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Ruiz, Isabel & Carlos Vargas-Silva (2018): Differences in labour market outcomes between natives, refugees and other migrants in the UK. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 855-885. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby027

Abstract

"Using 2010-2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Salvatori, Andrea (2018): The anatomy of job polarisation in the UK. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0242-z

Abstract

"This paper studies the contribution of different skill groups to the polarisation of the UK labour market. We show that the large increase in graduate numbers contributed to the substantial reallocation of employment from middling to top occupations which is the main feature of the polarisation process in the UK over the past three decades. The increase in the number of immigrants, on the other hand, does not account for any particular aspect of the polarisation in the UK. Changes in the skill mix of the workforce account for most of the decline in routine employment across the occupational distribution, but within-group changes account for most of the decline in routine occupations in middling occupations. In addition, there is no clear indication of polarisation within all skill groups - a fact that previous literature has cited as evidence that technology drives the decline of middling occupations. These findings differ substantially from previous evidence on the US and cast doubts on the role of technology as the main driver of polarisation in the UK." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Schiff, Maurice (2018): Beneficial brain drain and non-migrants' welfare. (IZA discussion paper 11483), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"Though a net brain gain has tended to be seen as a benefit and referred to as a 'beneficial brain drain' in the literature, its welfare impact for source country residents - or nonmigrants - is at best ambiguous. Increased educational investment in response to a brain drain is equivalent to a bet where migrants (M) win and where the impact on residents (R) - whose well-being is a concern for the government - is ambiguous or negative. I compare residents' welfare a) for an open vs. a closed economy, b) under the presence or absence of education externality, c) with vs. without government intervention, and d) with government's concern equal for R and M (R = M) or greater for R (R > M). Main findings are: i) residents lose under an open economy in four of the five scenarios considered, with an ambiguous result under an externality and no intervention; ii) optimal education policy has a positive or ambiguous impact on residents' welfare (and a positive impact under a closed economy); and iii) welfare is higher under intervention when R > M than when R = M. It is worth noting that, though the standard developing country policy of subsidizing higher education is optimal under an education externality in the case of a closed economy, this result need not hold under an open economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schrader, Klaus (2018): Brexit und Ausländerbeschäftigung in Großbritannien. Vom Musterland zum Bollwerk? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 98, H. 8, S. 558-564. DOI:10.1007/s10273-018-2331-6

Abstract

"Im Zuge der EU-Osterweiterung war Großbritannien eines der wenigen EU15-Länder, das von Anfang an die Möglichkeiten der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit nutzte und mit dieser Strategie durchaus erfolgreich war. Wie die empirische Analyse zeigt, war die Arbeitsmigration aus den Beitrittsländern kein entscheidender Faktor für das Brexit-Votum. Es war eher eine Angst vor dem Statusverlust der weniger gebildeten Wähler, die die Vertiefung und Erweiterung der EU als Bedrohung für ihren sozialen Status und ihre nationale Identität ansehen. Eine politische Diskussion über eine EU mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten erweist sich als ratsam." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Simula, Laurent & Alain Trannoy (2018): Is high-skilled migration harmful to tax systems' progressivity? Understanding how migration responds to tax changes will aid in setting the progressivity of a tax system. (IZA world of labor 423), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.423

Abstract

"In welchem Ausmaß Hochqualifizierte auf steuerpolitische Korrekturen mit Ein- oder Auswanderung reagieren, wird üblicherweise anhand so genannter Migrationselastizitäten im Zusammenhang mit Nettoeinkommensveränderungen analysiert. Dieses Verfahren beruht jedoch auf einem falschen Maß der Elastizität - die empirische Forschung benötigt an dieser Stelle dringend eine neue Richtung. Von politischer Seite sollte einzelstaatliches Steuer-'Tagging', das hochqualifizierte ausländische Arbeitskräfte gezielt anlocken soll, vermieden werden und stattdessen die internationale Zusammenarbeit und Harmonisierung auf dem Gebiet der Unternehmens- und Einkommensbesteuerung intensiviert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sparber, Chad (2018): Choosing skilled foreign-born workers: evaluating alternative methods for allocating H-1B work permits. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 3-34. DOI:10.1111/irel.12203

