Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Das Themendossier "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Mit dem Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Subsidized small jobs and maternal labor market outcomes in the long run (2025)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Kamila Cygan-Rehm & Regina T. Riphahn (2025): Subsidized small jobs and maternal labor market outcomes in the long run. In: Socio-economic review, S. 1-31. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf012
Abstract
"This article investigates whether incentives generated by public policies contribute to motherhood penalties. Specifically, we study the consequences of subsidized small jobs, the German Minijobs, which are frequently taken up by first-time mothers upon labor market return. Using a combination of propensity score matching and an event study applied to administrative data, we compare the long-run child penalties of mothers who started out in a Minijob employment versus unsubsidized employment or non-employment after birth. We find persistent differences between the Minijobbers and otherwise employed mothers up to 10 years after the first birth, which suggests adverse unintended consequences of the small jobs subsidy program for maternal earnings and pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Converging mothers' employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008‐childcare‐reform (2025)
Zitatform
Fauser, Sophia, Emanuela Struffolino & Asaf Levanon (2025): Converging mothers' employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008‐childcare‐reform. In: Journal of Marriage and Family, Jg. 87, H. 2, S. 566-589. DOI:10.1111/jomf.13040
Abstract
"Objective: Aiming to generate evidence on how contextual conditions shape individuals' opportunities and constraints and, ultimately, life courses, we focus on a period of childcare expansion in reunified Germany. We investigate differences in employment trajectories around mothers' first childbirths to identify potential East–West convergence. Background: During Germany's division (1949–1990), universal public childcare and female full-time employment were the norm in East Germany, while the male breadwinner model was dominant in the West. These differences, although declining, persisted even decades after reunification. In 2008, a reform aimed at expanding childcare availability to facilitate mothers' employment throughout the country. Methods: We measure East–West differences in employment trajectories around childbirth pre- (1990–2007) and post-reform(2008–2021) in terms of timing, order, and duration of events over time. We use data on 359 East and 986 West German first-time-mothers from the German Socio-Economic Panel and sequence analysis tools. Results: Before the reform, employment trajectories between East and West German mothers differed both in timing and duration of employment states. After the reform, these differences decreased, showing a general convergence in the prevalence of post-birth part-time employment. Nonetheless, longer maternity leave is still more prevalent among West German mothers, while East German mothers are more likely to maintain full-time jobs. Conclusion: Our findings show how policy settings and reforms shape life courses in a context-dependent fashion. They illustrate the importance of a methodological approach that focuses on process outcomes and supports a theoretical perspective that highlights how historical time and place shape life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Added Worker Effects in Canada: The Effect of Spousal Job Loss on Transitions into Employment (2025)
Zitatform
Ferrer, Ana, Yazhuo (Annie) Pan & Tammy Schirle (2025): Added Worker Effects in Canada: The Effect of Spousal Job Loss on Transitions into Employment. In: Canadian public policy, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 16-34. DOI:10.3138/cpp.2024-012
Abstract
"We examine added worker effects in Canada using the Labour Force Survey. At the extensive margin, we find that married women who are not employed are more likely to enter employment the month after a spouse has lost a job. Spousal job loss does not affect women's transition into employment in later months, and there are no significant effects for men. The effects do not appear to represent a behavioural response to an exogenous or unexpected spousal layoff. Rather, the women most likely to move in and out of employment have spouses who are more likely to experience a layoff that the family might anticipate, and they are prepared to respond. The added worker effect is stronger for more educated women, for homeowners, and when spouses’ wages are higher. At the intensive margin, we do not see significant changes in hours worked among employed persons when their spouse loses a job." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Harmonizing French and German administrative data on maternal employment: A practical guide how to create comparable data sets from DADS-EDP and SIAB (2025)
Filser, Andreas ; Amend, Inga Marie; Wagner, Sander; Frodermann, Corinna ; Achard, Pascal ; Gaede, Inga;Zitatform
Filser, Andreas, Pascal Achard, Inga Marie Amend, Corinna Frodermann, Inga Gaede & Sander Wagner (2025): Harmonizing French and German administrative data on maternal employment. A practical guide how to create comparable data sets from DADS-EDP and SIAB. (SocArXiv papers), 18 S. DOI:10.31219/osf.io/rcsng
Abstract
"This paper provides a guide how to harmonize large-scale administrative datasets from France (DADS-EDP) and Germany (SIAB) for comparative social science research. France and Germany. While both datasets offer rich, longitudinal information on individual employment trajectories which can be augmented with firm-level information, they differ in structure, sample coverage, and variable coding. Harmonizing these datasets unlocks new potential for comparative research, particularly in examining the labor market trajectories of mothers in both countries. This paper outlines the necessary steps to harmonize these data sources and gives an overview on the set of harmonized variables. The harmonized data is of significant value for researchers, providing a foundation for comparative studies on labor market outcomes in France and Germany, especially in the context of welfare state differences and their importance within the EU and worldwide. The code for harmonization is provided for further adaptation to specific research questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination (2025)
Zitatform
Gerich, Joachim & Martina Beham-Rabanser (2025): Perceived fairness and legitimacy of parental workplace discrimination. In: Community, work & family, S. 1-27. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2025.2453175
Abstract
"Parental discrimination has been shown to be related to several risks, including impaired health, increased job stress, and decreased job satisfaction, which calls for increased awareness of parental discrimination. This paper analyzes fairness and legitimacy judgments of unequal treatment based on parental status at work and the antecedents that influence these judgments. Stereotypes of symbolic vilification that suggest lower commitment due to caring responsibilities, and symbolic amplification, which refers to rational economic organizational needs, are expected to rationalize discrimination. Moreover, we expect specific values and ideologies to be related to judgments of fairness and legitimacy, mediated by resonance with symbolic vilification and amplification. Analyses are based on survey data from a sample of employees aged between 20 and 45 years (n = 376). Respondents' evaluations of parental discrimination were measured using two fictional cases. The results suggest that greater acceptance of vilifying and amplifying justifications is triggered by a stronger preference for the ideal worker norm and traditional gender role expectations. Women tend to view discrimination as more unfair and illegitimate than men, while men's judgments are more strongly driven by economic reasoning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück (2025)
Zitatform
Haan, Peter, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Sarah Schmauk & Tatjana Mika (2025): Rentenansprüche von Frauen bleiben mit steigender Kinderzahl deutlich hinter denen von Männern zurück. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 92, H. 12, S. 183-189. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2025-12-1
Abstract
"Der Gender Pension Gap, der den Unterschied bei den Rentenansprüchen zwischen Männern und Frauen misst, liegt laut Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung im Alter von 60 Jahren bei 32 Prozent. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich auch ein deutlicher Unterschied bei den gesetzlichen Rentenansprüchen zwischen Müttern und kinderlosen Frauen (Motherhood Pension Gap). Diesem Gap wirken die im Jahr 1986 eingeführten und seither mehrfach modifizierten Kindererziehungszeiten entgegen. Die Anrechnung von Kindererziehungszeiten reduziert die Unterschiede der Rentenanwartschaften zwischen kinderlosen Frauen und Müttern zwar deutlich, allerdings nur für die Jahre nach der Geburt. Für die Geburtsjahrgänge 1952 bis 1959 liegt der Motherhood Pension Gap im Alter von 60 Jahren in Westdeutschland bei 26 Prozent: Kindererziehungszeiten können den Rentennachteil von Müttern nicht ausgleichen. Weitere sozial- und steuerpolitische Maßnahmen, die eine gleichberechtigte Aufteilung von Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit fördern, sind notwendig. Neben dem Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sind Reformen des Ehegattensplittings und der Minijobs sowie ein Umbau der Arbeitswelt erforderlich, der die Bedürfnisse von Sorgetragenden stärker berücksichtigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Strukturwandel am Arbeitsmarkt durch die ökologische Transformation - Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: Expertise für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung (2025)
Zitatform
Hohendanner, Christian, Markus Janser & Florian Lehmer (2025): Strukturwandel am Arbeitsmarkt durch die ökologische Transformation - Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Expertise für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung. Berlin, 94 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Expertise untersucht erstmals quantitativ die strukturellen Veränderungen des Arbeitsmarktes in Deutschland im Hinblick auf geschlechtsbezogene Aspekte, die im Zuge der ökologischen Transformation entstehen. Wir verwenden hierfür einen Tasks-basierten Ansatz zur Identifikation der betroffenen Akteur*innen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Dazu werden der Greenness-of-Jobs Index (GOJI) (Janser 2019, 2024), das IAB-Berufepanel (Version 2012-2022, inkl. GOJI) sowie deskriptive Statistiken auf Basis des IAB-Betriebspanels herangezogen. Das IAB-Berufepanel wie die Auswertungen des IAB-Betriebspanels sind auf der Homepage des IAB öffentlich zugänglich und können für weitere Analysen genutzt werden. Zusätzlich werden Maßnahmen diskutiert, die helfen könnten, mögliche Ungleichheiten in der ökologischen Transformation abzufedern und zu überwinden. Ziel der Expertise ist es, den Sachverständigen für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht eine fundierte empirische Grundlage zu den Veränderungen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und deren potenziellen Folgen für Geschlechterverhältnisse durch die ökologische Transformation zu liefern. Die Expertise zeigt auf, inwiefern Frauen und Männer gleichermaßen oder unterschiedlich von den Entwicklungen des Arbeitsmarktes profitieren bzw. betroffen sind. Es wird dargestellt, in welchen Branchen und Berufen sich Tätigkeitsfelder verändert haben und neue Beschäftigungsverhältnisse entstanden bzw. weggefallen sind – jeweils mit besonderem Fokus auf die Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern. Vor dem Hintergrund aller zusammengetragenen Erkenntnisse wird abschließend diskutiert, inwiefern die bisherigen Ergebnisse darauf hindeuten, dass sich geschlechtsbezogene Unterschiede bzw. Ungleichheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in der ökologischen Transformation eher angleichen oder weiter auseinanderentwickeln." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Wie Mütter für den Arbeitsmarkt verfügbar gemacht werden sollen: Vorgaben zur frühzeitigen Aktivierung von Erziehenden kleiner Kinder unter drei Jahren in der Grundsicherung (2025)
Zitatform
Höpfner, Elena (2025): Wie Mütter für den Arbeitsmarkt verfügbar gemacht werden sollen. Vorgaben zur frühzeitigen Aktivierung von Erziehenden kleiner Kinder unter drei Jahren in der Grundsicherung. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 63-86., 2025-01-08. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2024-0024
Abstract
"Erziehende im Bürgergeldbezug können bis zum dritten Lebensjahr des Kindes die Forderungen, arbeiten zu müssen oder sich darauf z. B. durch Maßnahmen vorzubereiten, verneinen. Auf diesen Ausnahmetatbestand von der Pflicht zur Erwerbsarbeit – verankert im § 10 im Zweiten Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB II) – berufen sich fast ausschließlich Mütter. Diese Zeitspanne der ersten drei Lebensjahre des Kindes soll jedoch zukünftig an allen Jobcentern – so untergesetzliche Weisungen seit 2021 – intensiver als bisher dafür genutzt werden, vorhandene „Erwerbspotenziale“ der Mütter zu erkennen und ihre „Arbeitsmarktintegration vorzubereiten“. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags bin ich der Frage nachgegangen, wie diese Bemühungen um „frühzeitige Aktivierung“ in einer Änderung der administrativen Vorgaben institutionalisiert werden. Wie sollen Mütter kleiner Kinder in der Grundsicherung zukünftig für den Arbeitsmarkt verfügbar gemacht werden und unter welchen Bedingungen kann ihnen Erwerbsarbeit zugemutet werden? Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist eine Analyse dieser arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitisch motivierten Änderungen. Diese erfolgt mittels einer historischen Einordnung sowie einer Dokumentenanalyse der Vorgaben – die sich als Prozess der Verfügbarmachung in fünf Dimensionen aufschlüsseln und als ein Rekommodifizierungsversuch einer bisher im Wohlfahrtsstaat geschützten Lebensphase deuten lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
Parental self-evaluations by gender and social class: Shared parenting ideals, male breadwinner norms, and mothers’ higher evaluation standards (2025)
Zitatform
Ishizuka, Patrick (2025): Parental self-evaluations by gender and social class: Shared parenting ideals, male breadwinner norms, and mothers’ higher evaluation standards. In: Social science research, Jg. 128. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2025.103156
Abstract
"Cultural norms that define “good” parenting are central to sociological explanations of gender inequality among parents and social class differences in parental investments in children. Yet, little is known about how mothers and fathers of different social classes evaluate their success as parents and what predicts those assessments. Using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, this study examines how caregiving and breadwinning are tied to parents’ self-evaluations by genderand social class. Results show that intensive parenting activities and full-time employment strongly predict more positive self-evaluations for mothers and fathers, reflecting gender symmetry in core cultural expectations of parents. However, earnings, homeownership, and overwork positively predict self-evaluations for fathers only, and mothers evaluate themselves more negatively than fathers at the same level of involvement and financial provision. Finally, intensive parenting activities similarly positively predict self-evaluations for more- and less-educated parents. Findings highlight challenges to meeting cultural expectations of modern parenthood, particularly for mothers and economically disadvantaged parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author. Published byElsevier Inc.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Spannungsfeld Vereinbarkeit: Arbeitsaufteilung, Geschlechterrollen und Aushandlungen im Paarkontext (2025)
Kümmerling, Angelika; Zink, Lina; Jansen, Andreas;Zitatform
Kümmerling, Angelika, Lina Zink & Andreas Jansen (2025): Spannungsfeld Vereinbarkeit. Arbeitsaufteilung, Geschlechterrollen und Aushandlungen im Paarkontext. Gütersloh, 67 S. DOI:10.11586/2025005
Abstract
"Im Fokus der Studie des zweiten Teils der Reihe "Spannungsfeld Vereinbarkeit“ stehen die Arbeitsaufteilung, Geschlechterrollen und Aushandlungen zwischen Frauen und Männern in heterosexuellen Paarbeziehungen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine stark verzerrte unterschiedliche Wahrnehmung über die Zuständigkeiten im Haushalt. Die ungleiche Verteilung der Haus- und Sorgearbeit und traditionelle Rollenbilder sind weiterhin ein Hemmnis für eine stärkere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Paternal Leave Duration and the Closure of the Gendered Family Work Gap (2025)
Zitatform
Lütolf, Meret (2025): Paternal Leave Duration and the Closure of the Gendered Family Work Gap. In: Social Politics, S. 1-32. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxaf017
Abstract
"In recent years, as societal norms evolve, active fatherhood has gained prominence as contributing to child well-being and gender equality. Parental leave policies are seen as key support, yet the extent to which paternity leave, and in particular the duration of its effective uptake, and the longer-term objective of gender equality in unpaid work correlate, remains unclear. This article explores the link between paternal leave uptake and subsequent care division among parents, considering country opportunities and individual attitudes. Using new survey data from five countries including a novel 24-hour slider measurement system, the linear regression models reveal a positive correlation between longer paternal leave uptake and a more balanced distribution of unpaid work, that is, a smaller family work gap. The study emphasizes the essential role of parental leave policies in fostering an egalitarian division of labor and enhances the understanding of the interplay between parental leave, caregiving, and gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Balancing Act of Working Mothers and Caring Fathers: Impact of Family Policy on Egalitarianism in Families in Western Democracies (2025)
Zitatform
Lütolf, Meret (2025): The Balancing Act of Working Mothers and Caring Fathers. Impact of Family Policy on Egalitarianism in Families in Western Democracies. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 220 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-47716-5
Abstract
"This Open-Access-book explores how egalitarian parental leave policies can support a more balanced division of paid work and caregiving. Introducing a novel analysis grid and a unique dataset, Meret Lütolf examines parental leave policies in five countries – United States, Switzerland, Germany, Finland, and Sweden – revealing how fully paid, non-transferable leave can promote gender-neutral caregiving roles. Key findings highlight the connection between longer paternal leave and a more equal distribution of unpaid work, along with fathers’ willingness to reduce paid work hours in favor of caregiving. By combining multiple research methods, the study links policy intentions with real-life outcomes and identifies feasible reforms, including full wage replacement, that can enhance egalitarianism without raising policy costs. Offering valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and advocates, this book demonstrates how parental leave policies can contribute to more equal family dynamics and address broader gender inequalities in society." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unpaid Working Time and Disproportionate Female Hazard: an Intersectionality Perspective (2025)
Zitatform
Manicardi, Caterina & Maria Enrica Virgillito (2025): Unpaid Working Time and Disproportionate Female Hazard: an Intersectionality Perspective. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2025/01), Pisa, 36 S. DOI:10.57838/sssa/0v9f-0384
Abstract
"How has the distribution of unpaid working time between men and women evolved over the last twenty years? Does unpaid working time still disproportionately affect women, more than fifty years after the massive entry of the female labor force into formal employment? And, if so, which market and non-market factors drive this stratification and could possibly facilitate the transition out of an unequal intrahousehold division of labor? This paper leverages the most complete dataset collecting individual time diaries, the ATUS-CPS 2003-2022, to investigate the role of market variables such as real wages, household income, industry and occupation vis-a -vis non-market factors such as gender, race, household type and state of residence in explaining variations in unpaid time allocation. By exploiting both the cross-sectional and panel dimensions of the dataset, we provide novel evidence on individual time allocation and its gendered distribution, integrating an intersectional perspective that looks at the role of income classes and socio-material conditions in affecting the likelihood of escaping disproportionate exposure to unpaid work. Our results indicate that, despite clear class-based patterns, belonging to the upper income class is not enough for women to escape disproportionate burdens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Increased childcare to promote mothers’ employment in selected EU countries (2025)
Zitatform
Narazani, Edlira, Ana Agúndez García, Michael Christl & Francesco Figari (2025): Increased childcare to promote mothers’ employment in selected EU countries. In: Journal of Policy Modeling, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2024.12.005
Abstract
"This paper provides evidence of the maternal labor supply effects of increased childcare availability in a set of EU Member States based on the behavioural microsimulation model EUROLAB, that uses a labor market equilibrium model to encompass the demand side. Our findings indicate that achieving higher childcare participation rates would result in an overall increase in the labor supply of mothers with children below 3, with variations across countries. Furthermore, the labor demand side moderates slightly the final employment effect, but employment is still expected to rise substantially vis a vis the baseline situation. In countries like Hungary and Poland, where formal childcare and female labor participation are low, the expected impact on employment is likely to be higher. Conversely, in countries like Portugal the changes in employment are more modest. These findings indicate that universal, one-size-fits-all targets may not be efficient in the EU, given significant variations across countries in terms of labor market participation and childcare systems. Thus, tailored childcare policies that account for country-specific contexts within the EU are recommended." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Society for Policy Modeling. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gleichstellung in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation: Gutachten für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung (2025)
Zitatform
(2025): Gleichstellung in der sozial-ökologischen Transformation. Gutachten für den Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht der Bundesregierung. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/15105 Vierter), Berlin, 259 S.
