbeteiligung je nach Zuzugsmotiv unterscheidet und wie Zuzugsmotive mit Herkunftsregionen zusammenhängen. Ziel ist, die Bedeutung des Zuzugsalters erstens für den Zusammenhang von Herkunftsregion und Bildungsbeteiligung und zweitens für den Einfluss von Bildungsabschlüssen auf die Bildungsbeteiligung aufzuzeigen. Datenbasis für die vorgestellte Analyse ist der Mikrozensus 2019." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

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Bakalova, Irina, Ruxanda Berlinschi, Jan Fidrmuc & Yuri Dzyuba (2021): COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 845), Maastricht, 14 S.

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in the prevalence of working from home among white-collar occupations. This can have important implications for the future of the workplace and quality of life. We discuss an additional implication, which we label reverse brain drain: the possibility that white-collar migrant workers return to live in their countries of origin while continuing to work for employers in their countries of destination. We estimate the potential size of this reverse flow using data from the European Labor Force Survey. Our estimates suggest that the UK, France, Switzerland and Germany each have around half a million skilled migrants who could perform their jobs from their home countries. Most of them originate from the other EU member states: both old and new. We discuss the potential economic, social and political implications of such reverse brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Batista, Catia & David McKenzie (2021): Testing Classic Theories of Migration in the Lab. (IZA discussion paper 14717), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"We test different classic migration theories by using incentivized laboratory experiments to investigate how potential migrants decide between working in different destinations. We test theories of income maximization, skill-selection, and multi-destination choice as we vary migration costs, liquidity constraints, risk, social benefits, and incomplete information. The standard income maximization model leads to a much higher migration rate and more negative skill-selection than occurs when migration decisions take place under more realistic assumptions. The independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption mostly holds when decisions just involve wages, costs, and liquidity constraints, but breaks down once we add risk and incomplete information." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bekaert, Els, Amelie F. Constant, Killian Foubert & Ilse Ruyssen (2021): Longing for Which Home. Evidence from Global Aspirations to Stay, Return or Migrate Onwards. (Working paper / Ghent University. Faculty of Economics and Business Administration 2021,1028), Gent, 45 S.

Abstract

"Aspirations provide the underlying dynamics of the behavior of individuals whether they are realized or not. Knowledge about the characteristics and motives of those who aspire to leave the host country is key for both host and home countries to formulate appropriate and effective policies in order to keep their valued immigrants or citizens and foster their (re-)integration. Based on unique individual-level Gallup World Polls data, we model the aspirations or stated preferences to return or migrate onwards of immigrants across 138 countries worldwide. Our analysis reveals selection in characteristics, a strong role for soft factors like social ties and sociocultural integration, and a faint role for economic factors. Changes in circumstances in the home and host countries are also important determinants of aspirations. Results differ by the host countries’ level of economic development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ette, Andreas & Nils Witte (2021): Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 65-83. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_4

Abstract

"International movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

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Hauben, Harald, Marta Kahancová & Anna Manoudi (2021): European Centre for Expertise (ECE) in the field of labour law, employment and labour market policy. Thematic review 2021 on platform work : synthesis report. Brussels, 72 S. DOI:10.2767/152436

Abstract

"The platform economy is growing, with around 11% of the EU workforce stating they have already provided services through a platform (Urzí Brancati et al. 2020). A number of challenges associated with platform work persist, including a lack of transparency and predictability in working conditions, inconsistent income levels, ambiguous health and safety regulations, low representation, insufficient social protection and issues around personal data and algorithmic management of work. At the same time, platform work also offers new opportunities by generating new jobs and income streams to people struggling to find work in the traditional labour market and to those who enjoy the flexibility of platform work.5 The following sections further explain the concept of platform work, its characteristics and prevalence, exploring the available data, challenges facing those working through platforms across the EU Member States, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including remedial state measures that concern the platform economy. Data for this European Centre of Expertise (ECE) Thematic Review are mainly drawn from unpublished country articles6 on the characteristics and challenges of platform work in the EU-27 Member States, in addition to existing published comparative and country-specific evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hebsaker, Michael, Guido Neidhöfer & Friedhelm Pfeiffer (2021): Intergenerational mobility and self-selection on unobserved skills: New evidence. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 55. DOI:10.1186/s12651-021-00291-3

Abstract

"This study proposes a novel way to examine self-selection on unobserved skills and applies it to a sample of young males seeking asylum in 2015/2016 in Germany. First, the degree of intergenerational mobility of these refugees is assessed, specifically their educational improvement in comparison to their parents’ level of education. Next, the estimates are compared with the level of educational mobility of similar-aged males in the refugees’ regions of origin. The idea is that this difference indicates the pattern of self-selection on unobserved skills such as grit and motivation. Our findings hint at positive selection on such unobserved skills among these young male refugees." (Author's abstract, © 2021 Springer Nature) ((en))

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Jancewicz, Barbara & Stefan Markowski (2021): Economic turbulence and labour migrants' mobility intentions : Polish migrants in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands and Germany 2009 - 2016. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 17, S. 3928-3947. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2019.1656059

Abstract

"Economists view earnings as a primary driver of migration, both actual and intended. However, studies on the relationship between migration intentions and earnings yield mixed results. We argue that earnings are an important factor, but that problems related to sample selection and the complexity of migration decision making obscure this importance. Nevertheless, periods of economic turbulence prompt people to reassess their economic situation and when a study is conducted after such economic shock, it surveys migrants who had enough time to revise their mobility intentions but who had not already moved. We used data on remain/move intentions of Polish labour migrants to the UK, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands in 2009 - 2016. This was a period of high economic turbulence in the four host countries (Global Financial Crisis, the Euro crises and the Brexit referendum) paralleled by a period of steady improvement for the Polish economy. We applied multinomial logistic regression to probe the Polish migrants' return/settlement intentions, our results show that, in general, higher earnings encourage settlement intentions. However, as expected, this influence tends to fade away from view in times of economic calm but gains in importance when unexpected shocks force migrants to re-evaluate their plans." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kanas, Agnieszka & Stephanie Steinmetz (2021): Economic Outcomes of Immigrants with Different Migration Motives: The Role of Labour Market Policies. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 449-464. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa058

Abstract

"This paper studies the role of labour market policies for economic outcomes of immigrants with different migration motives. Using two recent European Union Labour Force Surveys ad hoc modules and applying country fixed-effects models, we examine if labour market policies can alleviate the economic disadvantage of family reunification and refugee immigrants in comparison to economic immigrants. In line with previous studies, we find that even after controlling for differences in human capital and socio-demographic characteristics, family reunification, and particularly refugee immigrants have considerably lower labour force participation and employment rates, and when employed, work fewer hours and have a lower occupational status than economic immigrants. However, we also find that the economic disadvantage of family reunification and refugee immigrants is significantly smaller in countries with more extensive labour market policies. These findings hold for the overall labour market mobility index as well as its specific sub-dimensions: general and targeted support and workers’ rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kaufmann, Marc, Joël Machado & Bertrand Verheyden (2021): Why Do Migrants Stay Unexpectedly? Misperceptions and Implications for Integration. (IZA discussion paper 14155), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"Empirical evidence suggests that a large proportion of immigrants who initially intended to stay temporarily in the destination country end up staying permanently, which may lead to suboptimal integration. We study systematic causes of unexpected staying that originate in migrant misperceptions. Our framework contains uncertainty about long-term wages, endogenous integration and savings in the short term, and return migration in the long term. We identify necessary and sufficient conditions on misperceptions that lead migrants to overestimate their probability of return migration, independently of their characteristics. We show that these conditions involve pessimism about the destination country, either in terms of short-term utility, of long-term utility, or of wage prospects. We then highlight specific behavioural biases that give rise to such forms of pessimism. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel, we find that relatively higher pessimism at arrival about future utility and wages is associated with migrants staying unexpectedly ex post." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Poutvaara, Panu (2021): Population Aging and Migration. (IZA discussion paper 14389), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"International migration flows largely reflect demographic patterns and economic opportunities. Migration flows increase in expected income and other pull factors in potential destinations, and in push factors in the origin, like high unemployment, low wages, and high population growth. Migration flows decrease in the geographic and cultural distance between the potential origin and destination, and in other migration costs. To the extent that migrants are employed, immigration can alleviate challenges arising from population aging. For origin countries, the effects of migration may go either way, depending on whether increased incentives to invest in education are sufficient to compensate the loss of skilled workers. Throughout the 20th century, Northern America and Australia and New Zealand attracted highest immigration flows. Latin America was consistently a continent of emigration. Europe went through a major reversal from a continent of emigration until 1950s to a continent of immigration. In the 21st century, crucial questions for demographic and migration research are how fertility rate and emigration rate are going to develop in Africa. Even modest increases in emigration from Africa would generate major increases in immigration pressure in the rest of the world, mostly in Europe. Other major questions on the future research agenda are the effects of the climate change and rapid improvements in information technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schiele, Maximilian (2021): Life satisfaction and return migration: analysing the role of life satisfaction for migrant return intentions in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 110-129., 2020-04-28. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1763786

