Zitatform

Goštautaitė, Bernadeta, Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Ilona Bučiūnienė & Danguolė Jankauskienė (2024): Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 367-393. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2023.2241815

Abstract

"Although 'brain drain' from emerging economies is a well-documented problem, research on how Human Resource Management (HRM) can potentially address it is still scarce. Based on Signaling Theory, we argue that developmental HRM practices in home countries reduce self-initiated expatriation (SIE) of young healthcare professionals by increasing their focus on opportunities in their home country. Additionally, we hypothesize that individual financial stability as a personal resource constitutes an important boundary condition, as developmental HRM's positive effect on the focus on opportunities and its indirect negative effect on SIE intention may be even stronger for individuals with lower financial resources. We tested and found support for our hypotheses using a sample of 184 junior doctors in Lithuania in a time-lagged study. By bridging the HRM and SIE literature, our study extends the existing knowledge about the outcomes of HRM and highlights the importance of home country HRM in explaining SIE intention above and beyond its traditionally considered antecedents. In this way, our study has major theoretical and practical implications for decision-makers at organizational and national levels in managing brain drain from emerging economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.11.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231128.01

Abstract

"For many years, Germany has been facing an increasing skills shortage in key occupations and has sought to attract a growing number of highly-skilled immigrants. In striving for this goal, Germany is competing not only with other countries with similar skills⎼demands but also with more traditional immigrant-sending countries. Some of these try to counterbalance the outflow of highly⎼skilled nationals by introducing large tax discounts for emigrants who eventually return. One example is the Italian returnees’ tax scheme “Legge Controesodo” (2010), which attracted back a sizeable proportion of highly-skilled young Italians who had been working in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Can Tax Incentives Bring Brains Back? Returnees Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Migration in Italy. (CESifo working paper 10271), München, 66 S.

Abstract

"Brain drain is a growing concern for many countries experiencing large emigration rates of their highly educated citizens. While several European countries have designed preferential tax schemes to attract high-skilled individuals, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal incentives in a context of brain drain, and on migration responses beyond top earners. In this paper we investigate the effects of the Italian 2010 tax scheme “Controesodo”, which granted a generous income tax exemption to young high-skilled expatriates who relocate to Italy. Eligibility requires a college degree as well as being born in 1969 or later, which creates suitable quasi-experimental conditions to identify the effect of tax incentives. Using a Triple Difference design and administrative data on return migration, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to move back to Italy post-reform. Additionally, using social security data from the main origin country of Italian returnees (Germany), we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, suggesting that mobility in response to tax incentives is a broad phenomenon not limited to top earners. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that the direct fiscal impact of the reform – a lower bound of the total effect in the presence of human capital externalities – is marginally positive, by virtue of the tax scheme targeting young high-skilled individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Becker, Regina (2023): Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1099-1131. DOI:10.1177/01979183221111398

Abstract

"This article investigates the subjective employment mobility, defined as migrants' evaluation of their employment situation before and after migration, of European physicians in Germany. Analyzing different dimensions of occupation (e.g., income, working conditions, use of skills, career opportunities) of physicians who migrated to Germany from within the European Union (i.e., EU physicians), it examines which factors influence physicians' perception of whether migration worsened or improved their employment situation. I argue that the original reasons to migrate (e.g., economic, career-related, or family reasons) and other migration-related factors (e.g., language skills), as well as characteristics of the occupation (e.g., the hierarchical structure), must be considered to understand subjective employment mobility. The analyses are based on original survey data collected among EU physicians in Germany (N = 1,058). Results from OLS regressions show that physicians' original reasons for migration largely matched their subjective employment mobility, suggesting that migration for career reasons and a perceived improvement of use of skills and career opportunities are positively linked while migration for economic reasons positively affected physicians' perception of income and working conditions. Physicians aiming for the highest position perceived their overall employment situation as worse compared to before migration, and the origin region mattered, particularly for physicians from EU Eastern member-states, who were more likely to perceive an improvement in their employment situation. Results further inform understandings of labor-related migration of high-skilled professionals by identifying obstacles and conducive conditions at migration for a group that is often assumed not to face barriers in using migration for professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Borjas, George J. (2023): Labor economics. New York: MacGraw-Hill, 494 S.

Abstract

"Labor Economics, ninth edition by George J. Borjas provides a modern introduction to labor economics, surveying the field with an emphasis on both theory and facts. Labor Economics is thoroughly integrated with the adaptive digital tools available in McGraw-Hill’s Connect, proven to increase student engagement and success in the course. All new Data Explorer questions using data simulation to help students grasp concepts Materials are fresh and up to date by introducing and discussing the latest research studies where conceptual or empirical contributions have increased our understanding of the labor market. The book has undergone Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion reviews to implement content around topics including generalizations and stereotypes, gender, abilities/disabilities, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, diversity of names, and age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grosskopf, Sina (2023): Potenziale entfalten und organisationale Routinen gestalten. Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen und interkulturelle Aushandlung in verschiedenen Organisationskontexten. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, XXV, 451 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-42975-1

Abstract

"Dieses Buch beschäftigt sich mit Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen, die durch die Sozialisierung in verschiedenen Ländern ein erweitertes kulturelles Repertoire aufweisen. Dieses Repertoire stellt Potenziale im Arbeitskontext, die von Organisationen selten erkannt und deshalb auch nicht in strategische Ressourcen umgewandelt werden können. Anhand von vier qualitativen Fallstudien der Luft- und Raumfahrt und Unternehmensberatung in Deutschland zeigt das Buch, dass multikulturelle Individuen organisationale Routinen aufbrechen und in interkulturellen Aushandlungen mit Teamkollegen kreativ Veränderung und Innovation herbeiführen. Dabei beeinflusst der organisationale Kontext die Veränderungsspielräume und -funktionen. So wird ein theoretischer Beitrag zu Kompetenzen multikultureller Individuen geleistet, sowie ein praktischer Beitrag für die Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung, ebenso wie ein methodischer Beitrag durch die Reflexion des induktiv-abduktiven Forschungsprozesses und die Erkenntnisse zur Verbindung von Grounded Theory und Fallstudien." (Verlagsangaben)

Zitatform

Liontos, George, Konstantinos Mavrigiannakis & Eugenia Vella (2023): The Macroeconomics of Skills Mismatch in the Presence of Emigration. (Working paper series / Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of International and European Economic Studies 2023-14), Athen, 52 S.

Abstract

"Employment in mismatch (low-skill) jobs is a potential factor in the emigration of highly qualified workers. At the same time, high-skilled emigration and emigration of mismatch workers can free up positions for stayers. In bad times, it could also amplify demand losses and the unemployment spell, which in turn affects the mismatch rate. In this paper, we investigate the link between vertical skills mismatch and emigration of both non-mismatch and mismatch workers in a DSGE model. The model features also skill and wealth heterogeneous households, capital-skill complementarity (CSC) and labor frictions. We find that an adverse productivity shock reduces investment and primarily hurts the high-skilled who react by turning to both jobs abroad and mismatch jobs in the domestic labor market. A negative shock to government spending crowds-in investment and primarily hurts the low-skilled who thus turn to jobs abroad. Following the fiscal cut, the high-skilled instead reduce their search for mismatch employment and later they also reduce their search for jobs abroad." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tufiș, Paula A. & Dumitru Sandu (2023): Motivation in the dynamics of European youth migration. In: European Societies, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 829-858. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2183231

Abstract

"In this article, we explore the complexities of the relationships between motivations in the migration process of young Europeans who have returned to their country of origin. We analyze a unique database of over 3,000 returnees, a sub-sample from a larger survey of about 30,000 young people in nine European countries. The findings suggest that there is a link between the motivations for the first migration and those for future migration among this group. Generally, past migration motivations tend to reinforce future migration motivations of a similar nature. By controlling for variables related to geographic space (countries of residence, development profiles of NUTS2 regions, urban profiles of local communities of residence), as well as for several socio-demographic variables and life satisfaction, we can better understand the influence of motivations for past migration on motivations for future migrations. This article extends the internal dynamics of migration approach by combining the idea of individual chains of migration motivations that are extending over-time with the idea of cumulative causation operating at the meso level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Weißmann, Sarah & Jan Eberle (2023): Akademische Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland - Verbleibquoten von internationalen Studierenden und Personen mit Blue Card. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 74-87.

Abstract

"Der demografische Wandel und der zunehmende Fachkräftemangel haben Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland. Aus diesem Grund stehen internationale Studierende und akademische Fachkräfte aus Nicht-EU-Staaten im Fokus der deutschen Migrations- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Methodik zur Berechnung von Verbleibquoten für internationale Studierende und für akademische Fachkräfte mit Blue Card anhand der Daten des Ausländerzentralregisters vor. Die damit möglichen Analysen zeigen unter anderem, wie viele der internationalen Studierenden nach fünf beziehungsweise zehn Jahren weiterhin in Deutschland leben. Für akademische Fachkräfte mit Blue Card wird ein Zeitraum von fünf Jahren betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

Zitatform

Albrecht, Clara, Yvonne Giesing & Britta Rude (2022): Posted Workers in Germany – Developments and New Legislations. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 8-14.

Abstract

"Germany is the main receiving country of posted workers in the European Union. In 2020, 16.9 percent of all postings from EU countries (around 0.4 out of 2.4 million) had Germany as a destination country (European Commission 2022). Figure 1 shows that the number of registered postings in Germany increased significantly over time, by 51 percent between 2012 and 2019, even though other EU countries recorded a much larger increase during the same period (e.g., Austria by 319 percent, Spain by 284 percent).1 There could be several reasons for this, related to a stricter enforcement of the rules, an increase in the awareness of the rules, the increasing digitalization, or an actual increase in postings across the European Union due to an increase in the import of services. There was a drop in the number of postings to Germany from 2019 to 2020. While there were 505,737 postings in 2019, this number decreased to 410,908 in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. To assess the magnitude of postings to Germany, a comparison of the overall work force seems informative (Figure 2). Postings to Germany with 410,908 represented 0.99 percent of the overall German work force (41.17 million) in 2020.2 Interestingly, compared to other EU countries workers posted to Germany do not loom large, considering the size of the German labor force. The shares of posted workers compared to the country’s labor force are significantly higher, e. g., in Austria, Belgium and Switzerland with shares as high as around 4 percent. Due * We thank Frederic De Wispelaere for helpful comments and revisions and Jennifer Steigmeier for her valuable assistance. 1 Mainly due to the high increase of the number of PDs A1 issued under Art. 12 by Germany. 2 Though, it must be noted that some workers are posted several times per year which could lead to an overestimation of the share. to the Covid-19 pandemic and the related restrictions on cross-border travel, shares for 2020 dropped in most countries." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Andresen, Maike, Silke Anger, Akram Al Ariss, Cordula Barzantny, Herbert Brücker, Michael Dickmann, Liisa Mäkelä, Sara Louise Muhr, Thomas Saalfeld, Vesa Suutari & Mette Zølner (Hrsg.) (2022): Wanderlust to wonderland? Exploring key issues in expatriate careers: Individual, organizational, and societal insights. (Personalmanagement und Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 2), Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 292 S. DOI:10.20378/irb-55344

Abstract

"Expatriation has been a topic of much research recently. The important role expatriates play in the internationalisation of an organisation and the resultant effects of such a work experience on the expatriates themselves, have fuelled the interest in this domain. This edited volume serves to provide fresh and timely insights into four areas, covering the individual, over the organisational, to the macro-level. First, the career paths of the expatriates, which not only garners them the career capital they may be able to utilise later in their career but also, the impacts of such an experience on their longer-term career success are in focus. The second block concerns the expatriation phase itself. A critical look is taken into the expatriates’ identity and how it changes over time. Moreover, it discusses factors influencing the expatriates’ well-being, embeddedness, and sociocultural integration during their time abroad. Third, some key global mobility management challenges that organisations face, when managing expatriation, are introduced — such as flexible language management and how to become an international employer. Finally, insights are provided into the role of the host country policies – more specifically hostile environment and migration policies – on expatriate attitudes and behaviour, which has received less attention in previous research. All four areas are finally brought together to present a rich overview of future research questions that shall stimulate researchers and practitioners in their further deliberations. The chapters are based on selected results from the respective research subprojects of the Early Stage Researchers of the Horizon 2020 Global Mobility of Employees (GLOMO) project. This project was funded under the European Union’s Research and Innovation Programme H2020 in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 765355." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Bamberg Press) ((en))

Zitatform

Becker, Eugenie & Johannes Graf (2022): Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung. In: Zeitschrift für Berufsbildungsforschung, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 16-18.

