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Cuadros, Ana, Juan Carlos Cuestas & Estefania Mourelle (2023): Clusters in foreign-born vs. native self-employment in Europe: do we look alike? In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 92-96. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2130861

Abstract

"In this paper, we analyse the existence of clusters in self-employment rates, segregating by place of birth, i.e. native vs foreign-born, in a group of 17 European countries. The analysis suggests that natives behave differently in peripheral and core countries, whereas their foreign-born self-employed counterparts show a similar behaviour irrespective of the characteristics of the recipient economy. These findings augment the scant available evidence about this topic in Europe (as most previous studies have focused on the United States) and confirm the existence of important differences in the entrepreneurial skills and mindset of native and migrant populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jahn, Vera & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2023): Immigration and New Firm Formation – Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Setting in Germany. In: International migration review online erschienen am 26.04.2023, S. 1-33. DOI:10.1177/01979183231165496

Abstract

"This paper provides new insights into the economic impact of international migration by analyzing how immigration can affect business formation in the host country. For this purpose, we exploit a placement policy in Germany in the 1990s for immigrants of German descent from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (Aussiedler). Our empirical results at the regional level suggest that immigration had a positive impact on firm formation. The most likely mechanism driving this result is a positive implication of population diversity, while entrepreneurial activities of ethnic Germans and supply-side aspects seem to be of minor importance for our findings. Our results demonstrate that immigration under certain conditions – among others, equal legal treatment to natives – can stimulate business creation. Our findings enrich the political debate about the economic effects of immigration frequently discussed in receiving countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Newman, Alexander, Luke Macaulay & Karen Dunwoodie (2023): Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review of Prior Research and Agenda for Future Research. In: International migration review H. online first, S. 1-32. DOI:10.1177/01979183231182669

Abstract

"Over the last two decades, ever-increasing numbers of refugees have left their home countries. As of 2022, around 27 million people were registered as refugees with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). While some consider refugees to be a burden on their host countries, there is growing evidence that they make significant contributions to host countries' economies, with rates of entrepreneurship higher than other migrant groups and host country nationals. To take stock of what is known about refugee entrepreneurship, this article undertakes a systematic review of the refugee entrepreneurship empirical literature. The systematic review provides insights into the factors which shape refugees' initiation of, engagement in, and performance of entrepreneurial endeavors and identifies gaps and inconsistencies in the current refugee entrepreneurship literature. Based on these gaps and inconsistencies, a future research agenda is proposed. By taking stock of what is known and proposing a future research agenda, this review has scholarly implications for the academic advancement of refugee entrepreneurship. Additionally, this review has policy implications. By better understanding the field of refugee entrepreneurship and its social and economic benefits, government policy-makers will be better positioned to design responsive policies to support refugee entrepreneurs in establishing their entrepreneurial endeavors. Finally, the findings of this review have practical implications for refugee entrepreneurs themselves, for example, by highlighting the resources that will assist entrepreneurs in pursuing entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Refai, Deema & Gerard McElwee (2023): Refugee Subentrepreneurship: The Emergence of a Liquid Cage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 1032-1051. DOI:10.1177/09500170211062817

Abstract

"This article conceptualises refugees’ endeavours for upward social mobility through subentrepreneurship. Subentrepreneurship refers to various self-employment forms that are undeclared to relevant authorities to escape superimposed historical, temporal, spatial, institutional and social contexts, which constrain actors’ entrepreneurial activities. Using a mixed theoretical underpinning combining Mixed Embeddedness (ME) with Weber’s Iron Cage of Rationality (ICR), we signify liquidity of refugee subentrepreneurship, which is neither linear nor long-term rational. A liquid cage is envisaged to allow more freedom as refugees become embedded within intersections between transformative journeys and Constrained Institutional Contexts (CICs). This new theorising signifies a pronounced emphasis on agency whereby refugees cleverly contemplate implicit skills (i.e. unrecognised or downgraded skills), opportunities and processes to escape CICs. The article adds clarity as to how contexts become part of the production of entrepreneurial actions through two-way interactions that promote liquidity, enabling a strong foundation for future research exploring subentrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rinaldi, Riccardo, Alessandro Arrighetti, Andrea Lasagni & Jacopo Canello (2023): Immigrant entrepreneurship in Europe. A comparative empirical approach. (EconStor Preprints 270873), Kiel, [30 S.].

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to use a multi-country approach to assess the role played by individual characteristics and local labor market conditions in influencing migrants' self-employment decisions. The empirical investigation exploits data from the EU Labor Force Survey for the 2005-2016 period and focuses on two countries (Italy and the UK) characterized by significantly different labor market dynamics. Our findings suggest that the impact of individual characteristics is similar across countries, whereas the role of the local economic environment changes significantly, resulting in different migrant entrepreneurship patterns. These findings appear to be consistent with the most recent strand of literature, suggesting that while individual characteristics of self-employed migrants are similar across countries, national and regional differences play a key role in determining migrants' entrepreneurial propensity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Terstriep, Judith & Alexandra David (2023): Und wo bleibt der Kontext? Unternehmerische Ökosysteme als Umfeld des Unternehmertums von Geflüchteten. (Forschung aktuell / Institut Arbeit und Technik 2023-06), Gelsenkirchen, 22 S. DOI:10.53190/fa/202306

Abstract

"Mit der seit 2015 steigenden Fluchtmigration nach Deutschland, die mit dem Krieg in der Ukraine ihren bisherigen Höhepunkt erreicht hat, rückt die unternehmerische Tätigkeit von Flüchtlingen wieder in den Fokus der öffentlichen Debatte. Während die strukturellen Vor- und Nachteile von Flüchtlingsunternehmen breit diskutiert werden, finden der sozioökonomische und räumliche Kontext kaum Beachtung. Das regionale unternehmerische Ökosystem ist jedoch ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor für die Gründungstätigkeit und das Wachstum von Flüchtlingsunternehmen. Unsere vergleichende Studie von vier Ländern in Europa zeigt, dass es neben "harten" insbesondere "weiche" Faktoren sind, die Geflüchteten den Zugang zum unternehmerischen Ökosystem erst ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Yasin, Naveed & Khalid Hafeez (2023): Three waves of immigrant entrepreneurship: a cross-national comparative study. In: Small business economics, Jg. 60, H. 3, S. 1281-1306. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00656-z