Abstract

"This study analyses the role of life satisfaction for the intention of migrants to return to their country of origin. It is argued that the utility function of return migration is a function of life satisfaction gains and losses due to migration. Using the German Socio-Economic Panel and the World Value Survey, first-generation migrants from 26 countries were studied on the country level and within a random intercept logistic regression framework. The results suggest that cross-country differences in the intended return rate can be explained by expected cross-country differences in the life satisfaction gains/losses of migrants that return. However, the effect might be quadratic rather than linear. On the micro data level as well, migrants tend to settle or return depending on the life satisfaction in Germany and their country of origin. This effect seems to be driven by relatively recent arrivals and migrants with transnational social ties. The study concludes that migration decisions are to some degree determined by life satisfaction maximisation and that this life satisfaction maximisation behaviour can be best observed when migrants know what to expect from their move." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoli, Simone, Jesús Fernández-Huertas Moraga & Lucas Guichard (2020): Rational inattention and migration decisions. In: Journal of International Economics, Jg. 126, 2020-06-24. DOI:10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103364

Abstract

"Acquiring information about destinations can be costly for migrants. We model information frictions in the rational inattention framework and obtain a closed-form expression for a migration gravity equation that we bring to the data. The model predicts that flows from countries with a higher cost of information or stronger priors are less responsive to variations in economic conditions in the various destinations, as migrants rationally get less information before deciding where to move. The econometric analysis reveals systematic heterogeneity in the pro-cyclical behavior of migration flows across origins that is consistent with the existence of information frictions." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Caron, Louise & Mathieu Ichou (2020): High Selection, Low Success: The Heterogeneous Effect of Migrants' Access to Employment on Their Remigration. In: International migration review, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 1104-1133. DOI:10.1177/0197918320904925

Abstract

"This article reconciles contrasting findings on the effect of access to employment on remigration by showing that this effect is actually heterogeneous and depends on migrants' initial educational selection from the origin country. Combining longitudinal data from England and Wales (1971–2011) with data on educational attainment distributions in migrants' origin countries, we find that the impact of being out of a job (unemployed or inactive) on the probability to remigrate is larger among migrants who were initially more positively selected in terms of educational attainment. This interaction effect appears stronger for male and recent migrants. Thus, in addition to migrants' access to employment in the host country, the mismatch between migrants' initial selection — that partly captures their premigration expectations — and their employment status at destination helps explain remigration behaviors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Döring, Ottmar (2020): Neuordnung des Zuwanderungsregimes für Fachkräfte durch das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz: Veränderungen, Potentiale, Herausforderungen und Handlungsansätze. In: Migration und Soziale Arbeit, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 196-204. DOI:10.3262/MIG2003196

Abstract

"Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz ordnet die Zuwanderung heutiger und künftiger Fachkräfte aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland neu. Zunächst sollen 25.000 Fachkräfte mit ihren Familien in jedem Jahr zusätzlich kommen. Dieses neue Zuwanderungsregime bringt zwar Chancen für die Fachkräftesicherung in Deutschland, hat aber auch alte und neue Hürden zu bewältigen, die ein neu gestaltetes Zuwanderungsmarketing und -management erfordern, um eine effektive und effiziente Umsetzung zu erreichen. Hierfür könnten informelle, virtuelle und formelle Migrationsnetzwerke eine hohe Bedeutung haben, wenn ihre Potentiale offensiv für die neue Zuwanderungspolitik genutzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Geis-Thöne, Wido (2020): Über eine Million erwerbsorientierte Zuwanderer in 10 Jahren. Eine Auswertung der Wanderungsmotive nach Deutschland zugezogener Personen. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2020,29), Köln, 20 S.

Abstract

"Seit dem Jahr 2017 wird im Mikrozensus erfasst, welche Motive im Ausland geborene Personen für ihren Zuzug hatten. Daraus lassen sich neue Erkenntnisse darüber gewinnen, in welchen Kontexten die Zuwanderung nach Deutschland erfolgt. So zeigt eine eigene Auswertung, dass im Jahr 2017 rund 1,06 Millionen der 3,56 Millionen seit dem Jahr 2007 ins Land gekommenen Personen zwischen 15 und 64 Jahren der erwerbsorientierten Zuwanderung zuzuordnen waren, was einem Anteil von 29,8 Prozent entspricht. Auf die Zuwanderung aus familiären Gründen entfielen 974.000 Personen oder 27,4 Prozent und auf die bildungsorientierte Zuwanderung 361.000 oder 10,1 Prozent. Differenziert man nach Herkunftsländern, zeigt sich, dass der weit überwiegende Teil der erwerbsorientierten Zuwanderer aus dem freizügigkeitsberechtigten Raum kommt. So liegt der Anteil der EU und übrigen westeuropäischen Länder zusammen bei 72,8 Prozent, wobei 51,1 Prozent allein auf die fünf Länder Polen, Rumänien, Bulgarien, Ungarn und Kroatien entfallen. Sollte die Zuwanderung aus diesen Ländern zurückgehen, kann es schnell zu Lücken am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt kommen. Daher sollte die Politik gezielt darauf hinarbeiten, dass Deutschland mit der Umsetzung des neuen Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetzes auch für erwerbsorientierte Zuwanderer aus Drittstaaten noch attraktiver wird. Dabei muss auch die regionale Dimension der erwerbsorientierten Zuwanderung im Blick behalten werden, da bisher vor allem die wirtschaftlich starken Bundesländer im Süden profitieren. Mit 52,5 Prozent lebten im Jahr 2017 über die Hälfte der erwerbsorientierten Zuwanderer in Bayern, Baden-Württemberg und Hessen, wohingegen dies nur auf 42,9 Prozent aller seit 2007 zugewanderter Personen zwischen 15 und 64 Jahren zutraf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mandal, Biswajit, Saswati Chaudhuri & Alaka Shree Prasad (2020): Unemployment of Unskilled Labor due to COVID-19 led Restriction on Migration and Trade. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 614), Essen, 23 S.

Abstract

"To combat COVID-19 the entire world has resorted to global lockdown implying restriction on international labor migration and trade. This paper aims to check the effect of such restrictions on the unemployment of unskilled labor in the source country. In competitive general equilibrium framework with three goods and four factors restriction on migration raises unemployment for given factor intensity. The results remain same even in a slightly different structure of the economy. In case of trade restriction, however, the rise or fall in unemployment depends on both the structure of the economy and the factor intensity assumption." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sandoz, Laure (2020): Understanding access to the labour market through migration channels. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 1, S. 222-241. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1502657

Abstract

"The mobility of the 'highly skilled' has become widely researched but only a few researchers have approached this category of migrants from a critical perspective. This article argues that understanding how 'highly skilled migrants' are constructed necessitates considering the conditions in which migration takes place as well as the perceptions and practices associated with these conditions. It uses the concept of 'migration channels' to investigate the enabling and disabling factors associated with different migration situations. The analysis draws on biographic interviews with highly educated migrants in Switzerland, and supplements these with expert interviews and ethnographic observations of people working in institutions that support, guide, or control migrants' access to the labour market. The article shows that categories of migrants are artificial and often do not coincide with lived realities. Migrants actively develop strategies to achieve their personal aspirations, but they also depend on the opportunities available in their environment. The concept of 'migration channels' enables us to capture this interplay between structures and agency by showing how different actors shape the opportunities and constraints faced by different groups of migrants, and how migrants actively deal with them. This concept thus fosters a critical yet empathic understanding of migration experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stark, Oded, Łukasz Byra & Grzegorz Kosiorowski (2020): On the precarious link between the Gini coefficient and the incentive to migrate. (IZA discussion paper 12910), Bonn, 16 S.