Abstract

"The H-1B program allows highly educated foreign-born labor to temporarily work in the United States. Quotas restrict the number of H-1B recipients. In many years, all available work permits were allocated by random lottery. This paper argues that an alternative distribution method based upon ability would increase output, output per worker, and wages paid to less-educated workers. Baseline estimates suggest that a change in allocation policy could result in a $26.5 billion gain for the economy over a 6-year period. This estimate grows when H-1B demand rises." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Themen Migration, Integration und Asyl bilden das Fundament der Arbeit des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge.
Mit der nun vorliegenden achten Ausgabe des 'Atlas über Migration, Integration und Asyl' (Minas) werden diese Themenfelder in kartographischen und informatorischen Grafiken anschaulich gemacht und geben einen Überblick über das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"What are the main patterns of 'brain flow' in Europe? Are particular countries or economic sectors affected? And what measures do Member States take to retain or attract skilled labour? An independent study on the movement of skilled labour has been looking into these questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartolini, Laura, Ruby Gropas & Anna Triandafyllidou (2017): Drivers of highly skilled mobility from Southern Europe. Escaping the crisis and emancipating oneself. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 4, S. 652-673. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1249048

Abstract

"Since the outbreak of the crisis in Southern Europe, young highly educated Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese and Greeks have been taking their talents and expertise to other countries in search of a better quality of life and career prospects. This paper explores the characteristics of these new emigrants, the reasons for which they are leaving, and whether these reasons are shaped by the economic crisis, by pre-crisis grievances, or by other factors. We analyse original data from 6377 questionnaires collected in 4 countries through an e-survey we ran in 2013. We refer to the existing literature on the drivers of highly skilled emigration and the (un)employment situation in the four aforementioned Southern European countries which have been hardest hit by the economic crisis. We suggest that while gender is not important, age, marital status, education and satisfaction with current employment (both income related and with regard to future prospects) are important factors predicting emigration. Non-economic factors, notably career opportunities, quality of life and future prospects supersede all other considerations in the decision to emigrate for these highly educated Europeans." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bertrand-Cloodt, Danielle, Frank Cörvers & Hans Heijke (2017): Ability, academic climate, and going abroad for work or pursuing a PhD. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 119-140. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifw015

Abstract

"We investigate whether highly able students are being creamed off from Dutch universities. Therefore, we examine the relation between ability and the destination of recent graduates of Dutch universities. Students can choose to continue their academic career by investing in a PhD degree instead of working, taking into account that both options can be realized in the Netherlands as well as abroad. Using a data set of workers and PhD students who recently graduated from Dutch universities, we simultaneously estimate two probit equations, one for the migration decision and one for the choice between working and pursuing a PhD. We take into account that both decisions can be affected by the climates in certain fields of study and universities to promote going abroad and starting a PhD. Our findings indicate that highly able graduates are significantly more likely than average graduates to go abroad. They also invest more often in a PhD programme, which is positively correlated with their likelihood to go abroad. The odds of going abroad and participating in a PhD programme are shown to be associated with control variables indexing the climates promoting going abroad and starting PhD study" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eichhorst, Werner, Tommaso Colussi, Martin Guzi, Martin Kahanec, Andreas Lichter, Milena Nikolova & Eric Sommer (2017): People to jobs, jobs to people. Global mobility and labor migration. (IZA research report 74), Bonn, 193 S.

Abstract

Vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und der aktuellen Flüchtlingskrise werden Fragen nach den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen internationaler Arbeitsmigration in Europa und anderen Industrieländern laut. Befürworter sehen in den Einwanderern potenzielle Arbeitskräfte, die die Folgen der demografischen Alterung und den Fachkräftemangel abschwächen können. Gegner befürchten vor allem negative Konsequenzen für die sozialen Systeme in den Einwanderungsländern sowie die Verdrängung einheimischer Arbeitskräfte. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt zunächst die potenziellen Determinanten der Mobilität von Arbeitskräften als auch von Arbeitsplätzen dar, sowohl auf individueller Ebene als auch aus Ländersicht. Im zweiten Kapitel wird das erwartete Erwerbspersonenpotenzial aus zukünftigen Wanderungsströmen bis zum Jahr 2030 prognostiziert. Anschließend wird die Entscheidung zur Produktionsverlagerung ins Ausland von Unternehmen als Reaktion auf den einheimischen Fachkräftemangel diskutiert. Abschließend wird für eine gezielte Einwanderungspolitik zur Rekrutierung ausländischer Fachkräfte plädiert, um die Verlagerung inländischer Arbeitsplätze ins Ausland zu verhindern. (IAB)