Abstract

"Seit März 2020 eröffnet das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz Fachkräften aus Drittstaaten neue Migrationsperspektiven nach Deutschland. Der Beitrag nimmt dies zum Anlass, die rechtlichen Änderungen insbesondere für nicht akademische Fachkräfte darzustellen und einen ersten quantitativen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Erwerbsmigration anhand von Daten aus dem Ausländerzentralregister zu geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © W. Bertelsmann Verlag)

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Laura Goßner, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Kamal Kassam, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ignat Stepanok (2022): Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2022), Nürnberg, 27 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2202

Abstract

"Der Krieg in der Ukraine wird das Migrations- und Integrationsgeschehen in Europa nachhaltig beeinflussen. Seit Ausbruch des Kriegs sind bis zum Redaktionsschluss dieses Berichtes mehr als 500.000 Menschen aus der Ukraine in die Europäische Union und nach Moldawien geflüchtet, d.h. pro Tag rund 100.000 Menschen. Krieg und Vertreibung lösen sehr viel größere Migrationsbewegungen als beispielsweise wirtschaftliche Faktoren aus. Zudem sind die Grenzen der EU weitgehend geöffnet, unter anderem weil für Staatsangehörige aus der Ukraine keine Visumspflicht besteht und die EU mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die sogenannte Massenzustrom-Richtlinie anwenden wird und damit den Geflüchteten ein vorübergehendes Aufenthaltsrecht einräumen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist mit einer außergewöhnlich hohen Migration aus der Ukraine zu rechnen, auch wenn der Umfang des Migrationspotenzials beim gegenwärtig Stand der Erkenntnis nicht seriös quantifiziert werden kann. Die Fluchtmigration konzentriert sich gegenwärtig auf die unmittelbaren Nachbarstaaten der EU und Moldawien. Schon in der Vergangenheit war die Migration hier stark konzentriert, während auf Deutschland gemessen an der Bevölkerung nur ein unterdurchschnittlicher Anteil entfiel. Wie vergangene Krisen gezeigt haben, kann sich aber die Regionalstruktur der Zielländer sehr schnell verändern. Auch Deutschland sollte sich deshalb auf einen starken Anstieg der Migration aus der Ukraine einstellen. In der Vergangenheit waren Migrantinnen und Migranten aus der Ukraine mit einem Akademikeranteil von rund der Hälfte überdurchschnittlich gut qualifiziert, 57 Prozent der Migrationsbevölkerung aus der Ukraine sind Frauen. Beschäftigungs-, Arbeitslosen- und Leistungsbezieherquoten von ukrainischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland entsprechen dem Durchschnitt der ausländischen Bevölkerung in Deutschland. Die Bevölkerung mit einem Migrationshintergrund aus der Ukraine insgesamt, also unter Berücksichtigung der deutschen Staatsangehörigen, ist deutlich besser in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert. Auch die Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine, die gegenwärtig das Land verlassen, dürften sich durch ein überdurchschnittliches Bildungsniveau und einen hohen Anteil von Frauen und Kindern auszeichnen. Die Integration von Geflüchteten kann stark erleichtert werden, wenn schnell Rechts- und Planungssicherheit u.a. durch längere Aufenthaltserlaubnisse und Perspektiven für einen dauerhaften Aufenthalt in Deutschland hergestellt werden. Zudem sollten bei der Verteilung von Geflüchteten Arbeitsmarktkriterien herangezogen werden. Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen der Integration anderer Geflüchteter sollte die Integration durch Sprach- und Arbeitsmarktprogramme, eine schnelle Arbeitsmarktberatung und -vermittlung, die Anerkennung beruflicher Abschlüsse und den Erwerb weiterer Bildungsabschlüsse unterstützt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Frauen- und Kinderanteils sind auch die schnelle Integration von Kindern und Jugendlichen in das Bildungssystem, breite Betreuungsangebote und das gezielte Angebot von Sprach- und Integrationsprogrammen für Frauen zentral." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Clemens, Michael A. (2022): Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,02), London, 15 S.

Abstract

"The past several decades have witnessed a rebirth of global labor mobility. Workers have begun to move between countries at rates not seen since before World War One. During the same period, economists' study of international migration has been framed by a particular textbook model of location choice. This paper reviews the evidence on the economic causes and effects of global migration during the past half century. That evidence falsifies most of the core predictions of the old model. The economics of migration will regain vitality and relevance by discarding and replacing its outworn paradigm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Danaj, Sonila & Leonard Geyer (2022): Posted Workers to Austria: An Unstoppable Trend? In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 15-18.

Abstract

"Posting to Austria has become a significant form of temporary cross-border labor supply. In a recent study (Geyer, Premrov and Danaj 2022), we estimated that the pre-pandemic number of postings reached at least 320,480, which represents about 1.7 percent of the work carried out by individuals living in Austria during the same period. Most postings to Austria are from neighboring lower-income countries, such as Poland, Hungary, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Germany. In this article, we present the trends of postings to Austria and discuss them in relation to some of the prevalent posting drivers like labor cost differentials between sending and receiving countries, wage and social dumping, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates for the 2011–2021 period suggest an overall increase in the number of postings until 2019, an expected decrease during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a subsequent increase. We discuss whether the growth trend is likely to continue and identify which factors might influence the number of postings to Austria in the near future." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dicarlo, Emanuele (2022): How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows. (IZA discussion paper 14994), Bonn, 86 S.

Abstract

"The quality of workers in a country positively relates to productivity of firms, adoption of new technologies, and growth. This paper studies adjustments of Italian firms to negative labor supply shocks in the context of workers' outflows from Italy to Switzerland. My diff-in-diff leverages the implementation of a policy in which Switzerland granted free labor market mobility to EU citizens and different treatment intensity of Italian firms based on their distance to the Swiss border. Using detailed social security data on the universe of Italian firms and workers, I document large (12 percentage points higher) outflows of workers and fewer (2.5 percentage points) surviving firms in the treatment group relative to control. Despite replacing workers and becoming more capital intensive, treated firms are less productive and pay lower wages. I investigate this evidence through the lens of a simple production function with high and low-skilled labor within a heterogeneity analysis based on the skill intensity of the industry of each firm. In line with the brain drain literature, I show how adverse effects of large outflows of workers operate through firms that workers leave. I provide suggestive evidence that high-skill intensive firms are the main driver of the negative results on wages and productivity. I also show that low skill intensive firms instead suffer less from losing workers and provide new job opportunities for the workers who do not migrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jevšnik, Mojca Vah, Kristina Toplak & Sanja Cukut Krilić (2022): Posted Workers from Slovenia: Six out of Ten are Third-Country Nationals. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 25-28.

Abstract

"Slovenia is one of the main sending Member States of posted workers in the EU, mainly towards Germany and Austria (De Wispelaere et al. 2022). The upward trend of the posting of workers from Slovenia to other EU Member States continued even in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a 6 percent increase in the number of persons posted compared to 2019. Outgoing posted workers amount to roughly 7 percent of total employment in Slovenia and even to 30 percent of total employment in the Slovenian construction sector. A high number of the posted workers from Slovenia do not have Slovenian nationality but are nationals of several Western Balkan countries, mainly Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and to a lesser extent Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Montenegro. These countries share a strong historical link, as they were once part of the same federation, and are in relatively close geographical proximity to Slovenia. This article provides insight into the vibrant dynamics of posting of third-country nationals from Slovenia by presenting figures on the nationality of posted workers, on the proportion of third-country nationals posted to another Member State, and on the proportion of posted third-country nationals in the total group of third-country nationals residing/working in Slovenia. First, the article discusses the historical and institutional networks between Slovenia and the former Yugoslavian republics, now defined as the Western Balkan countries, and their impact on the establishment of close institutional cooperation shaping the recruitment and employment of workers by Slovenian companies. Also, the legal and policy instruments that enable posting of third-country nationals are briefly described." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Muñoz, Mathilde (2022): Posted Workers to France: Recent Trends. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 19-21.

Abstract

"France is the second-largest receiving Member State of posted workers in the European Union (EU) and the posting of workers is a sensitive topic in French political and public debate. In particular, posting of workers has sometimes been seen as causing pressures on local labor markets due to wage dumping, deteriorated working conditions, or fraudulent practices. To date, the lack of granular and reliable data on posted workers has been an obstacle to the assessment of the impact and profile of incoming posted workers. In a recent study, (Muñoz 2022), granular data on prior posting declarations covering all posting missions performed in France were accessed to provide a very detailed analysis of the impact of posted workers on the French labor market. In this article, we emphasize the recent trends in posting of workers to France, its importance for the French labor market, and the potential abuses related to social dumping and tax arbitrage." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smedt, Lynn De (2022): Posted Workers to Belgium with a Focus on the Construction Sector. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 22-24.

Abstract

"This article analyzes the posting of workers in the Belgian construction sector. The choice for this sector is defendable for several reasons. First, most incoming posted workers in Belgium are active in this sector. Consequently, the impact of posted workers in the total workforce in the construction sector is considerable, which illustrates the high dependency on posted workers in this sector. This has even led to job displacement effects in certain subsectors of the construction sector. Second, specific phenomena which are manifesting themselves in the general posting landscape are exposed even more strongly in the construction sector. It concerns, for instance, the high share of posted self-employed persons and the increasing number of posted third-country nationals (TCNs). Third, in the construction sector, the “dark side” of posting can also be illustrated. Overall, the public and political perception of posting is often negative, with reference being made to social dumping practices, bogus self-employment, and letterbox companies, to name a few. It appears that the construction sector is especially vulnerable to these practices." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Trubeta, Sevasti (2022): Diskurse um EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa. In: Zeitschrift für Migrationsforschung, Jg. 2, H. 1. DOI:10.48439/zmf.v2i1.143

Abstract

"In den 2010er Jahren standen die wissenschaftlichen, politischen und öffentlichen Diskurse um die EU-Binnenmigration weitgehend im Zeichen von zwei Prozessen: den Auswirkungen der globalen Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise seit 2008 in den südeuropäischen Mitgliedstaaten und der Freizügigkeit für Bürger*innen Bulgariens und Rumäniens. Das Interesse dieses Aufsatzes gilt der Verflechtung von wissenschaftlichen, politischen und öffentlichen Diskursen über die EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa und insbesondere jenen, in denen die Begriffe ›neue Migration‹, ›Talentabwanderung‹, ›Prekarität mobiler Arbeitnehmer*innen‹ sowie ›Armutsmigration‹ präsent waren. Der Aufsatz setzt sich mit folgenden Fragen auseinander: Welche sozialen und politischen Deutungs- und Handlungszusammenhänge fließen in die diskursiven Auseinandersetzungen um diese Begriffe ein? Welche Deutungsfiguren über Migrant*innen bzw. mobile Unionsbürger*innen generieren sie?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wispelaere, Frederic De (2022): Improving the Monitoring of Posted Workers in the EU. Towards an Exhaustive Approach of Employment Statistics. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 29-32.

Abstract

"The actual employment in a country at a specific point in time may differ greatly from the figures published in national employment statistics, for the following reasons. First, because there is still too little administrative or survey data available on the inflow and outflow of temporary cross-border labor mobility, including the provision of services abroad. In that respect, steps should be taken to improve the measurement of temporary cross-border labor mobility. Second, several types of temporary labor mobility are excluded when measuring employment in a country. For instance, the inflow and outflow of posted workers is not taken into account. As a result, the real extent of employment in a number of labor-intensive sectors, mainly in Western European Member States, is strongly underestimated." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bakalova, Irina, Ruxanda Berlinschi, Jan Fidrmuc & Yuri Dzyuba (2021): COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 845), Maastricht, 14 S.