Abstract

"We offer an explanation for the inconclusive results of empirical studies into the relationship between the magnitude of the Gini coefficient of income distribution at origin and the intensity of migration. Bearing in mind the substantial literature that identifies relative deprivation as an important determinant of migration behavior, we study the relationship between aggregate or total relative deprivation, TRD, the Gini coefficient, G, and migration. We show that for a given change of incomes, TRD and G can behave differently. We present examples where, in the case of universal increases in incomes, TRD increases while G does not change; G decreases while TRD does not change; and G decreases while TRD increases. We generalize these examples into formal criteria, providing sufficient conditions on the initial and final income vectors under which incongruence between the directions of changes of G and of TRD occur. Our analysis leads us to infer that when the incentive to migrate increases with TRD, then this response can co-exist with no change of G or with a decrease of G." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aksoy, Cevat Giray & Panu Poutvaara (2019): Refugees' self-selection into Europe. Who migrates where? (Ifo working paper 289), München, 56 S.

Abstract

"About 1.4 million refugees and irregular migrants arrived in Europe in 2015 and 2016. We model how refugees and irregular migrants are self-selected. Using unique datasets from the International Organization for Migration and Gallup World Polls, we provide the first large-scale evidence on reasons to emigrate, and the self-selection and sorting of refugees and irregular migrants for multiple origin and destination countries. Refugees and female irregular migrants are positively self-selected with respect to education, while male irregular migrants are not. We also analyze how border controls affect destination country choice." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Alcidi, Cinzia & Daniel Gros (2019): EU mobile workers: A challenge to public finances? Contribution for informal ECOFIN, Bucharest, 5-6 April, 2019. Brüssel, 32 S.

Abstract

"This contribution analyses recent trends in labour mobility within the EU and considers the challenges it generates in sending countries. It finds that mobile workers abroad can make a significant contribution to the GDP of their host countries and that the incomes of mobile citizens abroad can be of considerable benefit to those who stayed at home.
However, large-scale (net) emigration could have negative effects on the source country. Negative effects of outward mobility can arise through brain drain and when emigration erodes the tax base, making it more difficult for governments to finance current expenditure and to service (a large) public debt. Within the EU, the evidence of brain drain appears limited to southern euro area countries. The negative impact of the erosion of the tax base through emigration is mitigated by lower expenditure needs and additional VAT revenues on the expenditure financed by remittances. For high debt countries, population ageing exacerbated by mobility, rather than mobility alone, is the main issue for debt sustainability.
A key finding is that with ongoing reductions in wage gaps, in the future, differences in structural factors may be more important than (after-tax) income in the decision to emigrate. States which struggle the most to enhance the quality of the life of their citizens, through effective public spending and provision of high quality public goods, may experience the largest outflows of workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Babar, Zahra, Michael Ewers & Nabil Khattab (2019): Im/mobile highly skilled migrants in Qatar. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 9, S. 1553-1570. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1492372

Abstract

"Most studies on the mobility of highly skilled migrants have been examined with a framework of global talent mobility and under conditions of neoliberal governance and economic globalization. In this study we challenge the notion of the hypermobile knowledge worker. Utilizing mixed methods, we examine the factors that attracted highly skilled migrants to Qatar and the conditions under which they might leave in the future. Rather than finding a group of footloose migrants attracted primarily to high-wage jobs, a lack of taxation or amenities, and with multiple alternative locations of residence, we find that highly skilled migrants exist on a spectrum of immobility. More significantly, this immobility depends on the migrant's region of origin. For Asian and Western migrants immobility is attributed to the Kafala system or employer sponsorship, which hinders occupational and spatial mobility and ties workers to their sponsors. Arab highly skilled migrants are especially affected by lack of security and stability in their home countries, which makes these workers involuntarily immobile. The former group seem to be willing to accept a reduced level of agency and mobility for high income, whereas for the latter security and stability are more fundamental to their decision to come to Qatar." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bizeul, Yves & Dennis Bastian Rudolf (Hrsg.) (2019): Politische Debatten um Migration und Integration. Konzepte und Fallbeispiele. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 229 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23963-3

Abstract

"Der Sammelband kombiniert die Diskussion theoretischer Konzepte mit länderübergreifenden Analysen zu Migration und Integration. Im Mittelpunkt stehen einerseits Fragen bezüglich der Grenzen klassischer Migrations- und Integrationstheorien bzw. Möglichkeiten für deren Erweiterung und andererseits empirische Fallbeispiele, welche nach den Ursachen und Folgen von Flucht- und Migrationsbewegungen fragen, den länderspezifischen Umgang mit Migration und Integration beleuchten sowie Lösungsansätze und aktuelle Migrations- und Integrationspolitiken diskutieren." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Borderon, Marion, Patrick Sakdapolrak, Raya Muttarak, Endale Kebede, Raffaella Pagogna & Eva Sporer (2019): Migration influenced by environmental change in Africa. A systematic review of empirical evidence. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 41, S. 491-544. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.18

Abstract

"Despite an increase in scholarly and policy interest regarding the impacts of environmental change on migration, empirical knowledge in the field remains varied, patchy, and limited. Generalised discourse on environmental migration frequently oversimplifies the complex channels through which environmental change influences the migration process.
This paper aims to systematise the existing empirical evidence on migration influenced by environmental change with a focus on Africa, the continent most vulnerable to climate change.
We select 53 qualitative and quantitative studies on the influence of environmental change on migration from the comprehensive Climig database and systematically analyse the literature considering the multidimensional drivers of migration.
Environmental change influences migration in Africa in an indirect way by affecting other drivers of migration, including sociodemographic, economic, and political factors. How and in what direction environmental change influences migration depends on socioeconomic and geographical contexts, demographic characteristics, and the type and duration of migration.
The contextually contingent nature of migration - environment relationships prevents us from drawing a universal conclusion, whether environmental change will increase or suppress migration in Africa. However, this study unravels the complex interactions between the nature and duration of the environmental pressure, the livelihood of the populations, the role of kinship ties and the role of demographic differentials on migration response.
The review provides an initial systematic and comprehensive summary of empirical evidence on the environmental drivers of migration in Africa. It also discusses the implications of the scale, materials, and methods used in the 53 studies." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Brücker, Herbert, Johann Fuchs, Eric Schuß, Doris Söhnlein, Parvati Trübswetter & Enzo Weber (2019): Kurzexpertise Zuwanderung. Nürnberg, 58 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Kurzexpertise untersucht, ob und inwieweit die jüngste Einwanderung seit 2005 einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, das deutsche Rentensystem zu entlasten und den Beitragssatz in der GRV zu stabilisieren. Zur Analyse wird auf die IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe und den Mikrozensus zurückgegriffen - die nach der Beschreibung des Forschungsvorhabens in Kapitel 1 - in Kapitel 2 zunächst beschrieben werden. In einem ersten Schritt werden in Kapitel 3 die individuellen Merkmale und der Bildungshintergrund der im Ausland geborenen Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer betrachtet. Anschließend wird in Kapital 4 die aktuelle Arbeitsmarktintegration der Zuzüge und ihre Beschäftigungssituation in Abhängigkeit von der Aufenthaltsdauer analysiert. Dabei wird auch erläutert, inwiefern das Rück- und Auswanderungsverhalten der Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer Einfluss auf die Beurteilung des Beitrages von Einwanderung für die Deutsche Rentenversicherung hat. Deshalb schließt sich mit Kapitel 5 eine Prognose an, die auf der Basis eines stochastischen Modells die künftige Bedeutung der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung mit ausländischer Nationalität, insbesondere für den Arbeitsmarkt, darstellt. Abschließend werde die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Corneo, Giacomo & Guido Neidhöfer (2019): Income redistribution and self-selection of immigrants. (ZEW discussion paper 2019-005), Mannheim, 47 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the effects of governmental redistribution of income on migration patterns, using an Italian administrative dataset that includes information on almost every Italian citizen living abroad. Since Italy takes a middle ground in terms of redistribution, both the welfare-magnet effect from more redistributive countries and the propensity of the high-skilled to settle in countries with lower taxes can be empirically studied. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that destination countries with more redistribution receive a negative selection of Italian migrants. This holds true after accounting for many individual and country level covariates, migration costs, and when testing for stochastic dominance of the skill distributions of migrants and stayers. Policy simulations are run in order to gauge the magnitude of these migration effects. Based on estimated elasticities, we find that sizable increases in the amount of redistribution in Italy have small effects on the skill composition of the resident population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dibeh, Ghassan, Ali Fakih & Walid Marrouch (2019): Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. In: The Journal of Industrial Relations, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 225-251. DOI:10.1177/0022185618788085

