Unternehmensgründungen durch Migrantinnen und Migranten
Die berufliche Selbstständigkeit von Migrantinnen und Migranten trägt zu deren gesellschaftlicher Integration bei und schafft neue Erwerbsmöglichkeiten. Während die Gründungsaktivitäten in Deutschland insgesamt auf einem - im europäischen Vergleich - niedrigen Niveau verbleiben, gründen Migrantinnen und Migranten häufiger ein Unternehmen als Einheimische. Die von Migrantinnen und Migranten gegründeten Unternehmen unterscheiden sich auch strukturell von denjenigen Unternehmen, die von Einheimischen gegründet werden und auch die Motivation, ein Unternehmen zu gründen, ist oft eine andere als bei einheimischen Gründerinnen und Gründern.
Die Infoplattform bietet wissenschaftliche Literatur zu den empirischen Befunden zur beruflichen Selbstständigkeit von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland und im europäischen Ausland.
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of migrants' resource endowments on business performance (2019)
Zitatform
Schlepphorst, Susanne, Rosemarie Kay & Sebastian Nielen (2019): The effect of migrants' resource endowments on business performance. (Institut für Mittelstandsforschung. Working paper 2019,03), Bonn, 19 S.
Abstract
"This paper questions the stereotypical image of migrant-led companies as being less successful than native-led businesses. While facing similar framework conditions, migrant-led businesses are supposed to differ from native-led businesses in terms of their social capital endowment. In its function, social capital helps to mobilise further resources in form of human and financial resources. Each form of capital can have an effect on business performance, both directly as well as indirectly through its influence on the business' innovativeness. That is, social, human and financial resources can enhance the development and exploitation of business ideas. To test these relationships we apply a mediation model. Using data of migrant- and non-migrant-led businesses, we indeed find slight differences in their social capital resource endowments. These differences, however, do not result in performance differences between migrant- and native-led businesses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of ethnic communities on immigrant entrepreneurship: evidence from Sweden (2019)
Zitatform
Tavassoli, Sam & Michaela Trippl (2019): The impact of ethnic communities on immigrant entrepreneurship. Evidence from Sweden. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 67-79. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2017.1395007
Abstract
"This paper seeks to provide novel insights into the effects of ethnic communities on immigrants' entrepreneurial activities. We investigate to what extent the decision of an employed immigrant to become an entrepreneur is associated with his or her embeddedness in ethnic networks in the host region. We capture such embeddedness through various mechanisms. Using longitudinal-registered data from Sweden and employing a logit model, we find that merely being located in an ethnic community does not have an influence on immigrant entrepreneurship; rather, what matters is being located in ethnic communities that have a high share of entrepreneurs themselves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Weiterbildung in migrantengeführten Betrieben (2018)
Berwing, Stefan;Zitatform
Berwing, Stefan (2018): Weiterbildung in migrantengeführten Betrieben. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 35-38.
Abstract
"Der Beitrag stellt den Stand der Forschung und Erkenntnisse zu Weiterbildung in Migrantenunternehmen auf Grundlage einer Unternehmensbefragung aus dem Jahr 2013 vor. Anhand von Betriebsgrößenklassen, Wirtschaftszweigen und der Bildung der Inhaber/-innen werden die Unterschiede in der Weiterbildungsteilhabe zwischen Migranten- und Nicht-Migrantenbetrieben dargestellt. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse ist zu vermuten, dass neben betriebsstrukturellen Einflüssen auch weitere migrationsbedingte Einflüsse als Ursachen für die niedrigere Weiterbildungsteilhabe in Migrantenbetrieben in Betracht gezogen werden müssen. Hierzu werden mögliche Ansätze für weitere Untersuchungen vorgeschlagen." (Autorenreferat)
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Literaturhinweis
Different strokes for different folks: entrepreneurs' job satisfaction and the intersection of gender and migration background (2018)
Zitatform
Bijedić, Teita & Alan Piper (2018): Different strokes for different folks. Entrepreneurs' job satisfaction and the intersection of gender and migration background. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1011), Berlin, 24 S.