Abstract

"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in the prevalence of working from home among white-collar occupations. This can have important implications for the future of the workplace and quality of life. We discuss an additional implication, which we label reverse brain drain: the possibility that white-collar migrant workers return to live in their countries of origin while continuing to work for employers in their countries of destination. We estimate the potential size of this reverse flow using data from the European Labor Force Survey. Our estimates suggest that the UK, France, Switzerland and Germany each have around half a million skilled migrants who could perform their jobs from their home countries. Most of them originate from the other EU member states: both old and new. We discuss the potential economic, social and political implications of such reverse brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ette, Andreas & Nils Witte (2021): Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 65-83. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_4

Abstract

"International movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

Zitatform

Grieveson, Richard, Michael Landesmann & Isilda Mara (2021): Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe. (WIIW working paper 199), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"Migration from Africa and the Middle East to the EU has intensified over the last two decades. Relative differences between developed EU and less developed African and Middle East countries have not declined that much and continue to drive mobility. Also, demographic trends show a strong contrast between the population of the EU (ageing and shrinking rapidly) and that of Africa and the Middle East (young and continuously increasing). Apart from demographic pressures and development gaps, other forces related to conflicts and wars, as well as climate risks, have become important drivers of mobility and are not expected to fade away soon. Anticipating migration flows in order to ensure better management and regulated mobility has become essential, although this is an exercise subject to high uncertainty. With these caveats in mind, this study seeks to calculate long-term potential mobility from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern EU neighbouring countries to EU28 and EFTA by applying a migration gravity model following a scenario-based approach. Projections for 2020-2029 suggest that migration flows to the EU from Africa, in particular, will dominate the South-North mobility corridor. Migration policies will also play a role in shaping future migration trends, as migration flows are subject to EU destination countries' applying restrictive migration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grossmann, Volker (2021): How immigration affects investment and productivity in host and home countries. Immigration may boost foreign direct investment, productivity, and housing investment. (IZA world of labor 292), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.292.v2

Abstract

"Die Zuwanderung hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte zieht ausländische Direktinvestitionen an, hilft Unternehmen, Investitionsmöglichkeiten im Ausland zu finden und erhöht das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen durch Produktivitätssteigerungen. Trotz der Auslösung von Wohnungsbauinvestitionen steigen allerdings die Wohnkosten – mit unerwünschten Einkommensverteilungseffekten. Ebenso können Brain-Drain-Effekte nachteilig wirken. Politisch sinnvoll ist deshalb die Kombination einer selektiven, auf Hochqualifizierte gerichteten Zuwanderungspolitik mit Umverteilungsmaßnahmen zugunsten einkommensschwacher Haushalte und Ausgleichshilfen für Herkunftsländer, die hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte verlieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Guichard, Lucas & Ignat Stepanok (2021): International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights and the (Un)employment of Migrants. (IAB-Discussion Paper 11/2021), Nürnberg, 36 S.

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Wirkungen einer Handelsliberalisierung und des Schutzes geistigen Eigentums auf die Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten im Vergleich zu Einheimischen im Zielland. Die Analyse stützt sich auf ein Nord-Süd-Handelsmodell mit Wirtschaftswachstum und einer positiven Migrationsrate. Eine bilaterale Handelsliberalisierung führt zu einer niedrigeren Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten bei geringer Migration und zu einer höheren Arbeitslosenquote, wenn die Migrationsrate hoch ist. Dieses Ergebnis beruht nicht auf Netzwerkeffekten: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Stelle zu finden ist unabhängig von der Größe der Diaspora. Ebenso führt der Schutz geistigen Eigentums zu einer höheren Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten unabhängig von der Größe der Diaspora. Die theoretischen Hypothesen des Modells wurden anhand von Daten aus 20 OECD Ländern in der Periode 2000-2014 empirisch getestet. Die empirischen Ergebnisse bestätigen die theoretischen Vorhersagen des Modells." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gursoy, Furkan & Bertan Badur (2021): An Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Brain Drain. (arXiv papers), 10 S.

Abstract

"The phenomenon of brain drain, that is the emigration of highly skilled people, has many undesirable effects, particularly for developing countries. In this study, an agent-based model is developed to understand the dynamics of such emigration. We hypothesise that skilled people's emigration decisions are based on several factors including the overall economic and social difference between the home and host countries, people's ability and capacity to obtain good jobs and start a life abroad, and the barriers of moving abroad. Furthermore, the social network of individuals also plays a significant role. The model is validated using qualitative and quantitative pattern matching with real-world observations. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are performed in addition to several scenario analyses. Linear and random forest response surface models are created to provide quick predictions on the number of emigrants as well as to understand the effect sizes of individual parameters. Overall, the study provides an abstract model where brain drain dynamics can be explored. Findings from the simulation outputs show that future socioeconomic state of the country is more important than the current state, lack of barriers results in a large number of emigrants, and network effects ensue compounding effects on emigration. Upon further development and customisation, future versions can assist in the decision-making of social policymakers regarding brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Harnoss, Johann, Anna Schwarz, Martin Reeves & François Candelon (2021): Innovation Without Borders. The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century. Boston, MA, 19 S.

Abstract

"This report is the first in a series that explores the innovative potential arising from the global movement of skilled workers and examines the implications for CEOs and policymakers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Liu-Farrer, Gracia, Brenda S. Yeoh & Michiel Baas (2021): Social construction of skill: an analytical approach toward the question of skill in cross-border labour mobilities. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 10, S. 2237-2251. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731983

Abstract

"Selecting labour migrants based on skill has become a widely practised migration policy in many countries around the world. Since the late twentieth century, research on ‘skilled’ and ‘highly skilled’ migration has raised important questions about the value and ethics of skill-based labour mobility. More recent research has begun to question the concept of skill and skill categorisation in both government policy and academic research. Taking the view that migrants’ skill is socially constructed, we centre our discussion on three questions: Who are the arbitrators of skill? What constitutes skill? And how is skill constructed in the migration process and in turn, how does skill affect the mobility? We show that diverse actors are involved in the process of identifying, evaluating and shaping migrant skill. The interpretation of migrants’ skill is frequently distorted by their ascriptive characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender and nationality, reflecting the influence of colonial legacy, global inequality as well as social stratification. Finally, this special issue emphasises the complex, and frequently reciprocal, relationship between skill and mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987

Abstract

"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Oswald-Egg, Maria Esther & Michael Siegenthaler (2021): Train drain? Access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training. (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 186), Zürich, 56 S.

Abstract

"Does better access to skilled workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers? We analyze how the gradual opening of the Swiss labor market to workers from the European Union affected the number of apprenticeship positions that firms provide. We exploit that the availability of skilled workers increased more in firms close to the border because they gained unrestricted access to cross-border workers from neighboring countries. Our Difference-in-Differences estimates suggest that firm-provided training and access to skilled workers are not necessarily substitutes: opening the borders did not have a statistically significant effect on apprenticeship provision. We show theoretically and empirically that the small impact was the consequence of two opposing effects: the greater availability of skilled workers reduced firms' incentive to train because the cost of hiring external labor fell. Positive impacts on firm growth worked in the opposite direction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Poutvaara, Panu (2021): Population Aging and Migration. (IZA discussion paper 14389), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"International migration flows largely reflect demographic patterns and economic opportunities. Migration flows increase in expected income and other pull factors in potential destinations, and in push factors in the origin, like high unemployment, low wages, and high population growth. Migration flows decrease in the geographic and cultural distance between the potential origin and destination, and in other migration costs. To the extent that migrants are employed, immigration can alleviate challenges arising from population aging. For origin countries, the effects of migration may go either way, depending on whether increased incentives to invest in education are sufficient to compensate the loss of skilled workers. Throughout the 20th century, Northern America and Australia and New Zealand attracted highest immigration flows. Latin America was consistently a continent of emigration. Europe went through a major reversal from a continent of emigration until 1950s to a continent of immigration. In the 21st century, crucial questions for demographic and migration research are how fertility rate and emigration rate are going to develop in Africa. Even modest increases in emigration from Africa would generate major increases in immigration pressure in the rest of the world, mostly in Europe. Other major questions on the future research agenda are the effects of the climate change and rapid improvements in information technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wang, Xuening (2021): US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 639-671. DOI:10.1086/709689

Abstract

"One concern regarding US immigration policies is that skilled workers on temporary visas may be bound to their employers in “indentured servitude,” giving rise to monopsony power. I investigate this concern by estimating the effect of acquiring permanent residency on the job mobility and earnings of these workers. Using fixed effects models, I find an immediate upsurge in mobility upon permanent residency receipt, primarily driven by voluntary moving being depressed during the employer-sponsored immigration process. Job lock reduces the earnings of male workers by 4.7%, which translates to a 2% surplus for firms after extra hiring costs are subtracted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Witte, Nils & Jean Guedes Auditor (2021): Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 121-138. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_7

Abstract

"This chapter investigates individual wage changes of German emigrants. The analytical strategy is twofold. First, we compare hourly wage changes among emigrants with wage changes among stayers. We estimate the Difference-in-Difference of mean net hourly wages between stayers and emigrants over time and account for the positive selection of emigrants on observable characteristics through entropy balancing. Second, we explore the heterogeneity of wage changes among emigrants. To that end, we calculate linear regressions on the log net hourly wage change through migration. The first analysis suggests substantial wage increases of 8 euros through migration. The second analysis provides evidence that characteristics of employment and of destination countries account for differences in the wage change among emigrants. Among individual characteristics, only age is negatively correlated, while education and gender do not account for differences. Our analysis rely on the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study yields our reference population of stayers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

Zitatform

(2021): Arbeitsmigration in der Pflege - Indische Perspektiven im Kontext des globalen Pflegemarktes. In: M. Bonacker & G. Geiger (Hrsg.) (2021): Migration in der Pflege, Berlin, Springer S. 191-205.

Abstract

"Arbeitsmigration und deren Organisation beschäftigt nicht nur das deutsche Pflegesystem, sondern auch inter- und supranationale Entscheidungsstrukturen. Allen voran die WHO setzt sich mit den Standards der internationalen Pflegemigration auseinander. Ausgehend von den von der WHO aufgestellten Standards schaut der Artikel auf die Pflegemigration aus Indien und speziell auf die Region Kerala und zeigt auf, dass die Brain-drain-Theorie, der die WHO noch immer folgt, für diese Region keineswegs haltbar ist. Vielmehr werden positive Effekte dargestellt, deren Chancen besser verstanden werden müssen. Der Artikel gibt darüber hinaus wichtige Hinweise in Bezug auf eine international orientierte Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland und spricht sich für einen leichteren Zugang internationaler Pflegekräfte ins deutsche Gesundheitssystem aus." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 Springer)

Zitatform

OECD (2021): International Migration Outlook 2021. (OECD economic outlook 45), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/29f23e9d-en

Abstract

"The 2021 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters, one providing an in-depth analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in OECD countries since the mid 2000s and another on the causes and consequences of the residential segregation of immigrants. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2021): Enablers and disablers of cross-border long-term apprentice mobility. Evidence from country- and project-level investigations. (CEDEFOP reference series 120), Thessaloniki, 137 S. DOI:10.2801/486215

Abstract

"Cross-border long-term mobility of apprentices (CBLTMA) is understood as the period an apprentice spends abroad in in-company training (potentially combined with training at a VET provider) for a duration of minimum six months, and typically of up to 12 months, as part of his/her apprenticeship training. It is more difficult to organise than mobility in school-based VET and higher education, largely due to the nature of the relationship between the apprentice and the training companies; the latter must be willing to let the apprentice undergo a part of his/her training abroad. By considering the specificities of apprenticeships, this publication presents considerations on the enablers and disablers of CBLTMA and shows what would need to be considered to make CBLTMA work in the medium to long term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2021): Deutschlands Attraktivität für Spitzenforscherinnen und Spitzenforscher sowie Spitzenfachkräfte steigern (Brain Gain). Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/32045). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/32468 (14.09.2021)), 16 S.

Abstract

Der internationale Wettbewerb um akademisch Hochqualifizierte ist hart: Diese können sich in der Regel aussuchen, an welchem Ort sie forschen, arbeiten und leben wollen und ziehen aus Deutschland weg, sobald die Rahmenbedingungen nachteilig werden. In diesem Zusammenhang finden es die Fragesteller beunruhigend, dass die OECD und die Bertelsmann-Stiftung Ende 2019 zu dem Schluss gekommen sind, dass sich Deutschland unter den damals 35 OECD-Ländern nur auf Rang 12 in puncto Anziehungskraft für hochqualifizierte Akademikerinnen und Akademiker befindet. In ihrer Antwort verweist die Bundesregierung auf Studien zur Bewertung von Wanderungsbewegungen des wissenschaftlichen Personals. Der Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst plant für das Jahr 2022 eine umfassende Studie zu internationalen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern in Deutschland, um auf dieser Basis Vorschläge entwickeln zu können, wie die Attraktivität Deutschlands für diese Zielgruppe weiter gesteigert werden kann und die Zugangswege für internationale Forscherinnen und Forscher in das deutsche Hochschul- und Forschungssystem optimiert werden können. Die strategische Gewinnung wissenschaftlichen Personals betreiben die Hochschulen dabei in eigener Verantwortung. Die aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung finanzierte Alexander von Humboldt-Professur bietet weltweit führenden Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus dem Ausland eine dauerhafte Perspektive in Deutschland. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson & Madeline Zavodny (2020): The economics of immigration. Boca Raton: Routledge, 470 S.