Abstract
"Der Vierte Gleichstellungsbericht widmet sich dem Klimawandel und Klimapolitiken in Deutschland unter dem Aspekt der Geschlechtergerechtigkeit. Die Sachverständigen waren beauftragt Ursachen und Auswirkungen des Klimawandels sowie Auswirkungen umwelt- und klimapolitischer Maßnahmen auf die Geschlechterverhältnisse darzustellen, Empfehlungen zur gleichstellungsorientierten Gestaltung der ökologischen Transformation zu erarbeiten, und Empfehlungen zu Strukturen, Instrumenten und institutionellen Mechanismen für eine an Art. 3 Abs. 2 und 3 Grundgesetz orientierte Gleichstellungs-, Umwelt- und Klimapolitik zu entwickeln. Die von Bundesgleichstellungsministerin Lisa Paus im März 2023 berufene Sachverständigenkommission übergab ihr Gutachten Anfang Januar 2025 an die Ministerin. Dieses wurde Anfang März 2025 veröffentlicht. Am 12. März 2025 beschloss das Bundeskabinett die Stellungnahme der Bundesregierung zum Vierten Gleichstellungsbericht, die zusammen mit dem Gutachten als Gleichstellungsbericht veröffentlicht wurde (Bundestags-Drucksache 20/15105). Der Bericht wurde anschließend dem Bundestag und dem Bundesrat vorgelegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Social Security, Gender and Class: The impacts of the Universal Credit Conditionality Regime on Unpaid Care and Paid Work (2024)
Zitatform
Andersen, Kate (2024): Social Security, Gender and Class: The impacts of the Universal Credit Conditionality Regime on Unpaid Care and Paid Work. In: Social Policy and Society, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1017/S1474746424000071
Abstract
"The introduction of Universal Credit, a new means-tested benefit for working-aged people in the UK, entails a significant expansion of welfare conditionality. Due to mothers’ disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care, women are particularly affected by the new conditionality regime for parents who have the primary responsibility for the care of dependent children. This article draws upon qualitative longitudinal research with twenty-four mothers subject to the new conditionality regime to analyze the gendered impacts of this new policy and whether there is variation in experiences according to social class. The analysis demonstrates that the new conditionality regime devalues unpaid care and is of limited efficacy in improving sustained moves into paid work. It also shows that the negative gendered impacts of the conditionality within Universal Credit are at times exacerbated for working-class mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family Restrictions at Work (2024)
Aragonès, Enriqueta;Zitatform
Aragonès, Enriqueta (2024): Family Restrictions at Work. (Barcelona GSE working paper series 1429), Barcelona, 24 S.
Abstract
"This paper analizes the discrimination that individuals face at work due to their commitment to unpaid care work. The formal model presents a parametrization of the discrimination that affects the individual's optimal labor market participation. The welfare of individuals with commitment to family duties is reduced for two different reasons: for not being able to participate as much in the labor market and thus receive a lower labor income, and for not being able to contribute as much to their family commitments. We compare the results for the female and male sections of the society and we illustrate the observed gender gaps in terms of labor market participation, income levels, and overall utility obtained. We find that even though the gender wage gap may be alleviated with reductions of the cost associated to unpaid care work, the gender utility gap will persist." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Jobcenter-Betreuung von Alleinerziehenden im Vergleich zu Eltern in Paarbedarfsgemeinschaften (2024)
Artmann, Elisabeth;Zitatform
Artmann, Elisabeth (2024): Jobcenter-Betreuung von Alleinerziehenden im Vergleich zu Eltern in Paarbedarfsgemeinschaften. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 03/2024), Nürnberg, 44 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2403
Abstract
"Alleinerziehende müssen die Doppelbelastung bewältigen, ohne Unterstützung eines Partners im Haushalt für den Familienunterhalt und die Kinderbetreuung zu sorgen, weshalb sie als Bevölkerungsgruppe mit besonderem sozialpolitischen Unterstützungsbedarf gelten. Rund ein Drittel der Alleinerziehenden-Haushalte mit minderjährigen Kindern war im Jahr 2022 auf Grundsicherungsleistungen angewiesen, während nur 6,3 Prozent der Paarhaushalte mit minderjährigen Kindern Leistungen bezog. Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht untersucht deshalb anhand von Befragungsdaten des Panels „Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung” für die Jahre 2008 bis 2021 deskriptiv, wie alleinerziehende Mütter im Vergleich zu Müttern und Vätern in Paarbedarfsgemeinschaften von den Jobcentern betreut werden, welche Förder- und Beratungsangebote sie erhalten und wie sie die Jobcenter-Betreuung bewerten. Dabei werden ausschließlich Erziehende im Grundsicherungsbezug betrachtet, die nicht sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sind. Ein Vergleich dieser Elterngruppen zeigt zunächst, dass Alleinerziehende im Durchschnitt weniger und ältere Kinder haben als Eltern in Paar-BGs. Zudem hat ein hoher Anteil aller drei Elterngruppen keinen Berufsabschluss, wobei dieser Anteil bei den Alleinerziehenden aber etwas geringer ist als bei den Eltern in Paarhaushalten. In der Regel sind Grundsicherungsbeziehende zur Arbeitssuche verpflichtet, um ihren Leistungsbezug zu reduzieren oder zu beenden. Allerdings gibt es mehrere Ausnahmen von dieser Pflicht. Alleinerziehende sind ihren eigenen Angaben nach insgesamt signifikant häufiger zur Arbeitssuche verpflichtet als Mütter in Paarhaushalten, aber seltener als Väter. Eine wichtige Rolle spielt hier das Alter des jüngsten Kindes, denn die Jobcenter-Betreuung Alleinerziehender ähnelt der der Mütter in Paarhaushalten, wenn ein Kleinkind zu betreuen ist, aber der der Väter, wenn das jüngste Kind mindestens drei bis fünf Jahre alt ist. Im Beobachtungszeitraum ist der Anteil der Personen, der zur Arbeitssuche verpflichtet ist, in allen Elterngruppen rückläufig, was an der sich verändernden Zusammensetzung der Gruppe der Leistungsbeziehenden liegen könnte. In den bis 2020 erhobenen Befragungswellen haben nur wenige Eltern keinen Kontakt zum Jobcenter und die Mehrheit der Eltern mit Verpflichtung zur Arbeitssuche wird vom Jobcenter beschäftigungsorientiert beraten. In der im Jahr 2021 erhobenen Welle zeigen sich die Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie, denn der Anteil der Personen ohne Kontakt zum Jobcenter steigt bei allen Elterngruppen sprunghaft an und ein geringerer Anteil der Leistungsbeziehenden wird ausführlich beraten. Liegt nach eigenen Angaben der befragten Personen eine Befreiung von der Suchverpflichtung vor, so gibt die Mehrheit der Mütter als Grund Kinderbetreuungspflichten an. Bei Vätern in Paarhaushalten sind die häufigsten Freistellungsgründe hingegen gesundheitliche Probleme und Ausbildung. Betrachtet man die Förderangebote, die Jobcenter-Mitarbeitende den arbeitsuchenden Leistungsbeziehenden unterbreiten, zeigt sich, dass Alleinerziehende insgesamt ähnlich und zum Teil sogar intensiver gefördert werden als Eltern in Paarbedarfsgemeinschaften. So werden ihnen im Vergleich zu Müttern in Paarbedarfsgemeinschaften signifikant häufiger eine sozialversicherungspflichtige Stelle oder Ausbildung sowie Aktivierungs- oder Vermittlungsgutscheine angeboten; im Vergleich zu Vätern wird ihnen öfter ein Minijob angeboten. Vätern werden hingegen häufiger Weiterbildungen, Umschulungen und Integrations- oder Deutschkurse angeboten als (alleinerziehenden) Müttern, wobei dies zum Teil am höheren (Sprach-)Förderbedarf der Väter liegen könnte. Jobcenter-Mitarbeitende können Leistungsbeziehende auch an externe Beratungsstellen verweisen, wenn dies für die Erwerbsintegration erforderlich ist. Von den drei betrachteten Beratungsarten besteht der größte Bedarf an einer gesundheitlichen Begutachtung zur Eignungsfeststellung und an einer Schuldnerberatung, während der Bedarf an Suchtberatungen niedrig ist. Bei allen Elterngruppen, vor allem aber bei den Vätern, ist der ungedeckte Bedarf an den entsprechenden Beratungen jedoch etwas höher als der gedeckte Bedarf. Die Betreuung durch die Jobcenter-Mitarbeitenden des Vermittlungsbereichs wird von allen drei Elterngruppen insgesamt als eher vertrauensvoll und kooperativ bewertet. Die befragten Eltern haben allerdings eher nicht den Eindruck, dass ihnen geholfen wird, eine neue Perspektive zu entwickeln und stimmen auch eher nicht der Aussage zu, dass mit ihnen ausführliche Gespräche zur Verbesserung ihrer Arbeitsmarktchancen geführt werden. (Alleinerziehende) Mütter weisen hier signifikant niedrigere Zustimmungswerte auf als Väter, was auch daran liegen könnte, dass sie öfter von der Suchverpflichtung befreit sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Artmann, Elisabeth; -
Literaturhinweis
What (wo)men want? Evidence from a factorial survey on preferred work hours in couples after childbirth (2024)
Zitatform
Begall, Katia (2024): What (wo)men want? Evidence from a factorial survey on preferred work hours in couples after childbirth. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 342-356. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad054
Abstract
"The division of labour remains persistently gendered, in particular among couples with children. Previous research shows that women’s lower economic resources are an important factor driving these inequalities, but because gender and (relative) earnings are highly correlated in male–female couples, their relative importance is difficult to disentangle with observational data. Using a factorial survey conducted among approximately 700 employed men and women of childbearing age in Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands, the contribution of relative earnings and gender in explaining work-care divisions in couples with children is disentangled. The results show that men and women do not differ in their preferences for their own work hours after childbirth, but both prefer the father to work more hours than the mother. Moreover, the combination of own and partners’ preferred hours shows that men and women in all three countries prefer a modified male-breadwinner model after childbirth in scenarios where the male partner earns more or partners have equal earnings. Preferences for egalitarian divisions of labour appear to be slightly stronger in men compared to women and respondents with more egalitarian views on care tasks show less gender-specialization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who is affected by parental leave reforms? Women's selection into different parental leave lengths across recent policy reforms in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Bister, Lara, Peter Eibich & Roberta Rutigliano (2024): Who is affected by parental leave reforms? Women's selection into different parental leave lengths across recent policy reforms in Germany. In: Genus : Journal of Population Sciences, Jg. 80. DOI:10.1186/s41118-024-00221-4
Abstract
"Public parental leave schemes aim to facilitate women’s reconciliation of family and employment after their transition into motherhood. While parental leave policies underwent several reforms over the past decades, adapting to changing female labor market participation and family cultures, the available entitlements are not tailored to women’s individual circumstances and needs. Itremains unclear how these affect the women’s parental leave uptake, particularly the leave length. In this paper, we followed an exploratory and descriptive approach to study the selection of women into different parental leave lengths with changing public parental leave entitlements in Germany and according to their individual characteristics. We use data from the German Statutory Pension Fund on 29,001 women born between 1955 and 1984 who had their first child between 1991 and 2016 at the ages 20–39. We estimate linear regression and discrete-time proportional hazard models to examine associations between women’s characteristics and their length of leave. We identify the effects of two major parental leave reforms in Germany in 1992 and 2007 in a Regression Discontinuity Design. Our results show that the general extension of available parental leave entitlements in 1992 increased the likelihood of women’s parental leave uptake between 25 and 36 months. For women who became mothers at an older age, had a high income before transitioning into motherhood, or with higher education; however, the likelihood of parental leave uptake of 2 months increased. The reform of 2007 led to an increased likelihood of leave uptake longer than 2 months for these women. These findings suggest that women with a higher labor market attachment have responded more strongly to the changes in parental leave benefits in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Task content of jobs and mothers’ employment transitions in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Bogusz, Honorata (2024): Task content of jobs and mothers’ employment transitions in Germany. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 58. DOI:10.1186/s12651-024-00384-9
Abstract
"I study the association between task content of jobs and mothers’ employment transitions after the first birth in Germany. I construct measures of task content of jobs using data from the Employment Survey conducted by the German Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BiBB). These indicators illustrate the career cost of children and how it is impacted by the technology- and globalization-driven labor market change. The measures are then linked to high-quality individual register data from the German Pension Fund (FDZ-RV) covering the years 2012–2020. Utilizing competing risk models, I show that women engaged in occupations with analytic and interactive task content, which are in high demand and incompatible with maternity-related employment breaks, are the most likely to transition to employment after their first birth. Conversely, women with occupations intense in routine tasks, which are more susceptible to automation or trade competition, are more likely to experience unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beliefs About Maternal Labor Supply (2024)
Zitatform
Boneva, Teodora, Marta Golin, Katja Kaufmann & Christopher Rauh (2024): Beliefs About Maternal Labor Supply. (CRC TR 224 discussion paper series / EPoS Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224 517), Bonn, 86 S.