Abstract

"This paper makes a seminal contribution to the ethnic entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the journeys of a single migrant community across three ethnic enclaves in three host-nation contexts. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 52 immigrant Punjabi-Pakistani entrepreneurs who started businesses in immigrant enclaves in the UK, Denmark, and Norway. “Three waves” of migrant entrepreneurs were identified based on their demographics, periods of migration, levels of education, access to social and financial resources, and the impact of the host country's social and institutional structures. The typology presented distinguishes the first wave, the older generation, as “pushed-displaced,” the second wave of the mid-aged generation as “pulled-transnational,” and the third wave of recent graduates and mid-career professionals as “pushed-frustraters.” The findings revealed the raison d'être for cross-national embeddedness variation in the host country's economic, social, and institutional contexts, and individuals' experiences of racial discrimination and exclusion. The results highlight that adopting an ethnic enclave strategy by lending the social capital and access to an “acquainted mentor,” usually from the first-wave entrepreneurs, has been the key success factor for the start-up, survival, and growth of the second- and third-wave immigrant businesses. The paper provide guidelines to make the appropriate social and regulatory interventions needed to eradicate racial discrimination and institutional barriers to stimulate immigrant entrepreneurship in these countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Abstract

"Migrant Founders, also Gründer und Gründerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund, sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Startup-Ökosystems. Um sie und ihre Erfahrungen und Beiträge besser zu verstehen, führen der Bundesverband Deutsche Start-Ups und die Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit seit 2021 eine Befragung durch. Die Ergebnisse werden im Migrant Founders Monitor dokumentiert und zeigen, dass gerade Migrant Founders der ersten Generation Wachstumsimpulse geben und überdurchschnittlich gut gebildet sind. Sie stehen aber auch vor besonderen Hürden mit Blick auf Bürokratie und Finanzierung, die adressiert werden müssen." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, Magnus Lofstrom & Chunbei Wang (2022): Immigration Policy and the Rise of Self-Employment among Mexican Immigrants. In: ILR review, Jg. 75, H. 5, S. 1189-1214. DOI:10.1177/00197939211057765

Abstract

"The recent dramatic growth in self-employment among Mexican immigrants in the United States in the past two decades is a puzzling trend, in stark contrast to the stagnant growth or even decline among other demographic groups. The authors propose that the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, a characteristic of the US immigration policy during that time span, contributed to this unique trend by pushing Mexican immigrants into self-employment as an alternative livelihood. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in immigration enforcement measures from 2005 to 2017, the authors show that tougher enforcement has been responsible for approximately 15% of the rise in Mexican self-employment in the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin Jones, J. Daniel Kim & Javier Miranda (2022): Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the United States. In: The American economic review. Insights, Jg. 4, H. 1, S. 71-88. DOI:10.1257/aeri.20200588

Abstract

"Immigrants can expand labor supply and compete for jobs with native-born workers. But immigrants may also start new firms, expanding labor demand. This paper uses US administrative data and other data sources to study the role of immigrants in entrepreneurship. We ask how often immigrants start companies, how many jobs these firms create, and how firms founded by native-born individuals compare. A simple model provides a measurement framework for addressing the dual roles of immigrants as founders and workers. The findings suggest that immigrants act more as "job creators" than "job takers" and play outsized roles in US high-growth entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berntsen, Lisa, Tesseltje de Lange, Ivana Kalaš & Romy Hanoeman (2022): Migrant Entrepreneurship Enablers: From Chance Encounters to Community Development. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 271-289. DOI:10.1177/09500170211031441

Abstract

"This article explores the underexamined role of personal enablers in migrant entrepreneurship. Drawing on timeline interviews, the study relays the importance of entrepreneur enablers in migrants’ business endeavours over time, ranging from coincidental and ephemeral encounters to the development of supportive communities. In the absence of accessible business support structures, the role of chance in migrants’ entrepreneurial trajectories increases, leading migrants to become self-employed, often against the grain of their own expectations or those of their inner circle of contacts or the wider society. The timeline interviews are a helpful method to capture how particular people, in conjunction with broader societal and smaller personal developments, influence entrepreneurial choices and progression over time. The study adds a dynamic and agentic perspective to migrant entrepreneurship literature underlining the importance of personal enablers to support migrant entrepreneurial developments over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Birnbauer, Robert (2022): "Doing market" - unternehmerische Praxis und der Diskurs um »ethnische Ökonomie« im Markt für muslimische Mode in Berlin. (Kultur und soziale Praxis), Bielefeld: Transcript GbR, 330 S. DOI:10.14361/9783839460818

Abstract

"Unter dem Schlagwort »ethnische Ökonomie« wird die berufliche Selbstständigkeit von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Politik und Wissenschaft diskutiert. Indem die Selbstständigen ihren »Markt machen«, positionieren sie sich mit dem und gegen diesen Diskurs. Robert Birnbauer zeigt aus einer wirtschaftsanthropologischen Perspektive, wie die Unternehmer*innen dabei ihre gesellschaftlichen Positionen und etablierte ökonomische Wissensbestände gleichermaßen verhandeln. Dazu folgt er dem Diskurs um »ethnische Ökonomie« von der politischen in die unternehmerische Praxis und zeigt: Geschäfte im Markt für muslimische Mode werden zum Resultat gesellschaftlicher Diskurse und der Markt zum Effekt beschreibbarer unternehmerischer Praxis – weit jenseits einer »unsichtbaren Hand«." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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David, Alexandra, Judith Terstriep, Kristina Stoewe, Alexander Ruthemeier, Maria Elo & Armando García Schmidt (2022): Migrantisches Unternehmer:innentum in Deutschland. Vorschlag einer Differenzierung. Gütersloh, 37 S. DOI:10.11586/2022002

