Brain Drain? Brain Gain? Folgen der internationalen Wanderung
Arbeitskräftemobilität über Staatsgrenzen hinweg ist ein mit Hoffnungen und Ängsten verbundenes Phänomen. In der politischen Debatte konkurrieren auf Begrenzung zielende Reaktionsmuster mit Vorschlägen, die auf eine aktive Steuerung der Migration in den heimischen Arbeitsmarkt zielen.
Was bedeutet internationale Wanderung für die Herkunfts-, was für die Aufnahmeländer? Insbesondere die Migration gut ausgebildeter Menschen wurde oft unter dem Schlagwort des "Brain Drain" als schädlich für Wohlfahrt und Entwicklung ihrer Heimatländer betrachtet. Die Forschung zeichnet inzwischen jedoch ein differenzierteres Bild. Dieses Themendossier stellt eine Auswahl der theoretischen und empirischen Literatur vor.
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Literaturhinweis
Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals (2024)
Goštautaitė, Bernadeta; Mayrhofer, Wolfgang; Jankauskienė, Danguolė; Bučiūnienė, Ilona;Zitatform
Goštautaitė, Bernadeta, Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Ilona Bučiūnienė & Danguolė Jankauskienė (2024): Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 367-393. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2023.2241815
Abstract
"Although 'brain drain' from emerging economies is a well-documented problem, research on how Human Resource Management (HRM) can potentially address it is still scarce. Based on Signaling Theory, we argue that developmental HRM practices in home countries reduce self-initiated expatriation (SIE) of young healthcare professionals by increasing their focus on opportunities in their home country. Additionally, we hypothesize that individual financial stability as a personal resource constitutes an important boundary condition, as developmental HRM's positive effect on the focus on opportunities and its indirect negative effect on SIE intention may be even stronger for individuals with lower financial resources. We tested and found support for our hypotheses using a sample of 184 junior doctors in Lithuania in a time-lagged study. By bridging the HRM and SIE literature, our study extends the existing knowledge about the outcomes of HRM and highlights the importance of home country HRM in explaining SIE intention above and beyond its traditionally considered antecedents. In this way, our study has major theoretical and practical implications for decision-makers at organizational and national levels in managing brain drain from emerging economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country (2023)
Bassetto, Jacopo; Ippedico, Giuseppe;Zitatform
Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.11.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231128.01
Abstract
"For many years, Germany has been facing an increasing skills shortage in key occupations and has sought to attract a growing number of highly-skilled immigrants. In striving for this goal, Germany is competing not only with other countries with similar skills⎼demands but also with more traditional immigrant-sending countries. Some of these try to counterbalance the outflow of highly⎼skilled nationals by introducing large tax discounts for emigrants who eventually return. One example is the Italian returnees’ tax scheme “Legge Controesodo” (2010), which attracted back a sizeable proportion of highly-skilled young Italians who had been working in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bassetto, Jacopo; -
Literaturhinweis
Can Tax Incentives Bring Brains Back? Returnees Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Migration in Italy (2023)
Bassetto, Jacopo; Ippedico, Giuseppe;Zitatform
Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Can Tax Incentives Bring Brains Back? Returnees Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Migration in Italy. (CESifo working paper 10271), München, 66 S.
Abstract
"Brain drain is a growing concern for many countries experiencing large emigration rates of their highly educated citizens. While several European countries have designed preferential tax schemes to attract high-skilled individuals, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal incentives in a context of brain drain, and on migration responses beyond top earners. In this paper we investigate the effects of the Italian 2010 tax scheme “Controesodo”, which granted a generous income tax exemption to young high-skilled expatriates who relocate to Italy. Eligibility requires a college degree as well as being born in 1969 or later, which creates suitable quasi-experimental conditions to identify the effect of tax incentives. Using a Triple Difference design and administrative data on return migration, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to move back to Italy post-reform. Additionally, using social security data from the main origin country of Italian returnees (Germany), we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, suggesting that mobility in response to tax incentives is a broad phenomenon not limited to top earners. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that the direct fiscal impact of the reform – a lower bound of the total effect in the presence of human capital externalities – is marginally positive, by virtue of the tax scheme targeting young high-skilled individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Bassetto, Jacopo; -
Literaturhinweis
Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Becker, Regina (2023): Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1099-1131. DOI:10.1177/01979183221111398
Abstract
"This article investigates the subjective employment mobility, defined as migrants' evaluation of their employment situation before and after migration, of European physicians in Germany. Analyzing different dimensions of occupation (e.g., income, working conditions, use of skills, career opportunities) of physicians who migrated to Germany from within the European Union (i.e., EU physicians), it examines which factors influence physicians' perception of whether migration worsened or improved their employment situation. I argue that the original reasons to migrate (e.g., economic, career-related, or family reasons) and other migration-related factors (e.g., language skills), as well as characteristics of the occupation (e.g., the hierarchical structure), must be considered to understand subjective employment mobility. The analyses are based on original survey data collected among EU physicians in Germany (N = 1,058). Results from OLS regressions show that physicians' original reasons for migration largely matched their subjective employment mobility, suggesting that migration for career reasons and a perceived improvement of use of skills and career opportunities are positively linked while migration for economic reasons positively affected physicians' perception of income and working conditions. Physicians aiming for the highest position perceived their overall employment situation as worse compared to before migration, and the origin region mattered, particularly for physicians from EU Eastern member-states, who were more likely to perceive an improvement in their employment situation. Results further inform understandings of labor-related migration of high-skilled professionals by identifying obstacles and conducive conditions at migration for a group that is often assumed not to face barriers in using migration for professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor economics (2023)
Borjas, George J.;Zitatform
Borjas, George J. (2023): Labor economics. New York: MacGraw-Hill, 494 S.
Abstract
"Labor Economics, ninth edition by George J. Borjas provides a modern introduction to labor economics, surveying the field with an emphasis on both theory and facts. Labor Economics is thoroughly integrated with the adaptive digital tools available in McGraw-Hill’s Connect, proven to increase student engagement and success in the course. All new Data Explorer questions using data simulation to help students grasp concepts Materials are fresh and up to date by introducing and discussing the latest research studies where conceptual or empirical contributions have increased our understanding of the labor market. The book has undergone Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion reviews to implement content around topics including generalizations and stereotypes, gender, abilities/disabilities, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, diversity of names, and age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Potenziale entfalten und organisationale Routinen gestalten: Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen und interkulturelle Aushandlung in verschiedenen Organisationskontexten (2023)
Grosskopf, Sina;Zitatform
Grosskopf, Sina (2023): Potenziale entfalten und organisationale Routinen gestalten. Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen und interkulturelle Aushandlung in verschiedenen Organisationskontexten. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, XXV, 451 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-42975-1
Abstract
"Dieses Buch beschäftigt sich mit Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen, die durch die Sozialisierung in verschiedenen Ländern ein erweitertes kulturelles Repertoire aufweisen. Dieses Repertoire stellt Potenziale im Arbeitskontext, die von Organisationen selten erkannt und deshalb auch nicht in strategische Ressourcen umgewandelt werden können. Anhand von vier qualitativen Fallstudien der Luft- und Raumfahrt und Unternehmensberatung in Deutschland zeigt das Buch, dass multikulturelle Individuen organisationale Routinen aufbrechen und in interkulturellen Aushandlungen mit Teamkollegen kreativ Veränderung und Innovation herbeiführen. Dabei beeinflusst der organisationale Kontext die Veränderungsspielräume und -funktionen. So wird ein theoretischer Beitrag zu Kompetenzen multikultureller Individuen geleistet, sowie ein praktischer Beitrag für die Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung, ebenso wie ein methodischer Beitrag durch die Reflexion des induktiv-abduktiven Forschungsprozesses und die Erkenntnisse zur Verbindung von Grounded Theory und Fallstudien." (Verlagsangaben)
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Literaturhinweis
The Macroeconomics of Skills Mismatch in the Presence of Emigration (2023)
Liontos, George; Vella, Eugenia; Mavrigiannakis, Konstantinos;Zitatform
Liontos, George, Konstantinos Mavrigiannakis & Eugenia Vella (2023): The Macroeconomics of Skills Mismatch in the Presence of Emigration. (Working paper series / Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of International and European Economic Studies 2023-14), Athen, 52 S.