Abstract

"This article examines the drivers of youth irregular migration in the Middle East and North Africa region. A multinomial logit model is implemented to test the effect of labor market and institutional characteristics on the decision of youth to migrate using a unique and novel dataset covering young people aged 15 - 29 from five major Middle East and North Africa countries. Specifically, the article investigates the effect of micro determinants of irregular migration: individual socio-economic factors, wealth factors, adaptability factors, labor market factors, and institutional factors. The article finds that the labor market drivers matter more for regular rather than irregular migration amongst the youth from the Middle East and North Africa region. However, institutional settings are of great importance for any decision to migrate, be it regularly or irregularly. In addition, youth from wealthier households are more likely to express willingness to migrate using regular channels, whereas youth from disadvantaged backgrounds are more likely to consider the irregular route." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Djajic, Slobodan & Alexandra Vinogradova (2019): Immigration policies and the choice between documented and undocumented migration. In: Economica, Jg. 86, H. 341, S. 201-228. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12255

Abstract

"What determines whether a temporary migrant chooses to go abroad as a documented worker or as an illegal alien? We address the question from a theoretical perspective by focusing on how immigration policies, aimed at both documented and undocumented foreign workers, influence the choice between the two modes of migration. Calibrating our model to the specific case of temporary emigration from Thailand, we provide estimates of the relative policy effectiveness. The deportation rate facing undocumented aliens is shown to be the most potent instrument, while some of the measures directed at documented contract workers are found to be more effective in influencing the choice of emigration mode than border controls and employer sanctions aimed at illegal immigrants." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Grosser, Angelique Martha, Chantal Höller-Holtrichter, Ina-Merle Doyle, Jutta Schmitz, Renata Hoffmann, Emine Ergin-Akkoyun, Antonia Mauro, Jürgen Breckenkamp, Oliver Razum & Jacob Spallek (2019): Rekrutierungsstrategien für Migrantinnen in einer Geburtskohorte am Beispiel der BaBi-Studie. In: Das Gesundheitswesen, Jg. 81, H. 8/9, S. 621-628. DOI:10.1055/a-0600-2392

Abstract

"Hintergrund Die Rekrutierung von Studienteilnehmern aller relevanten Bevölkerungsgruppen stellt eine der Herausforderungen in der (sozial-)epidemiologischen Forschung dar. Es existiert eine Vielzahl von Strategien, die der Rekrutierung von ethnischen Minderheiten und bestimmter Migrantengruppen dienen können. Unklar ist bisher, ob diese Strategien auch bei der Etablierung einer Geburtskohorte geeignet sind. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Darstellung und Evaluation von Rekrutierungsstrategien für Migrantinnen in einer Geburtskohorte am Beispiel der BaBi-Studie. Methoden Die Rekrutierung erfolgte von Oktober 2013 bis Oktober 2016. Als Vorbereitung wurden Fokusgruppen mit Schwangeren und Müttern und leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews mit Hebammen und GynäkologInnen durchgeführt, um Studienmaterialien, Befragungsinstrumente und Sprachpräferenzen zu prüfen. In der Vorstudie wurden unterschiedliche Rekrutierungswege getestet. Im Rekrutierungsverlauf fand eine kontinuierliche Evaluation statt, um erfolgreiche Rekrutierungsstrategien für Teilnehmerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund zu ermitteln und anzupassen. Ergebnisse Von den eingeschlossenen 980 Teilnehmerinnen hatten 390 einen Migrationshintergrund (40%). Es wurden aktive und passive Rekrutierungsstrategien verfolgt, in denen u.?a. türkische Übersetzungen und multikulturelles Personal zum Einsatz kamen. Für die passive Rekrutierung über gynäkologische Praxen und Hebammen mussten die schwangeren Frauen und Wöchnerinnen eine hohe Motivation für die Rekrutierung mitbringen. Die aktive Rekrutierung in den Geburtskliniken (Ansprache durch Study-Nurses) erhöhte den Anteil an Teilnehmerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund von 22 auf 49% aller Teilnehmerinnen. Durch frühzeitige Überprüfungen und Anpassungen der Zugangswege konnte die Teilnahmebereitschaft erhöht werden. Diskussion Für die Rekrutierung von Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund sind gründliche Vorbereitungen in Form von Befragungen (Fokusgruppen, Leitfadeninterviews) und einer Vorstudie sinnvoll. Von Beginn an sind Verfahren zur frühzeitigen Evaluation der unterschiedlichen Rekrutierungsstrategien und ein erhöhter Personalaufwand (z.?B. für (Rück-/ Übersetzungen) einzuplanen). Der Einschluss von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in sozialepidemiologischen Studien sollte in Deutschland zur Normalität werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hemming, Karen, Tabea Schlimbach, Frank Tillmann, Birte Nienaber, Monica Roman & Jan Skrobanek (2019): Structural framework conditions and individual motivations for youth-mobility. A macro-micro level approach for different European country-types. In: Migration letters, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 45-59. DOI:10.33182/ml.v16i1.621

Abstract

"European youth mobility seems to be fostering Europe's unequal pace of integration, which sees certain countries benefit at the expense of others (Ohmacht et al., 2009; van Mol & Timmerman, 2014). Using a comparative approach, the paper aims to relate a macro-level country-typology focussing on human capital with individual mobility-motivations on the micro-level. Our methodological approach is based on a secondary macro-data analysis and analyses of mobility-motivations of young people (micro-data) deriving from qualitative (N=152) and quantitative data (N=5,499) collected in six European countries. In order to examine correspondence between macro-conditions and micro-aspects, we relate information on mobility-motivations to the country-typology by allocating mobile youth to the respective types of their home country. The results show that the country-types compose different opportunity structures, which are reflected in individual motivations. Accordingly, different country-types can be seen as an example of the heterogeneity and inequality of European social and territorial mobility frames." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hermanni, Hagen von & Robert Neumann (2019): 'Refugees welcome?' The interplay between perceived threats and general concerns on the acceptance of refugees. A factorial survey approach in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 349-374. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1459183

Abstract

"The on-going migration of refugees to Europe has fuelled debates about the indigence of refugees and the perceived legitimacy of individual claims for asylum in different receptive countries. With a substantial body of research that has investigated the antecedents of attitudes towards immigrants, evidence on whether those underlying assumptions hold true for refugees as well remains scarce. The paper applies the framework of Intergroup Threat Theory to arrive at competing hypotheses with regard to the acceptance levels of refugees. We use pooled data from two probabilistic samples drawn in the German city of Dresden and apply a confounded factorial survey design to extend previous research on attitudes towards refugees. We find that natives perceive political persecution and war as justified reasons for seeking asylum in Germany, while socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and refugees are of minor importance. Foremost, the individual level of respondent's fear of crime represents a crucial moderator of the perception of refugees as threatening." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jaschke, Philipp & Sekou Keita (2019): Say it like Goethe: Language learning facilities abroad and the self-selection of immigrants. (IAB-Discussion Paper 14/2019), Nürnberg, 41 S.