Abstract

"Wie steht es eigentlich in Deutschland um die Wahrnehmung des Phänomens „migrantischen“ Unternehmer:innentums? Was kann Wissenschaft beitragen zu einer differenzierten Wahrnehmung des wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Beitrags Migrant:innen? Wo kann Politik ansetzen, um Potenziale zielgenau zu heben? Die Autor:innen schildern den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Selbständigkeit von Menschen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte und schlagen vor diesem Hintergrund ein differenziertes und aktualisiertes Bild des Phänomens vor. In zukünftiger Forschung aber auch bei zielgerichteten Unterstützungsmaßnahmen schlagen die Autor:innen vor, klarer zu differenzieren zwischen persönlichen Merkmalen des bzw. der Unternehmer:in und den Charakteristika des Unternehmens. Beim Blick auf die Person sind dann etwa Fragen des Zuwanderungsmotivs oder der Zughörigkeit zur ersten oder zweiten Generation relevant. Beim Blick auf das Unternehmen sollten Merkmale wie die Branchenzugehörigkeit aber auch die transnationale Ausrichtung des Geschäftsmodells Beachtung finden. Der Politik empfehlen die Autor:innen, migrantischen Unternehmer:innen in Deutschland endlich den Stellenwert in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung zu geben, den sie aufgrund ihres heute schon immensen Beitrags haben sollten. Darüber hinaus sollten Gründungsförderung und Beratungsinstrumente zielgruppenspezifischer zugeschnitten werden. Besonderes Potenzial sehen die Autor:innen in internationalen Studierenden an deutschen Hochschulen. Sie in Deutschland zu halten und ihnen den Weg zu erfolgreichem Unternehmer:innentum zu öffnen, sei alle Mühe wert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Andersson, Henrik (2021): Ethnic Enclaves, Self-employment, and the Economic Performance of Refugees: Evidence from a Swedish Dispersal Policy. In: International migration review, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 58-83. DOI:10.1177/0197918320912195

Abstract

"This article estimates the causal effect of residential concentration of co-ethnics (ethnic enclaves) on the probability to start a business among refugees in Sweden. Results indicate that the share of self-employed co-ethnics in the port of entry municipality increases refugees' probability of entry into self-employment, while the actual share of local co-ethnics has no effect or, in some cases, a negative effect. The results support the conclusion that skills and resources within the local ethnic enclave, particularly skills relevant for self-employment, are crucial for generating new entry into self-employment for refugees, while simply more co-ethnics, plausibly increasing an ethnic market's size, are of less importance. Moreover, the results suggest that being placed with a larger share of self-employed co-ethnics is negatively related to refugees' long-term disposable income; however, assuming there is no or little selection of high-ability refugees into self-employment, this negative relationship can be counteracted by the choice of self-employment. The study adds new knowledge on the arguably crucial topic of socio-economic integration of an important group of international migrants — namely, refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cuadros, Ana, Juan Carlos Cuestas & Joan A. Martín-Montaner (2021): Self-employment convergence in Europe. The role of migration. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0250182

Abstract

"This paper attempts to identify patterns of convergence in the rates of self-employment (SE) for both foreign-born and natives in a sample of 17 European countries during the period 1999–2018. A distinction is made between self-employed with and without workers. Our analysis is relevant for policy-making: whether or not there is evidence of convergence in SE rates can be an indication of the homogeneity of self-employed workers among the countries analysed, which in turn may reflect the success of the EU-wide policies to boost SE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Harima, Aki, Fabrice Periac, Tony Murphy & Salomé Picard (2021): Entrepreneurial Opportunities of Refugees in Germany, France, and Ireland: Multiple Embeddedness Framework. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 625-663. DOI:10.1007/s11365-020-00707-5

Abstract

"Recently, the entrepreneurial potential of refugees has received growing attention from scholars and policymakers. However, the literature on refugee entrepreneurship suffers from the fragmentation of previous research findings, which has been mainly attributed to the fact that refugees have heterogeneous backgrounds. Tackling this challenge, this study conceptualized the framework for the multiple embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs by applying and extending the concept of mixed embeddedness. Based on 50 semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs who relocated to Germany, France, and Ireland, we identified six patterns in which refugees' multiple embeddedness and their actions as entrepreneurial agencies interacted to develop entrepreneurial opportunities: (i) value creation with homeland resources, (ii) acting as transnational middleman minorities, (iii) integration facilitation, (iv) qualification transfers, (v) homeland-problem solving, and (vi) creative innovation. This study contributes to the literature on refugee entrepreneurship by considering multiple contexts in which refugees can be embedded in and by elaborating on the interactions between opportunity structure emerging within the multiple embeddedness, actions, and capabilities of refugees as entrepreneurial agencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Leicht, René, Ralf Philipp & Michael Woywode (2021): Migrantische Ökonomie. Berufliche Selbständigkeit und Unternehmen von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland : Expertise für die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration Fachkommission Integrationsfähigkeit. Mannheim, 43 S.

Abstract

"Vorliegende Expertise bietet zunächst einen Überblick zur Entwicklung und Struktur der Migrantenökonomie. Hierdurch wird gleichzeitig die wirtschaftliche Relevanz von selbständigen Migrantinnen und Migranten bzw. die ihrer Unternehmen aufgezeigt. Das zweite Kapitel beschreibt ihre arbeitsmarktpolitische Bedeutung. Dabei interessieren der Einfluss von Arbeitslosigkeit beim Schritt in die Selbständigkeit sowie auch der Beitrag von Migrantenunternehmen zur Gesamtbeschäftigung. Die damit einhergehenden integrationspolitischen Implikationen werden noch deutlicher, wenn im dritten Part die individuellen Ressourcen der Selbständigen bzw. ihre Qualifikationen sowie ihre Einkommen betrachtet werden. Im vierten Kapitel wird erörtert, welchen Einfluss die derzeitige Fachkräftezuwanderung sowie die Fluchtmigration auf Selbständigkeit haben. Insgesamt lassen die Analysen Rückschlüsse zu, inwieweit der Pfad in die Selbständigkeit auch Chancen für sozialen Aufstieg und die Möglichkeit zur gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe bietet. Für die Analysen werden (erstens) Daten der amtlichen Statistik, (zweitens) Daten aus eigenen Erhebungen des ifm der Universität Mannheim sowie (drittens) Wissenschaftsdaten verwendet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Mikrozensusdaten der Jahre 2005 bis 2019, wobei im Forschungsdatenzentrum des Statistischen Bundesamts detailliertere Analysen auf Basis der Individualdaten von 2017 vorgenommen wurden. Zusätzlich hat das ifm Mannheim zwischen 2009 und 2014 bzw. 2017 in Zusammenarbeit mit anerkannten Befragungsinstituten (ADM) verschiedene Unternehmensbefragungen durchgeführt, aus denen sich ein Pool an Daten über rund 5.400 Unternehmensinhabern mit Migrationshintergrund ergibt (plus einer Kontrollgruppe von rd. 600 Inhabern deutscher Herkunft). Darüber hinaus wurde auf Wissenschaftsdaten, v.a. auf das ZEW-Gründungspanel, zurückgegriffen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Leicht, René, Carina Hartmann & Ralf Philipp (2021): Das Gründungspotenzial von Geflüchteten. Selbstständigkeit als Weg zur Arbeitsmarktintegration? (FES diskurs Oktober 2021), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"Wie steht es um das Gründungsinteresse von Menschen, die nach Deutschland geflüchtet sind? Und können sie dieses Interesse, sofern vorhanden, auch realisieren? Diesen Fragen gehen Carina Hartmann, René Leicht und Ralf Philipp nach. Das Autor_innen-Team beantwortet diese Fragen anhand der Auswertung umfangreicher empirischer Daten, die größtenteils eigens im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie erhoben wurden. Selbstständigkeit kann, so wird gezeigt, eine wichtige Komponente gelingender Arbeitsmarktintegration geflüchteter Menschen sein. Neben dem Faktor Zeit, der im Prozess der erfolgreichen Existenzgründung nicht zu unterschätzen ist, begünstigen einige weitere Faktoren den Weg in die Selbstständigkeit. Hier kann und sollte Politik ansetzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schäfer, Susann (2021): Innovative Gründer:innen mit Migrationserfahrung in Deutschland. Gütersloh, 31 S. DOI:10.11586/2021005