Abstract
"We provide representative evidence on the perceived returns to maternal labor supply. A mother's decision to work is perceived to have sizable impacts on child skills, family outcomes, and the mother's future labor market outcomes. Beliefs about the impact of additional household income can account for some, but not all, of the perceived positive effects. Perceived returns are predictive of labor supply intentions under different policy scenarios related to childcare availability and quality, two factors that are also perceived as important. An information experiment reveals that providing information about benefits of mothers working causally affects labor supply intentions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Norms about parental employment in Eastern and Western Germany: Results of a factorial survey experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Bozoyan, Christiane & Claudia Schmiedeberg (2024): Norms about parental employment in Eastern and Western Germany: Results of a factorial survey experiment. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 36, S. 373-393. DOI:10.20377/jfr-1064
Abstract
"Objective: This study analyzes norms in Germany toward mothers’ and fathers’ work hours, with a focus on differences between Eastern and Western Germany. Background: Maternal labor force participation has increased in many Western countries, and norms toward parents’ division of paid work and care have changed over the past decades. Most literature, however, focuses on maternal labor force participation without considering paternal work hours, based on the dichotomy of a traditional male-breadwinner model versus a model with two adults working full time and comprehensive institutionalized childcare, leaving out other potential arrangements. This focus limits the understanding of differences between Eastern and Western Germany. Method: This study investigates normative judgments regarding both mothers’ and fathers’ employment in a factorial survey experiment implemented in the German Family Panel pairfam in 2019/2020 (N=6,285). Results: The analysis reveals that in Western compared to Eastern Germany shorter working hours are indicated for both fathers and mothers, and judgments regarding working hours vary more and are more affected by job-related variables (relative incomes, career prospects, and family-friendliness of employer). Conclusion: These results imply that in Western Germany, normative judgments of both parents’ work hours are mainly based on the individual level, taking the family’s specific situation into account, whereas in Eastern Germany, judgements are more strongly influenced by a general norm that both parents should work (near to) full-time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is part-time employment a temporary 'stepping stone' or a lasting 'mommy track'? Legislation and mothers' transition to full-time employment in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Brehm, Uta & Nadja Milewski (2024): Is part-time employment a temporary 'stepping stone' or a lasting 'mommy track'? Legislation and mothers' transition to full-time employment in Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 354-369. DOI:10.1177/09589287231224607
Abstract
"Research on reconciling family and employment debates if maternal part-time employment works as ‘stepping stone’ to full-time employment or as gateway to a long-term ‘mommy track’. We analyze how mothers’ transition from part-time to full-time employment is shaped by changing reconciliation legislations and how this is moderated by reconciliation-relevant factors like individual behaviors and macro conditions. We extend the literature on work–family reconciliation by investigating mothers’ employment behavior after the birth of their last child, i.e., after the family formative phase. We draw upon Germany with its considerable regional and historical heterogeneity. Using event history methods on SOEP-data, we observe mothers who (re)enter part-time employment (i.e., up to 30 weekly working hours) after their last childbirth. Results suggest that the impact of reconciliation legislations depends on the moderation by other factors. Recent reconciliation-friendly legislations may have contributed to the polarization of maternal employment patterns: more and less employment-oriented mothers diverge sooner after childbirth than before. Legislations co-occur with increases both in childcare institutions and part-time culture, but their moderation effects compete. Hence, boosting part-time work as either a ‘stepping stone’ or a ‘mommy track’ requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms behind legislations as well as more explicit policy incentives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employees' perceptions of co-workers' internal promotion penalties: the role of gender, parenthood and part-time (2024)
Zitatform
Brüggemann, Ole (2024): Employees' perceptions of co-workers' internal promotion penalties: the role of gender, parenthood and part-time. In: European Societies, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 773-801. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2270049
Abstract
"Much research has focused on penalties by gender, parenthood and part-time work for hiring processes or wages, but their role for promotions is less clear. This study analyzes perceived chances for internal promotion, using a factorial survey design. Employees in 540 larger German (>100 employees) firms were asked to rate the likelihood of internal promotion for vignettes describing fictitious co-workers who varied in terms of gender, parenthood, working hours as well as age, earnings, qualification, tenure and job performance. Results show that promotion chances are perceived as significantly lower for co-workers who are women (gender penalty), mothers (motherhood penalty) and part-time workers (part-time penalty). Fathers and childless men (co-workers) are not evaluated differently (no fatherhood premium or penalty), and neither does part-time employment seem to be perceived as a double penalty for male co-workers. All three perceived promotion penalties are more pronounced among female employees, mothers and part-time employees. These findings show that employees perceive differential promotion chances for co-workers which indicate actual differences due to discrimination, selective applications or structural dead-ends. Either way, perceived promotion penalties are likely consequential in guiding employee's application behavior and hence can contribute to the persistence of vertical gender segregation in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten?: Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens (2024)
Zitatform
Bujard, Martin & Leonie Kleinschrot (2024): Wie viel sollten Mütter und Väter arbeiten? Idealvorstellungen variieren in und nach der Rushhour des Lebens. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell H. 1, S. 3-9.
Abstract
"Der Artikel betrachtet die Rushhour des Lebens, die durch die Doppelbelastung aus Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit für Mütter und Väter insbesondere in der Lebensphase mit kleinen Kindern entsteht. Basierend auf Daten des familiendemografischen Panels FReDA wird gezeigt, dass die von den Befragten als ideal angesehene Erwerbsarbeitszeit für Mütter mit Kindern im Alter von 4 bis 18 Jahren deutlich höher ist als deren tatsächliche Arbeitszeit. Für Väter dagegen werden geringere Erwerbsarbeitszeiten als die tatsächlich von ihnen geleisteten als ideal angesehen, vor allem mit jungen Kindern. Die Studienergebnisse haben familienpolitische und arbeitsmarktbezogene Relevanz, auch vor dem Hintergrund des Arbeitskräftemangels. Mütter könnten durch Politik und Arbeitgebende eine stärkere Unterstützung bei der schrittweisen Erhöhung ihrer Arbeitszeit mit zunehmendem Alter der Kinder erfahren. Während für Väter in der Rushhour des Lebens die Realisierung einer vollzeitnahen Teilzeit hilfreich wäre." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Elternzeiten während der Covid-19-Pandemie in Deutschland: Frauen, die in der Pandemie Mutter wurden, unterbrechen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit länger (2024)
Zitatform
Bächmann, Ann-Christin, Corinna Frodermann & Katharina Wrohlich (2024): Elternzeiten während der Covid-19-Pandemie in Deutschland: Frauen, die in der Pandemie Mutter wurden, unterbrechen ihre Erwerbstätigkeit länger. (IAB-Kurzbericht 17/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2417
Abstract
"Die Geburt eines Kindes und die damit einhergehende Erwerbsunterbrechung haben für Mütter erhebliche Folgen für ihre weitere Karriere. Insbesondere die Dauer der Unterbrechung spielt hierfür eine wichtige Rolle. Infolge der Covid-19-Pandemie gab es weitreichende Umbrüche auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, etwa einen drastischen Anstieg der Kurzarbeit sowie zentrale Einschnitte in der außerhäuslichen Kinderbetreuung. Vor diesem Hintergrund haben die Autorinnen analysiert, ob sich familienbedingte Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern während der Pandemie verlängert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mom's Out: Employment after Childbirth and Firm-Level Responses (2024)
Zitatform
Carta, Francesca, Alessandra Casarico, Marta De Philippis & Salvatore Lattanzio (2024): Mom's Out: Employment after Childbirth and Firm-Level Responses. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16908), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"This paper explores how firms respond to the exit of mothers from the labour market after childbirth. As an exogenous shifter in mothers' quits, we use a policy reform that extended the potential duration of unemployment benefits, which Italian mothers can receive also upon resigning within 12 months of giving birth. In response to the reform, we find that mothers have a higher probability of quitting in the first year after childbirth, a slightly decreased likelihood of being laid off, and a greater probability of remaining non-employed for at least 3 years following childbirth. Firms employing more exposed mothers respond by signicantly increasing net hiring and turnover, especially of young women. The surge in women's hiring primarily occurs through temporary contracts that are not converted into permanent ones, implying a persistent increase in the share of female temporary jobs. This outcome suggests the presence of statistical discrimination, manifesting through a decline in the quality of job opportunities available to women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What Works for Working Couples? Work Arrangements, Maternal Labor Supply, and the Division of Home Production (2024)
Ciasullo, Ludovica; Uccioli, Martina;Zitatform
Ciasullo, Ludovica & Martina Uccioli (2024): What Works for Working Couples? Work Arrangements, Maternal Labor Supply, and the Division of Home Production. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16991), Bonn, 87 S.
Abstract
"We document how a change to work arrangements reduces the child penalty in labor supply for women, and that the consequent more equal distribution of household income does not translate into a more equal division of home production between mothers and fathers. The Australian 2009 Fair Work Act explicitly entitled parents of young children to request a (reasonable) change in work arrangements. Leveraging variation in the timing of the law, timing of childbirth, and the bite of the law across different occupations and industries, we establish three main results. First, the Fair Work Act was used by new mothers to reduce their weekly working hours without renouncing their permanent contract, hence maintaining a regular schedule. Second, with this work arrangement, working mothers’ child penalty declined from a 47 percent drop in hours worked to a 38 percent drop. Third, while this implies a significant shift towards equality in the female- and male-shares of household income, we do not observe any changes in the female (disproportionate) share of home production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Kamila Cygan-Rehm & Regina T. Riphahn (2024): Subsidized Small Jobs and Maternal Labor Market Outcomes in the Long Run. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17473), Bonn, 60 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether incentives generated by public policies contribute to motherhood penalties. Specifically, we study the consequences of subsidized small jobs, the German Minijobs, which are frequently taken up by first-time mothers upon labor market return. Using a combination of propensity score matching and an event study applied to administrative data, we compare the long-run child penalties of mothers who started out in a Minijob employment versus unsubsidized employment or non-employment after birth. We find persistent differences between the Minijobbers and otherwise employed mothers up to 10 years after the first birth, which suggests adverse unintended consequences of the small jobs subsidy program for maternal earnings and pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hohe Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und hohe Geburtenraten: die Quadratur des Kreises? (2024)
Zitatform
Coskun, Sena & Husnu Dalgic (2024): Hohe Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und hohe Geburtenraten: die Quadratur des Kreises? In: IAB-Forum H. 04.10.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241004.01
Abstract
"Die Zahl der Geburten pro Frau schwankt in Deutschland je nach Region erheblich. Vor allem in Bundesländern mit geringem Gender-Pay-Gap bewegen sich die Geburtenraten deutlich unter dem Bundesdurchschnitt. Woran liegt das? Eine Untersuchung der regional unterschiedlichen Entwicklung der Geburtenraten in wirtschaftlichen Krisenzeiten gibt interessante Aufschlüsse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Divergent rhythms of motherhood. Patterns of paid and unpaid work and domestic outsourcing among mothers in the United Kingdom and Western Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Deuflhard, Carolin (2024): Divergent rhythms of motherhood. Patterns of paid and unpaid work and domestic outsourcing among mothers in the United Kingdom and Western Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 36, S. 351-372. DOI:10.20377/jfr-1054
Abstract
"Objective: This article investigates class differences in mothers’ daily organization of paid and unpaid work, and how they are associated with domestic outsourcing in the United Kingdom and Western Germany. Background: Operating hours of schools and daycare facilities often conflict with long working hours in high-skilled jobs and nonstandard working hours in low-skilled jobs. However, little is known on whether advantaged mothers rely on domestic outsourcing to resolve such scheduling conflicts, and how disadvantaged mothers reconcile their daily care responsibilities with paid work, depending on the welfare state context. Method: The study uses sequence and cluster analyses on time-use data to identify typical patterns of paid and unpaid work (N=1,947). Regression models predict how these patterns differ by the mothers’ education and household income, and how they are associated with outsourcing housework and childcare. Results: In both contexts, disadvantaged mothers were more likely to have unpaid workdays rather than nonstandard workdays. However, British advantaged mothers were considerably more likely to outsource childcare to pursue standard workdays. By contrast, the pattern of partial workdays in the morning, combined with more unpaid work allocation, prevailed among Western German mothers. Conclusion: In the United Kingdom, more market-oriented as opposed to conservative family policies, stronger labor market deregulation, and more consistent policy incentives for domestic outsourcing seem more effective than in Western Germany in promoting advantaged mothers’ careers. However, this comes at the expense of greater class differences in how mothers organize their time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Converging mothers’ employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008-childcare-reform (2024)
Zitatform
Fauser, Sophia, Emanuela Struffolino & Asaf Levanon (2024): Converging mothers’ employment trajectories between East and West Germany? A focus on the 2008-childcare-reform. (SocArXiv papers), 24 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/kcgpm
Abstract
"Looking at a period of childcare expansion, we investigate East-West differences in employment trajectories around first childbirth in Germany over time to identify potential convergence. During Germany’s division (1945-1990), universal public childcare and female full-time employment were the norm in East Germany, while the male breadwinner model was dominant in the West. Even several years after reunification, East-West differences in women’s labor force behavior persist, although they are declining. In 2008, a widespread reform targeted the expansion of childcare availability to facilitate mother’s employment. We use sequence analysis methods to investigate East-West differences in mother’s employment trajectories around childbirth, comparing pre- (1990-2007) and post-reform (2008-2021) years. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1990-2021), the analysis comprises 355 East and 976 West German first-time mothers. Before the reform, employment trajectories between East and West German mothers differed in terms of timing and duration of employment states. After the reform, these differences decreased. Further analysis shows a convergence in the prevalence of post-birth part-time employment, nonetheless longer maternity leave is still more prevalent for West German and full-time employment for East German mothers. Employment trajectories of East and West German mothers have converged over the years. While childcare expansion might be contributing to this development, we still observe important East-West differences, especially regarding post-birth full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform (2024)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd & Arnim Seidlitz (2024): Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform. (IAB-Discussion Paper 08/2024), Nürnberg, 58 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2408
Abstract
"Mit einem semiparametrischen „Event-Study-Ansatz“ unter Verwendung einer Kontrollgruppe schätzen wir den Effekt der Geburt des ersten Kindes auf Verdienste und Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter, die sogenannte „child penalty“. Wir behandeln Mutterschaft als ein „zeitlich gestaffeltes Treatment“. Außerdem untersuchen wir den Effekt des 2007 eingeführten Elterngeldes auf die „child penalty“ - unter Berücksichtigung der Fertilitätseffekte. Ein großer neuer Datensatz, der Daten aus zwei administrativen Quellen miteinander verknüpft, enthält Informationen über alle Geburten. Die Reform hat geringe positive mittelfristige Auswirkungen auf den Beschäftigungsverlauf. Sie verändert die Selektion in die Fertilität und es zeigen sich gruppenspezifische Effektunterschiede. Jedoch hat die Reform die durchschnittliche „child penalty“ kaum verringert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform (2024)
Zitatform
Fitzenberger, Bernd & Arnim Seidlitz (2024): Changing Fertility and Heterogeneous Motherhood Effects: Revisiting the Effects of a Parental Benefits Reform. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16966), Bonn, 54 S.