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Faggian, Alessandra, Isha Rajbhandari & Kathryn R. Dotzel (2017): The interregional migration of human capital and its regional consequences. A review. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 128-143. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2016.1263388

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Literatur über die interregionale Migration von hohem Humankapital unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Zu- und Abströmen auf lokale Ökonomien. Es gibt zwar auch andere Untersuchungen über die Determinanten von hochqualifizierten interregionalen Migrationsströmen, doch bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um den ersten Versuch, die umfangreiche Literatur über die Auswirkungen dieser Ströme auf die Ökonomien der Empfänger- und Senderegionen sowie auf das gesamte System zu ordnen und zu untersuchen. Wir stellen fest, dass sich die Mehrheit der bisherigen Beiträge auf die wirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen für die Zielregionen konzentriert und den starken Bedarf an weiteren Studien zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen auf die Ursprungsregionen verdeutlicht. In einer kritischen Bewertung der aktuellen Lage wird festgestellt, dass Fortschritte in der Erforschung von hochqualifizierter Migration durch einen Mangel an verfügbaren geeigneten Daten über die Merkmale der Migration und Migranten behindert werden. Ebenso wird in der Untersuchung die Notwendigkeit einer Berücksichtigung der Innovation, der Zusammensetzung von Qualifikationen und des Geschlechts in künftigen Analysen der Auswirkungen von hochqualifizierter Migration betont. Wir schließen mit Vorschlägen für neue Methoden, die von Wissenschaftlern bei künftigen Studien über die Auswirkungen der interregionalen Migration von hohem Humankapital genutzt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Föbker, Stefanie & Daniela Imani (2017): The role of language skills in the settling-in process. Experiences of highly skilled migrants' accompanying partners in Germany and the UK. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2720-2737. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314596

Abstract

"The role of the family in the international migration of highly skilled migrants has often been disregarded. Highly skilled labour migrants follow a concrete job offer abroad and are structurally integrated into the new environment through the work place. On the contrary, the migration of family members is subject to different conditions since most accompanying partners initially do not work. However, accompanying partners are described as managers of the settling-in process of the whole family [Yeoh, Brenda, and Katie Willis. 2004. 'Constructing Masculinities in Transnational Space: Singapore Men on the 'Regional Beat'.' In Transnational Spaces, edited by Peter Jackson, Philip Crang, and Claire Dwyer, 147 - 163. London: Routledge] and their experiences can be crucial for the duration of their stay. Our paper explores the experiences of mobility of highly skilled migrants' accompanying partners in Germany and in the UK with regard to their strategies and practices during the settling-in process. The main focus is on the role of language, the establishment of new social networks and labour market participation. The paper draws on the concept of capital accumulation and conversion [Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. 'The Forms of Capital.' In Education: Culture, Economy, and Society, edited by Albert Henry Halsey, 46 - 58. New York: Oxford University Press] and asks how partners make use of their cultural capital language after migration. Our paper is based on empirical studies in Germany and in the UK, which focus on the migration and settling-in processes of highly skilled professionals and their families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giesing, Yvonne & Nadzeya Laurentsyeva (2017): Firms left behind: Emigration and firm productivity. (CESifo working paper 6815), München, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper establishes a causal link between the emigration of skilled workers and firm performance in source countries. Using firm-level panel data from ten Eastern European countries, we show that the emigration of skilled workers lowers firm total factor productivity. We exploit time, country, and industry differences in the opening of EU labor markets from 2004 to 2014 as a source of exogenous variation in the emigration rates from new EU member states. We argue that a potential channel behind this effect relates to the reduction in firmspecific human capital due to a higher worker turnover." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grigoleit-Richter, Grit (2017): Highly skilled and highly mobile? Examining gendered and ethnicised labour market conditions for migrant women in STEM-professions in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2738-2755. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314597

Abstract

"For the past decades, most Western countries have curtailed low-skilled immigration and adopted policies encouraging highly skilled migration. Accordingly, the German government began in 2000 to initiate changes in policy and legislation to encourage skilled professionals particularly in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-professions to take up employment in Germany. Although highly skilled migrants are privileged with regard to education, competencies, and abilities, the article argues that highly skilled migrant women's transition into the labour market and their work performance are determined by the gendered and ethnicised conditions still prevalent in STEM fields. The paper thereby draws on qualitative interviews with highly skilled migrant women who migrated to the second largest city in Germany: Hamburg. The findings show that migrant women face a traditionally highly gender-segregated sector. Furthermore, they are confronted with ethnicised ascriptions that contribute to 'othering' processes, which impact their professional identity and slow down the transferral of their cultural capital. Yet, the majority of the interviewed women developed a strong local attachment and sense of belonging that fostered their social integration and counteracted experienced discrimination in the workplace. As a result they were less willing to uproot themselves again and thus contrast the popular image of being 'birds of passage'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Horton, John, William R. Kerr & Christopher Stanton (2017): Digital labor markets and global talent flows. (NBER working paper 23398), Cambrige, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w23398