Abstract

"Innovative Gründungen sind eine wichtige Säule einer dynamischen Wirtschaft. Besonders Gründer:innen mit Migrationserfahrung bringen viele Qualitäten mit, um innovative Unternehmen aufzubauen. Dieses Potenzial kommt in Deutschland allerdings nur unzureichend zur Entfaltung, auch im internationalen Vergleich. Auf Basis statistischer Erhebungen und Interviews mit Gründer:innen und Gründungsberater:innen zeigt die Studie konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen zur Förderung von Gründer:innen mit Migrationserfahrung auf." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Brixy, Udo, Stephan Brunow & Anna D'Ambrosio (2020): The unlikely encounter: is ethnic diversity in start-ups associated with innovation? In: Research Policy, Jg. 49, H. 4, 2020-02-08. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2020.103950

Abstract

"Several studies have sought evidence as to whether ethnically diverse teams promote a diversity in knowledge and perspectives which is beneficial for innovation. In multicultural societies, however, there are multiple opportunities for exchange between people from different ethnic backgrounds, and the extent to which such encounters actually imply cognitive diversity seems debatable. We propose to regard as diverse those combinations of ethnic backgrounds that are relatively unlikely to occur under a hypothesis of random allocation to firms, based on the distribution of nationalities at NUTS3 level. We label this measure ``unusualness'' and apply it to the study of innovation in newly founded firms in Germany. Our results reveal that unusualness has a robust positive association with the probability of a start-up introducing an innovation within the first two years of business, while diversity as measured by a standard Blau index is insignificant. The results are robust to a large set of robustness checks. We interpret these results as an indication that not all combinations of national origins matter for innovation, but only those that are associated with differences in cognitive approaches and knowledge." (Author's abstract, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Carl, Andrea-Hilla, Stefanie Kunze, Yasmin Olteanu, Özlem Yildiz & Aysel Yollu-Tok (Hrsg.) (2020): Geschlechterverhältnisse im Kontext von Unternehmen und Gesellschaft. (HWR Berlin Forschung 70), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 291 S. DOI:10.5771/9783748907077

Abstract

Claudia Gather: Feministin, Forscherin, Netzwerkerin und Mentorin sowie unermüdliche Hochschulgestalterin und Hochschullehrerin; sie hat durch ihr Schaffen, Denken und Handeln in den letzten Jahrzehnten bleibende Eindrücke hinterlassen, nicht nur in den Gender Studies in Forschung, Lehre und Praxis, sondern auch bei Menschen, die sie im Laufe der Jahre umsichtig und selbstverständlich unterstützt hat. Ein Grund, sie mit dieser Festschrift für ihr wissenschaftliches Lebenswerk zu würdigen. Die Festschrift versammelt Aufsätze von Wegbegleiter*innen zu den Themenkomplexen Arbeit, Gründung, Macht und Nachhaltigkeit, die in ihren Kontexten jeweils kritisch die Frage nach Wegen zu mehr Geschlechtergleichheit und Pluralismus in Wissenschaft und Gesellschaft diskutieren.

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Dienes, Christian & Susanne Schlepphorst (2020): Krisen von KMU: Herausforderung, Verlauf und Resilienz von frauen- und migrantengeführter Unternehmen. Bonn, IV, 58 S.

Abstract

"Diese Studie untersucht den Krisenprozess von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen im Raum Frankfurt/Main. Dabei stehen vor allem die Herausforderungen migranten- und frauengeführter Unternehmen im Mittelpunkt. Auf Basis von insgesamt 527 befragten Unternehmen wurden 44,1 % als frauengeführt und 26,2 % als migrantengeführt identifiziert. Vier von zehn migrantengeführte Unternehmen haben in den letzten fünf Jahren eine Krise durchlaufen – ein höherer Anteil als nicht-migrantengeführte Unternehmen. Bei frauengeführten Unternehmen trat eine Krise bei drei von zehn Unternehmen auf, genauso häufig wie bei männergeführten Unternehmen. Im Großen und Ganzen bestehen zwischen migranten- und frauengeführten Unternehmen und ihren jeweiligen Pendants nur geringe Unterschiede. Dieser Befund spricht gegen gruppenspezifische Unterstützungsmaßnahmen. Allenfalls sollten Maßnahmen alle Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer ansprechen, unabhängig von deren Herkunft oder Geschlecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Embiricos, Alexandra (2020): From Refugee to Entrepreneur? Challenges to Refugee Self-reliance in Berlin, Germany. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 245-267. DOI:10.1093/jrs/fez073

Abstract

"The years following the so-called 'refugee crisis' of 2015 saw unprecedented efforts to promote the social and economic inclusion of refugees and asylum seekers. Entrepreneurship has been praised as a promising route to refugee self-reliance, but its viability remains contested and under-researched in developed economies such as Germany. Limited literature on the topic suggests entrepreneurship is a useful route to self-sufficiency, although refugees face more barriers than other immigrant entrepreneurs, such as language barriers and bureaucratic processes. This article uses semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs, civil society, social enterprises and the public sector to identify the main challenges for refugee entrepreneurs and to examine whether entrepreneurship is effective for achieving self-reliance in one of the most important centres for creating innovative projects supporting refugee inclusion and entrepreneurship, namely Berlin. Though it is too early to demonstrate whether entrepreneurship has long-term economic gains, this research shows that entrepreneurship is not a 'fast track' to economic self-reliance, but has several benefits for social inclusion. It also demonstrates the importance of holistic support systems for refugee entrepreneurs and the difficulty of refugee entrepreneurial success even in the most developed economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Leicht, René & Ramona Lange (2020): Projekt: Frauen mit Fluchterfahrung gründen. Erfahrungen, Erkenntnisse, Handlungsempfehlungen. Mannheim, 32 S.