Abstract
"Using a semiparametric event study approach with a control group, we estimate the effect of motherhood on labor market outcomes in Germany, the child penalty. We further investigate how the 2007 parental benefits reform changed the child penalty while accounting for fertility effects. A large novel data set linking data from two administrative sources provides information on all births. Our estimation approach accounts for motherhood being a staggered treatment. The reform has small positive medium-run effects employment outcomes. It changes the selection into fertility and shows heterogeneous effects. However, the reform did little to reduce the average child penalty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IAB-Discussion Paper, 08/2024 -
Literaturhinweis
Gender gaps in perceptions of social protection: Insights from the OECD Risks that Matter Survey (2024)
Zitatform
Frey, Valérie, Jasmin Thomas & Lyydia Alajääskö (2024): Gender gaps in perceptions of social protection: Insights from the OECD Risks that Matter Survey. In: International social security review, Jg. 77, H. 4, S. 23-48. DOI:10.1111/issr.12374
Abstract
"Aufgrund ihres geringeren Verbleibens im Arbeitsmarkt sowie ihres niedrigeren Einkommens verspüren Frauen systematisch eine höhere finanzielle Unsicherheit als Männer in allen Mitgliedsländern der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD). Ähnliche Geschlechterungleichheiten treten bei der Wahrnehmung von Sozialschutzsystemen auf: Hier vertrauen Frauen viel weniger als Männer ihrer Fähigkeit hinsichtlich des Zugangs zu Leistungen und Dienstleistungen sowie des Erhalts angemessener Einkommensunterstützung, sofern sie diese benötigen, sowohl im erwerbsfähigen als auch im hohen Alter. Die Ergebnisse der länderübergreifenden OECD-Umfrage „Risks that Matter“ (Risiken, die wichtig sind – RTM) belegen, dass in allen Ländern durchschnittlich etwa die Hälfte der Frauen das Gefühl hat, im Bedarfsfall keinen leichten Zugang zu öffentlichen Leistungen zu bekommen, im Gegensatz zu 43 Prozent der Männer. Diese wahrgenommene Nichtzugänglichkeit ist wahrscheinlich ein Spiegelbild der Geschlechterungleichheiten bei den wahrgenommenen „Kosten durch Ärger “, die mit den Anträgen zu Sozialprogrammen und der Übernahme des Verwaltungsaufwands im Haushalt verbunden sind, sowie auch der niedrigeren Sozialversicherungsbeiträge von Frauen. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Geschlechterungleichheiten im Entwurf von Sozialprogrammen und zeigt Möglichkeiten für Regierungen auf, um bei der Verbesserung des Zugangs und der Angemessenheit des Sozialschutzes die Geschlechterfrage besser zu berücksichtigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons)
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Literaturhinweis
Money Matters! Evidence From a Survey Experiment on Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment Across Contexts in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna, Lena Hipp & Mareike Bünning (2024): Money Matters! Evidence From a Survey Experiment on Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment Across Contexts in Germany. In: Gender & Society, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 436-465., 2024-01-15. DOI:10.1177/08912432241252601
Abstract
"This paper examines the context dependency of attitudes toward maternal employment. We test three sets of factors that may affect these attitudes - economic benefits, normative obligations, and child-related consequences - by analyzing data from a unique survey experimental design implemented in a large-scale household panel survey in Germany (17,388 observations from 3,494 respondents). Our results show that the economic benefits associated with maternal employment are the most important predictor of attitudes supporting maternal employment. Moreover, we find that attitudes toward maternal employment vary by individual, household, and contextual characteristics (in particular, childcare quality). We interpret this variation as an indication that negative attitudes toward maternal employment do not necessarily reflect gender essentialism; rather, gender role attitudes are contingent upon the frames individuals have in mind." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitslose im Grundsicherungsbezug: Väter nehmen ungünstige Arbeitszeiten und lange Arbeitswege eher in Kauf als Mütter (2024)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna (2024): Arbeitslose im Grundsicherungsbezug: Väter nehmen ungünstige Arbeitszeiten und lange Arbeitswege eher in Kauf als Mütter. In: IAB-Forum H. 20.11.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241120.01
Abstract
"Daten des Panels „Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung“ (PASS) zeigen, dass Arbeitslose, die Leistungen der Grundsicherung beziehen, eine hohe Bereitschaft haben, eine neue Arbeitsstelle auch unter schlechteren Bedingungen anzunehmen. Bei dieser sogenannten Konzessionsbereitschaft gibt es allerdings große Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen, vor allem unter Berücksichtigung des familiären Kontextes." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mütter mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte: Ihre Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit, Geschlechternormen und schulischen Unterstützungsleistungen (2024)
Zitatform
Gambaro, Ludovica, Lidia Gutu, Sophia Schmitz, C. Katharina Spieß & Elena Ziege (2024): Mütter mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte. Ihre Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit, Geschlechternormen und schulischen Unterstützungsleistungen. (BIB.Bevölkerungs.Studien), Wiesbaden: Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung, 74 S. DOI:10.12765/bro-2024-02
Abstract
"Die Publikation fasst die Ergebnisse eines zweijährigen Forschungsprojekts zusammen, das sich mit wichtigen Fragestellungen der Sorge- und Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern und Frauen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte befasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Institutions and Fertility (2024)
Zitatform
Guner, Nezih, Ezgi Kaya & Virginia Sánchez-Marcos (2024): Labor Market Institutions and Fertility. (HCEO working paper / Human capital and economic opportunity global working group 2024,006), Chicago, Ill., 74 S.
Abstract
"Among high-income countries, fertility rates differ significantly, with some experiencing total fertility rates as low as 1 to 1.3 children per woman. However, the reasons behind low fertility rates are not well understood. We show that uncertainty created by dual labor markets, the coexistence of temporary and open-ended contracts, and the inflexibility of work schedules are crucial to understanding low fertility. Using rich administrative data from the Spanish Social Security records, we document that temporary contracts are associated with a lower probability of first birth. With Time Use data, we also show that women with children are less likely to work in jobs with split-shift schedules. Such jobs have a long break in the middle of the day, and present a concrete example of inflexible work arrangements and fixed time cost of work. We then build a life-cycle model in which married women decide whether to work, how many children to have, and when to have them. Reforms that eliminate duality or split-shift schedules increase women's labor force participation and reduce the employment gap between mothers and non-mothers. They also increase fertility for women who are employed. Reforming these labor market institutions and providing childcare subsidies would increase the completed fertility of married women to 1.8 children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When mothers do it all: gender-role norms, women's employment, and fertility intentions in post-industrial societies (2024)
Zitatform
Han, Sinn Won, Ohjae Gowen & Mary C. Brinton (2024): When mothers do it all: gender-role norms, women's employment, and fertility intentions in post-industrial societies. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 309-325. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad036
Abstract
"Post-industrial countries with high rates of female labour force participation have generally had low fertility rates, but recent studies demonstrate that this is no longer the case. This has generated increased attention to how greater gender equality in the private sphere of the household may contribute to a positive relationship between women’s employment rates and fertility. Building on recent scholarship demonstrating the multidimensionality of gender-role attitudes, we argue that conversely, the prevalence of a gender-role ideology that supports women’s employment but places greater priority on their role as caregivers may depress the higher-order fertility intentions of working mothers. Using data from 25 European countries, we find that this type of gender-role ideology (egalitarian familism) moderates the relationship between mothers’ full-time employment and their intention to have a second child. This holds even after accounting for key features of the policy environment that are likely to mitigate work–family conflict. The analysis suggests that conflicting normative expectations for women’s work and family roles tend to dampen working mothers’ second-order fertility intentions, independent of work–family reconciliation policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt?: Aktuelle Herausforderungen und Potenziale von Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland (2024)
Hermann, Michaela; Kunze, Luisa; Böker, Charlotte;Zitatform
Hermann, Michaela & Luisa Kunze (2024): Gleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt? Aktuelle Herausforderungen und Potenziale von Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland. (Factsheet / Bertelsmann Stiftung), Gütersloh, 14 S. DOI:10.11586/2023085
Abstract
"Die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen in Deutschland ist mit knapp 78 Prozent im europäischen Vergleich eine der höchsten. Da jedoch fast die Hälfte aller 20- bis 64-jährigen Frauen (48 Prozent) in Teilzeit arbeitet, ist ihre tatsächliche Erwerbsstundenzahl vergleichsweise gering. Dabei sind Frauen häufig hochqualifiziert und würden auch gerne mehr arbeiten – wenn die Rahmenbedingungen dafür besser wären. Angesichts dieses ungenutzten Potenzials ist es sowohl aus gleichstellungspolitischer als auch wirtschaftlicher Perspektive von höchster Relevanz, die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zu erhöhen. Gerade in Zeiten eines beschleunigten Strukturwandels sowie zunehmenden Fachkräftemangels braucht es differenzierte Maßnahmen, um die Frauenerwerbstätigkeit zu stärken. Eine höhere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen kann nicht nur helfen, Diskriminierung am Arbeitsmarkt zu mindern, sondern trägt auch zur Fachkräftesicherung und zu wirtschaftlichem Wohlstand bei. Gleichzeitig können sich Frauen beruflich freier und umfassender entwickeln, sind finanziell unabhängiger und beugen mit einem existenzsichernden Erwerbseinkommen der Armut im Alter vor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Causal Impact of Gender Norms on Mothers' Employment Attitudes and Expectations (2024)
Zitatform
Hermes, Henning, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter & Simon Wiederhold (2024): The Causal Impact of Gender Norms on Mothers' Employment Attitudes and Expectations. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17543), Bonn, 45 S.
Abstract
"This field experiment investigates the causal impact of mothers' perceptions of gender norms on their employment attitudes and labor-supply expectations. We provide mothers of young children in Germany with information about the prevailing gender norm regarding maternal employment in their city. At baseline, over 70% of mothers incorrectly perceive this gender norm as too conservative. Our randomized treatment improves the accuracy of these perceptions, significantly reducing the share of mothers who misperceive gender norms as overly conservative. The treatment also shifts mothers' own labor-market attitudes towards being more liberal—and we show that specifically the shifted attitude is a strong predictor of mothers' future labor-market participation. Consistently, treated mothers are significantly more likely to plan an increase in their working hours one year ahead." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Early child care, maternal labor supply, and gender equality: A randomized controlled trial (2024)
Zitatform
Hermes, Henning, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter & Simon Wiederhold (2024): Early child care, maternal labor supply, and gender equality: A randomized controlled trial. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere / Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle 2024,14), Halle, 64 S.
Abstract
"We provide experimental evidence that enabling access to universal early child care increases maternal labor supply and promotes gender equality among families with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Our intervention offers information and customized help with child care applications, leading to a boost in child care enrollment among lower-SES families. 18 months after the intervention, we find substantial increases in maternal full-time employment (+160%), maternal earnings (+22%), and household income (+10%). Intriguingly, the positive employment effects are not only driven by extended hours at child care centers, but also by an increase in care hours by fathers. Gender equality also benefits more broadly from better access to child care: The treatment improves a gender equality index that combines information on intra-household division of working hours, care hours, and earnings by 40% of a standard deviation, with significant increases in each dimension. For higher-SES families, we consistently observe negligible, insignificant treatment effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child Penalties and the Gender Gap in Home Production and the Labor Market (2024)
Zitatform
Koopmans, Pim, Max van Lent & Jim Been (2024): Child Penalties and the Gender Gap in Home Production and the Labor Market. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16871), Bonn, 30 S.
Abstract
"The consequence of the arrival of children for the gender wage gap - known as the child penalty - is substantial and has been documented for many countries. Little is still known about the impact of having children beyond paid work in the labor market, such as home production. In this paper we estimate - deploying an event study with Dutch survey data - the child penalty in both home production and the labor market. In line with the literature we find no labor market effects for men. For women we find a strong reduction in work hours and lower wages. However, we find an increase in home production for women roughly similar to the decline in paid work. Consequently, time allocated to the labor market plus home production is roughly equal across gender before and after the arrival of children. This result rejects the hypothesis that women substitute paid work for leisure after the arrival of children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The interactive effect of maternity leaves and child care enrollment on maternal employment (2024)
Zitatform
Lee, Sung-Tae & Sun-Moon Jung (2024): The interactive effect of maternity leaves and child care enrollment on maternal employment. In: Economic analysis and policy, Jg. 84, S. 344-353. DOI:10.1016/j.eap.2024.08.034
Abstract
"This cross-country empirical research investigates the impact of maternity leaves and the child care enrollment rates on increasing maternal employment. By analyzing data from OECD countries with country-fixed effects, we find that the child care enrollment for 0–2 year olds increases the maternity employment rate. We confirm an inverted U-shaped relationship between the maternity leave duration and the maternity employment rate, as evidenced in prior studies. More interestingly, we find that an interaction term between child care enrollment and maternity leave duration is significantly positive, suggesting that two variables play a complement role in enhancing maternal employment rate. By examining the independent and complementary effects of extended maternity leave and child care enrollment rates, our study suggests that their combined use significantly enhances maternal employment rates, highlighting a complementary relationship that policymakers should consider to support working mothers effectively." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, ©2024 Economic Society of Australia (Queensland)) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife: A Demographic Perspective Across Three Different Welfare Systems (2024)
Zitatform
Lorenti, Angelo, Jessica Nisén, Letizia Mencarini & Mikko Myrskylä (2024): Gendered Parenthood-Employment Gaps from Midlife: A Demographic Perspective Across Three Different Welfare Systems. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 40. DOI:10.1007/s10680-024-09699-2
Abstract
"Women’s labor force participation has increased in Western countries, but gender gaps remain, especially among parents. Using a novel comparative perspective, we assess women’s and men’s employment trajectories from midlife onward by parity and education. We provide insights into the gendered parenthood-employment gaps examining the long-term implications of parenthood beyond the core childbearing ages by decomposing years lived between ages 40–74, in years of employment, joblessness, and retirement. Using multistate incidence-based life tables, we compare different cultural and institutional contexts: Finland, Italy, and the USA. Our results document large cross-national variation, with education playing a key role. In Finland, the number of years of employment increases with parity for women and men, and the gender gap is small; in the USA, the relationship between parity and years of employment is relatively flat, although a gender gap emerges among those with two or more children; in Italy, the number of years of employment decreases sharply for women as parity increases, while it increases for men. Notably, education has a similar positive impact on years of employment across all groups in Finland. In contrast, in the USA and Italy, the gender gap is only half as large among highly educated mothers as it is among low educated mothers. The employment trajectories of childless women and men differ greatly across countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Cost of Fair Pay: How Child Care Work Wages Affect Formal Child Care Hours, Informal Child Care Hours, and Employment Hours (2024)
Löffler, Verena;Zitatform
Löffler, Verena (2024): The Cost of Fair Pay: How Child Care Work Wages Affect Formal Child Care Hours, Informal Child Care Hours, and Employment Hours. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1205), Berlin, 81 S.