Abstract
"Employment in mismatch (low-skill) jobs is a potential factor in the emigration of highly qualified workers. At the same time, high-skilled emigration and emigration of mismatch workers can free up positions for stayers. In bad times, it could also amplify demand losses and the unemployment spell, which in turn affects the mismatch rate. In this paper, we investigate the link between vertical skills mismatch and emigration of both non-mismatch and mismatch workers in a DSGE model. The model features also skill and wealth heterogeneous households, capital-skill complementarity (CSC) and labor frictions. We find that an adverse productivity shock reduces investment and primarily hurts the high-skilled who react by turning to both jobs abroad and mismatch jobs in the domestic labor market. A negative shock to government spending crowds-in investment and primarily hurts the low-skilled who thus turn to jobs abroad. Following the fiscal cut, the high-skilled instead reduce their search for mismatch employment and later they also reduce their search for jobs abroad." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Motivation in the dynamics of European youth migration (2023)
Zitatform
Tufiș, Paula A. & Dumitru Sandu (2023): Motivation in the dynamics of European youth migration. In: European Societies, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 829-858. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2183231
Abstract
"In this article, we explore the complexities of the relationships between motivations in the migration process of young Europeans who have returned to their country of origin. We analyze a unique database of over 3,000 returnees, a sub-sample from a larger survey of about 30,000 young people in nine European countries. The findings suggest that there is a link between the motivations for the first migration and those for future migration among this group. Generally, past migration motivations tend to reinforce future migration motivations of a similar nature. By controlling for variables related to geographic space (countries of residence, development profiles of NUTS2 regions, urban profiles of local communities of residence), as well as for several socio-demographic variables and life satisfaction, we can better understand the influence of motivations for past migration on motivations for future migrations. This article extends the internal dynamics of migration approach by combining the idea of individual chains of migration motivations that are extending over-time with the idea of cumulative causation operating at the meso level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Akademische Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland - Verbleibquoten von internationalen Studierenden und Personen mit Blue Card (2023)
Weißmann, Sarah; Eberle, Jan;Zitatform
Weißmann, Sarah & Jan Eberle (2023): Akademische Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland - Verbleibquoten von internationalen Studierenden und Personen mit Blue Card. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 74-87.
Abstract
"Der demografische Wandel und der zunehmende Fachkräftemangel haben Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland. Aus diesem Grund stehen internationale Studierende und akademische Fachkräfte aus Nicht-EU-Staaten im Fokus der deutschen Migrations- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Methodik zur Berechnung von Verbleibquoten für internationale Studierende und für akademische Fachkräfte mit Blue Card anhand der Daten des Ausländerzentralregisters vor. Die damit möglichen Analysen zeigen unter anderem, wie viele der internationalen Studierenden nach fünf beziehungsweise zehn Jahren weiterhin in Deutschland leben. Für akademische Fachkräfte mit Blue Card wird ein Zeitraum von fünf Jahren betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers in Germany – Developments and New Legislations (2022)
Albrecht, Clara; Rude, Britta; Giesing, Yvonne;Zitatform
Albrecht, Clara, Yvonne Giesing & Britta Rude (2022): Posted Workers in Germany – Developments and New Legislations. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 8-14.
Abstract
"Germany is the main receiving country of posted workers in the European Union. In 2020, 16.9 percent of all postings from EU countries (around 0.4 out of 2.4 million) had Germany as a destination country (European Commission 2022). Figure 1 shows that the number of registered postings in Germany increased significantly over time, by 51 percent between 2012 and 2019, even though other EU countries recorded a much larger increase during the same period (e.g., Austria by 319 percent, Spain by 284 percent).1 There could be several reasons for this, related to a stricter enforcement of the rules, an increase in the awareness of the rules, the increasing digitalization, or an actual increase in postings across the European Union due to an increase in the import of services. There was a drop in the number of postings to Germany from 2019 to 2020. While there were 505,737 postings in 2019, this number decreased to 410,908 in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. To assess the magnitude of postings to Germany, a comparison of the overall work force seems informative (Figure 2). Postings to Germany with 410,908 represented 0.99 percent of the overall German work force (41.17 million) in 2020.2 Interestingly, compared to other EU countries workers posted to Germany do not loom large, considering the size of the German labor force. The shares of posted workers compared to the country’s labor force are significantly higher, e. g., in Austria, Belgium and Switzerland with shares as high as around 4 percent. Due * We thank Frederic De Wispelaere for helpful comments and revisions and Jennifer Steigmeier for her valuable assistance. 1 Mainly due to the high increase of the number of PDs A1 issued under Art. 12 by Germany. 2 Though, it must be noted that some workers are posted several times per year which could lead to an overestimation of the share. to the Covid-19 pandemic and the related restrictions on cross-border travel, shares for 2020 dropped in most countries." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Wanderlust to wonderland?: Exploring key issues in expatriate careers: Individual, organizational, and societal insights (2022)
Andresen, Maike ; Brücker, Herbert ; Zølner, Mette; Dickmann, Michael; Al Ariss, Akram; Suutari, Vesa; Mäkelä, Liisa; Anger, Silke ; Muhr, Sara Louise; Barzantny, Cordula; Saalfeld, Thomas;Zitatform
Andresen, Maike, Silke Anger, Akram Al Ariss, Cordula Barzantny, Herbert Brücker, Michael Dickmann, Liisa Mäkelä, Sara Louise Muhr, Thomas Saalfeld, Vesa Suutari & Mette Zølner (Hrsg.) (2022): Wanderlust to wonderland? Exploring key issues in expatriate careers: Individual, organizational, and societal insights. (Personalmanagement und Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 2), Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 292 S. DOI:10.20378/irb-55344
Abstract
"Expatriation has been a topic of much research recently. The important role expatriates play in the internationalisation of an organisation and the resultant effects of such a work experience on the expatriates themselves, have fuelled the interest in this domain. This edited volume serves to provide fresh and timely insights into four areas, covering the individual, over the organisational, to the macro-level. First, the career paths of the expatriates, which not only garners them the career capital they may be able to utilise later in their career but also, the impacts of such an experience on their longer-term career success are in focus. The second block concerns the expatriation phase itself. A critical look is taken into the expatriates’ identity and how it changes over time. Moreover, it discusses factors influencing the expatriates’ well-being, embeddedness, and sociocultural integration during their time abroad. Third, some key global mobility management challenges that organisations face, when managing expatriation, are introduced — such as flexible language management and how to become an international employer. Finally, insights are provided into the role of the host country policies – more specifically hostile environment and migration policies – on expatriate attitudes and behaviour, which has received less attention in previous research. All four areas are finally brought together to present a rich overview of future research questions that shall stimulate researchers and practitioners in their further deliberations. The chapters are based on selected results from the respective research subprojects of the Early Stage Researchers of the Horizon 2020 Global Mobility of Employees (GLOMO) project. This project was funded under the European Union’s Research and Innovation Programme H2020 in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 765355." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Bamberg Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung (2022)
Becker, Eugenie; Graf, Johannes;Zitatform
Becker, Eugenie & Johannes Graf (2022): Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung. In: Zeitschrift für Berufsbildungsforschung, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 16-18.