Abstract

"Der Bericht geht der Frage nach, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen berufliche Selbständigkeit für Frauen Chancen zur Überwindung der Hürden am Arbeitsmarkt bietet. Die Autoren berichten über direkte Gründungserfahrungen, Ergebnisse ihrer Analyse und geben Handlungsempfehlungen für die Politik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Sachs, Andreas (2020): Migrantenunternehmen in Deutschland zwischen 2005 und 2018. Ausmaß, ökonomische Bedeutung, Einflussfaktoren und Förderung auf Ebene der Bundesländer. (Produktivität für Inklusives Wachstum für Deutschland 09), Gütersloh, 62 S.

Abstract

"Ob als Gründerin oder Gründer eines Startups, als Inhaber oder Inhaberin eines mittelständischen Betriebes oder als Selbstständige oder Selbstständiger in einem freien Beruf – Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund leisten in zunehmendem Maß Beiträge zu einem vielfältigen und leistungsstarken Mittelstand und zu einem gesunden Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland. Mehr als zwei Millionen Personen waren 2018 in Deutschland dank der unternehmerischen Tätigkeit von Menschen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte in Arbeit. Investitionen in Bildung und bedarfsgerechte Förder- und Beratungsstrukturen in den Bundesländern können den Leistungsbeitrag der Selbstständigen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte für Wirtschaft und Integration vergrößern. Dies zeigt die Studie „Migrantenunternehmen in Deutschland zwischen 2005 und 2018. Ausmaß, ökonomische Bedeutung und Einflussfaktoren auf Ebene der Bundesländer“. Basierend auf Daten des Mikrozensus bietet die Studie eine Analyse des Ausmaßes und der ökonomischen Bedeutung des Unternehmertums von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland und in den Bundesländern. Dabei werden neben dem Beschäftigungseffekt auch die Branchenzusammensetzung die Einkommensentwicklung in den Blick genommen. Abschließend wird untersucht, welche wirtschaftlichen und soziodemographischen Einflussfaktoren auf das Ausmaß, die ökonomische Bedeutung und das Einkommensniveau der Selbstständigkeit von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund in den Bundesländern wirken. Neben anderen Faktoren scheint vor allem die Bildungspolitik der Länder gefragt: Eine Verbesserung des Qualifikationsniveaus der Bevölkerung mit Migrationshintergrund könnte nicht nur zu mehr Unternehmertum in dieser Bevölkerungsgruppe beitragen, sondern würde auch helfen, den wirtschaftlichen Beitrag und den wirtschaftlichen Erfolg der Unternehmer und Unternehmerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund substanziell zu steigern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Aigner, Petra (2019): Multidimensionale Betrachtungsweisen zu Ethnic Entrepreneurship. Berlin: Lang, 181 S. DOI:10.3726/978-3-653-07064-4

Abstract

"Als Resultat unterschiedlicher Migrationsbewegungen in den letzten Jahrzehnten stieg die MigrantInnenpopulation Österreichs und in der Folge ebenso die Anzahl der ethnischen UnternehmerInnen, die Selbstständigen mit Migrationshintergrund, am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt an.
Dieses Buch gibt einen statistischen Überblick zu Ethnic Entrepreneurship in Österreich sowie einen Überblick über einschlägige Literatur zu den sozial- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Theorien zu Ethnic Entrepreneurship.
Anschließend werden anhand einer qualitativen Studie mit 50 ethnischen UnternehmerInnen in Oberösterreich und unter Anwendung der qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring soziokulturelle und sozioökonomische Funktions- und Wirkungsweisen von ethnischen UnternehmerInnen unter der Weiterentwicklung von migrations- und integrationstheoretischen Modellen erörtert." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Anelli, Massimo, Gaetano Basso, Giuseppe Ippedico & Giovanni Peri (2019): Youth drain, entrepreneurship and innovation. (NBER working paper 26055), Cambrige, Mass., 64 S. DOI:10.3386/w26055

Abstract

"Migration outflows, especially of young people, may deprive an economy of entrepreneurial energy and innovative ideas. We exploit exogenous variation in emigration from Italian local labor markets to show that between 2008 and 2015 larger emigration flows reduced firm creation. The decline affected firms owned by young people and innovative industries. We estimate that for every 1,000 emigrants, 10 fewer young-owned firms were created over the whole period. A simple accounting exercise shows that about 60 percent of the effect is generated simply by the loss of young people; the remaining 40 percent is due to a combination of selection of emigrants among highly entrepreneurial people, negative spillovers on the entrepreneurship rate of locals, and negative local firm multiplier effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berwing, Stefan (2019): Extending Mixed Embeddedness. Entrepreneurial Figurations of Entrepreneurs with Migrant Origins in Germany. In: Historical Social Research, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 162-185. DOI:10.12759/hsr.44.2019.4.162-185

Abstract

"Focusing on entrepreneurs with migrant origins, this contribution introduces the concept of entrepreneurial figurations as a theoretical complement to mixed embeddedness. After introducing Elias’ concept of figuration, I explain how figurations can be used to understand migrant entrepreneurship. Using a dataset of 584 entrepreneurs with migrant origins, I show to what extent entrepreneurs of migrant origin build their businesses on co-ethnic interaction and how coethnic economic relations are combined into different figurations. The analysis shows that a majority of entrepreneurs with migrant origins in Germany do not make use of any co-ethnic resources. The discussion points out crucial differences between branches of economic activity and I propose that figurations, understood as typical interaction patterns, could foster the understanding of different types of migrant entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the figurational approach is a useful complement to mixed embeddedness, which helps to deal with the plethora of phenomena in migrant entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © GESIS) ((en))