Abstract
"Migrant enterprises comprise about 10% of all enterprises in Germany and are therefore a crucial part of the German economy and its entrepreneurial ecosystems. Relatedly, migrant entrepreneurship is a highly recognized topic within political discussions as well as within entrepreneurship research. While there is already an impressive body of work regarding the nature and quality of migrant enterprises, many questions regarding the personal motives and satisfaction of migrant entrepreneurs still remain unanswered (particularly with reference to gender and generation of migration). Using the German Socio-Economic Panel dataset, we close this research gap by investigating the job satisfaction of migrant entrepreneurs in Germany compared with native entrepreneurs, and also with conventionally employed migrants and natives. First generation migrants show, in general, less job satisfaction than the native population. Second generation male migrant entrepreneurs' show less job satisfaction, however this association is reversed for females: second generation female migrant entrepreneurs are more satisfied with their self-employment than their native counterparts. These differing results lead to differing implications for policy makers who wish to create and develop entrepreneurial and labour market support for different target groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Trapped in small business? An investigation of three generations of migrants from Turkey to Western Europe (2018)
Eroglu, Sebnem;Zitatform
Eroglu, Sebnem (2018): Trapped in small business? An investigation of three generations of migrants from Turkey to Western Europe. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 7, S. 1214-1232. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1323629
Abstract
"This article examines the self-employment behaviour of three generations of migrants from Turkey living in Europe to understand its implications for their economic adaptation into the receiving societies. It specifically investigates the likely generational differences in their propensity to engage in small businesses and the extent to which they are transmitted across generations. The research is based on the 2000 Families Survey, which draws parallel samples of migrant and non-migrant families from their origins in Turkey and traces them across Turkey and Europe over multiple generations. The data are drawn from a subset of personal interviews with 1743 economically active settlers nested within 836 families. The results challenge the assimilation theory but lend support to the disadvantage thesis by demonstrating that the younger generations, including the better educated, are significantly engaged in small, low-status businesses of their parents regardless of their language proficiency, citizenship status and country of residence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant women's economic success in Russia: objective reality and subjective assessment (2018)
Zitatform
Gorina, Evgenia, Victor Agadjanian & Natalya Zotova (2018): Migrant women's economic success in Russia. Objective reality and subjective assessment. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 9, S. 1584-1603. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1333410
Abstract
"This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the outcomes of labour migration by focusing on the effects of migrant legal status on the economic and perceptual measures of migration success. To study the effects of legal status, we use a sample of Central Asian migrant women who work in Russia and of their native counterparts who occupy the same positions on the labour market. Similar to the studies in the developed settings, we find that a temporary legal status is associated with an earnings penalty and that permanent legal status corrects this earning disparity. We also find that both temporary and permanent migrant status is positively associated with perceptions of pay inequality but that, irrespective of these perceptions, both types of migrants are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than natives. We interpret these findings within the legal and social context of migrant economic incorporation in Russia and relate them to the findings from other migrant-receiving settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Existenzgründung für Geflüchtete: eine Start-up-Initiative an der Universität Rostock (2018)
Hoppe, Melanie; Braun, Gerald; Mieske, Kay;Zitatform
Hoppe, Melanie, Gerald Braun & Kay Mieske (2018): Existenzgründung für Geflüchtete. Eine Start-up-Initiative an der Universität Rostock. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 47, H. 6, S. 51-52.
Abstract
"Mit dem Ziel, Geflüchtete in den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren, gibt es seit dem 1. Oktober 2017 die Start-up-Initiative 'Existenzgründung für Flüchtlinge' an der Universität Rostock. Die Initiative unterscheidet sich insofern von anderen Integrationsprogrammen, als sie eine Qualifizierungsmaßnahme zur Vorbereitung auf eine selbstständige Tätigkeit anbietet. Hintergrund, Zielsetzung und erste Erfahrungen der Initiative werden im Beitrag vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat)
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Literaturhinweis
Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program (2018)
Zitatform
Iacovone, Leonardo, Gabriela Calderón & Cristina MacGregor (2018): Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 246-251. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181023
Abstract
"Who are the female entrepreneurs who end up starting and completing entrepreneurial training programs? In this paper, relying on a large set of baseline characteristics collected before the entrepreneurs are selected into an entrepreneurial training program in Mexico, we analyze how the women entrepreneurs who complete the training program differ from those who do not take it up, as well as how those who take it up but drop off before completing differ from those who do not even start. We uncover large differences in performance and non-cognitive skills but no differences in inputs used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration and new firm formation - evidence from a quasi-experimental setting in Germany (2018)