Abstract
"The debate on the effects of child care policies on household and individual behavior is substantial but lacks a discussion of the unintended consequences of rising wages in the child care work sector. To address this gap in the debate, the relation between rising pay and formal child care hours, informal child care hours, and employment hours is analyzed empirically with a case study on child care in Germany between 2012 and 2019. Among other findings, the evidence demonstrates that the consumption of formal child care hours of middle- and high-income households in eastern Germany correlates negatively with child care work wages, indicating price elasticity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Gender Role Attitudes Shape Maternal Labor Supply (2024)
Zitatform
Mensinger, Tim & Christian Zimpelmann (2024): How Gender Role Attitudes Shape Maternal Labor Supply. (CRC TR 224 discussion paper series / EPoS Collaborative Research Center Transregio 224 513), Bonn, 62 S.
Abstract
"We examine the influence of gender role attitudes, specifically views about the appropriate role of mothers, on post-childbirth employment decisions. German panel data reveals that mothers with traditional attitudes are 15% less likely to work during early motherhood than their egalitarian counterparts. Among working mothers, those with traditional attitudes work four hours less per week, and these differences persist for at least seven years. Fathers' attitudes also predict maternal labor supply, highlighting joint decision-making within couples. Examining the interaction of attitudes with policies, we find that the introduction of a cash-for-care payment for parents who abstain from using public childcare substantially reduced the labor supply of traditional mothers, whereas egalitarian mothers' labor supply remained unaffected. Moreover, a structural life-cycle model of female labor supply demonstrates that labor supply elasticities are substantially larger for traditional mothers, while a counterfactual policy facilitating full-time childcare access has a more pronounced effect on egalitarian mothers. Our findings stress that gender role attitudes moderate the impact of policies, which implies that measured average policy effects depend on the distribution of attitudes and cannot easily be transferred over time or to other countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Does the Provision of Childcare Services Affect Mothers' Employment Intentions? Empirical Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment (2024)
Zitatform
Oehrli, Dominique, Isabelle Stadelmann-Steffen & Meret Lütolf (2024): How Does the Provision of Childcare Services Affect Mothers' Employment Intentions? Empirical Evidence from a Conjoint Experiment. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 53, S. 450-469. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000423
Abstract
"Numerous studies have demonstrated that the provision of early childhood education and childcare services (ECEC) is associated with higher women’s participation in the labor market.However, many questions about the causal relationship between the supply of childcare and patterns of female employment remain open. In an effort to overcome common endogeneity problems, we conducted a conjoint experiment in Switzerland, which enables us to analyze mothers’ employmentintentions in different – and even in some hypothetical – contexts. Our results demonstrate that improving the provision of ECEC services does affect mothers’ intentions to engage in paid labor. Nevertheless, mothers comprise a heterogeneous group. As expected, ECEC services’effects are limited for mothers with comparatively high levels of employment. In contrast, mothers with low levels of employment are quite reactive to changing policy contexts, especially if external childcare spots for preschoolers become affordable. Notably, elasticity is present not only in the behavior of women with preferences for supplementary, external childcare, but also in that of women with preferences for parental or home-centered childcare. Our study thus highlights childcare policies ’ potential to change the patterns of female employment in contexts marked by persistent traditional gender roles and limited childcare provision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Eine Frage des Geschlechts? Arbeitsbedingungen aus der Perspektive von Männern und Frauen (2024)
Zitatform
Peters, Eileen (2024): Eine Frage des Geschlechts? Arbeitsbedingungen aus der Perspektive von Männern und Frauen. (FES diskurs), Bonn, 14 S.
Abstract
"Die Arbeitswelt befindet sich derzeit in einem großen Wandel. Digitalisierung, Fachkräftemangel und Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie treiben diesen stetig voran, um nur ein paar der gegenwärtigen Herausforderungen zu nennen. Das Alleinverdienermodell in Familien scheint zunehmend ausgedient zu haben, Pflege und Sorgearbeit müssen daher mit Erwerbsarbeit in Einklang gebracht werden. Doch noch immer arbeiten mehr Frauen in Teilzeit als Männer, sie übernehmen oftmals auch den größeren Anteil an Sorgearbeit und Pflege in den Familien. Wie wirken sich diese Veränderungen und Anforderungen auf die Wahrnehmung der Arbeitsbedingungen bei Frauen und Männern aus? Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass vor allem Frauen mit Kindern die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie als äußerst wichtiges Arbeitsmerkmal erachten. Gleichzeitig bewerten vor allem Frauen ohne Kinder ihre Arbeitsbelastungen als hoch. Der Beitrag ergänzt die aktuelle Debatte um eine moderne Arbeitswelt, die den geänderten Bedürfnissen der Arbeitnehmer:innen gerecht wird. Besonders in Zeiten des Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangels ist dies ein dringender Appell." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
With a Little Help from Nurseries. Childcare Services and Mothers' Employment in Italy (2024)
Zitatform
Puccioni, Chiara & Daniela Vuri (2024): With a Little Help from Nurseries. Childcare Services and Mothers' Employment in Italy. (CEIS Tor Vergata research papers 588), Rom, 41 S.
Abstract
"This study evaluates the impact of an Italian government initiative launched in 2007, which allocated e1 billion to regional governments to enhance early childhood care services for children aged 0-2, targeting both public and private childcare options. Exploiting variations in the timing of implementation across regions, we assess the program's effectiveness in increasing the public provision of early childcare services and maternal labor market participation. Results show a significant increase in both public childcare slots and labor market participation among mothers. However, the initiative had limited effects on less-educated women, likely due to the service's relatively high costs, which may hinder broader accessibility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Breaking the Divide: Can Public Spending on Social Infrastructure Boost Female Employment in Italy? (2024)
Zitatform
Reljic, Jelena & Francesco Zezza (2024): Breaking the Divide: Can Public Spending on Social Infrastructure Boost Female Employment in Italy? (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1407), Essen, 31, III S.
Abstract
"We contribute to the long-standing debate on the Italian North-South divide by assessing the impact of public spending on social infrastructure - including education, healthcare, childcare and social assistance - on the gender employment gap over the last two decades, using a PSVAR analysis. These investments, while not explicitly targeting women, may increase both their labor supply - by reducing the unpaid care work burden - and pro-women labor demand through job creation in care sectors that predominantly employ women. Our research reveals a positive and long-lasting impact of social infrastructure expenditure on private investment, GDP and employment in all areas of the country. However, the reduction of the gender employment gap is detected only in the South and among high-skilled women. These results stress the need for targeted policies to fill the investment gaps in social infrastructure, aiming for a more inclusive labour market, particularly in Southern regions, which suffer from chronic underinvestment and structural challenges." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal Employment Patterns and the Risk for Child Maltreatment (2024)
Zitatform
Schneider, William, Megan Feely & Jeehae Kang (2024): Maternal Employment Patterns and the Risk for Child Maltreatment. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 98, H. 1, S. 34-92. DOI:10.1086/728457
Abstract
"This study examines the complex, nonlinear, and understudied relationship between maternal employment, employment patterns, and four types of child maltreatment; describes the employment status and often nonstandard employment patterns of high-risk mothers at three child developmental ages; and applies the results in the context of three theories used in extant research to understand the relationship between economic hardship and child maltreatment. Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we find that both too much and not enough paid employment are associated with increased risk for child maltreatment, neglect in particular. Our findings indicate that income-support programs tied to employment may be ineffective mechanisms for many families to balance time and money, key factors in the prevention of child maltreatment. As policy makers seek new approaches to prevent child maltreatment, scholars must understand and consider the employment patterns of at-risk mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ökonomische und volkswirtschaftliche Effekte von Kindertagesbetreuung: Strukturierung und Auswertung des Forschungsstandes (2024)
Weßler-Poßberg, Dagmar; Willer, Eva; Schönmüller, Cara; Ambros, Jakob;Zitatform
Weßler-Poßberg, Dagmar, Jakob Ambros, Cara Schönmüller & Eva Willer (2024): Ökonomische und volkswirtschaftliche Effekte von Kindertagesbetreuung. Strukturierung und Auswertung des Forschungsstandes. Düsseldorf, 51 S.
Abstract
"Auf Basis des aktuellen Forschungsstandes untersucht die Expertise „Ökonomische und volkswirtschaftliche Effekte von Kindertagesbetreuung“, welche Auswirkungen die Kindertagesbetreuung auf Familien und die Volkswirtschaft hat. Die betrachteten Studien weisen eindeutige positive Effekte der Kindertagesbetreuung sowohl für das langfristige Lebenseinkommen der Kinder als auch für das Arbeitsmarktangebot der Mütter und die volkswirtschaftliche Ebene nach. Die Expertise wurde 2024 im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend durch die Prognos AG erstellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Part-time subsidies and maternal reemployment: Evidence from a difference-in-differences analysis (2024)
Zitatform
Zimmert, Franziska & Michael Zimmert (2024): Part-time subsidies and maternal reemployment: Evidence from a difference-in-differences analysis. In: Journal of Applied Econometrics, Jg. 39, H. 6, S. 1149-1171., 2024-06-01. DOI:10.1002/jae.3072
Abstract
"Employment interruptions of mothers are still one of the main causes for different labor market outcomes between women and men. Employment subsidies can incentivise mothers to shorten employment interruptions after childbirth. We examine a German parental leave reform incentivizing an early return to part-time work. Exploiting the exogenous variation defined by the child's birthday, we apply unconditional difference-in-differences (DiD) estimation using administrative data. Machine learning augmented DiD estimation shows that our findings are robust to the inclusion of a large dictionary of potential covariates. Additionally, we estimate conditional effects in the DiD setting. Our results show that being eligible to the new regime yields positive average employment effects that are mainly driven by part-time employment. In particular, the increased attractiveness of part-time work does not cannibalize full-time employment. The policy creates heterogeneous incentives depending on the opportunity costs of working part time: especially mothers with middle income and prior part-time workers respond to the reform. Besides, diverging results for East and West Germany hint at the potential of a change in social norms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gender Wage Gap and Parenthood: Occupational Characteristics Across European Countries (2023)
Zitatform
Adsera, Alícia & Federica Querin (2023): The Gender Wage Gap and Parenthood: Occupational Characteristics Across European Countries. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 39. DOI:10.1007/s10680-023-09681-4
Abstract
"Different strands of research analyse gender occupational differences and how they relate to differential earnings, especially among parents juggling family demands. We use rich data from PIAAC across a subset of European countries and match occupational characteristics to individuals’ jobs using the O*NET database to analyse, first, whether there are gender differences in the occupational characteristics of jobs, particularly among parents, and second, whether the return to key occupational characteristics varies by gender. Compared to men, women’s jobs generally require more contact with others, less autonomy in decision-making, and less time pressure. In addition, positions held by mothers involve both less leadership expectations and less intensive use of machines than those held by fathers. Further, mothers receive a lower return to both of these occupational characteristics than fathers do. Finally, even though gaps in occupational characteristics such as leadership jointly with the differential sorting of mothers and fathers across sectors explain part of the gender wage gap in Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition models, especially in Continental Europe, a large share remains unexplained particularly in Eastern and Southern European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Forward-Looking Labor Supply Responses to Changes in Pension Wealth: Evidence from Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Artmann, Elisabeth, Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln & Giulia Giupponi (2023): Forward-Looking Labor Supply Responses to Changes in Pension Wealth. Evidence from Germany. (CESifo working paper 10427), München, 48 S.
Abstract
"We provide new evidence of forward-looking labor supply responses to changes in pension wealth. We exploit a 2014 German reform that increased pension wealth for mothers by an average of 4.4% per child born before January 1, 1992. Using administrative data on the universe of working histories, we implement a difference-in-differences design comparing women who had their first child before versus after January 1, 1992. We document significant reductions in labor earnings, driven by intensive margin responses. Our estimates imply that, on average, an extra euro of pension wealth in a given period reduces unconditional labor earnings by 54 cents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Artmann, Elisabeth; -
Literaturhinweis
Erwerbsverläufe und frühzeitige Aktivierung von Bedarfsgemeinschaften mit kleinen Kindern (2023)
Artmann, Elisabeth;Zitatform
Artmann, Elisabeth (2023): Erwerbsverläufe und frühzeitige Aktivierung von Bedarfsgemeinschaften mit kleinen Kindern. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 03/2023), Nürnberg, 36 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2303
Abstract
"Arbeitslosengeld-II-Beziehende sind grundsätzlich verpflichtet, Anstrengungen zu unternehmen, um ihren Leistungsbezug zu beenden oder zu verringern. Dazu zählt die Pflicht zur Arbeitssuche und Teilnahme an angebotenen Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Eine Ausnahme von dieser Regelung betrifft Bedarfsgemeinschaften, die Kinder unter drei Jahren betreuen. Hier kann sich ein Partner auf die Erziehung des Kindes berufen und muss dem Arbeitsmarkt nicht zur Verfügung stehen, kann dies aber auf freiwilliger Basis tun. Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht untersucht anhand von administrativen Daten zunächst, wie sich die Arbeitsmarktverläufe von Eltern im Arbeitslosengeld-II-Bezug in den ersten vier Lebensjahren ihres Kindes entwickeln. Des Weiteren wird analysiert, in welchem Umfang Mütter und Väter in diesem Zeitraum von den Jobcentern in gemeinsamen Einrichtungen aktiviert werden. Im Sinne von Aktivierung werden sowohl Betreuungstermine im Jobcenter als auch Teilnahmen an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen betrachtet. Die Stichprobe für diese Untersuchungen umfasst Bedarfsgemeinschaften, in denen in den Jahren 2014 oder 2015 ein Kind geboren wurde und die zumindest am Tag der Geburt des Kindes Arbeitslosengeld II bezogen. Die Erwerbsverläufe von Müttern und Vätern weisen darauf hin, dass vor allem Frauen die Betreuung der Kinder übernehmen und für den Arbeitsmarkt nicht verfügbar sind. Ein wesentlicher Teil der Mütter in der Stichprobe ist in den ersten drei Lebensjahren des Kindes als „nicht arbeitsuchend” gemeldet, während der Anteil von Müttern in sozialversicherungspflichtiger Beschäftigung mit dem Alter des Kindes zunimmt, aber während des Beobachtungszeitraums niedrig bleibt. Nach dem dritten Geburtstag des Kindes zeigt sich insgesamt ein Sprung in den Arbeitsuchendmeldungen von Frauen und ein geringer Anstieg in den Teilnahmen an arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen. Dieses Muster ist vor allem auf westdeutsche Frauen zurückzuführen, den bei ostdeutschen Frauen nehmen sowohl die Arbeitsuchendmeldungen als auch die Beschäftigungsquote bereits nach dem ersten Geburtstag des Kindes sprunghaft zu. Die Erwerbsverläufe von Vätern scheinen hingegen kaum von der Geburt ihres Kindes beeinflusst zu werden, sie sind durchgehend häufiger in Beschäftigung bzw. arbeitsuchend gemeldet als Frauen. Auch nach dem dritten Geburtstag des Kindes zeigen sich allenfalls geringe Veränderungen in den Erwerbsverläufen der Väter. Mütter werden im Beobachtungszeitraum dieser Studie in den ersten drei Lebensjahren ihres Kindes insgesamt nur sehr eingeschränkt aktiviert. Sowohl die durchschnittliche Anzahl der Betreuungstermine je Jobcenter als auch der Anteil an Frauen in arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen sind deutlich geringer als die entsprechenden Zahlen für Väter. Jedoch zeigen sich für Mütter auch bei der Aktivierungsintensität wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen ost- und westdeutschen Jobcentern. Mütter in ostdeutschen Jobcentern nehmen bereits nach dem ersten Geburtstag ihres Kindes zunehmend Betreuungstermine wahr und an Maßnahmen teil, während sich bei Müttern in westdeutschen Jobcentern vor allem nach dem dritten Geburtstag des Kindes eine Zunahme der Aktivierungsintensität zeigt. Rund vier Jahre nach der Geburt ihres Kindes sind etwas weniger als 20 Prozent der westdeutschen Mütter sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt, aber rund 28 Prozent der ostdeutschen Mütter. Kausale Effekte frühzeitiger Aktivierung auf die Erwerbschancen der Eltern lassen sich mit den vorliegenden Daten jedoch nicht bestimmen, unter anderem weil sich die Teilnehmenden an frühzeitigen Aktivierungsmaßnahmen von denjenigen unterscheiden, die nicht teilnehmen. Im Rahmen eines Feldexperiments ließe sich für derartige (Selbst-)Selektionen kontrollieren, da die Zielgruppe zufällig einer Interventions- und Kontrollgruppe zugeordnet werden könnte. Aufgrund der Zufallszuordnung könnten spätere Unterschiede in den Arbeitsmarktergebnissen zwischen beiden Gruppen als kausale Effekte der Intervention (z.B. eine intensivere Frühaktivierung) interpretiert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Artmann, Elisabeth; -
Literaturhinweis
Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg (2023)
Zitatform
Bacher, Johann, Martina Beham-Rabanser & Thomas Lankmayer (Hrsg.) (2023): Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg. Wiesbaden: Springer, 247 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-38040-3
Abstract
"Der österreichische Arbeitsmarkt ist durch eine starke Geschlechtersegregation geprägt, die sich dadurch charakterisiert, dass Frauen andere, häufig schlechter bezahlte Berufe ausüben als Männer und in hohem Ausmaß Teilzeit arbeiten, wenn sie Kinder haben, mit der Folge, dass sie weniger verdienen und auch geringere Pensionen beziehen werden. Diese Geschlechterunterschiede sind in der einschlägigen Literatur vielfach beleuchtet und zeigen Benachteiligungen von Frauen gegenüber Männern am Arbeitsmarkt auf. Demgegenüber lässt sich für den österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt eine höhere Arbeitslosigkeit der Männer gegenüber den Frauen beobachten. Forschungsbefunde deuten zudem darauf hin, dass Frauen ein beruflicher Wiedereinstieg leichter gelingt als Männern. Obwohl diese Geschlechterunterschiede in vielen Evaluierungen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Österreich gefunden wurden, wurden sie bisher nicht systematisch untersucht. Dementsprechend fehlen auch (empirisch gesicherte) Erklärungsansätze. An diese Forschungslücke knüpft die vorliegende Publikation an. Sie basiert auf einem breit angelegten Forschungsprojekt und verfolgt das Ziel, Geschlechterunterschiede beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg systematisch zu beleuchten und Erklärungsansätze für diese empirisch zu prüfen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Motherhood Wage and Income Traps (2023)
Zitatform
Barigozzi, Francesca, Helmuth Cremer & Emmanuel Thibault (2023): The Motherhood Wage and Income Traps. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16072), Bonn, 38 S.