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Breuer, Marc (2019): Unternehmerische Bewältigung von Prekarität. Erfahrungen und Strategien bei Selbständigen mit Migrationshintergrund. In: Soziale Probleme, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 9-32. DOI:10.1007/s41059-019-00055-9

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Cederberg, Maja & Maria Villares-Varela (2019): Ethnic entrepreneurship and the question of agency. The role of different forms of capital, and the relevance of social class. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 45, H. 1, S. 115-132. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1459521

Abstract

"The literature on ethnic entrepreneurship has focused on structural factors, group characteristics or a combination of both when explaining the entry and/or success of different ethnic groups in/to self-employment. While the active involvement of individuals has often been noted, agency has been under-theorised, and frequently conflated with what are considered as 'cultural' factors. This article explores the question of agency in ethnic entrepreneurship by looking at how entrepreneurs access and mobilise different kinds of resources. Using a forms-of-capital approach, the article draws on qualitative data from the U.K. and Spain, and looks at how entrepreneurs mobilise cultural, social and economic resources in structural contexts that include constraining as well as enabling features. Our findings show that the entrepreneurs are active agents who play an important role in shaping ethnic businesses. However, their agency varies significantly depending on the extent to which entrepreneurs have access to different kinds of resources, which is closely linked to their socioeconomic position. The article contributes to the literature through its direct engagement with the question of agency in ethnic entrepreneurship, and by highlighting the relevance of social class in entrepreneurial processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Luca, Deborah & Maurizio Ambrosini (2019): Female immigrant entrepreneurs. More than a family strategy. In: International migration, Jg. 57, H. 5, S. 201-215. DOI:10.1111/imig.12564

Abstract

"This article explores the issue of immigrant women entrepreneurship. It focuses on the emergence of new points of view on self-employed migrant women and in particular their search for independence. With the support of qualitative research carried on in Italy, it will set out a typology of motivations and strategies to become self-employed in which, besides a 'family strategy' and an 'independency strategy', a 'mixed network strategy' also emerges. This last focuses on the role of mixed networks (with other foreigners and/or natives) not only in business management but also in the promotion of transnational social activities. Policies that support associations, creating opportunities for gathering and exchanging with local residents and improving the presence of immigrant women in local institutions, could have the side-effect of increasing participation by immigrant women in self-employment, not for lack of alternatives but as a path towards self-fulfilment and empowerment." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Mickiewicz, Tomasz, Mark Hart, Frederick Nyakudya & Nicholas Theodorakopoulos (2019): Ethnic pluralism, immigration and entrepreneurship. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 80-94. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2017.1405157

Abstract

"This paper considers the effects of immigration and ethnicity on entrepreneurship, distinguishing between the individual traits and the environmental characteristics. It looks beyond the resource-opportunity framework and occupational choice: culture and values matter. Yet, instead of assigning the latter to specific ethnic features, they are related here to both immigration and to the social environment defined by the share of immigrants, and by ethnic diversity. Empirical evidence provided in this paper is based on Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) UK data, 2003-13. Having more immigrants in the locality enhances entrepreneurship. With an increase in ethnic diversity the likelihood of being engaged in start-up activity decreases then increases." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Räuchle, Charlotte (2019): Zwischen Wirtschafts- und Integrationspotenzialen? Debatten um migrantische Ökonomien in Rostock. In: Y. Bizeul & D. B. Rudolf (Hrsg.) (2019): Politische Debatten um Migration und Integration : Konzepte und Fallbeispiele, S. 101-130. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23963-3_6

Abstract

"Migrantische Ökonomien erfahren in Deutschland zunehmend Aufmerksamkeit sowohl im öffentlichen als auch im wissenschaftlichen Diskurs. Dabei spricht man ihnen sowohl Potenziale als auch Defizite zu. Einerseits werden die volkswirtschaftlichen Leistungen von Unternehmen, die von Personen mit Migrationshintergrund geführt werden, ebenso positiv hervorgehoben wie deren Rolle für die Integration und Teilhabe von Migrant_innen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schlepphorst, Susanne, Rosemarie Kay & Sebastian Nielen (2019): The effect of migrants' resource endowments on business performance. (Institut für Mittelstandsforschung. Working paper 2019,03), Bonn, 19 S.

Abstract

"This paper questions the stereotypical image of migrant-led companies as being less successful than native-led businesses. While facing similar framework conditions, migrant-led businesses are supposed to differ from native-led businesses in terms of their social capital endowment. In its function, social capital helps to mobilise further resources in form of human and financial resources. Each form of capital can have an effect on business performance, both directly as well as indirectly through its influence on the business' innovativeness. That is, social, human and financial resources can enhance the development and exploitation of business ideas. To test these relationships we apply a mediation model. Using data of migrant- and non-migrant-led businesses, we indeed find slight differences in their social capital resource endowments. These differences, however, do not result in performance differences between migrant- and native-led businesses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tavassoli, Sam & Michaela Trippl (2019): The impact of ethnic communities on immigrant entrepreneurship. Evidence from Sweden. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 67-79. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2017.1395007

Abstract

"This paper seeks to provide novel insights into the effects of ethnic communities on immigrants' entrepreneurial activities. We investigate to what extent the decision of an employed immigrant to become an entrepreneur is associated with his or her embeddedness in ethnic networks in the host region. We capture such embeddedness through various mechanisms. Using longitudinal-registered data from Sweden and employing a logit model, we find that merely being located in an ethnic community does not have an influence on immigrant entrepreneurship; rather, what matters is being located in ethnic communities that have a high share of entrepreneurs themselves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berwing, Stefan (2018): Weiterbildung in migrantengeführten Betrieben. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 47, H. 1, S. 35-38.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag stellt den Stand der Forschung und Erkenntnisse zu Weiterbildung in Migrantenunternehmen auf Grundlage einer Unternehmensbefragung aus dem Jahr 2013 vor. Anhand von Betriebsgrößenklassen, Wirtschaftszweigen und der Bildung der Inhaber/-innen werden die Unterschiede in der Weiterbildungsteilhabe zwischen Migranten- und Nicht-Migrantenbetrieben dargestellt. Auf Basis der Ergebnisse ist zu vermuten, dass neben betriebsstrukturellen Einflüssen auch weitere migrationsbedingte Einflüsse als Ursachen für die niedrigere Weiterbildungsteilhabe in Migrantenbetrieben in Betracht gezogen werden müssen. Hierzu werden mögliche Ansätze für weitere Untersuchungen vorgeschlagen." (Autorenreferat)

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Bijedić, Teita & Alan Piper (2018): Different strokes for different folks. Entrepreneurs' job satisfaction and the intersection of gender and migration background. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1011), Berlin, 24 S.