Abstract

"Die Einwanderungspolitik in den meisten einkommensstarken Ländern zielt darauf ab, qualifizierte Migration bei gleichzeitiger Beibehaltung hoher Anforderungen an Bildung und Sprachkenntnisse zu fördern. Wir verwenden ein etabliertes theoretisches Modell zur Selbstselektion von Migrantinnen und Migranten mit heterogenen Migrationskosten, um die Auswirkungen des Zugangs zu Sprachlernangeboten im Herkunftsland auf verschiedene Qualifikationen von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland zu untersuchen. Ausgehend von individuellen Befragungsdaten von Zugewanderten aus Kohorten zwischen 2000 und 2014, kombiniert mit neu vorliegenden Daten über die Präsenz von Goethe Instituten in den Herkunftsländern, zeigen unsere Ergebnisse, dass der Erwerb der deutschen Sprache durch die Verfügbarkeit von Sprachkursen im Ausland gefördert wird. Darüber hinaus stellen wir fest, dass Sprachlernangebote im Ausland eine positive (Selbst-)Selektion von Migrantinnen und Migranten entlang mehrerer Dimensionen bewirken, wie z.B. Bildung, Erwerbserfahrung und die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines Stellenangebots bei Einreise. Diese Eigenschaften sind wiederum für die langfristige Integration in Deutschland von großer Bedeutung. Zur Identifikation von Wirkungskanälen, führen wir eine kausale Mediationsanalyse durch. Es zeigt sich, dass 25 % des gesamten Effekts durch angebotene Sprachkurse im Ausland auf die Sprachkenntnisse zum Zeitpunkt der Einwanderung direkt auf die Teilnahme von Migrantinnen und Migranten an Sprachkursen zurückzuführen sind. Dies deutet auf substantielle Spillover-Effekte hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Liwiński, Jacek (2019): Does it pay to study abroad? Evidence from Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 525-555. DOI:10.1108/IJM-11-2017-0305

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of international student mobility (ISM) on the first wages of tertiary education graduates in Poland.
Design/methodology/approach: The author uses data from the nationwide tracer survey of Polish graduates (2007 Graduate Tracer Study) and regresses the hourly net wage rate of salaried workers in their first job after graduating from a higher education institution on a rich set of individual characteristics. In order to reduce the bias due to selection to ISM, the author includes a set of variables representing abilities and skills, characteristics of studies, and international experience as control variables. The author addresses the possible selection to employment bias by using the Heckman correction.
Findings: After controlling for observed heterogeneity, the author finds that Polish graduates who studied abroad for at least one month earn on average 22 per cent more in their first job than those who studied in Poland only. However, the author also finds that this wage premium is explained by international economic migration after graduation. Studying abroad brings a wage premium only if it is followed by working abroad. Those who perform their first job in Poland do not obtain any wage premium from ISM.
Originality/value: The main contribution of the paper is that it identifies international economic migration after graduation as another mechanism explaining why those who studied abroad earn more." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Migali, Silvia & Marco Scipioni (2019): Who's about to leave? A global survey of aspirations and intentions to migrate. In: International migration, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 181-200. DOI:10.1111/imig.12617

Abstract

"This article analyses aspirations and intentions to migrate based on Gallup World Poll for the period 2010 - 2015. We estimate individual-level traits associated with aspirations and intentions to migrate across groups of countries in different regions and with different income levels. This paper brings together previous hypotheses regarding migration aspirations and tests them under several specifications, while keeping separate findings according to migration aspirations and intentions to appreciate differences between them. Being dissatisfied with one's own standard of living is associated with a higher probability of desiring to move, while the relation with the actual preparation to migrate is less clear. Some individual traits remain significant across (almost) all specifications: being male, foreign-born, highly educated, and having networks abroad are associated with higher probability of preparing for international migration. Aspects related to one's economic situation are not consistently significant across specifications, signalling the importance of contextual analyses for these factors." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Palmberger, Monika (2019): Relational ambivalence: Exploring the social and discursive dimensions of ambivalence. The case of Turkish aging labor migrants. In: International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Jg. 60, H. 1/2, S. 74-90. DOI:10.1177/0020715219832918

Abstract

"Many of Vienna's labor migrants who entered Austria as so-called 'guest workers' together with their spouses long nurtured the dream of returning to their country of origin, at the latest when they retired. By then, however, returning became less than straightforward leading to ambivalence regarding questions of belonging/return and transnational mobility and late-life care. Based on rich qualitative data, in this article, I show that ambivalences are found in the complexity of migrants' narratives, particularly in the way they (1) reassess past choices, (2) negotiate feelings of belonging, and (3) assess future options for late life and care. I argue that the social dimension of ambivalence, which I term 'relational ambivalence,' is crucial to understanding the labor migrants' experiences, reflections, and choices. The analysis shows that ambivalence must be understood as a product of relationships rather than solely an individual experience. The concept of relational ambivalence captures these social and discursive dimensions of ambivalence. The article ultimately carves out the particularity of ambivalence in the general context of migration and in the specific context of Vienna's labor migrants, while accepting feelings of ambivalence or the simultaneity of different, opposing positions in one and the same person as a core human experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Scalettaris, Giulia & Flore Gubert (2019): Return Schemes from European Countries: Assessing the Challenges. In: International Migration, Jg. 57, H. 4, S. 91-104. DOI:10.1111/imig.12467

Abstract

"Drawing on a review of the academic literature on return migration and return migration policies, as well as on reports and project documentation, this article provides a general assessment of return schemes from European countries, with a focus on those targeting failed asylum-seekers and irregular migrants. The article first highlights the contrasted understanding of return and reintegration by migration policy-makers and migration scholars respectively. It then provides an overview of the main challenges, focusing on seven key issues: preparedness to return, the imbalance of represented interests, legal mobility, conditions in the countries of origin, the reintegration package, integration in Europe, and the specific obstacles to return faced by failed asylum-seekers. The article highlights the need to reassess return policies and frame more realistic schemes." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Scherr, Albert & Karin Scherschel (2019): Wer ist ein Flüchtling? Grundlagen einer Soziologie der Zwangsmigration. (Fluchtaspekte), Göttingen: Vandenhoek und Ruprecht, 112 S.

Abstract

"Kriege, Menschenrechtsverletzungen, Armut und globale Ungleichheiten führen dazu, dass Migration für viele die einzige Chance ist, unerträglichen Lebensbedingungen in ihren Herkunftsländern zu entkommen. Die Zielländer reagieren mit Abwehrmaßnahmen: Humanitäre Überlegungen verlieren zugunsten nationalstaatlicher politischer Interessen an Bedeutung. Karin Scherschel und Albert Scherr analysieren Flucht im Kontext von Globalisierungsprozessen und als gesellschaftliches Konfliktfeld. Die Autor*innen fragen nach den Ursachen von Migration und nehmen die Gründe und die Folgen der restriktiven Fassungen des Flüchtlingskonzepts in den Blick." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Sener, Meltem Yilmaz (2019): Perceived discrimination as a major factor behind return migration? The return of Turkish qualified migrants from the USA and Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 15, S. 2801-2819. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1524292

Abstract

"This paper explains discrimination perceptions of Turkish qualified migrants who returned from Germany and the United States, and the impact of perceived discrimination on their return. It depends on in-depth interviews with 80 qualified Turkish returnees. Our findings indicate that: (i) returnees from Germany think they experienced ethnic discrimination; (ii) discrimination is a major reason behind their return; (iii) returnees from the US did not mention discrimination; (iv) discrimination is not a reason for return for them. We discuss these findings and explain the differences between German and American contexts in terms of ethnic boundaries. We use Alba's (2005) distinction between bright and blurry ethnic boundaries to explain the difference between the two countries. However, going beyond his argument, we also connect this distinction to cultural capital. We argue that in a context where there are bright ethnic boundaries, high cultural capital does not free the individual from experiences of discrimination, whereas it can make a difference in a context where there are blurry ethnic boundaries. Qualified migrants choose to return from contexts where there are bright ethnic boundaries to escape from experiences of discrimination, as they can afford return due to their high levels of cultural and economic capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sue, Christina A., Fernando Riosmena & Joshua LePree (2019): The influence of social networks, social capital, and the ethnic community on the U.S. destination choices of Mexican migrant men. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 13, S. 2468-2488. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1447364

Abstract

"Compared to the overwhelming emphasis on the causes of international migration, less attention has been paid to immigrant destination choice. Studies which have addressed destination outcomes are generally quantitative in nature and have focused on macro-level explanations. In this article, we adopt a qualitative approach to examine undocumented Mexican male migrants' decision-making processes about the destination, demonstrating how the interplay between social networks, social capital, and individual circumstance influences their U.S. destination choices, both when migrating from Mexico and when relocating within the United States. Based on seventy semi-structured, in-depth interviews with primarily undocumented Mexican migrants residing in Colorado, we detail the specific mechanisms that guided them to particular destinations. Our findings illustrate the importance of the geographical diversity of social ties, the type of migration (international vs. internal), the kind and strength of ties, and the form of interpersonal interactions with ties, for respondents' destination outcomes. In addition, our findings challenge the notion that the presence of a co-ethnic community is consistently viewed by migrants as a destination incentive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tuccio, Michele (2019): Measuring and assessing talent attractiveness in OECD countries. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 229), Paris, 58 S. DOI:10.1787/b4e677ca-en