Zitatform
Jahn, Vera & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2018): Immigration and new firm formation - evidence from a quasi-experimental setting in Germany. (Ruhr economic papers 787), Essen, 28 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes in how far immigration affects firm formation at the regional level. For this purpose, we exploit a placement policy in Germany in the 1990s for immigrants of German origin from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Our panel regressions suggest that immigration had a positive impact on regional firm formation. The most likely mechanisms driving this result are labor supply-side effects and positive implications of cultural diversity. Overall, our paper demonstrates that immigration induced changes in local labor supply can partially be absorbed by the creation of firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Socioeconomic success of Asian immigrants in the United States (2018)
Lueck, Kerstin;Zitatform
Lueck, Kerstin (2018): Socioeconomic success of Asian immigrants in the United States. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 425-438. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1320940
Abstract
"It was the aim of this study to explore the effects of social, cultural, and transnational factors on the socioeconomic success (SES) of Asian immigrants in the United States. The participants in this study were 1371 Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipinos, and other Asian immigrants who were interviewed with computer-assisted software in Mandarin, Cantonese, Tagalog, Vietnamese, and English. The subcategory 'other Asians' consisted of Koreans, Japanese, Asian Indians, and individuals of other Asian backgrounds. Results showed that Chinese had a 56% higher probability of SES than other Asians. Men had an approximately 49% higher probability of SES than women due to gender hierarchies and disparities. SES increases for every unit increase in English language proficiency, native language proficiency, social networks, and parental education. Asians who migrated to the United States between the ages of 18 and 34 have an approximately 102% higher chance of SES than a person who migrated after the age of 35." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigrant entrepreneurship in America: evidence from the survey of business owners 2007 & 2012 (2018)
Pekkala, Sari; Kerr, William R.;Zitatform
Pekkala, Sari & William R. Kerr (2018): Immigrant entrepreneurship in America: evidence from the survey of business owners 2007 & 2012. (NBER working paper 24494), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24494
Abstract
"We study immigrant entrepreneurship and firm ownership in 2007 and 2012 using the Survey of Business Owners (SBO). The survival and growth of immigrant-owned businesses over time relative to native-founded companies is evaluated by linking the 2007 SBO to the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD). We quantify the dependency of the United States as a whole, as well as individual states, on the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurs in terms of firm formation and job creation. We describe differences in the types of businesses started by immigrants and the quality of jobs created by their firms. First-generation immigrants create about 25% of new firms in the United States, but this share exceeds 40% in some states. In addition, Asian and Hispanic second-generation immigrants start about 6% of new firms. Immigrant-owned firms, on average, create fewer jobs than native-owned firms, but much of this is explained by the industry and geographic location of the firms. Immigrant-owned firms pay comparable wages, conditional on firm traits, to native-owned firms, but are less likely to offer benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Forced migrants: labour market integration and entrepreneurship (2018)
Sak, Güven; Kenanoglu, Murat; Kaymaz, Timur; Kadkoy, Omar;Zitatform
Sak, Güven, Timur Kaymaz, Omar Kadkoy & Murat Kenanoglu (2018): Forced migrants. Labour market integration and entrepreneurship. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-13. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-32
Abstract
"In 2015, worldwide forced displacement was at its highest recorded level, surpassing 65 million. Out of this number, nearly 20 million people are those who fled their countries of origin to seek refuge in third countries. International responsibility sharing in terms of hosting the historical levels of refugee flows has so far been inadequate. Today, lower- and upper-middle income countries host 65 percent of the world's refugees, mostly in urban settings. Whereas refugee camps provide access to basic needs such as shelter, food and healthcare, displaced individuals living in urban settings have to sustain their needs through their own means. In turn, this requires access to labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: Economics. Discussion papers , 2017-61 -
Literaturhinweis
Entrepreneurship by immigrants: A review of existing literature and directions for future research (2018)
Sheer, Ratan J.S.;Zitatform
Sheer, Ratan J.S. (2018): Entrepreneurship by immigrants: A review of existing literature and directions for future research. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 555-614. DOI:10.1007/s11365-018-0506-7
Abstract