Abstract
"Seit März 2020 eröffnet das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz Fachkräften aus Drittstaaten neue Migrationsperspektiven nach Deutschland. Der Beitrag nimmt dies zum Anlass, die rechtlichen Änderungen insbesondere für nicht akademische Fachkräfte darzustellen und einen ersten quantitativen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Erwerbsmigration anhand von Daten aus dem Ausländerzentralregister zu geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © W. Bertelsmann Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung (2022)
Brücker, Herbert ; Stepanok, Ignat ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Goßner, Laura ; Kassam, Kamal; Hauptmann, Andreas;Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Laura Goßner, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Kamal Kassam, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ignat Stepanok (2022): Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2022), Nürnberg, 27 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2202
Abstract
"Der Krieg in der Ukraine wird das Migrations- und Integrationsgeschehen in Europa nachhaltig beeinflussen. Seit Ausbruch des Kriegs sind bis zum Redaktionsschluss dieses Berichtes mehr als 500.000 Menschen aus der Ukraine in die Europäische Union und nach Moldawien geflüchtet, d.h. pro Tag rund 100.000 Menschen. Krieg und Vertreibung lösen sehr viel größere Migrationsbewegungen als beispielsweise wirtschaftliche Faktoren aus. Zudem sind die Grenzen der EU weitgehend geöffnet, unter anderem weil für Staatsangehörige aus der Ukraine keine Visumspflicht besteht und die EU mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die sogenannte Massenzustrom-Richtlinie anwenden wird und damit den Geflüchteten ein vorübergehendes Aufenthaltsrecht einräumen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist mit einer außergewöhnlich hohen Migration aus der Ukraine zu rechnen, auch wenn der Umfang des Migrationspotenzials beim gegenwärtig Stand der Erkenntnis nicht seriös quantifiziert werden kann. Die Fluchtmigration konzentriert sich gegenwärtig auf die unmittelbaren Nachbarstaaten der EU und Moldawien. Schon in der Vergangenheit war die Migration hier stark konzentriert, während auf Deutschland gemessen an der Bevölkerung nur ein unterdurchschnittlicher Anteil entfiel. Wie vergangene Krisen gezeigt haben, kann sich aber die Regionalstruktur der Zielländer sehr schnell verändern. Auch Deutschland sollte sich deshalb auf einen starken Anstieg der Migration aus der Ukraine einstellen. In der Vergangenheit waren Migrantinnen und Migranten aus der Ukraine mit einem Akademikeranteil von rund der Hälfte überdurchschnittlich gut qualifiziert, 57 Prozent der Migrationsbevölkerung aus der Ukraine sind Frauen. Beschäftigungs-, Arbeitslosen- und Leistungsbezieherquoten von ukrainischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland entsprechen dem Durchschnitt der ausländischen Bevölkerung in Deutschland. Die Bevölkerung mit einem Migrationshintergrund aus der Ukraine insgesamt, also unter Berücksichtigung der deutschen Staatsangehörigen, ist deutlich besser in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert. Auch die Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine, die gegenwärtig das Land verlassen, dürften sich durch ein überdurchschnittliches Bildungsniveau und einen hohen Anteil von Frauen und Kindern auszeichnen. Die Integration von Geflüchteten kann stark erleichtert werden, wenn schnell Rechts- und Planungssicherheit u.a. durch längere Aufenthaltserlaubnisse und Perspektiven für einen dauerhaften Aufenthalt in Deutschland hergestellt werden. Zudem sollten bei der Verteilung von Geflüchteten Arbeitsmarktkriterien herangezogen werden. Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen der Integration anderer Geflüchteter sollte die Integration durch Sprach- und Arbeitsmarktprogramme, eine schnelle Arbeitsmarktberatung und -vermittlung, die Anerkennung beruflicher Abschlüsse und den Erwerb weiterer Bildungsabschlüsse unterstützt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Frauen- und Kinderanteils sind auch die schnelle Integration von Kindern und Jugendlichen in das Bildungssystem, breite Betreuungsangebote und das gezielte Angebot von Sprach- und Integrationsprogrammen für Frauen zentral." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Brücker, Herbert ; Stepanok, Ignat ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Goßner, Laura ; Kassam, Kamal; Hauptmann, Andreas; -
Literaturhinweis
Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility (2022)
Zitatform
Clemens, Michael A. (2022): Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,02), London, 15 S.
Abstract
"The past several decades have witnessed a rebirth of global labor mobility. Workers have begun to move between countries at rates not seen since before World War One. During the same period, economists' study of international migration has been framed by a particular textbook model of location choice. This paper reviews the evidence on the economic causes and effects of global migration during the past half century. That evidence falsifies most of the core predictions of the old model. The economics of migration will regain vitality and relevance by discarding and replacing its outworn paradigm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers to Austria: An Unstoppable Trend? (2022)
Zitatform
Danaj, Sonila & Leonard Geyer (2022): Posted Workers to Austria: An Unstoppable Trend? In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 15-18.
Abstract
"Posting to Austria has become a significant form of temporary cross-border labor supply. In a recent study (Geyer, Premrov and Danaj 2022), we estimated that the pre-pandemic number of postings reached at least 320,480, which represents about 1.7 percent of the work carried out by individuals living in Austria during the same period. Most postings to Austria are from neighboring lower-income countries, such as Poland, Hungary, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Germany. In this article, we present the trends of postings to Austria and discuss them in relation to some of the prevalent posting drivers like labor cost differentials between sending and receiving countries, wage and social dumping, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates for the 2011–2021 period suggest an overall increase in the number of postings until 2019, an expected decrease during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a subsequent increase. We discuss whether the growth trend is likely to continue and identify which factors might influence the number of postings to Austria in the near future." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows (2022)
Dicarlo, Emanuele;Zitatform
Dicarlo, Emanuele (2022): How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows. (IZA discussion paper 14994), Bonn, 86 S.