Abstract

"Migrant enterprises comprise about 10% of all enterprises in Germany and are therefore a crucial part of the German economy and its entrepreneurial ecosystems. Relatedly, migrant entrepreneurship is a highly recognized topic within political discussions as well as within entrepreneurship research. While there is already an impressive body of work regarding the nature and quality of migrant enterprises, many questions regarding the personal motives and satisfaction of migrant entrepreneurs still remain unanswered (particularly with reference to gender and generation of migration). Using the German Socio-Economic Panel dataset, we close this research gap by investigating the job satisfaction of migrant entrepreneurs in Germany compared with native entrepreneurs, and also with conventionally employed migrants and natives. First generation migrants show, in general, less job satisfaction than the native population. Second generation male migrant entrepreneurs' show less job satisfaction, however this association is reversed for females: second generation female migrant entrepreneurs are more satisfied with their self-employment than their native counterparts. These differing results lead to differing implications for policy makers who wish to create and develop entrepreneurial and labour market support for different target groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Eroglu, Sebnem (2018): Trapped in small business? An investigation of three generations of migrants from Turkey to Western Europe. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 7, S. 1214-1232. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1323629

Abstract

"This article examines the self-employment behaviour of three generations of migrants from Turkey living in Europe to understand its implications for their economic adaptation into the receiving societies. It specifically investigates the likely generational differences in their propensity to engage in small businesses and the extent to which they are transmitted across generations. The research is based on the 2000 Families Survey, which draws parallel samples of migrant and non-migrant families from their origins in Turkey and traces them across Turkey and Europe over multiple generations. The data are drawn from a subset of personal interviews with 1743 economically active settlers nested within 836 families. The results challenge the assimilation theory but lend support to the disadvantage thesis by demonstrating that the younger generations, including the better educated, are significantly engaged in small, low-status businesses of their parents regardless of their language proficiency, citizenship status and country of residence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gorina, Evgenia, Victor Agadjanian & Natalya Zotova (2018): Migrant women's economic success in Russia. Objective reality and subjective assessment. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 9, S. 1584-1603. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1333410

Abstract

"This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the outcomes of labour migration by focusing on the effects of migrant legal status on the economic and perceptual measures of migration success. To study the effects of legal status, we use a sample of Central Asian migrant women who work in Russia and of their native counterparts who occupy the same positions on the labour market. Similar to the studies in the developed settings, we find that a temporary legal status is associated with an earnings penalty and that permanent legal status corrects this earning disparity. We also find that both temporary and permanent migrant status is positively associated with perceptions of pay inequality but that, irrespective of these perceptions, both types of migrants are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs than natives. We interpret these findings within the legal and social context of migrant economic incorporation in Russia and relate them to the findings from other migrant-receiving settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hoppe, Melanie, Gerald Braun & Kay Mieske (2018): Existenzgründung für Geflüchtete. Eine Start-up-Initiative an der Universität Rostock. In: Berufsbildung in Wissenschaft und Praxis, Jg. 47, H. 6, S. 51-52.

Abstract

"Mit dem Ziel, Geflüchtete in den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren, gibt es seit dem 1. Oktober 2017 die Start-up-Initiative 'Existenzgründung für Flüchtlinge' an der Universität Rostock. Die Initiative unterscheidet sich insofern von anderen Integrationsprogrammen, als sie eine Qualifizierungsmaßnahme zur Vorbereitung auf eine selbstständige Tätigkeit anbietet. Hintergrund, Zielsetzung und erste Erfahrungen der Initiative werden im Beitrag vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat)

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Iacovone, Leonardo, Gabriela Calderón & Cristina MacGregor (2018): Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 246-251. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181023

Abstract

"Who are the female entrepreneurs who end up starting and completing entrepreneurial training programs? In this paper, relying on a large set of baseline characteristics collected before the entrepreneurs are selected into an entrepreneurial training program in Mexico, we analyze how the women entrepreneurs who complete the training program differ from those who do not take it up, as well as how those who take it up but drop off before completing differ from those who do not even start. We uncover large differences in performance and non-cognitive skills but no differences in inputs used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jahn, Vera & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2018): Immigration and new firm formation - evidence from a quasi-experimental setting in Germany. (Ruhr economic papers 787), Essen, 28 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes in how far immigration affects firm formation at the regional level. For this purpose, we exploit a placement policy in Germany in the 1990s for immigrants of German origin from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Our panel regressions suggest that immigration had a positive impact on regional firm formation. The most likely mechanisms driving this result are labor supply-side effects and positive implications of cultural diversity. Overall, our paper demonstrates that immigration induced changes in local labor supply can partially be absorbed by the creation of firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lueck, Kerstin (2018): Socioeconomic success of Asian immigrants in the United States. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 44, H. 3, S. 425-438. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1320940

Abstract

"It was the aim of this study to explore the effects of social, cultural, and transnational factors on the socioeconomic success (SES) of Asian immigrants in the United States. The participants in this study were 1371 Chinese, Vietnamese, Filipinos, and other Asian immigrants who were interviewed with computer-assisted software in Mandarin, Cantonese, Tagalog, Vietnamese, and English. The subcategory 'other Asians' consisted of Koreans, Japanese, Asian Indians, and individuals of other Asian backgrounds. Results showed that Chinese had a 56% higher probability of SES than other Asians. Men had an approximately 49% higher probability of SES than women due to gender hierarchies and disparities. SES increases for every unit increase in English language proficiency, native language proficiency, social networks, and parental education. Asians who migrated to the United States between the ages of 18 and 34 have an approximately 102% higher chance of SES than a person who migrated after the age of 35." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pekkala, Sari & William R. Kerr (2018): Immigrant entrepreneurship in America: evidence from the survey of business owners 2007 & 2012. (NBER working paper 24494), Cambrige, Mass., 40 S. DOI:10.3386/w24494