Abstract

"This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Informa UK Limited) ((en))

Zitatform

Becker, Regina & Céline Teney (2020): Understanding high-skilled intra-European migration patterns. The case of European physicians in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 9, S. 1737-1755. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561249

Abstract

"This paper investigates migration patterns of European physicians in Germany as an example of high-skilled intra-EU migration. We define migration patterns as the migrants' original migration decisions and the intended length of stay in their destination country. Our analysis is based on an original mixed-method study that consists of a survey (N?=?1,225) and 22 semi-structured follow-up interviews with physicians from throughout the EU. Based on our data, we distinguish three classes of migration patterns: (1) 'traditional labour migrants', who emphasise economic and work-related migration reasons and intend to stay in Germany permanently, (2) 'career seekers', whose migration was triggered by the quality and content of employment and who only moved temporarily, and (3) 'family settlers', who indicate family reasons as crucial factors in their migration decision and mainly intend to remain in Germany. Western European physicians are overrepresented in the family settlers' class, while Eastern European physicians are more likely to belong to the traditional labour migrants' class. As an overarching concept to trace intra-EU migration is lacking, we hope to contribute to the emerging field of intra-EU migration research with an in-depth empirical study that accounts for differences in migration patterns with respect to different regions of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elo, Maria, Raushan Aman & Florian Täube (2020): Female Migrants and Brain Waste - A Conceptual Challenge with Societal Implications. In: International Migration online erschienen am 22.10.2020, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1111/imig.12783

Abstract

"Global careers and highly skilled expatriates employing their talent in diverse contexts of the world tend to be conceptualized as “male”, and recognized diplomas represent employability. Despite the increasing feminization of migration, highly skilled female migrants and their contributions to economies through careers or entrepreneurship remain overlooked. Many obstacles impede the full employment of their talents. We review extant literature and argue that female migrant talent merits more detailed conceptual attention. By analysing interview data from 2010 to 2019 in two advanced European countries, we found that female migrants suffer from brain waste in multiple ways, partly due to external institutional aspects and discrimination and partly due to inherent internalized practices and sociocultural norms. We call for greater intersectionality and interdisciplinarity in examining equality to advance female economic participation. Private and public sectors may improve female talent perception, integration and employment by developing specific responses to the problems identified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Fuchs, Johann, Doris Söhnlein & Patrizio Vanella (2020): Bedeutung und Modellierung von Migrationsprozessen im Rahmen von Bevölkerungs- und Arbeitsmarktprognosen. In: P. Deschermeier, J. Fuchs, I. Iwanow & C. B. Wilke (Hrsg.) (2020): Zur Relevanz von Bevölkerungsvorausberechnungen für Arbeitsmarkt-, Bildungs- und Regionalpolitik, Bielefeld, wbv S. 94-117, 2020-03-31.

Abstract

"Bevölkerungsprojektionen werden am stärksten durch die zugrunde liegenden Annahmen zur zukünftigen Migrationsentwicklung beeinflusst. Da sich diese am schwersten vorausberechnen lässt, stellt die Modellierung zukünftiger Migrationsbewegungen ein ebenso wichtiges wie anspruchsvolles Unterfangen dar. Unser Beitrag vergleicht in Form von Modellrechnungen unterschiedliche Modellansätze zur Projektion der Migration ausländischer Staatsbürger in Deutschland. Der Fokus auf die ausländische Bevölkerung wurde gewählt, weil diese deutlich größere Wanderungstendenzen als deutsche Staatsbürger aufweist. Mit einem deterministischen Simulationsmodell wird der Zusammenhang von Immigration, Emigration, Nettomigration und Emigrationsrate analysiert. Insbesondere wird die Rückkoppelung zwischen Emigration und Immigration untersucht, die eine wichtige Rolle für die Nettomigration spielt. Je höher die Immigration, desto höher ist bei gleichbleibender Emigrationsrate die absolute Emigrationszahl. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, wie sensitiv Bevökerungs- und Arbeitsmarktprojektionen auf Annahmen zur Migrationsentwicklung reagieren. Wenig adäquate Modellansätze können zu unrealistischen Projektionen von Bevölkerung und damit auch des Erwerbspersonenpotzenzials führen. Wir leiten daraus zwei Empfehlungen ab. Erstens sollten Bevölkerungsvorausschätzungen den Zusammenhang von Emigration und Immigration stärker berücksichtigen. Zweitens sollte die Migrationspolitik neben der Zuwanderung auch die Auswanderung stärker berücksichtigen als bisher." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kubis, Alexander & Lutz Schneider (2020): Schätzung der Wanderungsströme von EU-Bürgern und EU-Bürgerinnen nach und aus Deutschland bis 2040. In: P. Deschermeier, J. Fuchs, I. Iwanow & C. B. Wilke (Hrsg.) (2020): Zur Relevanz von Bevölkerungsvorausberechnungen für Arbeitsmarkt-, Bildungs- und Regionalpolitik, Bielefeld, wbv S. 69-92, 2020-03-31.

Abstract

"Die Migration hat einen großen Einfluss auf die demografische Entwicklung in Deutschland. Dabei müssen jedoch nicht nur die Zuwanderungsströme, sondern auch die Auswanderungsprozesse berücksichtigt werden. Dieser Beitrag prognostiziert die Einwanderung und Auswanderung von nichtdeutschen EU-Bürgern nach und von Deutschland für die Jahre 2018 bis 2040. Die Prognosen zeigen, dass die Zahl der Zuwanderung aus der EU im Laufe der Zeit abnehmen wird. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf die Alterungsprozesse der Bevölkerung zurückzuführen, die nicht nur Deutschland, sondern auch die wichtigsten EU-Herkunftsländer der Migranten wie Polen und Rumänien kennzeichnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mendoza, Cristóbal (2020): Southern Europe skilled migration into Mexico. The impact of the economic crisis. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 495-504. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1447101

Abstract

"The paper analyses the reasons why highly skilled immigrants from Italy and Spain migrate to Mexico and their patterns of incorporation into the country's workforce. Specifically, it explores the dynamics of local labour markets, possible niches for qualified workers, and the mechanisms granting immigrants access to technical and managerial posts in Mexico. Based on a comparative approach, it analyzes the similarities and differences between Italians and Spaniards in Mexico and compares flows before and during/after the 2008 economic crisis to see how relevant the crisis is to an understanding of current migration flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung (2020): Should I Stay or Should I Go? Auswanderung aus Deutschland von Personen mit und ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit. (Working paper / IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung 2020,03), Berlin, 41 S.

Abstract

"Mit kleinen aktuellen Konjunkturdämpfern erlebt Deutschland momentan die längste Aufschwungsphase seit 1991 (Statistisches Bundesamt 2018a). Der Aufschwung der letzten Jahre geht mit steigenden Zahlen sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigter Personen und einer sinkenden Arbeitslosigkeit bzw. Unterbeschäftigung einher (Agentur für Arbeit 2019). In den kommenden Jahrzehnten wird zudem die Bevölkerungsalterung eine starke Auswirkung auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt haben. Berechnungen der UN zufolge wird der Altenquotient in Deutschland von 32,1 % 2015 auf 54,5 % 2050 ansteigen (UNDESA 2017). Unabhängig von den positiven wirtschaftlichen Eckdaten und der Stabilität des Arbeitsmarktes verzeichnet Deutschland in den letzten zehn Jahren bei Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit einen negativen Wanderungssaldo. Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier wird die Abwanderung aus Deutschland untersucht, um wichtige Trends der letzten Jahre zu identifizieren. Dabei werden nationale und internationale Statistiken analysiert und erläutert. In den ersten Abschnitten werden die Abwanderungszahlen aus Deutschland und die Bestandszahlen Ausgewanderter analysiert. Im Anschluss werden die Aufenthaltsdauer und der Erwerbsstatus Ausgewanderter untersucht. Letztlich wird in den letzten beiden Abschnitten zunächst explizit auf die Altersverteilung und Berufsgruppen hochqualifizierter Ausgewanderter eingegangen, bevor im letzten Schritt die Migrationstrends unter Ärzt*innen exemplarisch dargestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Anelli, Massimo, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico & Giovanni Peri (2019): Youth drain, entrepreneurship and innovation. (NBER working paper 26055), Cambrige, Mass., 64 S. DOI:10.3386/w26055

Abstract

"Migration outflows, especially of young people, may deprive an economy of entrepreneurial energy and innovative ideas. We exploit exogenous variation in emigration from Italian local labor markets to show that between 2008 and 2015 larger emigration flows reduced firm creation. The decline affected firms owned by young people and innovative industries. We estimate that for every 1,000 emigrants, 10 fewer young-owned firms were created over the whole period. A simple accounting exercise shows that about 60 percent of the effect is generated simply by the loss of young people; the remaining 40 percent is due to a combination of selection of emigrants among highly entrepreneurial people, negative spillovers on the entrepreneurship rate of locals, and negative local firm multiplier effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brezis, Elise S. (2019): Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after? A new model of brain waste vs. brain drain. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 1-11. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2019-0015

Abstract

"Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after? In order to analyze the optimality of the timing of migration, I develop a model of migration, which combines the two migration decisions into a unique model - the decisions about where to get an education and about where to work. The main reason for having a unified model is that investment in human capital cannot be disjoined from the decision about work. This paper shows that brain drain is usually an optimal solution. But, when we incorporate 'brain waste' and 'return migration', then it is optimal to migrate when young." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

Zitatform

Brücker, Herbert, Johann Fuchs, Eric Schuß, Doris Söhnlein, Parvati Trübswetter & Enzo Weber (2019): Kurzexpertise Zuwanderung. Nürnberg, 58 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Kurzexpertise untersucht, ob und inwieweit die jüngste Einwanderung seit 2005 einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, das deutsche Rentensystem zu entlasten und den Beitragssatz in der GRV zu stabilisieren. Zur Analyse wird auf die IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe und den Mikrozensus zurückgegriffen - die nach der Beschreibung des Forschungsvorhabens in Kapitel 1 - in Kapitel 2 zunächst beschrieben werden. In einem ersten Schritt werden in Kapitel 3 die individuellen Merkmale und der Bildungshintergrund der im Ausland geborenen Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer betrachtet. Anschließend wird in Kapital 4 die aktuelle Arbeitsmarktintegration der Zuzüge und ihre Beschäftigungssituation in Abhängigkeit von der Aufenthaltsdauer analysiert. Dabei wird auch erläutert, inwiefern das Rück- und Auswanderungsverhalten der Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer Einfluss auf die Beurteilung des Beitrages von Einwanderung für die Deutsche Rentenversicherung hat. Deshalb schließt sich mit Kapitel 5 eine Prognose an, die auf der Basis eines stochastischen Modells die künftige Bedeutung der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung mit ausländischer Nationalität, insbesondere für den Arbeitsmarkt, darstellt. Abschließend werde die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gunadi, Christian (2019): An inquiry on the impact of highly-skilled STEM immigration on the U.S. economy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 61, S. 101751. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101751

Abstract

"This article estimates the potential economic benefits of STEM immigration and examines the impact of highly skilled STEM immigration on the wage structure in the United States. Considering that foreign-born share of STEM workers has been increasing rapidly in recent years, there are new interests in examining the extent to which labor market outcomes of natives – and immigrants alike – are affected by this supply inflow. The analysis yields a few main findings. First, U.S. and foreign-born STEM workers with similar skills have a high but finite elasticity of substitution ( ∼ 18), implying that the adverse impact of STEM immigration would be more concentrated among immigrant STEM workers themselves. Second, 2000–2015 foreign STEM labor supply shock increases the average wage of preexisting U.S.-born STEM workers by 4.67%. This finding, however, masks a distributional consequence of the shock as native STEM workers with higher educational attainment experience lower wage gains. Finally, the economic benefit for native workers from 2000–2015 foreign STEM supply shock is approximately 103 billion USD or 1.03% of U.S. GDP in 1999. Almost all of this benefit comes from the productivity spillovers associated with high-skilled STEM immigration that increase the productivity and wages of U.S.-born workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Kennedy, Andrew (2019): The Politics of Skilled Immigration: Explaining the Ups and Downs of the US H-1B Visa Program. In: International migration review, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 346-370. DOI:10.1177/0197918318769312