Abstract
"The quality of workers in a country positively relates to productivity of firms, adoption of new technologies, and growth. This paper studies adjustments of Italian firms to negative labor supply shocks in the context of workers' outflows from Italy to Switzerland. My diff-in-diff leverages the implementation of a policy in which Switzerland granted free labor market mobility to EU citizens and different treatment intensity of Italian firms based on their distance to the Swiss border. Using detailed social security data on the universe of Italian firms and workers, I document large (12 percentage points higher) outflows of workers and fewer (2.5 percentage points) surviving firms in the treatment group relative to control. Despite replacing workers and becoming more capital intensive, treated firms are less productive and pay lower wages. I investigate this evidence through the lens of a simple production function with high and low-skilled labor within a heterogeneity analysis based on the skill intensity of the industry of each firm. In line with the brain drain literature, I show how adverse effects of large outflows of workers operate through firms that workers leave. I provide suggestive evidence that high-skill intensive firms are the main driver of the negative results on wages and productivity. I also show that low skill intensive firms instead suffer less from losing workers and provide new job opportunities for the workers who do not migrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers from Slovenia: Six out of Ten are Third-Country Nationals (2022)
Jevšnik, Mojca Vah; Toplak, Kristina; Krilić, Sanja Cukut;Zitatform
Jevšnik, Mojca Vah, Kristina Toplak & Sanja Cukut Krilić (2022): Posted Workers from Slovenia: Six out of Ten are Third-Country Nationals. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 25-28.
Abstract
"Slovenia is one of the main sending Member States of posted workers in the EU, mainly towards Germany and Austria (De Wispelaere et al. 2022). The upward trend of the posting of workers from Slovenia to other EU Member States continued even in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a 6 percent increase in the number of persons posted compared to 2019. Outgoing posted workers amount to roughly 7 percent of total employment in Slovenia and even to 30 percent of total employment in the Slovenian construction sector. A high number of the posted workers from Slovenia do not have Slovenian nationality but are nationals of several Western Balkan countries, mainly Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and to a lesser extent Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Montenegro. These countries share a strong historical link, as they were once part of the same federation, and are in relatively close geographical proximity to Slovenia. This article provides insight into the vibrant dynamics of posting of third-country nationals from Slovenia by presenting figures on the nationality of posted workers, on the proportion of third-country nationals posted to another Member State, and on the proportion of posted third-country nationals in the total group of third-country nationals residing/working in Slovenia. First, the article discusses the historical and institutional networks between Slovenia and the former Yugoslavian republics, now defined as the Western Balkan countries, and their impact on the establishment of close institutional cooperation shaping the recruitment and employment of workers by Slovenian companies. Also, the legal and policy instruments that enable posting of third-country nationals are briefly described." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers to France: Recent Trends (2022)
Muñoz, Mathilde;Zitatform
Muñoz, Mathilde (2022): Posted Workers to France: Recent Trends. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 19-21.
Abstract
"France is the second-largest receiving Member State of posted workers in the European Union (EU) and the posting of workers is a sensitive topic in French political and public debate. In particular, posting of workers has sometimes been seen as causing pressures on local labor markets due to wage dumping, deteriorated working conditions, or fraudulent practices. To date, the lack of granular and reliable data on posted workers has been an obstacle to the assessment of the impact and profile of incoming posted workers. In a recent study, (Muñoz 2022), granular data on prior posting declarations covering all posting missions performed in France were accessed to provide a very detailed analysis of the impact of posted workers on the French labor market. In this article, we emphasize the recent trends in posting of workers to France, its importance for the French labor market, and the potential abuses related to social dumping and tax arbitrage." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers to Belgium with a Focus on the Construction Sector (2022)
Smedt, Lynn De;Zitatform
Smedt, Lynn De (2022): Posted Workers to Belgium with a Focus on the Construction Sector. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 22-24.
Abstract
"This article analyzes the posting of workers in the Belgian construction sector. The choice for this sector is defendable for several reasons. First, most incoming posted workers in Belgium are active in this sector. Consequently, the impact of posted workers in the total workforce in the construction sector is considerable, which illustrates the high dependency on posted workers in this sector. This has even led to job displacement effects in certain subsectors of the construction sector. Second, specific phenomena which are manifesting themselves in the general posting landscape are exposed even more strongly in the construction sector. It concerns, for instance, the high share of posted self-employed persons and the increasing number of posted third-country nationals (TCNs). Third, in the construction sector, the “dark side” of posting can also be illustrated. Overall, the public and political perception of posting is often negative, with reference being made to social dumping practices, bogus self-employment, and letterbox companies, to name a few. It appears that the construction sector is especially vulnerable to these practices." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Diskurse um EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa (2022)
Trubeta, Sevasti;Zitatform
Trubeta, Sevasti (2022): Diskurse um EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa. In: Zeitschrift für Migrationsforschung, Jg. 2, H. 1. DOI:10.48439/zmf.v2i1.143
Abstract
"In den 2010er Jahren standen die wissenschaftlichen, politischen und öffentlichen Diskurse um die EU-Binnenmigration weitgehend im Zeichen von zwei Prozessen: den Auswirkungen der globalen Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise seit 2008 in den südeuropäischen Mitgliedstaaten und der Freizügigkeit für Bürger*innen Bulgariens und Rumäniens. Das Interesse dieses Aufsatzes gilt der Verflechtung von wissenschaftlichen, politischen und öffentlichen Diskursen über die EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa und insbesondere jenen, in denen die Begriffe ›neue Migration‹, ›Talentabwanderung‹, ›Prekarität mobiler Arbeitnehmer*innen‹ sowie ›Armutsmigration‹ präsent waren. Der Aufsatz setzt sich mit folgenden Fragen auseinander: Welche sozialen und politischen Deutungs- und Handlungszusammenhänge fließen in die diskursiven Auseinandersetzungen um diese Begriffe ein? Welche Deutungsfiguren über Migrant*innen bzw. mobile Unionsbürger*innen generieren sie?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Improving the Monitoring of Posted Workers in the EU: Towards an Exhaustive Approach of Employment Statistics (2022)
Wispelaere, Frederic De;Zitatform
Wispelaere, Frederic De (2022): Improving the Monitoring of Posted Workers in the EU. Towards an Exhaustive Approach of Employment Statistics. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 29-32.
Abstract
"The actual employment in a country at a specific point in time may differ greatly from the figures published in national employment statistics, for the following reasons. First, because there is still too little administrative or survey data available on the inflow and outflow of temporary cross-border labor mobility, including the provision of services abroad. In that respect, steps should be taken to improve the measurement of temporary cross-border labor mobility. Second, several types of temporary labor mobility are excluded when measuring employment in a country. For instance, the inflow and outflow of posted workers is not taken into account. As a result, the real extent of employment in a number of labor-intensive sectors, mainly in Western European Member States, is strongly underestimated." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain (2021)
Bakalova, Irina; Dzyuba, Yuri; Fidrmuc, Jan; Berlinschi, Ruxanda;Zitatform
Bakalova, Irina, Ruxanda Berlinschi, Jan Fidrmuc & Yuri Dzyuba (2021): COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 845), Maastricht, 14 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in the prevalence of working from home among white-collar occupations. This can have important implications for the future of the workplace and quality of life. We discuss an additional implication, which we label reverse brain drain: the possibility that white-collar migrant workers return to live in their countries of origin while continuing to work for employers in their countries of destination. We estimate the potential size of this reverse flow using data from the European Labor Force Survey. Our estimates suggest that the UK, France, Switzerland and Germany each have around half a million skilled migrants who could perform their jobs from their home countries. Most of them originate from the other EU member states: both old and new. We discuss the potential economic, social and political implications of such reverse brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens (2021)
Zitatform
Ette, Andreas & Nils Witte (2021): Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 65-83. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_4
Abstract
"International movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe (2021)
Grieveson, Richard; Landesmann, Michael; Mara, Isilda;Zitatform
Grieveson, Richard, Michael Landesmann & Isilda Mara (2021): Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe. (WIIW working paper 199), Wien, 35 S.