Abstract

"We study immigrant entrepreneurship and firm ownership in 2007 and 2012 using the Survey of Business Owners (SBO). The survival and growth of immigrant-owned businesses over time relative to native-founded companies is evaluated by linking the 2007 SBO to the Longitudinal Business Database (LBD). We quantify the dependency of the United States as a whole, as well as individual states, on the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurs in terms of firm formation and job creation. We describe differences in the types of businesses started by immigrants and the quality of jobs created by their firms. First-generation immigrants create about 25% of new firms in the United States, but this share exceeds 40% in some states. In addition, Asian and Hispanic second-generation immigrants start about 6% of new firms. Immigrant-owned firms, on average, create fewer jobs than native-owned firms, but much of this is explained by the industry and geographic location of the firms. Immigrant-owned firms pay comparable wages, conditional on firm traits, to native-owned firms, but are less likely to offer benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sak, Güven, Timur Kaymaz, Omar Kadkoy & Murat Kenanoglu (2018): Forced migrants. Labour market integration and entrepreneurship. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-13. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-32

Abstract

"In 2015, worldwide forced displacement was at its highest recorded level, surpassing 65 million. Out of this number, nearly 20 million people are those who fled their countries of origin to seek refuge in third countries. International responsibility sharing in terms of hosting the historical levels of refugee flows has so far been inadequate. Today, lower- and upper-middle income countries host 65 percent of the world's refugees, mostly in urban settings. Whereas refugee camps provide access to basic needs such as shelter, food and healthcare, displaced individuals living in urban settings have to sustain their needs through their own means. In turn, this requires access to labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sheer, Ratan J.S. (2018): Entrepreneurship by immigrants: A review of existing literature and directions for future research. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 555-614. DOI:10.1007/s11365-018-0506-7

Abstract

"The topic of immigrant entrepreneurship has gained considerable attention in social and policy circles around the world. Likewise, research on it has grown significantly over the past few decades, with studies examining the micro-, meso-, and macro-level antecedents and consequences of this phenomenon. While contributing to our knowledge, this growth in literature has also created complexity within this domain. As such, there is a need to take stock of current research. In the present study, I advance in this direction. I delineate the boundaries and outline the contributions of immigrant entrepreneurship research to the field of entrepreneurship. Thereafter, based on a comprehensive review of 69 studies published between 1980 and 2016 in journals across multiple disciplines, I develop a framework to integrate findings within this domain. Finally, I identify gaps and advance suggestions for future research. It is hoped that these steps will provide a clear vision of common research ground on which to build theory, identify assumptions, develop meaningful research questions and establish the ontological and epistemological base of this domain." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Sommer, Elena & Markus Gamper (2018): Transnational entrepreneurial activities: A qualitative network study of self-employed migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany. In: Social Networks, Jg. 53, H. May, S. 136-147. DOI:10.1016/j.socnet.2017.04.007

Abstract

"During their careers, migrant entrepreneurs may get involved in different types of transnational entrepreneurial activities and use their social capital to activate transnational business-related ties. Based on content analysis of semi-structured interviews and networks maps with self-employed migrants from the former Soviet Union in Germany this study identified four empirically grounded types of migrant transnational entrepreneurial activities and analysed transnational networking strategies for each type. The study demonstrates that different types of social capital are mobilised for different types of transnational business strategies, with intensive transnational entrepreneurial activities requiring larger pre-existing networks in the country of origin of both strong and weak ties, that are gradually extended, while a more limited set of mostly informal weak ties suffice for more sporadic transnational activities in the country of origin. Transnational entrepreneurial activities with other countries or with multiple countries, on the other hand, involved a more formal network of relationships." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Szkudlarek, Betina & Shou Xin Wu (2018): The culturally contingent meaning of entrepreneurship. Mixed embeddedness and co-ethnic ties. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 30, H. 5/6, S. 585-611. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2018.1432701

Abstract

"This study employs phenomenography to investigate the role of embeddedness in business venturing of migrant and ethnic entrepreneurs. By focusing on two culturally distinct groups, operating in the same micro-economic context, we show the ways in which embeddedness impacts the perceptions and subsequent enactment of business venturing. Our findings demonstrate that, despite physical proximity and similar socio-economic context, the investigated communities predominantly employ their co-ethnic norms, assumptions and frames of reference to makes sense of and act upon entrepreneurial opportunities. These findings expand the mixed embeddedness literature by exploring how co-ethnic sensemaking frames persist within culturally distinct communities, despite years of co-existence within the same socio-economic context. Moreover, our study reveals how co-ethnic structures can successfully substitute institutional arrangements traditionally provided by the host-country environment. By reflecting upon the practice of entrepreneuring and entrepreneurial sensemaking, our findings point towards the importance of language and interpretative methods for theory development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ulceluse, Magdalena (2018): Self-employment as a stepping stone to better labour market matching. A comparison between immigrants and natives. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 219), Maastricht, 29 S.

Abstract

"The paper investigates whether self-employment represents a way to reduce overeducation and improve labour market matching, in a comparative analysis between immigrants and natives. Using the EU Labour Force Survey for the year 2012, and controlling for a list of demographic characteristics and general characteristics of 30 destination countries, I find that the likelihood of being overeducated decreases for self-employed immigrants, with inconclusive results for self-employed natives. The results shed light on the extent to which immigrants adjust to labour market imperfections and barriers to employment and might help explain the higher incidence of self-employment that immigrants exhibit, when compared to natives. This is the first study to systematically study the nexus between overeducation and self-employment in a comparative framework. Moreover, the paper tests the robustness of the results by employing two different measures of overeducation, contributing to the literature of the measurement of overeducation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Villares-Varela, María (2018): Negotiating class, femininity and career: Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs in Spain. In: International migration, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 109-124. DOI:10.1111/imig.12361

Abstract

"This article analyses how the gendered and classed positions of migrant women explain the meanings of becoming an entrepreneur and the role of their spouses in their occupational trajectories. Using a translocational positionality approach, the article challenges the claim that women escape patriarchal domination by establishing their own businesses. The narratives of 35 Latin American women entrepreneurs in Spain reveal that becoming an entrepreneur is conditioned by class-based ideas of masculinity and femininity. I argue that middle-class Latin American immigrant women become entrepreneurs to promote their spouse's career advancement while conforming to class-based norms of femininity. In contrast, lower class Latin American women view the business as a space of autonomy and occupational upward mobility that nevertheless also complies with working-class definitions of femininity. The policy implications of these findings relate to making class aspirations central to the support of labour market integration and empowerment of migrant women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))