Abstract

"The United States has long been a magnet for skilled immigrants, but its openness to these immigrants has varied considerably over time. Focusing on the H-1B visa program, this article explains why the program's annual cap has risen and fallen from the mid-1990s to the present. Whereas recent studies of skilled immigration policy have focused on struggles between capital and labor, this article contends that US policy also reflects a struggle between capital and citizen groups' one that has changed considerably over the past two decades. The findings challenge recent work on skilled immigration and US immigration policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Liwiński, Jacek (2019): Does it pay to study abroad? Evidence from Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 3, S. 525-555. DOI:10.1108/IJM-11-2017-0305

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of international student mobility (ISM) on the first wages of tertiary education graduates in Poland.
Design/methodology/approach: The author uses data from the nationwide tracer survey of Polish graduates (2007 Graduate Tracer Study) and regresses the hourly net wage rate of salaried workers in their first job after graduating from a higher education institution on a rich set of individual characteristics. In order to reduce the bias due to selection to ISM, the author includes a set of variables representing abilities and skills, characteristics of studies, and international experience as control variables. The author addresses the possible selection to employment bias by using the Heckman correction.
Findings: After controlling for observed heterogeneity, the author finds that Polish graduates who studied abroad for at least one month earn on average 22 per cent more in their first job than those who studied in Poland only. However, the author also finds that this wage premium is explained by international economic migration after graduation. Studying abroad brings a wage premium only if it is followed by working abroad. Those who perform their first job in Poland do not obtain any wage premium from ISM.
Originality/value: The main contribution of the paper is that it identifies international economic migration after graduation as another mechanism explaining why those who studied abroad earn more." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

OECD (2019): International migration outlook 2019. (International migration outlook 43), Paris, 407 S. DOI:10.1787/c3e35eec-en

Zitatform

Bertoli, Simone & Ilse Ruyssen (2018): Networks and migrants' intended destination. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 705-728. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby012

Abstract

"Social networks are known to influence migration decisions, but connections between individuals remain usually unobserved. Surveys conducted by Gallup in 147 countries provide information on migration intentions and on distance-one connections in each destination. The distribution of distance-one connections mirrors the one of migrant stocks, and intentions are informative about actual decisions. The estimation of origin-specific conditional logit models reveals that distance-one connections can alter the ranking of most pairs of destinations. We test the validity of the distributional assumptions that underlie identification and perform extensive robustness checks, thus mitigating the concerns about the threats to identification posed by unobservables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biavaschi, Constanza, Giovanni Facchini, Anna Maria Mayda & Mariapia Mendola (2018): South-South migration and the labor market. Evidence from South Africa. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 823-853. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby010

Abstract

"Using census data for 1996, 2001 and 2007, we study the labor market effect of immigration to South Africa. We exploit the variation - both at the district and at the national level - in the share of foreign-born male workers across schooling and experience groups over time. In addition, we use an instrumental variable empirical strategy to estimate the causal effect of immigration on the local labor market. At the district level, we show that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' employment rates but not on total income. At the national level, we find that increased immigration has a negative and significant effect on natives' total income but not on employment rates. Our results are consistent with outflows of natives to other districts as a consequence of migration, as in Borjas (2006)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Burzynski, Michal, Frédéric Docquier & Hillel Rapoport (2018): The changing structure of immigration to the OECD. What welfare effects on member countries? (CESifo working paper 6992), München, 38 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the welfare implications of two pre-crisis immigration waves (1991-2000 and 2001-2010) and of the post-crisis wave (2011-2015) for OECD native citizens. To do so, we develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for the main channels of transmission of immigration shocks - the employment and wage effects, the fiscal effect, and the market size effect - and for the interactions between them. We parameterize our model for 20 selected OECD member states. We find that the three waves induce positive effects on the real income of natives, however the size of these gains varies considerably across countries and across skill groups. In relative terms, the post-crisis wave induces smaller welfare gains compared to the previous ones. This is due to the changing origin mix of immigrants, which translates into lower levels of human capital and smaller fiscal gains. However, differences across cohorts explain a tiny fraction of the highly persistent, cross-country heterogeneity in the economic benefits from immigration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Casarico, Alessandra & Silke Uebelmesser (2018): Migration policies and the highly skilled. In: ifo DICE report, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Europe faces a skill shortage challenge. Beside policies targeting the domestic population, attracting foreign skilled workers is another option. This article provided an assessment of various migration policies geared towards this goal. At the EU level, the introduction of the EU Blue Card was a step in this direction, as this card eases immigration by highly skilled from outside the EU, provided that they fulfil certain conditions. These conditions comprise of higher professional qualifications, an employment contract or a binding job offer with a high salary compared to the average of the EU country in which the job is offered. EU countries 4 There is evidence that high-wage earners and those with high non-wage income are sensitive to the tax systems. For an interesting study on the effect of the preferential tax scheme in Denmark on foreign top earners' mobility, see Kleven et al. (2014). Akcigit, Baslandze, and Stantcheva (2016) study the effect of top tax rates on the international mobility of 'superstar' inventors. determine the details; they can also set an upper limit on the number of non-EU citizens who can enter for highly-qualified work.5 At the moment, a new directive to attract highly skilled workers to the European Union is under discussion by the European Parliament and Council, with the goal of easing entry conditions and further harmonising the regulatory framework (European Commission 2016). On a country level, EU countries are mostly continuing to facilitate admission of highly skilled workers, for example, the Czech Republic and Italy, while some other EU and non-EU countries, like New Zealand, Denmark and the United Kingdom, have made their skilled migration policy more selective (OECD 2017). There is, however, one important caveat: a selective migration policy only allows selection among those individuals who have an interest in coming to a country. To influence highly skilled workers' location decisions location decisions, in addition to a well-designed migration policy, the institutional framework of the destination country is also important. This comprises of labour market institutions, the transfer system, as well as the quality of the education sector and the design of family policy. In addition, a welcome culture is needed. Only in such cases can the destination country achieve its goals and benefit from the new ideas, skills and contacts that migrants bring with them." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Duleep, Harriet Orcutt & Mark Regets (2018): Family unification, siblings, and skills. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 271), Maastricht, 38 S.

Abstract

"Recently proposed immigration reforms would constitute a major break in the 40-year-old U.S. admissions policy favoring family members. Although emphasizing the importance of the nuclear family, the U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform and a house subcommittee on immigration recommend eliminating immigration preferences to other close relatives, including the brothers, sisters, and adult children of U.S. citizens. Under the proposed system, those relatives could not obtain U.S. visas unless they qualified because of specific job skills. Using Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) data on admissions criteria matched to 1990 Census data, we examine the effect of family admissions on immigrant education, self-employment, and earnings. Of particular relevance to the current debate, we also examine the effect of one of the family-based admission categories recommended for elimination -- the preference category that admits the siblings of U.S. citizens. We find that family-based immigrants, in general, have low initial earnings but high earnings growth relative to immigrants admitted on the basis of occupational skills. The earnings growth of immigrants is particularly high in cohorts with relatively high sibling admissions. Furthermore, sibling admissions are positively associated with immigrant self-employment. We also find that immigrant education levels are positively associated with sibling admissions and that the flows of occupation-based immigrants and immigrants admitted under the sibling category are intimately connected, particularly for immigrants from regions of the world where economic opportunities are limited for highly educated individuals. The results on earnings growth, self-employment, and education suggest that eliminating the sibling category may be counterproductive. More generally, the paper adds to our basic knowledge about the complex interactions of admission categories, human capital investment, and earnings growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lee, Rennie (2018): Immigrant entry visa categories and their effects on the children of immigrants' education. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 9, S. 1560-1583. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1362976

Abstract

"As the U.S. continues to debate how to reform the current immigration system, there has been an increased emphasis on increasing skilled migration via employment sponsorship and subsequently decreasing other forms of migration, such as family reunification or refugees and asylees. Employment migration is viewed favourably because immigrants tend to arrive with greater education and language skills. However, it is unclear whether the descendants of immigrants admitted via employment categories have greater integration outcomes than the descendants of immigrants admitted via other categories. This study examines whether an immigrant's entry visa (e.g. temporary work, refugee, student, etc.) affects their children's education. Using data from the 2004 Immigration and Intergenerational Mobility in Metropolitan Los Angeles, this study finds that children whose fathers arrived via student/tourist visas have greater odds of college attainment. Related, this study identifies a possible mechanism, advanced/honors courses in high school, that may explain why father's student/tourist visa exerts a positive effect on student's pathway to college completion. However, there are no significant effects for fathers arriving under temporary work visas or as legal permanent residents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lissoni, Francesco (2018): International migration and innovation diffusion. An eclectic survey. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 52, H. 5, S. 702-714. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2017.1346370

Abstract

"Im neuen Zeitalter der internationalen Massenmigration hat die Rolle von hochqualifizierten Personen bei der Verbreitung von Innovation erhebliche Beachtung gefunden. Unter Nutzung von wirtschaftsgeschichtlichen Studien als Vorlage werden in diesem Beitrag verschiedene Gruppen von Untersuchungen nach drei Hauptthemen geordnet: der Unterscheidung zwischen Mobilität und Migration, den Richtungen der Ströme und ihrer Inhalte. Die Migration fördert eine Diffusion von Ursprungs- zu Aufnahmeländern, aber auch in die umgekehrte Richtung sowie innerhalb von und zwischen Zielorten. Der Beitrag enthält einen Vorschlag für ein Forschungsprogramm unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wichtigkeit von sozialen Bindungen zwischen Migranten sowie der Unterscheidung zwischen dem Zugriff auf allgemeine Informationen einerseits und Wissenstausch andererseits." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lubbers, Marcel, Claudia Diehl, Theresa Kuhn & Christian Albrekt Larsen (2018): Migrants' support for welfare state spending in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 52, H. 4, S. 895-913. DOI:10.1111/spol.12404

Abstract

"This contribution describes differences between 10 migrant groups and natives in their attitudes towards government spending in three residence countries: Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. Previous research provided evidence that 'migrants' as a catch-all category of people from different origins are in favor of more government spending on social welfare. We study to what extent support for government spending can be explained by self-interest explanations of welfare state attitudes as well as by differences in ideological position. The contribution employs data from the Migrants' Welfare State Attitudes project, including migrant groups from similar origins in Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. The study moves beyond the larger migrant groups of Turks and Poles that received attention in previous research as well, and includes a greater variety of groups that differ in terms of their skill levels. The overall finding is that migrants' welfare state spending preferences are, as in the case of natives, significantly related to socio-demographic differences and standard ideology measures of attitudes to regulation of the economy and family values. However, even with these standard variables included, spending preferences differ strongly between migrant groups, residence countries, and welfare spending domain. A comparison between country of origin and residence country provisions seems to be a promising path for further understanding migrant group differences in welfare state spending attitudes. The study challenges the idea that all migrants are supportive of extended welfare state arrangements." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Ruiz, Isabel & Carlos Vargas-Silva (2018): Differences in labour market outcomes between natives, refugees and other migrants in the UK. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 855-885. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby027

Abstract

"Using 2010-2017 data we compare the labour market outcomes of refugees (those who migrated to seek asylum), natives (UK-born) and other migrants in the UK (work, study and family migrants). The results indicate that refugees are less likely to be employed and earn less than natives and other migrants. The evidence suggests that differences in health status (particularly mental health) may be one of the factors that partly explain these gaps. Employment growth of refugees between 2010 and 2016 was significantly higher than that of other migrants, but this was not the case for earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Salvatori, Andrea (2018): The anatomy of job polarisation in the UK. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0242-z

Abstract

"This paper studies the contribution of different skill groups to the polarisation of the UK labour market. We show that the large increase in graduate numbers contributed to the substantial reallocation of employment from middling to top occupations which is the main feature of the polarisation process in the UK over the past three decades. The increase in the number of immigrants, on the other hand, does not account for any particular aspect of the polarisation in the UK. Changes in the skill mix of the workforce account for most of the decline in routine employment across the occupational distribution, but within-group changes account for most of the decline in routine occupations in middling occupations. In addition, there is no clear indication of polarisation within all skill groups - a fact that previous literature has cited as evidence that technology drives the decline of middling occupations. These findings differ substantially from previous evidence on the US and cast doubts on the role of technology as the main driver of polarisation in the UK." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Schiff, Maurice (2018): Beneficial brain drain and non-migrants' welfare. (IZA discussion paper 11483), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"Though a net brain gain has tended to be seen as a benefit and referred to as a 'beneficial brain drain' in the literature, its welfare impact for source country residents - or nonmigrants - is at best ambiguous. Increased educational investment in response to a brain drain is equivalent to a bet where migrants (M) win and where the impact on residents (R) - whose well-being is a concern for the government - is ambiguous or negative. I compare residents' welfare a) for an open vs. a closed economy, b) under the presence or absence of education externality, c) with vs. without government intervention, and d) with government's concern equal for R and M (R = M) or greater for R (R > M). Main findings are: i) residents lose under an open economy in four of the five scenarios considered, with an ambiguous result under an externality and no intervention; ii) optimal education policy has a positive or ambiguous impact on residents' welfare (and a positive impact under a closed economy); and iii) welfare is higher under intervention when R > M than when R = M. It is worth noting that, though the standard developing country policy of subsidizing higher education is optimal under an education externality in the case of a closed economy, this result need not hold under an open economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schrader, Klaus (2018): Brexit und Ausländerbeschäftigung in Großbritannien. Vom Musterland zum Bollwerk? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 98, H. 8, S. 558-564. DOI:10.1007/s10273-018-2331-6