Abstract

"This paper introduces a new set of indicators aimed at benchmarking how OECD countries fare in attracting talented migrants. Three different profiles of talent are considered: workers with graduate (master or doctorate) degrees, entrepreneurs, and university students. After providing a definition of the notion of talent attractiveness, this paper develops a conceptual framework for the study of the phenomenon, and discusses the variables used to construct the composite indicators. Sensitivity analysis is performed in order to make sure the indicators are robust to several statistical checks. Finally, the paper documents the attractiveness of OECD countries to the different profiles of talented migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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OECD (2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

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Althoff, Jörg, Silke Anger, Frank Bauer, Mario Bossler, Kerstin Bruckmeier, Herbert Brücker, Hans Dietrich, Sandra Dummert, Johann Fuchs, Nicole Gürtzgen, Peter Haller, Christian Hohendanner, Elke Jahn, Klara Kaufmann, Regina Konle-Seidl, Thomas Kruppe, Alexander Kubis, Peter Kupka, Torsten Lietzmann, Philipp Ramos Lobato, Oliver Ludewig, Britta Matthes, Andreas Moczall, Joachim Möller, Christopher Osiander, Angela Rauch, Malte Reichelt, Nancy Reims, Thomas Rhein, Thomas Rothe, Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert, Steffen Sirries, Carina Sperber, Heiko Stüber, Uwe Sujata, Ehsan Vallizadeh, Basha Vicari, Ulrich Walwei, Enzo Weber, Gerd Zika & Joachim Wolff (2018): Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen. Nürnberg, 43 S.

Abstract

"Die hiesige Arbeitsmarktentwicklung ist nicht nur im Zeitvergleich bemerkenswert. Aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive zeigt sich ebenfalls eine beachtliche Erfolgsgeschichte. Gleichwohl bestehen auch Schwachstellen und Risiken. So ist die Vererbung von schlechten Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktchancen hierzulande stark ausgeprägt. Und als exportorientierte Volkswirtschaft kann sich Deutschland nicht von internationalen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen abkoppeln.
Die deutsche Arbeitsmarktpolitik steht zudem aus anderen Gründen vor großen Herausforderungen. Insbesondere gilt es, die Arbeit in der digitalisierten Welt zu gestalten, die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit weiter abzubauen, die Aufstiegsmobilität zu verbessern, den Fachkräftebedarf zu sichern und Arbeitsmarktintegration von Geflüchteten zu fördern.
In der neu aufgelegten und erweiterten IAB-Broschüre 'Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen' werden Ergebnisse aus der Forschungsarbeit des IAB zusammengefasst. Neben einer Standortbestimmung für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auch im internationalen Kontext gibt sie einen Überblick zu den Themen Struktur der Beschäftigung, Fachkräftesicherung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Leistungsbezug, Bildung und Beruf sowie zu arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina & Cristina Borra (2018): Internal mobility after the expansion of the Welfare State. Evidence from Spain. (CReAM discussion paper 2018,06), London, 30 S.

Abstract

"The Spanish welfare state was practically inexistent in the 1980s. It expanded throughout the 1990s and became fully in place by the 2000s. At the same time, internal migration rates dropped to less than 0.3 percent - among the lowest in the world. In a country with large labor market imbalances, internal mobility can prove crucial to economic growth. We look at the role that non-contributory pensions might have played on inter-provincial mobility over the past two decades. We find that the expansion of the welfare state has curtailed the mobility of young working-age individuals, especially less educated women. The effects are unique to non-contributory pensions, and are not restricted to cohabitating family members or tied to the care for disabled relatives, signaling the need for policy measures that facilitate the mobility of the young from lower income households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Artuç, Erhan & Caglar Ozden (2018): Transit migration: all roads lead to America. In: The economic journal, Jg. 128, H. 612, S. F306-F334. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12456

Abstract

"The paths of many migrants include multiple destinations and transit routes, yet this pattern is almost never reflected in empirical analyses. For example, 9% of recent immigrants to the US arrived from a transit country as opposed to the one they were born in. Among those arriving from many OECD countries, transit migration ratio exceeds 30%. To explain these patterns, we construct a dynamic model of global migration that allows transit migration opportunities to impact the attractiveness of locations. After estimating structural parameters of the model, we simulate various counterfactual scenarios to highlight the spillovers of transit migration paths." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bartolucci, Cristian, Claudia Villosio & Mathis Wagner (2018): Who migrates and why? Evidence from Italian administrative data. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 551-588. DOI:10.1086/694616

Abstract

"We use 20 years of Italian administrative panel data to identify the role of ability in migration from south to north. Using a novel iterative estimation method for a switching regression model with the same worker-specific source of unobserved heterogeneity in selection and outcome equations, we find that returns to ability are lower in the north than the south. Accordingly, migrants are drawn from the lower half of the ability distribution. Higher wages and employment rates each account for around half the gains from migration. Return migration reinforces the original negative selection of migrants, consistent with migrants facing considerable uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Basso, Gaetano, Francesco D'Amuri & Giovanni Peri (2018): Immigrants, labor market dynamics and adjustment to shocks in the Euro Area. (NBER working paper 25091), Cambrige, Mass., 47 S. DOI:10.3386/w25091

Abstract

"We analyze the role of labor mobility in cushioning labor demand shocks in the Euro Area. We find that foreign born workers' mobility is strongly cyclical, while this is not the case for natives. Foreigners' higher population to employment elasticity reduces the variation of overall employment rates over the business cycle: thanks to them, the impact of a one standard deviation change in employment on employment rates decreases by 6 per cent at the country level and by 7 per cent at the regional level. Additionally, we compare Euro Area mobility to that of another currency union, the US. We find that the population to employment elasticity estimated for foreign-born persons is similar in the Euro Area and the US, while EA natives are definitely less mobile across countries than US natives are across states in response to labor demand shocks. This last result confirms that in the Euro Area there is room for improving country specific shocks absorption through higher labor mobility. It also suggests that immigration helped labor market adjustments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertoli, Simone & Ilse Ruyssen (2018): Networks and migrants' intended destination. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 705-728. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby012

Abstract

"Social networks are known to influence migration decisions, but connections between individuals remain usually unobserved. Surveys conducted by Gallup in 147 countries provide information on migration intentions and on distance-one connections in each destination. The distribution of distance-one connections mirrors the one of migrant stocks, and intentions are informative about actual decisions. The estimation of origin-specific conditional logit models reveals that distance-one connections can alter the ranking of most pairs of destinations. We test the validity of the distributional assumptions that underlie identification and perform extensive robustness checks, thus mitigating the concerns about the threats to identification posed by unobservables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biagi, Bianca, Alessandra Faggian, Isha Rajbhandari & Viktor A. Venhorst (Hrsg.) (2018): New frontiers in interregional migration research. (Advances in spatial science), Cham: Springer London, 252 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-75886-2

Abstract

"This book focuses on the latest advances and challenges in interregional migration research. Given the increase in the availability of 'big data' at a finer spatial scale, the book discusses the resulting new challenges for researchers in interregional migration, especially for regional scientists, and the theoretical and empirical advances that have been made possible. In presenting these findings, it also sheds light on the different migration drivers and patterns in the developed and developing world by comparing different regions around the globe. The book updates and revisits the main academic debates in interregional migration, and presents new emerging lines of investigation and a forward-looking research agenda." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Cangià, Flavia, Déborah Levitan & Tania Zittoun (2018): Family, boundaries and transformation. The international mobility of professionals and their families. In: Migration letters, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 17-31.