Abstract
"Migration from Africa and the Middle East to the EU has intensified over the last two decades. Relative differences between developed EU and less developed African and Middle East countries have not declined that much and continue to drive mobility. Also, demographic trends show a strong contrast between the population of the EU (ageing and shrinking rapidly) and that of Africa and the Middle East (young and continuously increasing). Apart from demographic pressures and development gaps, other forces related to conflicts and wars, as well as climate risks, have become important drivers of mobility and are not expected to fade away soon. Anticipating migration flows in order to ensure better management and regulated mobility has become essential, although this is an exercise subject to high uncertainty. With these caveats in mind, this study seeks to calculate long-term potential mobility from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern EU neighbouring countries to EU28 and EFTA by applying a migration gravity model following a scenario-based approach. Projections for 2020-2029 suggest that migration flows to the EU from Africa, in particular, will dominate the South-North mobility corridor. Migration policies will also play a role in shaping future migration trends, as migration flows are subject to EU destination countries' applying restrictive migration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How immigration affects investment and productivity in host and home countries: Immigration may boost foreign direct investment, productivity, and housing investment (2021)
Grossmann, Volker;Zitatform
Grossmann, Volker (2021): How immigration affects investment and productivity in host and home countries. Immigration may boost foreign direct investment, productivity, and housing investment. (IZA world of labor 292), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.292.v2
Abstract
"Die Zuwanderung hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte zieht ausländische Direktinvestitionen an, hilft Unternehmen, Investitionsmöglichkeiten im Ausland zu finden und erhöht das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen durch Produktivitätssteigerungen. Trotz der Auslösung von Wohnungsbauinvestitionen steigen allerdings die Wohnkosten – mit unerwünschten Einkommensverteilungseffekten. Ebenso können Brain-Drain-Effekte nachteilig wirken. Politisch sinnvoll ist deshalb die Kombination einer selektiven, auf Hochqualifizierte gerichteten Zuwanderungspolitik mit Umverteilungsmaßnahmen zugunsten einkommensschwacher Haushalte und Ausgleichshilfen für Herkunftsländer, die hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte verlieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights and the (Un)employment of Migrants (2021)
Zitatform
Guichard, Lucas & Ignat Stepanok (2021): International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights and the (Un)employment of Migrants. (IAB-Discussion Paper 11/2021), Nürnberg, 36 S.
Abstract
"Wir untersuchen die Wirkungen einer Handelsliberalisierung und des Schutzes geistigen Eigentums auf die Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten im Vergleich zu Einheimischen im Zielland. Die Analyse stützt sich auf ein Nord-Süd-Handelsmodell mit Wirtschaftswachstum und einer positiven Migrationsrate. Eine bilaterale Handelsliberalisierung führt zu einer niedrigeren Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten bei geringer Migration und zu einer höheren Arbeitslosenquote, wenn die Migrationsrate hoch ist. Dieses Ergebnis beruht nicht auf Netzwerkeffekten: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Stelle zu finden ist unabhängig von der Größe der Diaspora. Ebenso führt der Schutz geistigen Eigentums zu einer höheren Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten unabhängig von der Größe der Diaspora. Die theoretischen Hypothesen des Modells wurden anhand von Daten aus 20 OECD Ländern in der Periode 2000-2014 empirisch getestet. Die empirischen Ergebnisse bestätigen die theoretischen Vorhersagen des Modells." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
An Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Brain Drain (2021)
Gursoy, Furkan; Badur, Bertan;Zitatform
Gursoy, Furkan & Bertan Badur (2021): An Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Brain Drain. (arXiv papers), 10 S.
Abstract
"The phenomenon of brain drain, that is the emigration of highly skilled people, has many undesirable effects, particularly for developing countries. In this study, an agent-based model is developed to understand the dynamics of such emigration. We hypothesise that skilled people's emigration decisions are based on several factors including the overall economic and social difference between the home and host countries, people's ability and capacity to obtain good jobs and start a life abroad, and the barriers of moving abroad. Furthermore, the social network of individuals also plays a significant role. The model is validated using qualitative and quantitative pattern matching with real-world observations. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are performed in addition to several scenario analyses. Linear and random forest response surface models are created to provide quick predictions on the number of emigrants as well as to understand the effect sizes of individual parameters. Overall, the study provides an abstract model where brain drain dynamics can be explored. Findings from the simulation outputs show that future socioeconomic state of the country is more important than the current state, lack of barriers results in a large number of emigrants, and network effects ensue compounding effects on emigration. Upon further development and customisation, future versions can assist in the decision-making of social policymakers regarding brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Innovation Without Borders: The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century (2021)
Harnoss, Johann; Reeves, Martin; Schwarz, Anna; Candelon, François;Zitatform
Harnoss, Johann, Anna Schwarz, Martin Reeves & François Candelon (2021): Innovation Without Borders. The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century. Boston, MA, 19 S.
Abstract
"This report is the first in a series that explores the innovative potential arising from the global movement of skilled workers and examines the implications for CEOs and policymakers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social construction of skill: an analytical approach toward the question of skill in cross-border labour mobilities (2021)
Zitatform
Liu-Farrer, Gracia, Brenda S. Yeoh & Michiel Baas (2021): Social construction of skill: an analytical approach toward the question of skill in cross-border labour mobilities. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 10, S. 2237-2251. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731983
Abstract
"Selecting labour migrants based on skill has become a widely practised migration policy in many countries around the world. Since the late twentieth century, research on ‘skilled’ and ‘highly skilled’ migration has raised important questions about the value and ethics of skill-based labour mobility. More recent research has begun to question the concept of skill and skill categorisation in both government policy and academic research. Taking the view that migrants’ skill is socially constructed, we centre our discussion on three questions: Who are the arbitrators of skill? What constitutes skill? And how is skill constructed in the migration process and in turn, how does skill affect the mobility? We show that diverse actors are involved in the process of identifying, evaluating and shaping migrant skill. The interpretation of migrants’ skill is frequently distorted by their ascriptive characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender and nationality, reflecting the influence of colonial legacy, global inequality as well as social stratification. Finally, this special issue emphasises the complex, and frequently reciprocal, relationship between skill and mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility (2021)
Zitatform
Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987
Abstract
"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Train drain? Access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training (2021)
Zitatform
Oswald-Egg, Maria Esther & Michael Siegenthaler (2021): Train drain? Access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training. (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 186), Zürich, 56 S.