Abstract
"We present a simple dynamic model based on on-the-job human capital accumulation affecting the dynamic of wage rates and labor earnings. We show how these dynamics are determined by the interplay between the supply and demand sides of the labor market. The model can generate and explain the different dynamics of women's earnings after childbirth documented in the empirical literature on child penalties. We show that the temporary negative shock in labor supply due to childbearing may create a wage trap and a permanent divergence of labor earnings between genders. Even when the wage trap is avoided, and working mothers are on a path toward a high-wage equilibrium, slow convergence can permanently lose earnings. We use this model to study the impact of different policies on the gender wage gap and child penalties. We show that mandatory maternal leave exacerbates the shock which pleads against long leaves. Similarly, cash transfers to mothers via the income effect on labor supply aggravate gender wage differences. By contrast, temporary subsidies to mothers' wages (possibly in the form of Income Tax Credits) are not only useful to exit the wage trap, but also to speed up recovery and reduce the child penalty when the shock in labor supply is small enough to avoid the wage trap. Other family policies, like formal child-care subsidies and in-kind provision of formal childcare, are potentially useful because they reduce the mothers' cost of labor supply, but they affect mothers' choices only indirectly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave (2023)
Zitatform
Bergemann, Annette & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 139-178. DOI:10.1007/s00148-021-00878-7
Abstract
"We study the short-, medium-, and long-run employment effects of a substantial change in Germany's parental leave benefit program. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that paid benefits for up to 2 years was replaced with an earnings-related transfer that paid benefits for up to 1 year. The reform changed the regulation for prior benefit recipients and added benefits for those who were not eligible before. Although long-run labor force participation did not change substantially—the reform sped up mothers' labor market return after their benefits expired. Likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and in mothers' preferences for economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy. Working paper, 2020,06
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: IZA discussion paper, 9073
- auch erschienen als: SOEPpapers on Multidisciplinary Panel Data Research, 900
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Literaturhinweis
Die Gesundheit von Müttern im Fokus der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie – ein Scoping-Review (2023)
Bode, Annika; Metzing, Sabine; Dorin, Lena; Hellmers, Claudia;Zitatform
Bode, Annika, Lena Dorin, Sabine Metzing & Claudia Hellmers (2023): Die Gesundheit von Müttern im Fokus der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie – ein Scoping-Review. In: GMS Zeitschrift für Hebammenwissenschaft, Jg. 10, S. 1-43. DOI:10.3205/zhwi000025
Abstract
"Hintergrund: Die physische und psychische Gesundheit sowie die Gesundheit im Allgemeinen von Müttern nach Mutterschutz bzw. Elternzeit ist, im Zuge der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie, multidimensionalen Einflüssen ausgesetzt, die bisher in Deutschland nicht systematisch untersucht wurden. Ziel: Das Ziel dieses Literaturreviews ist die Darstellung der Gesundheit von Müttern unter Einbezug der Einflussfaktoren aus Beruf und Familie. Methodik: Die systematische internationale Literaturanalyse für das Scoping-Review erfolgte zwischen September 2016 und Dezember 2018 in den Datenbanken Medline via Pubmed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES und GESIS (Sowiport) für den Veröffentlichungszeitraum 2007-2018. Ergebnisse: Es wurden 86 Studien eingeschlossen. Positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit von Müttern entstehen, wenn eine berufliche Tätigkeit persönlich gewünscht ist und die berufliche Rolle bereichernd und mit dem Familienleben als gut vereinbar eingeschätzt wird. Sehr individuell scheint zu sein, zu welchem Zeitpunkt der berufliche Wiedereinstieg erfolgt, in welchem Umfang gearbeitet wird und wie hoch das Einkommen ist. Entscheidend ist die insgesamt positive Einschätzung der Berufsausübung bezüglich der eigenen Lebenssituation. Wenn die Anforderungen mit den zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen bewältigt werden, steigt das Wohlbefinden. Diskussion: Die Relevanz des Umfangs der Beschäftigung, des Zeitpunkts der Rückkehr in den Beruf sowie der erlebten Kontrolle im Alltag für die mütterliche Gesundheit sind abhängig vom Gesamtkontext und von systemspezifischen Rahmenbedingungen. Es ist bisher nicht ausreichend untersucht, welche Konsequenzen sich aus den individuellen Lebenslagen für die Gesundheit von Müttern in Deutschland ergeben. Daher haben weitere Studien zum Zusammenspiel von Erwerbsarbeit und Familie für die Gesundheit von Müttern in Deutschland und daran angelehnte politische Maßnahmen das Potential, die Frauen- und Familiengesundheit nachhaltig zu stärken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply (2023)
Bovini, Giulia; Sestito, Paolo; Cattadori, Niccolò; De Philippis, Marta;Zitatform
Bovini, Giulia, Niccolò Cattadori, Marta De Philippis & Paolo Sestito (2023): The Short and Medium Term Effects of Full-Day Schooling on Learning and Maternal Labor Supply. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16378), Bonn, 47 S.
Abstract
"This paper considers the case of Italy to analyze the short- and medium-term effect of a longer school day in primary school on both students' learning and mothers' labor supply. we rely on unique application-to-primary-school data: first, we control for parental preferences, proxied by individual applications; second, we exploit variation in the probability of attending the full-time (FT) scheme that only stems from nonlinearities in the mix of FT and part-time (PT) applications received by the school and from class size limits set by the law. We show that attending the FT scheme increases Math test scores in grades 2 and 5 and Italian scores in grade 2 by around 4.5% of a standard deviation, but the effects fade away by grade 8. Conversely, there is a positive impact on maternal labor force participation and employment, which is long-lasting (approximately 2 p.p.). No effect is found on fathers' employment. Finally, we find some evidence of negative selection on gains, as the groups of students and mothers for whom the effect seems to be larger are not those more likely to apply to the FT scheme or to attend it conditional on applying." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility postponement and labor market outcomes: Postponed childbearing improves women's labor market outcomes but may reduce overall fertility (2023)
Zitatform
Bratti, Massimiliano (2023): Fertility postponement and labor market outcomes. Postponed childbearing improves women's labor market outcomes but may reduce overall fertility. (IZA world of labor 117), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.117.v2
Abstract
"Die zeitliche Verlagerung der Mutterschaft kann sich für Frauen ökonomisch positiv auswirken, indem sie vor der Geburt ihr Humankapital vergrößern, ihre Erwerbsbeteiligung intensivieren und ihr Einkommen steigern können. Umgekehrt kann dies die Realisierung von (weiteren) Kinderwünschen verhindern. Empirisch lässt sich zeigen, dass eine Verschiebung der Mutterschaft Arbeitsmarktnähe und Lohnniveau deutlich erhöht, zugleich aber weniger Kinder zu haben wahrscheinlicher macht. Hier sollte die Familienpolitik ansetzen: durch öffentliche Kinderbetreuungsangebote, finanzielle Anreize für Firmen, die betriebliche Angebote schaffen, sowie durch Elternzeitprogramme, die die Kinderbetreuungsaufgaben gerechter auf Väter und Mütter verteilen. Facebook Twitter" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Digitalisierung der Arbeit – eine Zwischenbilanz aus Geschlechterperspektiven (2023)
Carstensen, Tanja;Zitatform
Carstensen, Tanja (2023): Digitalisierung der Arbeit – eine Zwischenbilanz aus Geschlechterperspektiven. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 76, H. 5, S. 374-382. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2023-5-374
Abstract
"Die Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt seit der Mitte der 2010er Jahre wurde früh mit weitreichenden Hoffnungen und Befürchtungen für Veränderungen in den Geschlechterverhältnissen diskutiert. Mittlerweile liegen diverse, ein breites Feld an Fragen umspannende empirische Studien vor. Nach einigen Vormerkungen zum Verhältnis von Gender und Technik resümiert der Beitrag die bisherigen Befunde entlang von fünf Themenfeldern, die sich als Schwerpunkte der Digitalisierungsforschung aus Geschlechterperspektiven herausgebildet haben: 1. Ortsflexibilisierung / Homeoffice, 2. Plattformen, 3. Automatisierung und neue Anforderungen, 4. Diskriminierung durch Algorithmen und KI und 5. mangelnde Diversität und (globale) Ungleichheiten in der Technikentwicklung. Die Autorin schließt mit einer Zwischenbilanz dieser bisher vorliegenden Befunde und benennt weiteren Forschungsbedarf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Childcare restrictions and gender gap in labor outcomes (2023)
Zitatform
Cervini, Maria & Jose I. Silva (2023): Childcare restrictions and gender gap in labor outcomes. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 118957), München, 23 S.
Abstract
"Persistent gender gaps exist in labor market outcomes. This study contributes to the literature by examining the gender gap effects of childcare restrictions. Specifically, not using professional childcare services due to issues like access, quality, or costs. Using a specialized module from the 2018 Spanish Labor Force Survey, we identify substantial gender gaps in labor force, employment, full-time employment and hours worked among parents facing childcare constraints. In contrast, parents without such restrictions experience much lower gender gaps. Working time flexibility helps to alleviate the gender gap in hours worked. Additionally, we explore the long-run consequences of extended work interruptions for childcare, revealing a significant decline in women's labor supply, employment rates and full-time share, particularly for career breaks lasting 5 years or more." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge (2023)
Zitatform
Chanfreau, Jenny (2023): The Persistence in Gendering: Work-Family Policy in Britain since Beveridge. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 52, S. 981-998. DOI:10.1017/S0047279422000125
Abstract
"Understanding the historical policy pathways that have led to the constellation of policies that both reflect and shape the current gender order can reveal reasons for the persistence of gender inequality in paid work and unpaid family care. Bringing together existing research and policy critique with Carol Bacchi’s framework of policy as ‘gendering practices’, this paper focuses on the role of policy as a process that constructs and upholds an unequal gender order. The discussion traces how UK social policies have since the establishment of the post-war welfare state articulated and positioned gendered possibilities for combining paid work and childrearing, shaping gendered and classed work-family life courses. The analysis illustrates that British social policy has not been consistently committed to a more equal gender regime but instead maintained a heteronormative family ideal and thus, despite various policy changes, the gendering of ‘the worker’ and ‘the parent’ as conceptualised in UK policy has persisted over the last several decades." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Subsidized small jobs and maternal labor market outcomes in the long run (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Kamila Cygan-Rehm & Regina T. Riphahn (2023): Subsidized small jobs and maternal labor market outcomes in the long run. (LASER discussion papers 148), Erlangen, S. 56.