Abstract

"Two dominant images of mobile professionals, also known as 'expats', have long been common in the social sciences: on the one hand, they were described as super-mobile individuals, who easily move between places with no time frame in mind, with the openness to engage with diversity; on the other hand, more recent studies challenged the idea of 'expat' cosmopolitanism, and investigated the boundaries constituted by these people in the course of their everyday life. The present article brings to the fore the complexity of these individuals' and their families' experiences of international mobility from a combined socio-cultural psychological and sociological perspective. We draw on qualitative research conducted in Switzerland in order to reflect on the role of family in the way these people make sense of diversity across time and space, make and un-make symbolic boundaries between themselves and others, and understand personal and their families' transformation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cascio, Elizabeth U. & Ethan G. Lewis (2018): Distributing the Green (Cards). Permanent residency and the income tax after the immigration reform and control act of 1986. (NBER working paper 24872), Cambrige, Mass., 60 S. DOI:10.3386/w24872

Abstract

"We explore how permanent residency affects the income tax using variation from the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA), which authorized the largest U.S. amnesty to date. We exploit the timing and geographic unevenness of IRCA's legalization programs alongside newly digitized data on the income tax in California, home to the majority of applicants. Green Cards induced the previously unauthorized to file state income tax returns at rates comparable to other California residents. While the new returns generated little additional revenue through the end of the 1990s, they did raise the earnings of families with children through new claims of the federal Earned Income Tax Credit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Coniglio, Nicola Daniele & Jan Brzozowski (2018): Migration and development at home: Bitter or sweet return? Evidence from Poland. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 25, H. 1, S. 85-105. DOI:10.1177/0969776416681625

Abstract

"The existing economic literature focuses on the benefits that return migrants offer to their home country in terms of entrepreneurship and human and financial capital accumulation. However, return migration can have modest or even some detrimental effects if the migration experience was unsuccessful and/or if the migrant fails to re-integrate into the home country's economy. In our paper, we empirically show which factors - both individual characteristics and features related to the migration experience - influence the likelihood of a sub-optimal employment of returnees' human capital employing an original dataset on a representative sample of return migrants in Silesia (Poland)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dadush, Uri (2018): The economic effects of refugee return. (Economics. Discussion papers 2018-22), Kiel, 16 S.

Abstract

"The recent surge in the number of forcibly displaced persons who cross international borders in search of protection has prompted interest in evaluating policies that achieve the possible 'end points' of the phenomenon. As envisaged by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), these are the integration of the forcibly displaced persons in the country of destination, relocation in a third country, and return to the country of origin. The focus of this brief is on the third aspect, namely the appropriate conduct of return policy viewed from the perspective of the host country and, although the vast majority of forcibly displaced people are found in developing countries, the object here are policies in advanced countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dadush, Uri (2018): The economic effects of refugee return. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-17. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-33

Abstract

"The recent surge in the number of forcibly displaced persons who cross international borders in search of protection has prompted interest in evaluating policies that achieve the possible 'end points' of the phenomenon. These are the integration of the forcibly displaced persons in the country of destination, relocation in a third country, and return to the country of origin. The focus of this paper is on the third aspect, and more specifically on the appropriateness of return policy viewed from an economic perspective. Although the vast majority of forcibly displaced people is found in developing countries, the object of this paper are the return policies of advanced countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dibeh, Ghassan, Ali Fakih & Walid Marrouch (2018): Labor market and institutional drivers of youth irregular migration. Evidence from the MENA region. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 261), Maastricht, 25 S.

Abstract

"Irregular migration became an alarming issue over the last decade for both developed and developing countries. A prevailing assumption in migration policy is that labor market and institutional characteristics play a crucial role in pushing people to leave their home countries in search for better life prospects. This paper examines this hypothesis using a unique dataset covering young people aged 15 to 29 from five major MENA countries from the year 2016. Using a probit model, the paper finds that labor market drivers (unemployment, job sector, social security, contract type) are of great importance for the decision to migrate irregularly amongst the youth in the MENA region and that the quality of institutions matters. In addition, the lack of wealth and economic opportunities enhance their willingness to engage in irregular migration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Duda-Mikulin, Eva A. (2018): Should I stay or should I go now? Exploring Polish women's returns "home". In: International migration, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 140-153. DOI:10.1111/imig.12420

Abstract

"At a time when there are more people on the move than ever before, it is pivotal to explore people's motivations and experiences of return migration. Whilst motivations for migration are comparatively well explored, return migrants' experiences are less well-known and migrants' gender is rarely considered. This article addresses these gaps. It is based on qualitative research and in-depth interviews with 32 Polish women: 16 migrants and 16 return migrants. Considered through the lens of agency and structure, this research uncovers how fluid the process of migration has become; migration motivations and patterns are blurred and interlinked with one another while classic migration theories seem outdated. The study uses an 'intersection of motivations' to show how inseparable migration-related motivations have become. This article contributes to the growing literature on East-West return migration and highlights women as migrants and the gendered nature of their mobility." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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East, Chloe N., Philip Luck, Hani Mansour & Andrea Velasquez (2018): The labor market effects of immigration enforcement. (IZA discussion paper 11486), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of reducing the supply of low-skilled immigrant workers on the labor market outcomes of domestic workers. We use temporal and geographic variation in the introduction of Secure Communities (SC), a county-based immigration enforcement policy, combined with data over 2005-2014 from the American Community Survey to estimate a difference-in-difference model with geographic and time fixed effects. We find evidence that SC had a negative impact on the employment of low-skilled noncitizen workers, who are likely to be directly affected by the policy. Importantly, we also find that SC negatively impacted the employment of citizens working in middle to high-skill occupations. This is the first paper to provide quasi- experimental evidence on the labor market effects of immigration enforcement policies on citizens across the occupational skill distribution, which is of paramount importance given the current immigration policy debates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ganguli, Ina (2018): Immigrant selection before and after communism. In: The economics of transition, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 649-694. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12159

Abstract

"The end of the Soviet Union and communist regimes throughout Eastern Europe led to sudden increases in emigration and large changes in wage inequality. This has provided a unique opportunity to understand how these changes altered incentives to emigrate during the transition period. In this paper, I analyze immigrant selection before and after the fall of the Soviet Union within a Roy Model framework, in which the relative return to skills determines the skill composition of immigrants. Using micro-level data from Russia, Ukraine and Bulgaria, matched to Census data on immigrants from these countries in the United States, Spain and Greece in the post-Soviet period, I find evidence of positive selection of immigrants in the US, and negative selection for Greece and Spain. Using retrospective data from Ukraine during the communist period, I find that selection among Soviet men in the US was intermediate and selection among women was positive." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Gardner, John & Joshua R. Hendrickson (2018): If I leave here tomorrow. An option view of migration when labor market quality declines. In: Southern Economic Journal, Jg. 84, H. 3, S. 786-814. DOI:10.1002/soej.12249

Abstract

"In this article, we provide a framework for determining when it is optimal to move when labor market opportunities are declining. We model the decision to migrate as akin to owning a financial option in which the exercise price is the fixed cost of moving. We show that a higher fixed cost associated with moving and a higher standard deviation of the quality of the labor market reduce the incentive to migrate. We then empirically examine whether the standard deviation of indicators of labor market quality reduce the likelihood of migration. Our findings strongly support this hypothesis, and imply that for the relatively mobile population of high-skilled workers the counterfactual outmigration rates that would obtain if future labor-market quality were known with certainty are more than twice observed rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grabowska, Izabela (2018): Social skills, workplaces and social remittances: A case of post-accession migrants. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 5, S. 868-886. DOI:10.1177/0950017017719840

Abstract

"This article examines how the social skills of migrants are moulded in workplaces and employment-related situations. It surveys literature on social skills, workplaces, social remittances and relational learning. It devotes attention to destination workplaces as spaces where people who left their comfort zones experience disjuncture between origin and destination. This can bring insights, noticing differences and making comparisons. On return to their workplaces in their origin countries, migrants are able to reflect upon and eventually remit these experiences, packaged as social remittances. Three categories of social skill were distilled from biographical interviews with returnees to Poland: (1) the capability for cross-cultural communication; (2) the capability for dealing with emotional labour; (3) the capability for taking initiative and acting independently. The study analysed situations of disjuncture as a result of migration which led to learning, non-learning and alienation. By bringing migration to the forefront, we consider social skills as social remittances." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greco, Sara (2018): The role of family relationships in migration decisions. A reconstruction based on implicit starting points in migrants' justifications. In: Migration letters, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 33-44.