Abstract
"Does better access to skilled workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers? We analyze how the gradual opening of the Swiss labor market to workers from the European Union affected the number of apprenticeship positions that firms provide. We exploit that the availability of skilled workers increased more in firms close to the border because they gained unrestricted access to cross-border workers from neighboring countries. Our Difference-in-Differences estimates suggest that firm-provided training and access to skilled workers are not necessarily substitutes: opening the borders did not have a statistically significant effect on apprenticeship provision. We show theoretically and empirically that the small impact was the consequence of two opposing effects: the greater availability of skilled workers reduced firms' incentive to train because the cost of hiring external labor fell. Positive impacts on firm growth worked in the opposite direction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Population Aging and Migration (2021)
Poutvaara, Panu;Zitatform
Poutvaara, Panu (2021): Population Aging and Migration. (IZA discussion paper 14389), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"International migration flows largely reflect demographic patterns and economic opportunities. Migration flows increase in expected income and other pull factors in potential destinations, and in push factors in the origin, like high unemployment, low wages, and high population growth. Migration flows decrease in the geographic and cultural distance between the potential origin and destination, and in other migration costs. To the extent that migrants are employed, immigration can alleviate challenges arising from population aging. For origin countries, the effects of migration may go either way, depending on whether increased incentives to invest in education are sufficient to compensate the loss of skilled workers. Throughout the 20th century, Northern America and Australia and New Zealand attracted highest immigration flows. Latin America was consistently a continent of emigration. Europe went through a major reversal from a continent of emigration until 1950s to a continent of immigration. In the 21st century, crucial questions for demographic and migration research are how fertility rate and emigration rate are going to develop in Africa. Even modest increases in emigration from Africa would generate major increases in immigration pressure in the rest of the world, mostly in Europe. Other major questions on the future research agenda are the effects of the climate change and rapid improvements in information technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings (2021)
Wang, Xuening;Zitatform
Wang, Xuening (2021): US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 639-671. DOI:10.1086/709689
Abstract
"One concern regarding US immigration policies is that skilled workers on temporary visas may be bound to their employers in “indentured servitude,” giving rise to monopsony power. I investigate this concern by estimating the effect of acquiring permanent residency on the job mobility and earnings of these workers. Using fixed effects models, I find an immediate upsurge in mobility upon permanent residency receipt, primarily driven by voluntary moving being depressed during the employer-sponsored immigration process. Job lock reduces the earnings of male workers by 4.7%, which translates to a 2% surplus for firms after extra hiring costs are subtracted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration (2021)
Zitatform
Witte, Nils & Jean Guedes Auditor (2021): Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 121-138. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_7
Abstract
"This chapter investigates individual wage changes of German emigrants. The analytical strategy is twofold. First, we compare hourly wage changes among emigrants with wage changes among stayers. We estimate the Difference-in-Difference of mean net hourly wages between stayers and emigrants over time and account for the positive selection of emigrants on observable characteristics through entropy balancing. Second, we explore the heterogeneity of wage changes among emigrants. To that end, we calculate linear regressions on the log net hourly wage change through migration. The first analysis suggests substantial wage increases of 8 euros through migration. The second analysis provides evidence that characteristics of employment and of destination countries account for differences in the wage change among emigrants. Among individual characteristics, only age is negatively correlated, while education and gender do not account for differences. Our analysis rely on the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study yields our reference population of stayers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmigration in der Pflege - Indische Perspektiven im Kontext des globalen Pflegemarktes (2021)
Zitatform
(2021): Arbeitsmigration in der Pflege - Indische Perspektiven im Kontext des globalen Pflegemarktes. In: M. Bonacker & G. Geiger (Hrsg.) (2021): Migration in der Pflege, Berlin, Springer S. 191-205.
Abstract
"Arbeitsmigration und deren Organisation beschäftigt nicht nur das deutsche Pflegesystem, sondern auch inter- und supranationale Entscheidungsstrukturen. Allen voran die WHO setzt sich mit den Standards der internationalen Pflegemigration auseinander. Ausgehend von den von der WHO aufgestellten Standards schaut der Artikel auf die Pflegemigration aus Indien und speziell auf die Region Kerala und zeigt auf, dass die Brain-drain-Theorie, der die WHO noch immer folgt, für diese Region keineswegs haltbar ist. Vielmehr werden positive Effekte dargestellt, deren Chancen besser verstanden werden müssen. Der Artikel gibt darüber hinaus wichtige Hinweise in Bezug auf eine international orientierte Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland und spricht sich für einen leichteren Zugang internationaler Pflegekräfte ins deutsche Gesundheitssystem aus." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 Springer)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis des Sammelwerks -
Literaturhinweis
International Migration Outlook 2021 (2021)
Zitatform
OECD (2021): International Migration Outlook 2021. (OECD economic outlook 45), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/29f23e9d-en
Abstract
"The 2021 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters, one providing an in-depth analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in OECD countries since the mid 2000s and another on the causes and consequences of the residential segregation of immigrants. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Enablers and disablers of cross-border long-term apprentice mobility: Evidence from country- and project-level investigations (2021)
Zitatform
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2021): Enablers and disablers of cross-border long-term apprentice mobility. Evidence from country- and project-level investigations. (CEDEFOP reference series 120), Thessaloniki, 137 S. DOI:10.2801/486215
Abstract
"Cross-border long-term mobility of apprentices (CBLTMA) is understood as the period an apprentice spends abroad in in-company training (potentially combined with training at a VET provider) for a duration of minimum six months, and typically of up to 12 months, as part of his/her apprenticeship training. It is more difficult to organise than mobility in school-based VET and higher education, largely due to the nature of the relationship between the apprentice and the training companies; the latter must be willing to let the apprentice undergo a part of his/her training abroad. By considering the specificities of apprenticeships, this publication presents considerations on the enablers and disablers of CBLTMA and shows what would need to be considered to make CBLTMA work in the medium to long term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Deutschlands Attraktivität für Spitzenforscherinnen und Spitzenforscher sowie Spitzenfachkräfte steigern (Brain Gain): Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/32045) (2021)
Zitatform
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2021): Deutschlands Attraktivität für Spitzenforscherinnen und Spitzenforscher sowie Spitzenfachkräfte steigern (Brain Gain). Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/32045). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/32468 (14.09.2021)), 16 S.
Abstract
Der internationale Wettbewerb um akademisch Hochqualifizierte ist hart: Diese können sich in der Regel aussuchen, an welchem Ort sie forschen, arbeiten und leben wollen und ziehen aus Deutschland weg, sobald die Rahmenbedingungen nachteilig werden. In diesem Zusammenhang finden es die Fragesteller beunruhigend, dass die OECD und die Bertelsmann-Stiftung Ende 2019 zu dem Schluss gekommen sind, dass sich Deutschland unter den damals 35 OECD-Ländern nur auf Rang 12 in puncto Anziehungskraft für hochqualifizierte Akademikerinnen und Akademiker befindet. In ihrer Antwort verweist die Bundesregierung auf Studien zur Bewertung von Wanderungsbewegungen des wissenschaftlichen Personals. Der Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst plant für das Jahr 2022 eine umfassende Studie zu internationalen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern in Deutschland, um auf dieser Basis Vorschläge entwickeln zu können, wie die Attraktivität Deutschlands für diese Zielgruppe weiter gesteigert werden kann und die Zugangswege für internationale Forscherinnen und Forscher in das deutsche Hochschul- und Forschungssystem optimiert werden können. Die strategische Gewinnung wissenschaftlichen Personals betreiben die Hochschulen dabei in eigener Verantwortung. Die aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung finanzierte Alexander von Humboldt-Professur bietet weltweit führenden Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus dem Ausland eine dauerhafte Perspektive in Deutschland. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The economics of immigration (2020)
Zitatform
Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson & Madeline Zavodny (2020): The economics of immigration. Boca Raton: Routledge, 470 S.