"The topic of immigrant entrepreneurship has gained considerable attention in social and policy circles around the world. Likewise, research on it has grown significantly over the past few decades, with studies examining the micro-, meso-, and macro-level antecedents and consequences of this phenomenon. While contributing to our knowledge, this growth in literature has also created complexity within this domain. As such, there is a need to take stock of current research. In the present study, I advance in this direction. I delineate the boundaries and outline the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurship research to the field of entrepreneurship. Thereafter, based on a comprehensive review of 69 studies published between 1980 and 2016 in journals across multiple disciplines, I develop a framework to integrate findings within this domain. Finally, I identify gaps and advance suggestions for future research. It is hoped that these steps will provide a clear vision of common research ground on which to build theory, identify assumptions, develop meaningful research questions and establish the ontological and epistemological base of this domain." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Transnational entrepreneurial activities: A qualitative network study of self-employed migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany (2018)
Zitatform
Sommer, Elena & Markus Gamper (2018): Transnational entrepreneurial activities: A qualitative network study of self-employed migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany. In: Social Networks, Jg. 53, H. May, S. 136-147. DOI:10.1016/j.socnet.2017.04.007
Abstract
"During their careers, migrant entrepreneurs may get involved in different types of transnational entrepreneurial activities and use their social capital to activate transnational business-related ties. Based on content analysis of semi-structured interviews and networks maps with self-employed migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany this study identified four empirically grounded types of migrant transnational entrepreneurial activities and analysed transnational networking strategies for each type. The study demonstrates that different types of social capital are mobilised for different types of transnational business strategies, with intensive transnational entrepreneurial activities requiring larger pre-existing networks in the country of origin of both strong and weak ties, that are gradually extended, while a more limited set of mostly informal weak ties suffice for more sporadic transnational activities in the country of origin. Transnational entrepreneurial activities with other countries or with multiple countries, on the other hand, involved a more formal network of relationships." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The culturally contingent meaning of entrepreneurship: mixed embeddedness and co-ethnic ties (2018)
Zitatform
Szkudlarek, Betina & Shou Xin Wu (2018): The culturally contingent meaning of entrepreneurship. Mixed embeddedness and co-ethnic ties. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 30, H. 5/6, S. 585-611. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2018.1432701
Abstract
"This study employs phenomenography to investigate the role of embeddedness in business venturing of migrant and ethnic entrepreneurs. By focusing on two culturally distinct groups, operating in the same micro-economic context, we show the ways in which embeddedness impacts the perceptions and subsequent enactment of business venturing. Our findings demonstrate that, despite physical proximity and similar socio-economic context, the investigated communities predominantly employ their co-ethnic norms, assumptions and frames of reference to makes sense of and act upon entrepreneurial opportunities. These findings expand the mixed embeddedness literature by exploring how co-ethnic sensemaking frames persist within culturally distinct communities, despite years of co-existence within the same socio-economic context. Moreover, our study reveals how co-ethnic structures can successfully substitute institutional arrangements traditionally provided by the host-country environment. By reflecting upon the practice of entrepreneuring and entrepreneurial sensemaking, our findings point towards the importance of language and interpretative methods for theory development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Self-employment as a stepping stone to better labour market matching: a comparison between immigrants and natives (2018)
Zitatform
Ulceluse, Magdalena (2018): Self-employment as a stepping stone to better labour market matching. A comparison between immigrants and natives. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 219), Maastricht, 29 S.
Abstract
"The paper investigates whether self-employment represents a way to reduce overeducation and improve labour market matching, in a comparative analysis between immigrants and natives. Using the EU Labour Force Survey for the year 2012, and controlling for a list of demographic characteristics and general characteristics of 30 destination countries, I find that the likelihood of being overeducated decreases for self-employed immigrants, with inconclusive results for self-employed natives. The results shed light on the extent to which immigrants adjust to labour market imperfections and barriers to employment and might help explain the higher incidence of self-employment that immigrants exhibit, when compared to natives. This is the first study to systematically study the nexus between overeducation and self-employment in a comparative framework. Moreover, the paper tests the robustness of the results by employing two different measures of overeducation, contributing to the literature of the measurement of overeducation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Negotiating class, femininity and career: Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs in Spain (2018)
Zitatform
Villares-Varela, María (2018): Negotiating class, femininity and career: Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs in Spain. In: International migration, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 109-124. DOI:10.1111/imig.12361
Abstract