Abstract

"Digital labor markets are rapidly expanding and connecting companies and contractors on a global basis. We review the environment in which these markets take root, the micro- and macro-level studies of their operations, their ongoing evolution and recent trends, and perspectives for undertaking research with micro-data from these labor platforms. We undertake new empirical analyses of Upwork data regarding 1) the alignment of micro- and macro-level approaches to disproportionate ethnic-connected exchanges on digital platforms, 2) gravity model analyses of global outsourcing contract flows and their determinants for digital labor markets, and 3) quantification of own- and cross-country elasticities for contract work by wage rate. Digital labor markets are an exciting frontier for global talent flows and growing rapidly in importance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kirk, Kate, Ellen Bal & Sarah Renee Janssen (2017): Migrants in liminal time and space: an exploration of the experiences of highly skilled Indian bachelors in Amsterdam. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2771-2787. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314600

Abstract

"This paper sheds light on the relationship between individual agency, transnational social relations, geographic place, and cultural constructions of life phase and gender among highly skilled Indian migrants to the Netherlands. Amsterdam is attracting an increasing number of Indian migrants who work primarily in the fields of information technology, engineering and business management. The nature of this highly skilled work requires mobile, flexible workers, and therefore mainly attracts single men between 25 and 34. Their migrant experiences and choices are marked by a 'performance of liminality': migration is part of a coming of age ritual that both structures their lives and is structured by circumstances and agency. The experience of bachelors in particular can be understood as a 'double liminality' in that it is both temporary and spatial. Many of our bachelor informants felt they were 'betwixt and between' the socio-cultural expectations they grew up with and what they perceive to be Dutch or Western culture, and between those that pertain to childhood and to adulthood. They live on a metaphorical threshold, shaped by their masculine ideals, beliefs about 'Indian culture', their expected life trajectories, and their experiences in and expectations of the Netherlands and the city of Amsterdam." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meierrieks, Daniel & Laura Renner (2017): Stymied ambition. Does a lack of economic freedom lead to migration? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 977-1005. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0633-4

Abstract

"We investigate the relationship between economic freedom and international migration for the 1980 - 2010 period using a dataset on migration from 91 emerging countries to the 20 most attractive OECD destination countries. We find that more economic freedom at home discourages high-skilled migration, but not low-skilled migration. The negative association between economic freedom and high-skilled emigration also holds when we estimate (dynamic) panel models that allow for endogeneity in the economic freedom-migration nexus. In sum, our findings suggest that high-skilled migration is especially responsive to the economic incentives resulting from economic freedom." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Parey, Matthias, Jens Ruhose, Fabian Waldinger & Nicolai Netz (2017): The selection of high-skilled emigrants. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 99, H. 5, S. 776-792. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00687

Abstract

"We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

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Sbalchiero, Stefano & Arjuna Tuzzi (2017): Italian scientists abroad in Europe's scientific research scenario. High skill migration as a resource for development in Italy. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 171-187. DOI:10.1111/imig.12340

Abstract

"In recent years, the brain drain issue has gained such momentum that it has become necessary to adopt tools and methods to take a picture of a phenomenon that is, by its very nature, dynamic and changeable (Portes, 1976; Meyer, 2001; Ackers, 2005 Scott, 2015). This particular study focuses on clarifying the reasons why Italian scientists choose to look elsewhere for the best place to conduct their scientific research, and in what way their scientific experience abroad shapes the image of the Italian scientific system. A first exploratory analysis involving 83 in-depth interviews with Italian scientists (mathematicians, engineers and physicists) working in Europe was conducted based on qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, and the content emerging from these interviews was used for a systematic mapping of the situation that provided the foundations for our preparation of a second tool - a questionnaire - that was subsequently used to conduct a much more broad-based survey that involved 602 respondents. While our findings add complexity to existing theories on the brain drain and brain circulation, they also confirm the potential of highly skilled migration to improve the national development of Italian academic system." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))