Abstract
"This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Informa UK Limited) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis -
Literaturhinweis
Understanding high-skilled intra-European migration patterns: the case of European physicians in Germany (2020)
Zitatform
Becker, Regina & Céline Teney (2020): Understanding high-skilled intra-European migration patterns. The case of European physicians in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 9, S. 1737-1755. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561249
Abstract
"This paper investigates migration patterns of European physicians in Germany as an example of high-skilled intra-EU migration. We define migration patterns as the migrants' original migration decisions and the intended length of stay in their destination country. Our analysis is based on an original mixed-method study that consists of a survey (N?=?1,225) and 22 semi-structured follow-up interviews with physicians from throughout the EU. Based on our data, we distinguish three classes of migration patterns: (1) 'traditional labour migrants', who emphasise economic and work-related migration reasons and intend to stay in Germany permanently, (2) 'career seekers', whose migration was triggered by the quality and content of employment and who only moved temporarily, and (3) 'family settlers', who indicate family reasons as crucial factors in their migration decision and mainly intend to remain in Germany. Western European physicians are overrepresented in the family settlers' class, while Eastern European physicians are more likely to belong to the traditional labour migrants' class. As an overarching concept to trace intra-EU migration is lacking, we hope to contribute to the emerging field of intra-EU migration research with an in-depth empirical study that accounts for differences in migration patterns with respect to different regions of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female Migrants and Brain Waste - A Conceptual Challenge with Societal Implications (2020)
Elo, Maria; Täube, Florian; Aman, Raushan;Zitatform
Elo, Maria, Raushan Aman & Florian Täube (2020): Female Migrants and Brain Waste - A Conceptual Challenge with Societal Implications. In: International Migration online erschienen am 22.10.2020, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1111/imig.12783
Abstract
"Global careers and highly skilled expatriates employing their talent in diverse contexts of the world tend to be conceptualized as “male”, and recognized diplomas represent employability. Despite the increasing feminization of migration, highly skilled female migrants and their contributions to economies through careers or entrepreneurship remain overlooked. Many obstacles impede the full employment of their talents. We review extant literature and argue that female migrant talent merits more detailed conceptual attention. By analysing interview data from 2010 to 2019 in two advanced European countries, we found that female migrants suffer from brain waste in multiple ways, partly due to external institutional aspects and discrimination and partly due to inherent internalized practices and sociocultural norms. We call for greater intersectionality and interdisciplinarity in examining equality to advance female economic participation. Private and public sectors may improve female talent perception, integration and employment by developing specific responses to the problems identified." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bedeutung und Modellierung von Migrationsprozessen im Rahmen von Bevölkerungs- und Arbeitsmarktprognosen (2020)
Zitatform
Fuchs, Johann, Doris Söhnlein & Patrizio Vanella (2020): Bedeutung und Modellierung von Migrationsprozessen im Rahmen von Bevölkerungs- und Arbeitsmarktprognosen. In: P. Deschermeier, J. Fuchs, I. Iwanow & C. B. Wilke (Hrsg.) (2020): Zur Relevanz von Bevölkerungsvorausberechnungen für Arbeitsmarkt-, Bildungs- und Regionalpolitik, Bielefeld, wbv S. 94-117, 2020-03-31.
Abstract
"Bevölkerungsprojektionen werden am stärksten durch die zugrunde liegenden Annahmen zur zukünftigen Migrationsentwicklung beeinflusst. Da sich diese am schwersten vorausberechnen lässt, stellt die Modellierung zukünftiger Migrationsbewegungen ein ebenso wichtiges wie anspruchsvolles Unterfangen dar. Unser Beitrag vergleicht in Form von Modellrechnungen unterschiedliche Modellansätze zur Projektion der Migration ausländischer Staatsbürger in Deutschland. Der Fokus auf die ausländische Bevölkerung wurde gewählt, weil diese deutlich größere Wanderungstendenzen als deutsche Staatsbürger aufweist. Mit einem deterministischen Simulationsmodell wird der Zusammenhang von Immigration, Emigration, Nettomigration und Emigrationsrate analysiert. Insbesondere wird die Rückkoppelung zwischen Emigration und Immigration untersucht, die eine wichtige Rolle für die Nettomigration spielt. Je höher die Immigration, desto höher ist bei gleichbleibender Emigrationsrate die absolute Emigrationszahl. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, wie sensitiv Bevökerungs- und Arbeitsmarktprojektionen auf Annahmen zur Migrationsentwicklung reagieren. Wenig adäquate Modellansätze können zu unrealistischen Projektionen von Bevölkerung und damit auch des Erwerbspersonenpotzenzials führen. Wir leiten daraus zwei Empfehlungen ab. Erstens sollten Bevölkerungsvorausschätzungen den Zusammenhang von Emigration und Immigration stärker berücksichtigen. Zweitens sollte die Migrationspolitik neben der Zuwanderung auch die Auswanderung stärker berücksichtigen als bisher." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Schätzung der Wanderungsströme von EU-Bürgern und EU-Bürgerinnen nach und aus Deutschland bis 2040 (2020)
Zitatform
Kubis, Alexander & Lutz Schneider (2020): Schätzung der Wanderungsströme von EU-Bürgern und EU-Bürgerinnen nach und aus Deutschland bis 2040. In: P. Deschermeier, J. Fuchs, I. Iwanow & C. B. Wilke (Hrsg.) (2020): Zur Relevanz von Bevölkerungsvorausberechnungen für Arbeitsmarkt-, Bildungs- und Regionalpolitik, Bielefeld, wbv S. 69-92, 2020-03-31.
Abstract
"Die Migration hat einen großen Einfluss auf die demografische Entwicklung in Deutschland. Dabei müssen jedoch nicht nur die Zuwanderungsströme, sondern auch die Auswanderungsprozesse berücksichtigt werden. Dieser Beitrag prognostiziert die Einwanderung und Auswanderung von nichtdeutschen EU-Bürgern nach und von Deutschland für die Jahre 2018 bis 2040. Die Prognosen zeigen, dass die Zahl der Zuwanderung aus der EU im Laufe der Zeit abnehmen wird. Dies ist hauptsächlich auf die Alterungsprozesse der Bevölkerung zurückzuführen, die nicht nur Deutschland, sondern auch die wichtigsten EU-Herkunftsländer der Migranten wie Polen und Rumänien kennzeichnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kubis, Alexander; -
Literaturhinweis
Southern Europe skilled migration into Mexico: the impact of the economic crisis (2020)
Zitatform
Mendoza, Cristóbal (2020): Southern Europe skilled migration into Mexico. The impact of the economic crisis. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 54, H. 4, S. 495-504. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1447101
Abstract
"The paper analyses the reasons why highly skilled immigrants from Italy and Spain migrate to Mexico and their patterns of incorporation into the country's workforce. Specifically, it explores the dynamics of local labour markets, possible niches for qualified workers, and the mechanisms granting immigrants access to technical and managerial posts in Mexico. Based on a comparative approach, it analyzes the similarities and differences between Italians and Spaniards in Mexico and compares flows before and during/after the 2008 economic crisis to see how relevant the crisis is to an understanding of current migration flows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should I Stay or Should I Go?: Auswanderung aus Deutschland von Personen mit und ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit (2020)
Zitatform
IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung (2020): Should I Stay or Should I Go? Auswanderung aus Deutschland von Personen mit und ohne deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit. (Working paper / IQ-Fachstelle Einwanderung 2020,03), Berlin, 41 S.