"This article analyses how the gendered and classed positions of migrant women explain the meanings of becoming an entrepreneur and the role of their spouses in their occupational trajectories. Using a translocational positionality approach, the article challenges the claim that women escape patriarchal domination by establishing their own businesses. The narratives of 35 Latin American women entrepreneurs in Spain reveal that becoming an entrepreneur is conditioned by class-based ideas of masculinity and femininity. I argue that middle-class Latin American immigrant women become entrepreneurs to promote their spouse's career advancement while conforming to class-based norms of femininity. In contrast, lower class Latin American women view the business as a space of autonomy and occupational upward mobility that nevertheless also complies with working-class definitions of femininity. The policy implications of these findings relate to making class aspirations central to the support of labour market integration and empowerment of migrant women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Welcoming talent? A comparative study of immigrant entrepreneurs' entry policies in France, Germany and the Netherlands (2018)
Zitatform
de Lange, Tesseltje (2018): Welcoming talent? A comparative study of immigrant entrepreneurs' entry policies in France, Germany and the Netherlands. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 6, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1186/s40878-018-0092-4
Abstract
"This article explores the admission policies for self-employed non-EU immigrants wanting to start or move their business to the European Union (EU). Selecting immigrant entrepreneurs is a specific and understudied policy strand in the battle for talent. No common EU policy is available (yet) and although national policies do show some similarity, they differ in respect of how and who decides if an entrepreneur serves a national economic interest. By presenting a first-time model for defining the level of welcoming, this study adds an instrument to the toolbox of both scholars and policy makers for evaluating immigration policies. Whether a policy is welcoming depends on material criteria, such as entry conditions giving the entrepreneur a fair chance and on the formal criteria of the applicable procedures and the actors involved in the decision-making process. The body of the article constitutes of a legal comparison between French, German and Dutch entry policies for non-EU entrepreneurs. The article concludes that a future EU policy on welcoming immigrant entrepreneurs must set standards for a large variety of entrepreneurs, allow for the economic interest to be broadly defined and have, at the least, transparent and practical procedures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Self-employed migrants from EU Member States in Poland: differentiated professional trajectories and explanations of entrepreneurial success (2017)
Zitatform
Andrejuk, Katarzyna (2017): Self-employed migrants from EU Member States in Poland. Differentiated professional trajectories and explanations of entrepreneurial success. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 4, S. 560-577. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1249050
Abstract
"This article discusses the diversified self-employment trajectories of intra-EU migrant entrepreneurs in Poland in the context of the culture hierarchies persistent in Europe. The business ventures are established by intra-EU labour migrants, graduates of Polish universities, but also lifestyle migrants and individuals who migrate to Poland because of a partner or family residing here. Nationals of the post-2004 Member States are more inclined to register their own business entities than are nationals of the EU-15 countries: they are also more susceptible to the risk of failure (closing or suspending an enterprise). Qualitative research reveals that the career trajectories of EU-15 nationals are not necessarily dependent upon integration efforts. Immigrant entrepreneurs from countries like the UK or Spain may attract customer attention by profiting from their cultural background, but many of them exhibit a tendency to live in language and cultural enclaves. Migrant entrepreneurs from the EU-12 typically become successful in their business activities when they are well integrated with the host society - especially if they have a good knowledge of Polish." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A reality check to migrant entrepreneurs: The case of German-Turkish entrepreneurs (2017)
Bakir, Canan; Hove, Kevin van;Zitatform
Bakir, Canan & Kevin van Hove (2017): A reality check to migrant entrepreneurs. The case of German-Turkish entrepreneurs. In: A. Pyka, Y. Kustepeli & D. Hartmann (Hrsg.) (2017): International innovation networks and knowledge migration : the German-Turkish nexus (Routledge/Lisbon civic forum studies in innovation, 03), S. 135-160.
Abstract
"What explains the strong rise of Turkish entrepreneurship in Germany?
What are the problems Turkish migrant entrepreneurs face?
These questions can contribute to an understanding of the entrepreneurship trend, as the second and third generation migrant entrepreneurs are supposed to face less problems than the first generation. A third question can be about the business associations, representing the interests of the migrant entrepreneurs. Hence the question 'Do migrant entrepreneurs organize themselves in business associations?' is followed by the question 'What is the role of these business associations in terms of networks?' The entrepreneurs understandably want to have their interest well represented, but it is equally important that German society regards these business associations positively and incorporates them in the policy process, especially in terms of labour market integration. It is also relevant to find out the position of the European Union on migrant entrepreneurship. Does it promote migrant entrepreneurship and if so how does it do that? The answers to all these questions will provide a reality-check to the positive image that is attributed to migrant entrepreneurship. But before this, a short literature review of migrant entrepreneurship will be presented, to give background information for the discussion." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))