Abstract

"Im Zuge der EU-Osterweiterung war Großbritannien eines der wenigen EU15-Länder, das von Anfang an die Möglichkeiten der Arbeitnehmerfreizügigkeit nutzte und mit dieser Strategie durchaus erfolgreich war. Wie die empirische Analyse zeigt, war die Arbeitsmigration aus den Beitrittsländern kein entscheidender Faktor für das Brexit-Votum. Es war eher eine Angst vor dem Statusverlust der weniger gebildeten Wähler, die die Vertiefung und Erweiterung der EU als Bedrohung für ihren sozialen Status und ihre nationale Identität ansehen. Eine politische Diskussion über eine EU mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten erweist sich als ratsam." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

Zitatform

Simula, Laurent & Alain Trannoy (2018): Is high-skilled migration harmful to tax systems' progressivity? Understanding how migration responds to tax changes will aid in setting the progressivity of a tax system. (IZA world of labor 423), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.423

Abstract

"In welchem Ausmaß Hochqualifizierte auf steuerpolitische Korrekturen mit Ein- oder Auswanderung reagieren, wird üblicherweise anhand so genannter Migrationselastizitäten im Zusammenhang mit Nettoeinkommensveränderungen analysiert. Dieses Verfahren beruht jedoch auf einem falschen Maß der Elastizität - die empirische Forschung benötigt an dieser Stelle dringend eine neue Richtung. Von politischer Seite sollte einzelstaatliches Steuer-'Tagging', das hochqualifizierte ausländische Arbeitskräfte gezielt anlocken soll, vermieden werden und stattdessen die internationale Zusammenarbeit und Harmonisierung auf dem Gebiet der Unternehmens- und Einkommensbesteuerung intensiviert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Sparber, Chad (2018): Choosing skilled foreign-born workers: evaluating alternative methods for allocating H-1B work permits. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 57, H. 1, S. 3-34. DOI:10.1111/irel.12203

Abstract

"The H-1B program allows highly educated foreign-born labor to temporarily work in the United States. Quotas restrict the number of H-1B recipients. In many years, all available work permits were allocated by random lottery. This paper argues that an alternative distribution method based upon ability would increase output, output per worker, and wages paid to less-educated workers. Baseline estimates suggest that a change in allocation policy could result in a $26.5 billion gain for the economy over a 6-year period. This estimate grows when H-1B demand rises." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Themen Migration, Integration und Asyl bilden das Fundament der Arbeit des Bundesamtes für Migration und Flüchtlinge.
Mit der nun vorliegenden achten Ausgabe des 'Atlas über Migration, Integration und Asyl' (Minas) werden diese Themenfelder in kartographischen und informatorischen Grafiken anschaulich gemacht und geben einen Überblick über das Migrationsgeschehen in Deutschland, Europa und der Welt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"What are the main patterns of 'brain flow' in Europe? Are particular countries or economic sectors affected? And what measures do Member States take to retain or attract skilled labour? An independent study on the movement of skilled labour has been looking into these questions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bartolini, Laura, Ruby Gropas & Anna Triandafyllidou (2017): Drivers of highly skilled mobility from Southern Europe. Escaping the crisis and emancipating oneself. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 4, S. 652-673. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1249048

Abstract

"Since the outbreak of the crisis in Southern Europe, young highly educated Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese and Greeks have been taking their talents and expertise to other countries in search of a better quality of life and career prospects. This paper explores the characteristics of these new emigrants, the reasons for which they are leaving, and whether these reasons are shaped by the economic crisis, by pre-crisis grievances, or by other factors. We analyse original data from 6377 questionnaires collected in 4 countries through an e-survey we ran in 2013. We refer to the existing literature on the drivers of highly skilled emigration and the (un)employment situation in the four aforementioned Southern European countries which have been hardest hit by the economic crisis. We suggest that while gender is not important, age, marital status, education and satisfaction with current employment (both income related and with regard to future prospects) are important factors predicting emigration. Non-economic factors, notably career opportunities, quality of life and future prospects supersede all other considerations in the decision to emigrate for these highly educated Europeans." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bertrand-Cloodt, Danielle, Frank Cörvers & Hans Heijke (2017): Ability, academic climate, and going abroad for work or pursuing a PhD. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 119-140. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifw015

Abstract

"We investigate whether highly able students are being creamed off from Dutch universities. Therefore, we examine the relation between ability and the destination of recent graduates of Dutch universities. Students can choose to continue their academic career by investing in a PhD degree instead of working, taking into account that both options can be realized in the Netherlands as well as abroad. Using a data set of workers and PhD students who recently graduated from Dutch universities, we simultaneously estimate two probit equations, one for the migration decision and one for the choice between working and pursuing a PhD. We take into account that both decisions can be affected by the climates in certain fields of study and universities to promote going abroad and starting a PhD. Our findings indicate that highly able graduates are significantly more likely than average graduates to go abroad. They also invest more often in a PhD programme, which is positively correlated with their likelihood to go abroad. The odds of going abroad and participating in a PhD programme are shown to be associated with control variables indexing the climates promoting going abroad and starting PhD study" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Tommaso Colussi, Martin Guzi, Martin Kahanec, Andreas Lichter, Milena Nikolova & Eric Sommer (2017): People to jobs, jobs to people. Global mobility and labor migration. (IZA research report 74), Bonn, 193 S.

Abstract

Vor dem Hintergrund des demografischen Wandels und der aktuellen Flüchtlingskrise werden Fragen nach den wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen internationaler Arbeitsmigration in Europa und anderen Industrieländern laut. Befürworter sehen in den Einwanderern potenzielle Arbeitskräfte, die die Folgen der demografischen Alterung und den Fachkräftemangel abschwächen können. Gegner befürchten vor allem negative Konsequenzen für die sozialen Systeme in den Einwanderungsländern sowie die Verdrängung einheimischer Arbeitskräfte. Die vorliegende Untersuchung stellt zunächst die potenziellen Determinanten der Mobilität von Arbeitskräften als auch von Arbeitsplätzen dar, sowohl auf individueller Ebene als auch aus Ländersicht. Im zweiten Kapitel wird das erwartete Erwerbspersonenpotenzial aus zukünftigen Wanderungsströmen bis zum Jahr 2030 prognostiziert. Anschließend wird die Entscheidung zur Produktionsverlagerung ins Ausland von Unternehmen als Reaktion auf den einheimischen Fachkräftemangel diskutiert. Abschließend wird für eine gezielte Einwanderungspolitik zur Rekrutierung ausländischer Fachkräfte plädiert, um die Verlagerung inländischer Arbeitsplätze ins Ausland zu verhindern. (IAB)

Zitatform

Faggian, Alessandra, Isha Rajbhandari & Kathryn R. Dotzel (2017): The interregional migration of human capital and its regional consequences. A review. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 128-143. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2016.1263388

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag untersuchen wir die Literatur über die interregionale Migration von hohem Humankapital unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Auswirkungen von Zu- und Abströmen auf lokale Ökonomien. Es gibt zwar auch andere Untersuchungen über die Determinanten von hochqualifizierten interregionalen Migrationsströmen, doch bei diesem Beitrag handelt es sich um den ersten Versuch, die umfangreiche Literatur über die Auswirkungen dieser Ströme auf die Ökonomien der Empfänger- und Senderegionen sowie auf das gesamte System zu ordnen und zu untersuchen. Wir stellen fest, dass sich die Mehrheit der bisherigen Beiträge auf die wirtschaftlichen Konsequenzen für die Zielregionen konzentriert und den starken Bedarf an weiteren Studien zur Untersuchung der Auswirkungen auf die Ursprungsregionen verdeutlicht. In einer kritischen Bewertung der aktuellen Lage wird festgestellt, dass Fortschritte in der Erforschung von hochqualifizierter Migration durch einen Mangel an verfügbaren geeigneten Daten über die Merkmale der Migration und Migranten behindert werden. Ebenso wird in der Untersuchung die Notwendigkeit einer Berücksichtigung der Innovation, der Zusammensetzung von Qualifikationen und des Geschlechts in künftigen Analysen der Auswirkungen von hochqualifizierter Migration betont. Wir schließen mit Vorschlägen für neue Methoden, die von Wissenschaftlern bei künftigen Studien über die Auswirkungen der interregionalen Migration von hohem Humankapital genutzt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Föbker, Stefanie & Daniela Imani (2017): The role of language skills in the settling-in process. Experiences of highly skilled migrants' accompanying partners in Germany and the UK. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2720-2737. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314596

Abstract

"The role of the family in the international migration of highly skilled migrants has often been disregarded. Highly skilled labour migrants follow a concrete job offer abroad and are structurally integrated into the new environment through the work place. On the contrary, the migration of family members is subject to different conditions since most accompanying partners initially do not work. However, accompanying partners are described as managers of the settling-in process of the whole family [Yeoh, Brenda, and Katie Willis. 2004. 'Constructing Masculinities in Transnational Space: Singapore Men on the 'Regional Beat'.' In Transnational Spaces, edited by Peter Jackson, Philip Crang, and Claire Dwyer, 147 - 163. London: Routledge] and their experiences can be crucial for the duration of their stay. Our paper explores the experiences of mobility of highly skilled migrants' accompanying partners in Germany and in the UK with regard to their strategies and practices during the settling-in process. The main focus is on the role of language, the establishment of new social networks and labour market participation. The paper draws on the concept of capital accumulation and conversion [Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. 'The Forms of Capital.' In Education: Culture, Economy, and Society, edited by Albert Henry Halsey, 46 - 58. New York: Oxford University Press] and asks how partners make use of their cultural capital language after migration. Our paper is based on empirical studies in Germany and in the UK, which focus on the migration and settling-in processes of highly skilled professionals and their families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Giesing, Yvonne & Nadzeya Laurentsyeva (2017): Firms left behind: Emigration and firm productivity. (CESifo working paper 6815), München, 44 S.

Abstract

"This paper establishes a causal link between the emigration of skilled workers and firm performance in source countries. Using firm-level panel data from ten Eastern European countries, we show that the emigration of skilled workers lowers firm total factor productivity. We exploit time, country, and industry differences in the opening of EU labor markets from 2004 to 2014 as a source of exogenous variation in the emigration rates from new EU member states. We argue that a potential channel behind this effect relates to the reduction in firmspecific human capital due to a higher worker turnover." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grigoleit-Richter, Grit (2017): Highly skilled and highly mobile? Examining gendered and ethnicised labour market conditions for migrant women in STEM-professions in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2738-2755. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314597

Abstract

"For the past decades, most Western countries have curtailed low-skilled immigration and adopted policies encouraging highly skilled migration. Accordingly, the German government began in 2000 to initiate changes in policy and legislation to encourage skilled professionals particularly in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-professions to take up employment in Germany. Although highly skilled migrants are privileged with regard to education, competencies, and abilities, the article argues that highly skilled migrant women's transition into the labour market and their work performance are determined by the gendered and ethnicised conditions still prevalent in STEM fields. The paper thereby draws on qualitative interviews with highly skilled migrant women who migrated to the second largest city in Germany: Hamburg. The findings show that migrant women face a traditionally highly gender-segregated sector. Furthermore, they are confronted with ethnicised ascriptions that contribute to 'othering' processes, which impact their professional identity and slow down the transferral of their cultural capital. Yet, the majority of the interviewed women developed a strong local attachment and sense of belonging that fostered their social integration and counteracted experienced discrimination in the workplace. As a result they were less willing to uproot themselves again and thus contrast the popular image of being 'birds of passage'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Horton, John, William R. Kerr & Christopher Stanton (2017): Digital labor markets and global talent flows. (NBER working paper 23398), Cambrige, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w23398