Abstract
"Mit kleinen aktuellen Konjunkturdämpfern erlebt Deutschland momentan die längste Aufschwungsphase seit 1991 (Statistisches Bundesamt 2018a). Der Aufschwung der letzten Jahre geht mit steigenden Zahlen sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigter Personen und einer sinkenden Arbeitslosigkeit bzw. Unterbeschäftigung einher (Agentur für Arbeit 2019). In den kommenden Jahrzehnten wird zudem die Bevölkerungsalterung eine starke Auswirkung auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt haben. Berechnungen der UN zufolge wird der Altenquotient in Deutschland von 32,1 % 2015 auf 54,5 % 2050 ansteigen (UNDESA 2017). Unabhängig von den positiven wirtschaftlichen Eckdaten und der Stabilität des Arbeitsmarktes verzeichnet Deutschland in den letzten zehn Jahren bei Personen mit deutscher Staatsangehörigkeit einen negativen Wanderungssaldo. Im vorliegenden Arbeitspapier wird die Abwanderung aus Deutschland untersucht, um wichtige Trends der letzten Jahre zu identifizieren. Dabei werden nationale und internationale Statistiken analysiert und erläutert. In den ersten Abschnitten werden die Abwanderungszahlen aus Deutschland und die Bestandszahlen Ausgewanderter analysiert. Im Anschluss werden die Aufenthaltsdauer und der Erwerbsstatus Ausgewanderter untersucht. Letztlich wird in den letzten beiden Abschnitten zunächst explizit auf die Altersverteilung und Berufsgruppen hochqualifizierter Ausgewanderter eingegangen, bevor im letzten Schritt die Migrationstrends unter Ärzt*innen exemplarisch dargestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Youth drain, entrepreneurship and innovation (2019)
Zitatform
Anelli, Massimo, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico & Giovanni Peri (2019): Youth drain, entrepreneurship and innovation. (NBER working paper 26055), Cambrige, Mass., 64 S. DOI:10.3386/w26055
Abstract
"Migration outflows, especially of young people, may deprive an economy of entrepreneurial energy and innovative ideas. We exploit exogenous variation in emigration from Italian local labor markets to show that between 2008 and 2015 larger emigration flows reduced firm creation. The decline affected firms owned by young people and innovative industries. We estimate that for every 1,000 emigrants, 10 fewer young-owned firms were created over the whole period. A simple accounting exercise shows that about 60 percent of the effect is generated simply by the loss of young people; the remaining 40 percent is due to a combination of selection of emigrants among highly entrepreneurial people, negative spillovers on the entrepreneurship rate of locals, and negative local firm multiplier effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after?: A new model of brain waste vs. brain drain (2019)
Brezis, Elise S.;Zitatform
Brezis, Elise S. (2019): Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after? A new model of brain waste vs. brain drain. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 1-11. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2019-0015
Abstract
"Should individuals migrate before acquiring education or after? In order to analyze the optimality of the timing of migration, I develop a model of migration, which combines the two migration decisions into a unique model - the decisions about where to get an education and about where to work. The main reason for having a unified model is that investment in human capital cannot be disjoined from the decision about work. This paper shows that brain drain is usually an optimal solution. But, when we incorporate 'brain waste' and 'return migration', then it is optimal to migrate when young." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kurzexpertise Zuwanderung (2019)
Brücker, Herbert ; Trübswetter, Parvati; Fuchs, Johann ; Schuß, Eric; Weber, Enzo ; Söhnlein, Doris ;Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Johann Fuchs, Eric Schuß, Doris Söhnlein, Parvati Trübswetter & Enzo Weber (2019): Kurzexpertise Zuwanderung. Nürnberg, 58 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Kurzexpertise untersucht, ob und inwieweit die jüngste Einwanderung seit 2005 einen Beitrag dazu leisten kann, das deutsche Rentensystem zu entlasten und den Beitragssatz in der GRV zu stabilisieren. Zur Analyse wird auf die IAB-SOEP-Migrationsstichprobe und den Mikrozensus zurückgegriffen - die nach der Beschreibung des Forschungsvorhabens in Kapitel 1 - in Kapitel 2 zunächst beschrieben werden. In einem ersten Schritt werden in Kapitel 3 die individuellen Merkmale und der Bildungshintergrund der im Ausland geborenen Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer betrachtet. Anschließend wird in Kapital 4 die aktuelle Arbeitsmarktintegration der Zuzüge und ihre Beschäftigungssituation in Abhängigkeit von der Aufenthaltsdauer analysiert. Dabei wird auch erläutert, inwiefern das Rück- und Auswanderungsverhalten der Einwanderinnen und Einwanderer Einfluss auf die Beurteilung des Beitrages von Einwanderung für die Deutsche Rentenversicherung hat. Deshalb schließt sich mit Kapitel 5 eine Prognose an, die auf der Basis eines stochastischen Modells die künftige Bedeutung der in Deutschland lebenden Bevölkerung mit ausländischer Nationalität, insbesondere für den Arbeitsmarkt, darstellt. Abschließend werde die Ergebnisse der einzelnen Kapitel zusammengefasst und diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
An inquiry on the impact of highly-skilled STEM immigration on the U.S. economy (2019)
Gunadi, Christian;Zitatform
Gunadi, Christian (2019): An inquiry on the impact of highly-skilled STEM immigration on the U.S. economy. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 61, S. 101751. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101751
Abstract
"This article estimates the potential economic benefits of STEM immigration and examines the impact of highly skilled STEM immigration on the wage structure in the United States. Considering that foreign-born share of STEM workers has been increasing rapidly in recent years, there are new interests in examining the extent to which labor market outcomes of natives – and immigrants alike – are affected by this supply inflow. The analysis yields a few main findings. First, U.S. and foreign-born STEM workers with similar skills have a high but finite elasticity of substitution ( ∼ 18), implying that the adverse impact of STEM immigration would be more concentrated among immigrant STEM workers themselves. Second, 2000–2015 foreign STEM labor supply shock increases the average wage of preexisting U.S.-born STEM workers by 4.67%. This finding, however, masks a distributional consequence of the shock as native STEM workers with higher educational attainment experience lower wage gains. Finally, the economic benefit for native workers from 2000–2015 foreign STEM supply shock is approximately 103 billion USD or 1.03% of U.S. GDP in 1999. Almost all of this benefit comes from the productivity spillovers associated with high-skilled STEM immigration that increase the productivity and wages of U.S.-born workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Politics of Skilled Immigration: Explaining the Ups and Downs of the US H-1B Visa Program (2019)
Kennedy, Andrew;Zitatform
Kennedy, Andrew (2019): The Politics of Skilled Immigration: Explaining the Ups and Downs of the US H-1B Visa Program. In: International migration review, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 346-370. DOI:10.1177/0197918318769312
Abstract
"The United States has long been a magnet for skilled immigrants, but its openness to these immigrants has varied considerably over time. Focusing on the H-1B visa program, this article explains why the program's annual cap has risen and fallen from the mid-1990s to the present. Whereas recent studies of skilled immigration policy have focused on struggles between capital and labor, this article contends that US policy also reflects a struggle between capital and citizen groups' one that has changed considerably over the past two decades. The findings challenge recent work on skilled immigration and US immigration policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))