Abstract
"This paper investigates whether incentives generated by public policies contribute to motherhood penalties. Specifically, we study the consequences of subsidized small jobs, the German Minijobs, which are frequently taken up by first-time mothers upon labor market return. Using a combination of propensity score matching and an event study applied to administrative data, we compare the long-run child penalties of mothers who started out in a Minijob employment versus unsubsidized employment or non-employment after birth. We find persistent differences between the Minijobbers and otherwise employed mothers up to 10 years after the first birth, which suggests adverse unintended consequences of the small jobs subsidy program for maternal earnings and pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development (2023)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2023): Who benefits from cash-for-care? The effects of a home care subsidy on maternal employment, childcare choices, and children’s development. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 58, H. 6, S. 1-58., 2021-12-30. DOI:10.3368/jhr.0720-11051R1
Abstract
"We provide comprehensive evidence on Germany’s home care subsidy for one and two year-old children. In West Germany, take-up was 60% and the subsidy reduced mothers’ probability to work within three years after childbirth by 1.4 percentage points and increased exclusive parental care by 6.5 percentage points. The subsidy improved children’s development at age six, with the exception of children who do not speak German at home. In East Germany, 30% of families used the subsidy, neither affecting maternal employment nor exclusive parental care. As an income transfer, the subsidy did not benefit families with the least economic resources most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Wisconsin Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who benefits from an adult worker model? Gender inequality in couples' daily time use in Germany across time and social classes (2023)
Zitatform
Deuflhard, Carolin (2023): Who benefits from an adult worker model? Gender inequality in couples' daily time use in Germany across time and social classes. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 1391-1419. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwac065
Abstract
"This article investigates how mothers' and fathers' daily time use changed across social classes from 1990 to 2013 in Germany. In the 2000s, Germany's adherence to the male breadwinner model was eroded by labor and family policy reforms typical of the adult worker model, which assumes individual self-sufficiency. The implications for gender and class inequality have been heatedly discussed. Drawing on the German Time Use Survey, I find that gender equality in the division of labor is greatest among full-time dual-earner couples with standard schedules. The prevalence of this pattern increased among the middle- and upper-class in historically conservative western Germany, but declined across classes in formerly socialist eastern Germany. In parallel, nonstandard work patterns and dual-joblessness gained in importance among lower-class couples, particularly in eastern Germany. I conclude that the adult worker model benefited mothers with access to standard full-time jobs but at the cost of greater class polarization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Betreuungsgeld – familienpolitische Leistung oder Hindernis bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration? (2023)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2023): Betreuungsgeld – familienpolitische Leistung oder Hindernis bei der Arbeitsmarktintegration? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 103, H. 5, S. 309-313., 2023-05-10. DOI:10.2478/wd-2023-0096
Abstract
"Deutschland steuert seit einigen Jahren auf einen gravierenden Arbeits- und Fachkräftemangel zu. Dabei gibt es nach wie vor erhebliche geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung. Die Bemühungen, die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen zu steigern, spielen eine zentrale Rolle. Dennoch gab es von 2013 bis 2015 in Deutschland ein bundesweites Betreuungsgeld für Eltern, die keine öffentliche Kinderbetreuung für Kinder im Alter von einem oder zwei Jahren in Anspruch nahmen. Auch nach 2015 gab es ein Betreuungsgeld oder vergleichbare Leistungen in mehreren Bundesländern. Es stellt sich die Frage, welchen Einfluss ein Betreuungsgeld auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers’ Employment in a High- and Low- Maternal Employment Regime – a comparison between France and Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Filser, Andreas, Pascal Achard, Corinna Frodermann, Dana Müller & Sander Wagner (2023): Mothers’ Employment in a High- and Low- Maternal Employment Regime – a comparison between France and Germany. (SocArXiv papers), 29 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/kbwtv
Abstract
"France and Germany, the two biggest EU economies with relatively similar welfare states differ profoundly in how childbirth affects the careers of mothers. Building on newly harmonized administrative data we document differences in mothers’ employment trajectories, show how these differences evolved between 1997-2019, and analyse whether the influence of individual and firm-level characteristics on maternal employment are similarly structured in two countries with such different post-maternal employment regimes. Our results show that previously employed mothers in Germany reducing their employment by over 2.3 years more than their French counterparts in the six years including and following birth. Part-time work increases by over 40% among those continuing to work in Germany and by about 25% in France. We document a common trend towards increased post-maternal employment and increased part-time work in later cohorts in both countries. Individual- and firm-level factors have a much more stratified effect on post-maternal employment in France, with low-income and low-education mothers faring comparatively worse. While mothers’ employment is reduced to a much greater extent in Germany, the high maternal employment French model seems to particularly disfavour the return of mothers with low human capital into the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Influences on Employment Transitions around the Birth of the First Child: The Experience of Italian Mothers (2023)
Zitatform
Fiori, Francesca & Giorgio Di Gessa (2023): Influences on Employment Transitions around the Birth of the First Child: The Experience of Italian Mothers. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 196-214. DOI:10.1177/09500170221082479
Abstract
"Urban and regional research has focused on opportunity entrepreneurship and how cities can promote growth through the ‘right’ type of entrepreneurship. This neglects the increasing risk of precarious self-employment reflected in the compositional change of self-employment towards self-employment with no employees (‘solo self-employment’). This article tests whether precarious self-employment is more prevalent in urban areas, in parallel to more entrepreneurial forms as shown in previous research. Based on the European Working Conditions Survey 2015 and including 30 countries, it proposes a multidimensional empirical framework of precariousness of self-employment. Findings show significant variations in the prevalence of precarious self-employment in urban versus non-urban areas across geographical regions. Some individual characteristics (gender) and job-related characteristics (industry and working at home) are related with an increased risk of precariousness in urban areas. Policies therefore need to go beyond regulatory and legal frameworks and target local conditions of self-employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave Policy and Long-run Earnings of Mothers (2023)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2023): Parental Leave Policy and Long-run Earnings of Mothers. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 80, 2022-11-11. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102296
Abstract
"Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women’s employment rates but to decrease their wages in case of extended leave duration. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers’ long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a ”daddy quota” of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy mix on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for mothers with high pre-birth earnings. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in the selection of working mothers, working hours or changes in employer stability. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the ”daddy months”, could have facilitated mothers’ re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low pre-birth earnings, however, we do not find beneficial long-run effects of this parental leave reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Supplementary Data S1, Open Access -
Literaturhinweis
Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen (2023)
Zitatform
Frodermann, Corinna, Andreas Filser & Ann-Christin Bächmann (2023): Elternzeiten von verheirateten Paaren: Mütter kehren meist schneller auf den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wenn ihre Partner Elternzeit nehmen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2301
Abstract
"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbrechen. Dieses stärkere Engagement der Väter geht auch mit einer schnelleren Arbeitsmarktrückkehr von Müttern einher. Paarinterne Aufteilungsmuster zeigen allerdings, dass bei vielen Ehepaaren nach wie vor nur die Mutter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit unterbricht, während der Großteil der Väter keine Elternzeit nimmt. Wenn Väter ebenfalls unterbrechen, dann vorrangig für maximal zwei Monate. Die vorgelegten Befunde machen insgesamt deutlich, dass verheiratete Paare in Deutschland nach wie vor weit davon entfernt sind, Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit gleich aufzuteilen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Ein Interview mit den Autorinnen und dem Autor finden Sie im Online-Magazin IAB-Forum Open Access.
- Innerpartnerschaftliche Aufteilung der Elternzeit von Ehepaaren
- Elternzeitunterbrechungen von Ehepaaren im Zeitverlauf
- Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern differenziert nach der Unterbrechungsdauer ihrer Ehepartner
- Rückkehr der Mütter auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Abhängigkeit von der Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung ihrer Ehepartner
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Literaturhinweis
Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age (2023)
Zitatform
Gambaro, Ludovica, C. Katharina Spieß, Katharina Wrohlich & Elena Ziege (2023): Should Mama or Papa Work? Variations in Attitudes towards Parental Employment by Country of Origin and Child Age. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-14
Abstract
"Employment among mothers has been rising in recent decades, although mothers of young children often work fewer hours than other women do. Parallel to this trend, approval of maternal employment has increased, albeit not evenly across groups. However, differences in attitudes remain unexplored despite their importance for better understanding mothers’ labour market behaviour. Meanwhile, the employment of fathers has remained stable and attitudes towards paternal employment do not differ as much as attitudes towards maternal employment do between socio-economic groups. This paper examines attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. It focuses on Germany, drawing on data from the German Family Demography Panel Study (FReDA). The survey explicitly asks whether mothers and fathers should be in paid work, work part-time or full-time, presenting respondents with fictional family profiles that vary the youngest child’s age. Unlike previous studies, the analysis compares the views of respondents with different origins: West Germany, East Germany, immigrants from different world regions, and second-generation migrants in West Germany. The results highlight remarkable differences between respondents from West and East Germany, with the former group displaying strong approval for part-time employment among mothers and fathers of very young children and the latter group reporting higher approval for full-time employment. Immigrant groups are far from homogenous, holding different attitudes depending on their region of origin. Taken together, the results offer a nuanced picture of attitudes towards maternal and paternal employment. We discuss these findings in relation to labour markets participation in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Till mess do us part: Married women's market hours, home production, and divorce (2023)
García-Morán, Eva; Kuehn, Zoe;Zitatform
García-Morán, Eva & Zoe Kuehn (2023): Till mess do us part: Married women's market hours, home production, and divorce. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 119324), München, 54 S.
Abstract
"Part time jobs facilitate the conciliation of work and family life. But they entail reduced returns to experience and translate into lower own income in case of divorce. Given non-trivial divorce risks, why do married women work so little? Using micro data for Germany, we show married mothers' market hours (hours dedicated to housework) to be positively (negatively) related to separations. We then propose a dynamic life-cycle model of mothers' labor force participation, home production, and endogenous divorce which we calibrate to German data. Making divorce exogenous or ruling out divorce leads to an overestimation of the share of married mothers working full time and an underestimation of their housework and child care time, particularly among medium and highly educated women. Carrying out three policy experiments (increasing alimony, eliminating joint taxation, subsidizing child care) we highlight how couples' considerations of divorce risks condition the effects of such policies on married mothers' market hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings (2023)
Zitatform
Gerst, Benedikt & Christian Grund (2023): Gender-Specific Duration of Parental Leave and Current Earnings. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 215-235. DOI:10.1177/09500170221090163
Abstract
"Although male employees are increasingly making use of parental leave, gender differences in both usage and duration of parental leave are still prevalent. Based on signalling theory and the masculinities concept, the article explores the role of gender in the relationship between the incidence/duration of parental leave and wages/compensation after returning to a job. It is shown that pay gaps associated with parental leave are much more severe for male than they are for female middle managers in the German chemical industry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employer Responses to Family Leave Programs (2023)
Zitatform
Ginja, Rita, Arizo Karimi & Pengpeng Xiao (2023): Employer Responses to Family Leave Programs. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 107-135. DOI:10.1257/app.20200448
Abstract
"Search frictions make worker turnover costly to firms. A three-month parental leave expansion in Sweden provides exogenous variation that we use to quantify firms' adjustment costs upon worker absence. The reform increased women's leave duration and likelihood of separating from pre-birth employers. Firms with greater exposure to the reform hired additional workers and increased coworkers to make it coworkers' hours, incurring wage costs corresponding to 10 full-time equivalent months in addition to replacing the workers. These adjustment costs varied by firms' availability of internal substitutes. We also analyze a daddy-month reform and find similar employer responses to male workers' leave, albeit smaller in magnitude." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers at work: How mandating a short maternity leave affects work and fertility (2023)
Zitatform
Girsberger, Esther Mirjam, Lena Hassani-Nezhad, Kalaivani Karunanethy & Rafael Lalive (2023): Mothers at work: How mandating a short maternity leave affects work and fertility. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 84. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102364
Abstract
"Switzerland mandated a 14-week paid maternity leave in 2005 when many firms already offered a similar benefit. While the mandate had only small and temporary effects on labor market outcomes of first-time mothers, it raised the share of those having a second child by three percentage points. Women employed in firms with prior paid leave sharply increased their subsequent fertility. In contrast, women employed in other firms did not change their fertility behaviour, but instead saw a persistent increase in their earnings after birth. This pattern of results suggests that firms with pre-mandate leave passed on (some of) their resulting cost-savings to their employees – “trickle down effects” – by making their maternity leave more generous than mandated, hiring temporary replacement workers and/or supporting mothers’ return to work in other ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, ©2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2023 (2023)
Hammermann, Andrea; Stettes, Oliver;Zitatform
Hammermann, Andrea & Oliver Stettes (2023): Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2023. (Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2023), Berlin, 33 S.
Abstract
"Der Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit berichtet aus der Perspektive von Personalverantwortlichen und Beschäftigten, wie sich die Familienfreundlichkeit im Betrieb gestalten lässt, wie sie im Alltag gelebt werden kann und worauf es Beschäftigten mit unterschiedlichen Erwerbsbiografien und Lebenshintergründen ankommt. Das Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft setzt mit dem Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2023 die vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend geförderte Befragungsreihe fort. Die aktuelle Untersuchung unterstreicht den Stellenwert einer guten Vereinbarkeit für eine nachhaltige Strategie zur Fachkräftesicherung. Aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung zeichnet sich in Deutschland seit Längerem eine Verknappung des Arbeitskräfteangebots ab. Sie ist schon heute in den Unternehmen spürbar. Dies belegt auch der Unternehmensmonitor Familienfreundlichkeit 2023: Drei von vier Unternehmen weisen hierzulande erhebliche Probleme auf, Fachkräfte zu rekrutieren. Fachkräfte- beziehungsweise Arbeitskräfteengpässe werden in vielen Bereichen zunehmend zum Hemmnis wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung (BA, 2023, Seite 14 ff.; Tiedemann/Malin, 2023). Neben einer zeitgemäßen Ausbildung, einer gezielten Weiterbildung und einem verstärkten Werben um ausländische Fachkräfte braucht es auch Lösungsansätze, mit denen das Potenzial an heimischen Arbeitskräften noch besser erschlossen werden kann (Bundesregierung, 2022). Wie (zeitliche) Konflikte zwischen familiären und beruflichen Verpflichtungen wahrgenommen werden, ist ein zentraler Einflussfaktor bei Entscheidungen von Menschen im Laufe ihrer gesamten Erwerbsbiografie, vom Berufs- bis zum Renteneintritt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Frühkindliche Betreuung erhöht den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern ohne Abitur (2023)
Zitatform
Hermes, Henning, Marina Krauß, Philipp Lergetporer, Frauke Peter & Simon Wiederhold (2023): Frühkindliche Betreuung erhöht den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern ohne Abitur. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 52-55.
Abstract
"In den meisten Ländern wirkt sich die Geburt eines Kindes negativ auf den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern aus, insbesondere bei Müttern mit niedrigerem Schulabschluss. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse eines Feldexperiments in Deutschland vorgestellt, in dem Familien bei der Bewerbung für einen Platz in einer Kindertagesstätte (Kita) unterstützt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der verbesserte Zugang zu frühkindlicher Betreuung die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass Mütter ohne Abitur in Vollzeit arbeiten, und deren Haushaltseinkommen steigert. Um den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Müttern zu verbessern, sollte die Politik den Zugang zu frühkindlicher Betreuung erleichtern und die Zahl der Kita-Plätze noch weiter erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Public child care and mothers' career trajectories (2023)
Huber, Katrin; Rolvering, Geske;Zitatform
Huber, Katrin & Geske Rolvering (2023): Public child care and mothers' career trajectories. (CEPA discussion papers / Center for Economic Policy Analysis 64), Potsdam, 33 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the effect of public child care on mothers' career trajectories. To this end, we combine county-level data on child care coverage with detailed individual-level information from the German social security records and exploit a set of German reforms leading to a substantial temporal and spatial variation in child care coverage for children under the age of three. We conduct an event study approach that investigates the labor market outcomes of mothers in the years around the birth of their first child. We thereby explore career trajectories, both in terms of quantity and quality of employment. We find that public child care improves maternal labor supply in the years immediately following childbirth. However, the results on quality-related outcomes suggest that the effect of child care provision does not reach far beyond pure employment effects. These results do not change for mothers with different 'career costs of children'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Promotion Prospects and Within-level Wage Growth: A Decomposition of the Part-time Penalty for Women (2023)
Ilieva, Boryana;Zitatform
Ilieva, Boryana (2023): Promotion Prospects and Within-level Wage Growth: A Decomposition of the Part-time Penalty for Women. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 457), München ; Berlin, 40 S.