Abstract

"This article integrates the discourse analytical approach of Argumentation theory in the study of international migration, with the aim to study the role of family relationships in migration decisions for international migrants. Argumentation theory studies dialogical exchanges in which participants give reasons to justify their standpoints. In this perspective, interviews with migrants are considered as dialogical exchanges, in which migrants provide accounts of their crucial migration decisions by giving justificatory reasons. By reconstructing these reasons, implicit starting points emerge, in particular endoxa, i.e. participants' personal values and beliefs that are at the basis of their decisions. The reconstruction of implicit endoxa allows a nuanced access to the role of family relationships within migrants' accounts of their decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hausmann, Ricardo & Ljubica Nedelkoska (2018): Welcome home in a crisis. Effects of return migration on the non-migrants' wages and employment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 101, H. January, S. 101-132. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.10.003

Abstract

"The recent economic depression in Greece hit the population of Albanian migrants in Greece particularly hard, spurring a wave of return migration that increased the Albanian labor force by 5% in less than four years, between 2011 and 2014. We study how this return migration affected the employment chances and earnings of Albanians who never migrated. We find positive effects on the wages of low-skilled non-migrants and overall positive effects on employment. The gains partially offset the sharp drop in remittances in the observed period. An important part of the employment gains are concentrated in the agricultural sector, where most return migrants engage in self-employment and entrepreneurship. Businesses run by return migrants seem to pull Albanians from non-participation, unemployment and subsistence agriculture into commercial agriculture." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Huber, Peter & Stepan Mikula (2018): Social capital and migration intentions in post-communist countries. (WIFO working papers 550), Wien, 30 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the impact of social capital on the willingness to migrate in 28 post-communist and five western European comparator countries using the Life in Transition Survey. We find substantially lower levels of professional social capital among the older cohorts in post-communist than in the comparator countries. In addition, differences in endowments with professional social capital between the post-communist and comparator countries explain 1.5 to 3.9 percentage points of the total 4.0 to 17.0 percentage point difference in the willingness to migrate between the two country groups. Differences in local social capital, by contrast, contribute only little to explaining these differences. Furthermore, the robust positive relationship between the willingness to migrate and professional social capital is mainly due to a strong correlation between these variables among the young in all country groups. We therefore argue that future research should focus on explaining differences in the impact of social capital on migration decisions of different age groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jauer, Julia, Thomas Liebig, John P. Martin & Patrick A. Puhani (2018): Migration as an adjustment mechanism in the crisis? A comparison of Europe and the United States 2006-2016. (CReAM discussion paper 2018,03), London, 26 S.

Abstract

"We estimate whether migration can be an equilibrating force in the labour market by comparing pre- and post-crisis migration movements at the regional level in both Europe and the United States, and their association with asymmetric labour market shocks. Based on fixed-effects regressions using regional panel data, we find that Europe's migratory response to unemployment shocks was almost identical to that recorded in the United States after the crisis. Our estimates suggest that, if all measured population changes in Europe were due to migration for employment purposes - i.e. an upper-bound estimate - up to about a quarter of the asymmetric labour market shock would be absorbed by migration within a year. However, in Europe and especially in the Eurozone, the reaction to a very large extent stems from migration of recent EU accession country citizens as well as of third-country nationals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kahraman, Seher & Berivan Songur (2018): Wir wollen teilhaben, bloß wie? Chancen und Herausforderungen zur Teilhabe aus der Perspektive von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und Geflüchteten. In: S. Zajak & I. Gottschalk (Hrsg.) (2018): Flüchtlingshilfe als neues Engagementfeld : Chancen und Herausforderungen des Engagements für Geflüchtete (Migration & Integration, 06), S. 249-260. DOI:10.5771/9783845286983

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Motiven, Möglichkeiten und Hindernissen gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe von Personen mit Migrations- oder Fluchthintergrund in Form von ehrenamtlichen Engagement und der Arbeitsmarktintegration. Auch wenn insbesondere in der Geflüchtetenarbeit viele Engagierte selbst einen Migrations- bzw. Fluchthintergrund haben, sind ihre Motive ein wenig erforschtes Untersuchungsthema. Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte erste Anstöße zum Schließen dieser Forschungslücke geben. Im ersten Unterkapitel wurde anhand von Interviewausschnitten gezeigt, welchen Einfluss der eigene Migrationshintergrund auf die, in diesem Fall humanitär oder religiös geprägte, Motivausbildung hat. Da hier nur auf die Beweggründe von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund eingegangen wurde, bleibt offen, ob Unterschiede zwischen den Motiven von Personen, die während der Flüchtlingsbewegung in den Jahren 2015/16 angekommen sind und Personen mit Migrationshintergrund, die bereits seit vielen Jahren in Deutschland leben, bestehen. Das zweite Unterkapitel zeigt zum einen, dass ehrenamtliche Helfer_innen mit Migrations- oder Fluchthintergrund sich mitunter auf besondere Art und Weise in die Probleme von Geflüchteten eindenken und Hilfestellung leisten können. Zum anderen wird deutlich, dass auch die in diesem Fall geflüchteten Engagierten selbst von dem mit dem Engagement einhergehenden Sozialkontakten und den damit verbundenen Vertrauensbeziehungen profitieren.
Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags wurden insbesondere frauenspezifische Herausforderungen bei der gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe im Allgemeinen und beim Arbeitsmarktzugang im Speziellen dargestellt. Die frauenspezifischen Benachteiligungen auszugleichen und eine gleichberechtigte gesellschaftliche Teilhabe zu gestatten, ist zwar keine leichte, aber durch einen koordinierten und zusammenhängenden Prozess zu schaffende Aufgabe. Dieser Beitrag hat gezeigt, dass Beratung, Kompetenzfeststellung, Kinderbetreuung sowie Spracherwerb miteinander sinnvoll verknüpft werden sollten, damit Zeitverluste vermieden werden und Frauen, die arbeiten wollen, möglichst schnell arbeiten können. Für die Verwirklichung dieses Prozesses sollten verschiedene Träger_innen in der Geflüchtetenarbeit auf kommunaler Ebene, nämlich die Arbeitsagentur, Jobcenter, Organisationen in der Geflüchtetenhilfe und andere relevante Akteur_innen vor Ort, zusammenarbeiten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kesler, Christel & Mirna Safi (2018): Immigrants in the labour markets of France and the United Kingdom. Integration models, institutional variations, and ethnic inequalities. In: Migration studies, Jg. 6, H. 2, S. 225-250. DOI:10.1093/migration/mnx042

Abstract

"Theories of immigrant integration and political-economic institutions starkly contrast the contemporary labour markets of France and the United Kingdom (UK). We draw out predictions from these theories and then, using Labour Force Surveys that we harmonize ourselves, we empirically examine inequalities that immigrants of disadvantaged minority origins face in labour force participation, employment, and earnings in the two societies. The UK labour market attracts immigrants who have a larger skills advantage over natives. Nevertheless, we find inequalities of strikingly similar magnitude in the two labour markets. In the UK, barriers to labour force participation are paramount, whereas in France, barriers to employment among active job-seekers are more important. Earnings inequalities are less significant in both countries. Overall, we conclude that barriers to opportunity are largely similar in the two countries for immigrants of disadvantaged minority origins." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

King, Russell, Aija Lulle, Violetta Parutis & Maarja Saar (2018): From peripheral region to escalator region in Europe. Young baltic graduates in London. In: European Urban and Regional Studies, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 284-299. DOI:10.1177/0969776417702690

Abstract

"This paper examines recent migration from three little-studied European Union (EU) countries, the Baltic states, focusing on early-career graduates who move to London. It looks at how these young migrants explain the reasons for their move, their work and living experiences in London, and their plans for the future, based on 78 interviews with individual migrants. A key objective of this paper is to rejuvenate the core - periphery structural framework through the theoretical lens of London as an 'escalator' region for career development. We add a necessary nuance on how the time dimension is crucial in understanding how an escalator region functions - both in terms of macro-events such as EU enlargement or economic crisis, and for life-course events such as career advancement or family formation. Our findings indicate that these educated young adults from the EU's north-eastern periphery migrate for a combination of economic, career, lifestyle and personal-development reasons. They are ambivalent about their futures and when, and whether, they will return-migrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))