Abstract

"Digital labor markets are rapidly expanding and connecting companies and contractors on a global basis. We review the environment in which these markets take root, the micro- and macro-level studies of their operations, their ongoing evolution and recent trends, and perspectives for undertaking research with micro-data from these labor platforms. We undertake new empirical analyses of Upwork data regarding 1) the alignment of micro- and macro-level approaches to disproportionate ethnic-connected exchanges on digital platforms, 2) gravity model analyses of global outsourcing contract flows and their determinants for digital labor markets, and 3) quantification of own- and cross-country elasticities for contract work by wage rate. Digital labor markets are an exciting frontier for global talent flows and growing rapidly in importance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kirk, Kate, Ellen Bal & Sarah Renee Janssen (2017): Migrants in liminal time and space: an exploration of the experiences of highly skilled Indian bachelors in Amsterdam. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2771-2787. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314600

Abstract

"This paper sheds light on the relationship between individual agency, transnational social relations, geographic place, and cultural constructions of life phase and gender among highly skilled Indian migrants to the Netherlands. Amsterdam is attracting an increasing number of Indian migrants who work primarily in the fields of information technology, engineering and business management. The nature of this highly skilled work requires mobile, flexible workers, and therefore mainly attracts single men between 25 and 34. Their migrant experiences and choices are marked by a 'performance of liminality': migration is part of a coming of age ritual that both structures their lives and is structured by circumstances and agency. The experience of bachelors in particular can be understood as a 'double liminality' in that it is both temporary and spatial. Many of our bachelor informants felt they were 'betwixt and between' the socio-cultural expectations they grew up with and what they perceive to be Dutch or Western culture, and between those that pertain to childhood and to adulthood. They live on a metaphorical threshold, shaped by their masculine ideals, beliefs about 'Indian culture', their expected life trajectories, and their experiences in and expectations of the Netherlands and the city of Amsterdam." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meierrieks, Daniel & Laura Renner (2017): Stymied ambition. Does a lack of economic freedom lead to migration? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 977-1005. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0633-4

Abstract

"We investigate the relationship between economic freedom and international migration for the 1980 - 2010 period using a dataset on migration from 91 emerging countries to the 20 most attractive OECD destination countries. We find that more economic freedom at home discourages high-skilled migration, but not low-skilled migration. The negative association between economic freedom and high-skilled emigration also holds when we estimate (dynamic) panel models that allow for endogeneity in the economic freedom-migration nexus. In sum, our findings suggest that high-skilled migration is especially responsive to the economic incentives resulting from economic freedom." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Parey, Matthias, Jens Ruhose, Fabian Waldinger & Nicolai Netz (2017): The selection of high-skilled emigrants. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 99, H. 5, S. 776-792. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00687

Abstract

"We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

Zitatform

Sbalchiero, Stefano & Arjuna Tuzzi (2017): Italian scientists abroad in Europe's scientific research scenario. High skill migration as a resource for development in Italy. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 171-187. DOI:10.1111/imig.12340

Abstract

"In recent years, the brain drain issue has gained such momentum that it has become necessary to adopt tools and methods to take a picture of a phenomenon that is, by its very nature, dynamic and changeable (Portes, 1976; Meyer, 2001; Ackers, 2005 Scott, 2015). This particular study focuses on clarifying the reasons why Italian scientists choose to look elsewhere for the best place to conduct their scientific research, and in what way their scientific experience abroad shapes the image of the Italian scientific system. A first exploratory analysis involving 83 in-depth interviews with Italian scientists (mathematicians, engineers and physicists) working in Europe was conducted based on qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, and the content emerging from these interviews was used for a systematic mapping of the situation that provided the foundations for our preparation of a second tool - a questionnaire - that was subsequently used to conduct a much more broad-based survey that involved 602 respondents. While our findings add complexity to existing theories on the brain drain and brain circulation, they also confirm the potential of highly skilled migration to improve the national development of Italian academic system." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Stielike, Laura (2017): The migration&development apparatus. Contradictions between international discourse, institutional practices, and migrants' perspectives. (International Migration Institute. Working papers 136), Oxford, 24 S.

Abstract

"In this paper I focus on the contradictions between the international discourse on migration and development, the institutional practices of states and NGOs, and the perspectives of migrants themselves. I argue that taking a closer look at contradictions enables us to question seemingly secure knowledge on migration and development. Drawing on Michel Foucault's concept of apparatus, I analyse the migration and development paradigm as a network of discourses, practices, and modes of subjectivation. Using the example of Cameroonian migration to Germany, I argue that the migration&development apparatus is characterised by four major contradictory binaries: inclusion and exclusion, competence and incompetence, politicisation and depoliticisation, as well as dependency and independency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ariu, Andrea, Frédéric Docquier & Mara P. Squicciarini (2016): Governance quality and net migration flows. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 60, H. September, S. 238-248. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.07.006

Abstract

Die Autoren untersuchen den Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Ein- und Auswanderung von Migranten nach Qualifikationsniveau. Hierzu erfolgt eine Analyse von Daten über bilaterale Migrationsströme zwischen OECD-Staaten und Staaten außerhalb der OECD für die Jahre 1990 und 2000. Für die Bewertung der Governance wurden u.a. folgende Indikatoren herangezogen: Meinungsfreiheit, politische Stabilität, Mitbestimmung, Rechtsordnung und Korruptionsbekämpfung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Qualität der Institutionen vor allem für die Zuwanderung von Hochqualifizierten von Bedeutung ist. (IAB)

Zitatform

Barcevicius, Egidijus (2016): How successful are highly qualified return migrants in the Lithuanian labour market? In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 35-47. DOI:10.1111/imig.12224

Abstract

"This article analyses whether the human capital gained abroad helps returning migrants to integrate into the Lithuanian labour market. The analysis focuses on highly qualified migrants, defined narrowly as people with higher education who held qualified jobs when working abroad. The article found that for this group of returnees professional aims were important when taking a decision to return, together with other motives such as family reasons and home-sickness. Most of the returnees were able to find employment and pursue their careers without major difficulties, although a significant minority signalled an intention to emigrate again. The article examines the key factors that sometimes helped and sometimes hindered integration of the returnees and discusses the role of the public policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Biavaschi, Costanza, Michal Burzynski, Benjamin Elsner & Joël Machado (2016): The gain from the drain. Skill-biased migration and global welfare. (CReAM discussion paper 2016,24), London, 57 S.

Abstract

"High-skilled workers are four times more likely to migrate than low-skilled workers. This skill bias in migration - often called brain drain - has been at the center of a heated debate about the welfare consequences of emigration from developing countries. In this paper, we provide a global perspective on the brain drain by jointly quantifying its impact on the sending and receiving countries. In a calibrated multi-country model, we compare the current world to a counterfactual with the same number of migrants, but those migrants are randomly selected from their country of origin. We find that the skill bias in migration significantly increases welfare in most receiving countries. Moreover, due to a more efficient global allocation of talent, the global welfare effect is positive, albeit some sending countries lose. Overall, our findings suggest that more - not less - high-skilled migration would increase world welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cerna, Lucie (2016): The crisis as an opportunity for change? High-skilled immigration policies across Europe. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 42, H. 10, S. 1610-1630. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1162355

Abstract

"The recent economic crisis provided a shock to the system, and led governments to scramble for solutions to problems of falling economic growth, high unemployment and weak job creation. Many European governments responded to protectionist calls by restricting immigration policies, even towards the highly skilled. Yet countries have faced different challenges and thus the cross-national variation in the demand for policy closure or openness is remarkable. Some seized the opportunity to restrict their high-skilled immigration policies, while others took advantage of the crisis for further liberalisation. The article explores different reasons for this variation, ranging from socio-economic conditions, the inflow of labour migrants to the role of labour market institutions and political actors. Countries badly affected by the crisis and with a recent influx of labour migrants were more likely to respond to mobilised groups lobbying for restrictive policies than those countries weathering the crisis relatively better but suffering from continuing labour shortages. The article examines the changing conditions and the role of mobilised stakeholders to explain policy change in selected European countries. It also presents an updated index on states' openness to high-skilled immigrants to measure change over time. The findings are based on position statements of stakeholders, official documents and media coverage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Clemens, Michael A. (2016): Losing our minds? New research directions on skilled migration and development. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 37, H. 7, S. 1227-1247. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2015-0112

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to critique the last decade of research on the effects of high-skill emigration from developing countries, and proposes six new directions for fruitful research.
Design/methodology/approach: The study singles out a core assumption underlying much of the recent literature, calling it the 'Lump of Learning model' of human capital and development, and describes five ways that research has come to challenge that assumption. It assesses the usefulness of that model in the face of accumulating evidence.
Findings: The axioms of the Lump of Learning model have shaped research priorities in this literature, but many of those axioms do not have a clear empirical basis. Future research proceeding from established facts would set different priorities, and would devote more attention to measuring the effects of migration on skilled migrant households, rigorously estimating human capital externalities, gathering microdata beyond censuses, and carefully considering optimal policy - among others.
Originality/value: The recent literature has pursued a series of extensions to the Lump of Learning model. This study urges instead discarding that model, pointing toward a new paradigm for research on skilled migration and development." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

David, Anda & Jean-Noël Senne (2016): A descriptive analysis of immigration to and emigration from the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 184), Paris, 65 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbxvb35j-en

Abstract

"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper was presented and discussed at the OECD Working Party on Migration in June 2015. The paper examines immigration to, and emigration from, the European Union, and compares them with migrant inflows and outflows to other OECD destinations. It investigates how the migrants are distributed in terms of gender, age, education and labour force status, depending on their country of origin as well as of destination. Drawing upon the Database on Immigrants in the OECD countries (DIOC), changes in migration rates and stock are analysed over time, focusing on whether the EU is facing a net gain or loss of skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Farchy, Emily (2016): The impact of intra-EU mobility on immigration by third-country foreign workers. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 179), Paris, 49 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbzzbzr5-en

Abstract

"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper (DELSA/ELSA/MI(2015)10) was presented and discussed at the OECD working party on migration in June 2015 This paper examines the impact of the free flow of migrants within the EU on the prospects of labour migrants from third countries - the extent to which free movement migrants and third country migrants are substitutes or complements on the labour market. The first section of this paper looks at the recent trends in migration to the European Union, with a particular focus on trends in the 'big five' recipient countries. The analysis is supplemented by the use of micro data from the EU Labour Force Survey, to examine the extent to which the socio-economic and job characteristics suggest that EU migrants and third country migrants provide a similar labour input. Aggregate migrant flows, however, are driven by both supply and demand factors; a comparison of aggregate trends is therefore insufficient to disentangle the disparate drivers of these trends. A booming economy, for example, will attract labour migrants from both EU and third countries, yet the positive relation between these flows cannot be attributed to a complementarity between these labour inputs but rather to the demand side factors that drive them both. To overcome this endogeneity the second section of this paper utilizes the natural experiment of EU enlargement to isolate the impact of the increased supply of free movement migrants on third country migrant populations. Abstracting in this manner from the economic factors that have played such an important role in determining labour demand in recent years the empirical analysis of this paper identifies a negative impact on the arrivals of third country migrants when labour supply from new EU migrants increases. Furthermore, the lack of identifiable impact on the employment rate of third country migrants is dependent on assumptions regarding the counterfactual employment outcomes of these displaced third country migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Glorius, Birgit (2016): Gekommen, um zu bleiben? Der Verbleib internationaler Studierender in Deutschland aus einer Lebenslaufperspektive. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 361-371. DOI:10.1007/s13147-016-0410-y

Abstract

"Vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels in Deutschland werden von der Politik seit geraumer Zeit Bemühungen unternommen, den anhaltenden Fachkräftebedarf durch die Attrahierung hochqualifizierter Zuwanderer zu decken. In diesem Kontext wächst auch das Interesse an internationalen Studierenden als potenziellem Fachkräftenachwuchs für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Deutschland ist ein bedeutendes Zielland für internationale Studierende, und die formalen Rahmenbedingungen für einen Verbleib und Arbeitsmarktzugang nach Studienabschluss wurden in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich liberalisiert. Umfrageergebnisse belegen ein großes Interesse internationaler Studierender an einem Verbleib in Deutschland nach dem Studium, doch die verfügbaren Zahlen zeigen, dass die Bleibeintentionen nur teilweise umgesetzt werden. Dieser Diskrepanz wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag nachgegangen. Anhand einer qualitativen Fallstudie analysiert der Beitrag die Einstellungen, Erfahrungen und Zukunftsvisionen von internationalen Studierenden in Deutschland unter der Perspektive eines möglichen Verbleibs. Eine besondere Konzentration liegt auf der Frage, wie sich die Verbleibs- oder Wanderungsentscheidung als Teil einer biographischen Statuspassage konstituiert, die am Übergang zwischen Studium und Beruf auftritt. Es zeigt sich, dass lebenslaufbezogene Erwägungen und Standortentscheidungen stark ineinander verwoben sind und auf der Basis eines transnationalen Aktionsraums angestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

González Pandiella, Alberto (2016): Migration in Ireland. Challenges, opportunities and policies. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1292), Paris, 32 S. DOI:10.1787/5jm0s94jzx5j-en

Abstract

"The Irish labour market is exceptionally open to international migration flows, thus making labour supply highly responsive to changes in cyclical conditions. Immigration provides the skills that the Irish economy needs. The crisis triggered a sharp reversal in migration flows, with immigration suddenly halting and emigration increasing. A large proportion of emigration is highly qualified, as is a high proportion of immigration. This pattern of 'brain exchange' can contribute to reducing skills mismatches, but also raises the challenge of remaining attractive for skilled workers. This paper examines how the crisis has affected migration, how related policies have evolved and proposes avenues to spread the benefits of migration beyond the scope of multinational enterprises, in particular to Irish SMEs. The proportion of Irish-born population living abroad is very large and the paper also analyses what role return migration could play, what policies are in place to maintain links with emigrant's communities abroad and how they can be strengthened. Ireland has recently experienced, for the first time in its history, large-scale immigration. As a result, it currently hosts a large and very heterogeneous immigrant community, with diverging challenges and needs. Getting integration policies right is therefore a complex, but crucial task. The paper identifies what are the key challenges in this area and proposes some avenues to foster the labour market integration of immigrants. Ireland is also starting to experience challenges associated with the integration of second generation immigrants. To respond to those challenges, the paper recommends early action in education and social domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Netz, Nicolai & Hendrik Schirmer (2016): Internationale Mobilität von wissenschaftlichem Nachwuchs (Begleitstudie B6). Studien im Rahmen des Bundesberichts Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs (BuWiN) 2017. Hannover, 83 S.

Abstract

"Um internationale Mobilität wirkungsvoll und nachhaltig fördern zu können, bedarf es zunächst eines detaillierten Wissens über den Nutzen internationaler Mobilität und die kritischen Mobilitätshindernisse. Außerdem müssen die typischen Formen sowie das Ausmaß internationaler Mobilität und die Ziel- beziehungsweise Herkunftsländer der mobilen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler untersucht werden. Eine Einschätzung der Attraktivität des deutschen Wissenschaftsstandorts erfordert neben der Betrachtung von Strömen mobiler Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler auch eine Analyse der Motive, die diese zur Abwanderung aus Deutschland beziehungsweise zur Zuwanderung nach Deutschland veranlassen. Schließlich müssen die existierenden Finanzierungsmodelle und Instrumente zur Förderung von internationaler Mobilität untersucht werden.
Durch zahlreiche breit angelegte Monitoring-Studien und fokussierte, theoriegeleitete Studien wurde in den vergangenen Jahren weitreichendes Wissen zur internationalen Mobilität von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern generiert. Die vorhandenen Erkenntnisse liegen jedoch aktuell nur in fragmentierter Form vor. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt die vorliegende Studie das Ziel, existierende Datenquellen und Studien zu systematisieren, zu beschreiben beziehungsweise zusammenzufassen und zu evaluieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Oesingmann, Katrin (2016): Arbeitsmigration aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland. Ein Überblick über das aktuelle System, Einwandererzahlen und Hauptherkunftsländer. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 69, H. 13, S. 44-48.

Abstract

"Die Förderung der Zuwanderung qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus dem Ausland gehört zu den Maßnahmen der westlichen Industrienationen zur Sicherung des Fachkräftebestandes. Bisher zeigt sich jedoch, dass sowohl Deutschland als auch die EU im Vergleich zu anderen Industrienationen insgesamt nicht sehr erfolgreich bei der Anwerbung von (hoch-)qualifizierten Migranten sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pekkala, Sari, William Kerr, Caglar Özden & Christopher Parsons (2016): Global talent flows. (IZA discussion paper 10328), Bonn, 25 S.

Abstract

"The global distribution of talent is highly skewed and the resources available to countries to develop and utilize their best and brightest vary substantially. The migration of skilled workers across countries tilts the deck even further. Using newly available data, we first review the landscape of global talent mobility, which is both asymmetric and rising in importance. We next consider the determinants of global talent flows at the individual and firm levels and sketch some important implications. Third, we review the national gatekeepers for skilled migration and broad differences in approaches used to select migrants for admission. Looking forward, the capacity of people, firms, and countries to successfully navigate this tangled web of global talent will be critical to their success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Petroff, Alisa (2016): Reversing the brain drain. Evidence from a Romanian brain networking organization. In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 122-135. DOI:10.1111/imig.12268

Abstract

"(...) this article discusses the relevance of the brain networking perspective as a political and academic tool that enables a better understanding of the phenomenon of contemporary skilled migration. Based on the analysis of a Romanian brain networking organization, I argue the need to understand these organizations not as elitist professional groups (as they have traditionally been seen) but as organizations that include a diversity of profiles: potentially skilled migrants (international students) or 'migrants in the middle' who occupy semi-skilled jobs in origin and destination countries. These migrants can contribute greatly to creating economic and symbolic transnational spaces, leading to a win-win situation, especially in the case of circular migration patterns (intra-EU movements) that correspond to two of the three clusters identified by the case study. The article aims to analyse the case study of a Romanian brain network organization, GRASP (Global Romanian Society of Young Professionals), and the main characteristics of its members. Based on a quantitative approach, the analysis identifies different historical stages of skilled immigration proceeding from this country (comparing the early 1990s with the 2000s) and different profiles of professionals (permanent migration versus mobility patterns)." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Ramasamy, Sankar (2016): The role of employers and employer engagement in labour migration from third countries to the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 178), Paris, 38 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxc0366xr-en

Abstract

"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895). A previous version of this paper DELSA/ELSA/MI(2015)8 was presented and discussed at the OECD working party on migration in June 2015. The paper examines the ways in which employers are protagonists in international labour migration, and what can be done to ensure that they are partners in increasing European attractiveness for internationally mobile talent. Facilitating movement of Intra-Corporate Transfer (ICT) workers in multinational companies, improving the ability of SMEs to access foreign workers, as well as attracting entrepreneurs and investors in the EU single market, are the three principal channels examined in the report. The paper provides recommendations for policy development in these three areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Specht, Sandra (2016): Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte und internationale Mobilität. Können positive Spillover-Effekte dem Verlust von Humankapital entgegenwirken? (Berichte aus der Volkswirtschaft), Aachen: Shaker, 223 S.

Abstract

"Die Thematik der internationalen Migration Hochqualifizierter ist von komplexen Zusammenhängen geprägt und es stellen sich insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der fortschreitenden Globalisierung fortwährend neue Herausforderungen. Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Ziel- und Herkunftsländer kann durch die Mobilität hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte erheblich beeinflusst werden. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt dabei auf den Auswirkungen für die Herkunftsländer der Migranten. Der klassischen brain drain-Argumentation folgend wäre anzunehmen, dass mit der Abwanderung der besten Köpfe, volkswirtschaftliche Einbußen für die betroffenen Länder einhergehen. Entfernt man sich jedoch vom Gedanken der einseitigen, permanenten Migration, können sich insbesondere für Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer positive Effekte (brain gain) ergeben, die dem tatsächlichen Verlust von Humankapital entgegenwirken. Neben rückkehrenden Hochqualifizierten, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit unter anderem Rücküberweisungen, der Aufbau von Netzwerken sowie Wissens- und Technologietransfers im Sinne positiver Spillover-Effekte herausgestellt. Eine besondere Betrachtung erfährt darüber hinaus der Bildungsanreiz, der sich aus der bloßen Migrationsoption entwickeln kann. Anhand einer Befragung mexikanischer Studenten zeigt sich für das Schwellenland Mexiko, dass die Aussicht auf eine Migration, unter anderem die Studienentscheidung der befragten Studenten positiv zu beeinflussen scheint. Rücküberweisungen tragen ebenfalls einen Teil zur Stärkung der Bildungsinvestitionen der verbleibenden Mexikaner im Herkunftsland bei. Es lässt sich schließlich ein Trend ablesen, der zunehmend eine positive Sichtweise der potentiellen und tatsächlichen Migration hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte nahelegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Vallizadeh, Ehsan (2016): Globalization of Labor Services. Maastricht: Maastricht University, 195 S. DOI:10.26481/dis.20160118ev

Abstract

"New theoretical models that account for a rich set of features of the goods and labor markets that allow capturing potential adjustment mechanisms and their determinants of the labor market and the economy to immigration and offshoring domestic jobs are developed. The analysis allows addressing e.g. job displacement effects, due to immigration or offshoring and higher goods and labor demands, due to efficiency improvement, and determining the driving forces behind the recent trends in the labor markets. The results of the analysis reveal important new insights regarding the opportunities and risks of immigration and offshoring for advanced economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Weisser, Reinhard (2016): Internationally mobile students and their post-graduation migratory behaviour. An analysis of determinants of student mobility and retention rates in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 186), Paris, 95 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbvmb5zt-en

Abstract

"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper was presented and discussed at the OECD Working Party on Migration in June 2015.The paper investigates the preferences and post-graduation mobility behaviour of international students, focusing on how the EU could succeed in attracting and keeping highly educated talent from across the globe. Providing their skills to European labour markets, graduates from outside the EU have a potential to enrich the supply of high-skilled labour. Seen as the 28 EU countries still constitute the most attractive destination area for studying abroad, the paper examines different calculation methods in order to generate stay rates for over 170 countries of origin. Empirical results indicate that for the EU as a whole, aggregate stay rates from stayers from all non-EU source countries lie within a range of 16.4% and 29.1%. They are also typically very low among students from other OECD countries, and much higher for students from less developed or politically less stable countries. The paper concludes by recommending a catalogue of measures to boost the EU's attractiveness, and to increase stay rates. Proposed policy measures draw on a smooth labour market integration of international graduates, as well as on cultivating strong points of the European countries, such as: political stability and participation possibilities, reliable institutions and governance structure, as well as an innovative and competitive environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bruder, Martin, Simone Burkhart, Barbara Franke, Ulrich Heublein & Jan Kercher (2015): Wissenschaft weltoffen 2015. Daten und Fakten zur Internationalität von Studium und Forschung in Deutschland. Schwerpunkt: Internationale Masterstudierende an deutschen Hochschulen. (Wissenschaft weltoffen 15), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 155 S. DOI:10.3278/7004002nw

Abstract

"Das diesjährige Schwerpunktthema widmet sich der stark wachsenden Gruppe der ausländischen Masterstudierenden in Deutschland. Deren Zahl hat sich seit 2008 mehr als verdreifacht und liegt mittlerweile bei rund 67.000. Parallel zu dieser Entwicklung hat sich an den deutschen Hochschulen ein breites Angebot an englischsprachigen Masterstudiengängen etabliert, das von den ausländischen Studierenden intensiv genutzt wird. Es zeigt sich aber, dass es für eine auch in Zukunft erfolgreiche Gewinnung von exzellenten Studierenden aus dem Ausland nicht genügen wird, fachlich anspruchsvolle, englischsprachige Programme anzubieten. Eine zentrale Herausforderung stellt insbesondere die Integration der Studierenden in den Studienalltag und das soziale Leben außerhalb der Hochschule dar. Diese ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Zufriedenheit und damit auch für den Studienerfolg. Hier gilt es, geeignete Unterstützungs- bzw. Integrationsmaßnahmen zu realisieren. Der vorliegende Schwerpunkt von 'Wissenschaft weltoffen' soll mit seinen Analysen und den Erfahrungsberichten hierzu einen Beitrag leisten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Böhme, Marcus H. (2015): Migration and educational aspirations. Another channel of brain gain? In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 4, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1186/s40176-015-0036-9

Abstract

"International migration not only enables individuals to earn higher wages but also exposes them to new environments. The norms and values experienced in destination countries can change the behavior of migrants and also of family members left behind. This paper suggests that brain gain can take place due to a change in the educational aspirations of caregivers in migrant households. Estimates for Moldova show that international migration raises parental aspirations in households located at the lower end of the human capital distribution. The identification of these effects relies on GDP growth shocks in the destination countries and migration networks. These results imply that aspirations are a highly relevant determinant of intergenerational human capital transfer and that even temporary international migration can shift human capital formation to a higher steady state by inducing higher educational aspirations among caregivers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))