Abstract
"I study the life-cycle pattern of part-time employment and its impact on wage growth in female careers. I show that the part-time wage penalty consists of two essential components: i) a penalty for promotions and ii) a within-career-level wage penalty. Using dynamic structural modeling, I quantify the relative importance of the channels. The penalty for working half a day for two consecutive years in one's early thirties is one Euro per hour. 70% of it is due to slowdowns in experience accumulation within career levels. A part-time spell of four years marks the point at which forgone chances of promotion and within-level wage losses contribute to the wage penalty to an equal degree. Counterfactual simulations demonstrate that financial incentives to increase the time spent working can be well complemented by policies which ensure that experienced young women are promoted early in their careers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Constrained 'choices': Optional familism and educational divides in work-family arrangements (2023)
Zitatform
Jozwiak, Andreas (2023): Constrained 'choices': Optional familism and educational divides in work-family arrangements. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 700-726. DOI:10.1111/spol.12901
Abstract
"German family policy was dramatically reformed in the 2000s because of dual reforms to parental leave and childcare provision. While considerable evidence has suggested the reforms affected employment and other outcomes, this article asks what the consequences of these reforms are for the family, specifically for patterns of work-family arrangements. Moreover, it asks how education matters for work-family arrangements post-reform. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data, I show that college-educated mothers giving birth to their first child after the reforms earned roughly half of household income if they benefited from expanded local childcare access. By contrast, in areas with lower childcare availability, even among the college-educated, mothers' earnings resemble pre-reform patterns, where mothers earn between a quarter to a third of household income. Therefore, the reforms contributed to greater differences in family structures based on the education. One interpretation of these findings is that the status reproducing nature of the Continental welfare states has recalibrated for the modern age, de-gendered for those with the greatest labour market returns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven (2023)
Juncke, David; Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Juncke, David & Axel Plünnecke (2023): Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven. (Policy paper / Prognos AG), Berlin, 8 S.
Abstract
"Wie wirkt sich das Elterngeld auf die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf aus? Wie auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot und wo kann es weiterentwickelt werden? Diesen Fragen widmeten sich Prognos und das Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) in ihrem gemeinsamen Papier „Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven“. Es zeigt: Mit dem Elterngeld gehen eine steigende Müttererwerbstätigkeit und eine vermehrte Beteiligung der Väter an der Kinderbetreuung einher. Reformen des Elterngeldes sollten auf dessen Weiterentwicklung ausgerichtet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann) (2023)
Zitatform
Keitel, Christiane; Andreas Filser, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann (interviewte Person) (2023): Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann). In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230207.01
Abstract
"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zugunsten von Kinderbetreuung unterbrechen. Der IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023 zeigt nun unter anderem auf, wie sich eine Erwerbsunterbrechung der Väter auf die Arbeitsmarktrückkehr der Mütter auswirkt. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Corinna Frodermann, Ann-Christin Bächmann und Andreas Filser nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Keitel, Christiane; Filser, Andreas ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ; Frodermann, Corinna ; -
Literaturhinweis
Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld (2023)
Keller, Matthias; Körner, Thomas;Zitatform
Keller, Matthias & Thomas Körner (2023): Closing the gap? Erwerbstätigkeit und Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern nach 15 Jahren Elterngeld. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 88-101.
Abstract
"Erwerbsbeteiligung und Arbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern unterscheiden sich stark; das ist einer der Hauptgründe für die geringeren Verdienste von Frauen im Vergleich zu Männern. Wie sich die Erwerbstätigkeit und die Aufteilung der Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern seit dem Jahr 2005 entwickelt haben, insbesondere seit der Einführung des Elterngelds im Jahr 2007, hat das Statistische Bundesamt auf Grundlage von Ergebnissen des Mikrozensus untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt stehen hierbei die Erwerbskonstellationen von Paaren mit und ohne Kinder. Ergebnisse zur Erwerbssituation alleinerziehender Mütter und Väter ergänzen die Analyse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender Norms under Socialism and Capitalism: A Historical Examination of Attitudes towards Maternal Employment in the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Kleinschrot, Leonie (2023): Gender Norms under Socialism and Capitalism: A Historical Examination of Attitudes towards Maternal Employment in the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 48. DOI:10.12765/cpos-2023-07
Abstract
"Research on the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the 1980s shows a high level of congruence between conservative social policy deterring mothers from employment and traditional societal gender norms. In contrast, little is known about whether people in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) agreed with the socialist idea of continuous full-time maternal employment. Based on unexploited GDR data from 1984 and a description of contemporary social policy, this study examines attitudes towards maternal employment, whether they were related to individual preferences for work or children, and their congruence with the socialist policy. The same questions are examined for the FRG using data from 1982. Results for the GDR indicate that one third of respondents rejected the socialist idea of maternal full-time employment, with individual work preferences being decisive for respondents’ assessments. In the FRG, there was a high degree of agreement with the gender norm of maternal non-employment, with this being dependent on individual preferences for children. These findings complement post-reunification evidence on East-West-differences in gender norms and provide insights into attitudes under Eastern European state socialism. * This article belongs to a special issue on “Demographic Developments in Eastern and Western Europe Before and After the Transformation of Socialist Countries”." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty (2023)
Zitatform
Kreyenfeld, Michaela, Dirk Konietzka, Philippe Lambert & Vincent Jerald Ramos (2023): Second Birth Fertility in Germany: Social Class, Gender, and the Role of Economic Uncertainty. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 39, H. 1. DOI:10.1007/s10680-023-09656-5
Abstract
"Building on a thick strand of the literature on the determinants of higher-order births, this study uses a gender and class perspective to analyse second birth progression rates in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1990 to 2020, individuals are classified based on their occupation into: upper service, lower service, skilled manual/higher-grade routine nonmanual, and semi-/unskilled manual/lower-grade routine nonmanual classes. Results highlight the “economic advantage” of men and women in service classes who experience strongly elevated second birth rates. Finally, we demonstrate that upward career mobility post-first birth is associated with higher second birth rates, particularly among men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators (2023)
Köppl-Turyna, Monika; Graf, Nikolaus;Zitatform
Köppl-Turyna, Monika & Nikolaus Graf (2023): Kinderbetreuung und Vereinbarkeit im internationalen Vergleich: Update des EcoAustria Scoreboard-Indikators. (Policy note / EcoAustria - Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung 54), Wien, 21 S.
Abstract
"Die Verfügbarkeit qualitativ hochwertiger, örtlich erreichbarer, zeitlich flexibler Kinderbetreuung stellt eine Grundvoraussetzung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie dar. Österreich weist eine überdurchschnittliche Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern auf, zugleich findet diese Erwerbsbeteiligung sehr häufig in Form von Teilzeitbeschäftigung statt. Teilzeitbeschäftigung stellt wieder mit, eine Ursache für geschlechtsspezifische Ungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt dar. Institutionelle Kinderbetreuung kann die Arbeitsmarktteilnahme von Müttern befördern und zu einer Ausweitung der Arbeitszeit führen. Zugleich gehen von Kinderbetreuung positive Effekte auf die Bildungsergebnisse und auf die schulische Integration bildungsbenachteiligter Kinder aus. In Anbetracht der aktuellen Arbeitskräfteknappheit kann eine Ausweitung der Erwerbsintegration von Müttern eine Option darstellen, die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften zu decken. Kurzum: Von Kinderbetreuung gehen viele positive, gesellschaftlich und politisch erwünschte Effekte aus. Dennoch: Trotz der in der jüngeren Vergangenheit erzielten Fortschritte sind etwa bei der Betreuung von Kleinkindern unter drei Jahren und im Hinblick auf verlängerte flexible Öffnungszeiten am Tagesrand sowie Schließtage während den Ferien Aufholpotenziale insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen gegeben. [...]" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland (2023)
Lawitzky, Corinna; Weyh, Antje;Zitatform
Lawitzky, Corinna & Antje Weyh (2023): Der Preis von Mutterschaft – die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Gender, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 119-137., 2021-12-07. DOI:10.3224/gender.v15i1.09
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Lohnlücke zwischen Frauen mit und ohne Kinder vor dem Hintergrund unterschiedlicher gesellschaftlicher Rollenbilder in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Datengrundlage bildet die Beschäftigtenhistorik des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung, die Angaben zu allen sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in Deutschland enthält. Vollzeitbeschäftigte Frauen mit Kindern verdienen weniger als Frauen ohne Kinder, wobei dieser Lohnunterschied in Westdeutschland deutlich größer ausfällt als in Ostdeutschland. Mittels einer Oaxaca-Blinder-Zerlegung weisen wir wichtige Einflussfaktoren aus und können einen bereinigten Lohnunterschied ermitteln. Dabei deuten die Ergebnisse der Zerlegungen darauf hin, dass historische Unterschiede bezüglich der gesellschaftlichen Leitbilder zur Mutterrolle in Ost- und Westdeutschland weiterhin bestehen. Die Abkehr vom traditionellen Bild der Mutterrolle ist somit nach wie vor relevant für den Abbau des Lohnnachteils für Mütter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Weyh, Antje; -
Literaturhinweis
Gender Role Attitudes and Labour Market Behaviours: Do Attitudes Contribute to Gender Differences in Employment in Germany? (2023)
Zitatform
Lietzmann, Torsten & Corinna Frodermann (2023): Gender Role Attitudes and Labour Market Behaviours: Do Attitudes Contribute to Gender Differences in Employment in Germany? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 373-393., 2021-03-07. DOI:10.1177/09500170211011318
Abstract
"This article contributes to the literature on persistent gender inequalities in the labour market by investigating gender role attitudes in Germany and their association with labour market behaviour. Based on the German Panel Study ‘Labour Market and Social Security’ (PASS), longitudinal analyses are applied to examine the influence of gender role attitudes and the household context on various employment states. The results reveal that gender role attitudes are crucial for labour market behaviour and that there are differences among women and men in different household contexts. Whereas single men and women do not differ significantly in their employment probabilities, women in couple households are less active in the labour market than their male counterparts. Furthermore, differences in employment are largest in couples with children. Among women, differences in full-time employment by household context become smaller when these women hold egalitarian attitudes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap (2023)
Zitatform
Lochner, Benjamin & Christian Merkl (2023): Gender-Specific Application Behavior, Matching, and the Residual Gender Earnings Gap. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16686), Bonn, 61 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the relationship between gender-specific application behavior, employer-side flexibility requirements, and the gender earnings gap using a unique combination of the German Job Vacancy Survey (JVS) linked to administrative employment records. We document that women have a substantially lower probability of applying to jobs with high flexibility requirements at high-wage firms than do men but have the same probability of being hired upon application. In our two-stage search model, these empirical patterns are rationalized by firms compensating workers for meeting employer-side flexibility requirements. Consistently, we empirically show that among women, mothers face the largest earnings discounts relative to men in jobs with high flexibility requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Path-Dependencies in Employment Trajectories Around Motherhood: Comparing Native Versus Second-Generation Migrant Women in Belgium (2023)
Zitatform
Maes, Julie, Jonas Wood & Karel Neels (2023): Path-Dependencies in Employment Trajectories Around Motherhood: Comparing Native Versus Second-Generation Migrant Women in Belgium. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 281-344. DOI:10.1007/s12134-020-00801-1
Abstract
"A sizeable body of literature has shown that the migrant-native employment gap is larger among women with children than among childless women, suggesting that the transition to parenthood has a stronger impact on the employment trajectories of migrant origin women compared to those of native women. However, due to the limited use of longitudinal data, our understanding of the mechanisms generating differential employment trajectories around the transition to parenthood remains limited. This study adopts a life course perspective to address path-dependencies in employment trajectories around the transition to motherhood. Using longitudinal data and fixed-effects models that compare within-individual changes in contractual working hours around the transition to parenthood between natives and second-generation migrants of Southern European and Turkish or Moroccan origin in Belgium, we find no migrant-native differentials among women with low employment rates before the birth of their first child and only limited differentials in employment trajectories around parenthood among women with medium and high employment rates before parenthood. This indicates that there is a strong path-dependency of employment trajectories around parenthood for migrant women and natives alike, but that second-generation migrant women generally have a lower pre-birth labour market attachment than native women which accounts for the frequently observed migrant-native differentials in maternal employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of child allowances on female labour supply: evidence from Israel (2023)
Zitatform
Mazar, Yuval & Yaniv Reingewertz (2023): The effect of child allowances on female labour supply: evidence from Israel. In: Economica, Jg. 90, H. 359, S. 882-910. DOI:10.1111/ecca.12467
Abstract
"This study estimates the effect of the sharp reduction in Israel's child allowances in the early 2000s on female labour supply. The study uses the difference-in-differences method to estimate changes in the labour supply of Israeli women with more children (four or five) compared to changes in the labour supply of women with fewer children (two or three). The results show an increase of approximately 3.1 percentage points (4.4%) in the labour supply of women with four or five children, relative to that of women with two or three children. These numbers translate to an income elasticity of labour supply in the range −0.50 to −0.81. Finally, we document the heterogeneity of these effects and provide several tests of their validity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Father Parental Leave Use in Spain: The Role of the Female Partner Labour Situation (2023)
Zitatform
Moreno-Mínguez, Almudena, Ángel L. Martín-Román & Alfonso Moral (2023): Father Parental Leave Use in Spain: The Role of the Female Partner Labour Situation. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 293-305. DOI:10.1177/09500170211062808
Abstract
"This article presents novel empirical evidence of fathers’ parental leave usage by introducing a family dimension in Spain. To test this hypothesis, a bivariate probit estimation was used to analyse the effect of the mother’s labour force participation on the father’s decision to take parental leave. This procedure allowed us to address the issue of simultaneous factors affecting the decisions of both the man and the woman, which were relevant to interpreting for the phenomenon. The results suggested that successfully using fathers’ paternity leave as a tool to promote gender equality depends on the family household’s characteristics and the woman’s connection to the job market. The bivariate probit estimation revealed that the effect of the woman’s decision on the man’s choice is much stronger than a naive regression would suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers Working during Preschool Years and Child Skills: Does Income Compensate? (2023)
Zitatform
Nicoletti, Cheti, Kjell Salvanes & Emma Tominey (2023): Mothers Working during Preschool Years and Child Skills: Does Income Compensate? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 389-429. DOI:10.1086/719688
Abstract
"Increasing mothers’ labour supply in a child’s preschool years may reduce time investments, yielding a negative direct effect on mid-childhood and teenage outcomes. But as mothers’ work hours increase, income will rise. Can income compensate for the negative effect of hours? Our mediation analysis exploits exogenous variation in both mothers’ hours and family income. Results suggest a negative, insignificant direct effect from increasing mother’s hours on child test scores. However the positive mediating effect of income creates a positive total effect on test scores of 26% of a standard deviation for 10-hours increase in mothers weekly hours in preschool years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern (2023)
Zitatform
Pauliks, Johanna Elisabeth, Reinhard Schunck & Yvonne Lott (2023): Auswirkungen des Zugangs zum Homeoffice auf die Erwerbsarbeitszeiten von Müttern und Vätern. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 319-340. DOI:10.1007/s11577-023-00910-6
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie sich die tatsächliche Arbeitszeit von Müttern und Vätern verändert, wenn sie die Möglichkeit erhalten, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Ausgehend von der Principle-Agent-Theorie, der sozialen Austauschtheorie und der Work/Family-Border-Theorie wurde mit längsschnittlichen Daten des deutschen Beziehungs- und Familienpanels (pairfam) geprüft, ob eine Veränderung der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit zu beobachten ist, wenn die Möglichkeit besteht, im Homeoffice zu arbeiten. Um mögliche Selektionseffekte auszuschließen, wurden sowohl konventionelle Fixed-Effects- als auch Fixed-Effects-Individual-Slope-Modelle zur Schätzung des Effekts vom Zugang zu Homeoffice auf die Arbeitszeit von Vätern und Müttern verwendet. Bei Vätern sind die geschätzten Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Zugang zum Homeoffice und der tatsächlichen Arbeitszeit klein und statistisch nicht signifikant. Bei Müttern zeigen sich positive, substanzielle und – in Abhängigkeit von der Modellspezifikation – statistisch signifikante Zusammenhänge." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug