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Ebert, Tobias, Thomas Brenner & Udo Brixy (2019): New firm survival: The interdependence between regional externalities and innovativeness. In: Small business economics, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 287-309., 2018-03-07. DOI:10.1007/s11187-018-0026-4

Abstract

"Many studies have shown that regional externalities play a crucial role for the survival prospects of newly founded companies. However, recent research provides evidence that not all businesses are affected by these externalities in the same way. Relying on new and representative panel survey data containing information about 6776 newly founded firms from almost all economic sectors in Germany, this paper suggests that the effects of regional externalities on survival are contingent upon the start-up's innovative behavior. First, we show that introducing market novelties is not necessarily beneficial for newly founded firms and might even endanger their survival. Second, we find that being located in spatial proximity to similar firms is important for start-ups in non-high-tech environments and has a positive influence on survival only for less innovative companies. In contrast, high-tech start-ups are more likely to be affected by a diverse economic structure. We thus suggest that the recombination of knowledge from diverse sources can lead to overly complex innovation projects with detrimental effects on the start-up's survival prospects." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Fritsch, Michael, Alina Sorgner, Michael Wyrwich & Evguenii Zazdravnykh (2019): Historical shocks and persistence of economic activity. Evidence on self-employment from a unique natural experiment. In: Regional Studies. Journal of the Regional Studies Association, Jg. 53, H. 6, S. 790-802. DOI:10.1080/00343404.2018.1492112

Abstract

"This paper investigates the persistence of self-employment in the districts of Kaliningrad, a Russian exclave, between 1925 and 2010. The area experienced a number of disruptive historical shocks during this period. This setting rules out the fact that the persistence of self-employment can be explained by the persistence of institutions and culture. Nevertheless, a high level of persistence of industry-specific self-employment rates is found. It is argued that a historical tradition of entrepreneurship created an awareness about the entrepreneurial potential of regions among the new population that was yielded after the collapse of the Soviet Union. This effect seems to be higher in regions where a specific industry was advanced in terms of technology use." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fritsch, Michael (2019): Entrepreneurship. Wiesbaden: Springer, 184 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-57984-8

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Gjerløv-Juel, Pernille & Christina Guenther (2019): Early employment expansion and long-run survival examining employee turnover as a context factor. In: Journal of business venturing, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 80-102. DOI:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.05.005

Abstract

"We investigate under which circumstances early employment growth translates into greater long-run survival. Drawing on Penrose's growth theory, we suggest that the relationship between early employment growth and long-run survival is conditional on employee turnover. We argue that higher employee turnover reduces joint experience in the firm and disrupts the development and eventual exploitation of the firm's productive opportunity set, thereby reducing long-term utilization of early employment expansion. These arguments suggest that the firm's ability to realize long-term benefits of early employment growth is contingent upon low employee turnover following this initial expansion. Using the Danish Integrated Database for Labor Market Research, we show that only when employee turnover is low, will early employment growth lead to higher survival in the long run." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Günther, Lisa & Katharina Marder-Puch (2019): Selbstständigkeit - Methoden und Ergebnisse des Ad-Hoc-Moduls zur Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2017. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 1, S. 116-131.

Abstract

"Die Zahl der Selbstständigen in Deutschland hat bis 2012 zugenommen. Der starke Anstieg war Anlass, diese Personengruppe auf besondere Arbeitsbedingungen hin zu analysieren - auch wenn die Zahl der Selbstständigen seitdem rückläufig ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag betrachtet die Situation der Selbstständigen anhand der Daten der EU-Arbeitskräfteerhebung sowie des Ad-hoc-Moduls 'Selbstständigkeit' aus dem Jahr 2017. Im Zentrum der Analyse stehen dabei neben der Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf sowie der Strukturveränderung der Selbstständigen die ökonomische und organisatorische Abhängigkeit von Auftraggebenden. Darüber hinaus werden die Gründe für die Aufnahme einer Selbstständigkeit, Schwierigkeiten in der Selbstständigkeit sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit Partnern untersucht." (Autorenreferat, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)

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Kay, Rosemarie (2019): Gründungen in Deutschland - trotz Rückgangs noch kein Anlass zur Besorgnis. (WISO direkt 2019,04), Bonn, 4 S.

Abstract

"Nach einem jahrelangen Rückgang der Gründungsaktivitäten scheint die Talsohle erreicht zu sein. Zugleich hat sich die Qualität der Gründungen wieder verbessert. Empirische Analysen zeigen, dass das Gründungsgeschehen seine volkswirtschaftlichen Funktionen bisher wohl noch erfüllt, eben auch weil die Qualität der Gründungen wichtiger ist als die Quantität. Der sich vollziehende Wandel im Gründungsgeschehen ist somit weniger Anlass zur Besorgnis als vielmehr Ausdruck eines Normalisierungsprozesses." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schwartz, Michael (2019): Generationenwechsel im Mittelstand. Bis 2019 werden 240.000 Nachfolger gesucht. In: Fokus Volkswirtschaft H. 197, S. 1-8.

Abstract

"Das erfolgreiche Management der Unternehmensnachfolge wird mehr und mehr zu einer zentralen Herausforderung für den Mittelstand in Deutschland. Allein bis Ende 2019 planen 236.000 Inhaber kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) den Rückzug aus ihrem Unternehmen - und wollen das Unternehmen in die Hände eines Nachfolgers legen. Für rund 100.000 dieser Unternehmen wird die Zeit knapp. Dort ist noch kein Nachfolger gefunden oder mit der Suche ist noch nicht begonnen worden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wyrwich, Michael, Rolf Sternberg & Michael Stuetzer (2019): Failing role models and the formation of fear of entrepreneurial failure. A study of regional peer effects in German regions. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 567-588. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby023

Abstract

"Entrepreneurial role models influence decisions to start firms. This effect is even stronger if peers and observers live in the same region. However, most studies remain silent about the role of entrepreneurial failure for the direction of role modeling. Failed role models can trigger a deterrence of entrepreneurship in others of the same region. We hypothesize that observing successful entrepreneurs reduces fear of failure, while observing business failure increases fear of failure. By using data on regional entries and exits, we find considerable support for our hypothesis and contribute to literature on regional entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2019): Monopolkommission für Zulassungsfreiheit im Handwerk. (Monopolkommission. Policy brief 02), Bonn, 5 S.

Abstract

"Die Monopolkommission spricht sich in ihrem zweiten Policy Brief gegen eine Wiederausweitung des Meisterzwangs auf einzelne der im Jahr 2004 zulassungsfrei gestellten Handwerksberufe aus.
- Eine Ausweitung des Meisterzwangs ist aus wettbewerbspolitischer Sicht abzulehnen, da sie zusätzliche Hürden für den Markt- und Berufszugang errichtet.
- Sicherung von Qualität und Stärkung der Ausbildung im Handwerk erfordern keinen Meisterzwang.
- Ökonomische Erwägungen begründen verfassungsrechtliche Bedenken gegenüber Eingriff in Berufsfreiheit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2019): OECD SME and entrepreneurship outlook 2019. (OECD SME and entrepreneurship outlook), Paris, 391 S. DOI:10.1787/34907e9c-en

Abstract

"Die Zahl der Unternehmensgründungen ist gestiegen, insbesondere im Dienstleistungsbereich. Allerdings wurden neue Stellen vor allem im Niedriglohnsegment bzw. in Sektoren mit geringer Produktivität geschaffen.
Der aktuelle 'OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook' zeigt die neuesten Trends in der Leistungsfähigkeit kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen (KMU) auf und bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Rahmenbedingungen für KMU und Unternehmer. Die diesjährige Ausgabe liefert vergleichende Daten zu Unternehmensdynamik, Produktivitätswachstum, Lohnunterschieden und Exporttrends nach Unternehmensgröße in den OECD-Ländern und aufstrebenden Volkswirtschaften." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anyadike-Danes, Michael, Carl-Magnus Bjuggren, Michel Dumont, Sandra Gottschalk, Werner Hölzl, Dan Johansson, Mika Maliranta, Anja Myrann, Kristian Nielsen & Guanyu Zheng (2018): An international comparison of the contribution to job creation by high-growth firms. (WIFO working papers 563), Wien, 31 S.

Abstract

"This paper addresses three simple questions: how should the contribution of high-growth firms to job creation be measured? how much does this contribution vary across countries? to what extent does the cross-country variation depend on variation in the proportion of high-growth firms in the business population? The first is a methodological question which we answer using a more highly articulated version of the standard job creation and destruction accounts. The other two are empirical questions which we answer using a purpose-built data set assembled from national firm-level sources and covering nine countries, spanning the ten three year periods from 2000-2003 to 2009-2012. The basic principle governing the development of the accounting framework is the choice of appropriate comparators. Firstly, when measuring contributions to job creation, we should focus on just job creating firms, otherwise we are summing over contributions from firms with positive, zero, and negative job creation numbers. Secondly, because we know growth depends in part on size, the 'natural' comparison for high-growth firms is with job creation by similar-sized firms which simply did not grow as fast as high-growth firms. However, we also show how the measurement framework can be further extended to include, for example, a consistent measure of the contribution of small job creating firms. On the empirical side, we find that the high-growth firm share of job creation by large job creating firms varies across countries by a factor of 2, from around one third to two thirds. A relatively small proportion of this cross-country variation is accounted for by variations in the influence of high-growth firms on job creation. On average high-growth firms generated between three or four times as many jobs as large non-high-growth job creating firms, but this ratio is relatively similar across countries. The bulk of the cross-country variation in high-growth firm contribution to job creation is accounted for by the relative abundance (or rarity) of high-growth firms. Moreover, we also show that the measurement of abundance depends upon the choice of measurement framework: the 'winner' of a cross-national high-growth firm 'beauty contest' on one measure will not necessarily be the winner on another." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin Jones, J. Daniel Kim & Javier Miranda (2018): Age and high-growth entrepreneurship. (NBER working paper 24489), Cambrige, Mass., 49 S. DOI:10.3386/w24489

Abstract

"Many observers, and many investors, believe that young people are especially likely to produce the most successful new firms. We use administrative data at the U.S. Census Bureau to study the ages of founders of growth-oriented start-ups in the past decade. Our primary finding is that successful entrepreneurs are middle-aged, not young. The mean founder age for the 1 in 1,000 fastest growing new ventures is 45.0. The findings are broadly similar when considering high-technology sectors, entrepreneurial hubs, and successful firm exits. Prior experience in the specific industry predicts much greater rates of entrepreneurial success. These findings strongly reject common hypotheses that emphasize youth as a key trait of successful entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bellmann, Lisa & Udo Brixy (2018): Hiring by start-ups and regional labor supply. (IAB-Discussion Paper 18/2018), Nürnberg, 27 S.

Abstract

"Junge Firmen haben oft Schwierigkeiten (qualifizierte) Beschäftigte einzustellen. Basierend auf einem Linked Employer-Employee Datensatz für Deutschland untersuchen wir den Einfluss regionale Arbeitsmarktbedingungen auf die Einstellungschancen junger Firmen. Im ersten Schritt schätzen wir die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass ein Gründer Beschäftigte einstellt. Im zweiten Schritt verwenden wir ein Heckman-Selektionsmodell und analysieren, wie regionale Bedingungen die Einstellungswahrscheinlichkeit von qualifizierten Beschäftigten beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen positiven Zusammenhang zwischen der regionalen Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit und der Einstellungswahrscheinlichkeit junger Firmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bijedić, Teita (2018): Regionale Gründungsumfelder am Beispiel ausgewählter Hotspots. (IfM-Materialien 265), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"Im Rahmen der Studie werden Gründungsumfelder anhand von fünf ausgewählten Gründungs-Hotspots untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Hochschulen für die Regionen als Gründungsstandorte vielfältige Vorteile bieten, insbesondere wenn sie eng mit regionalen Akteuren des Gründungsgeschehens kooperieren. Die gründungsunterstützende Infrastruktur ist hinreichend vorhanden, doch besteht Bedarf einer stärkeren Bündelung der Maßnahmen sowie einer stärkeren Kooperation der regionalen Stakeholder. Insbesondere Kooperationen etablierter Unternehmen mit Start-ups können die Gründungsaktivität in einer Region fördern. Auch zieht die Attraktivität einer Region Fachkräfte wie Gründungswillige an. Dagegen werden infrastrukturelle Vorteile von Metropolregionen mit einer guten wirtschaftlichen Lage teils durch hohe Kosten sowie geringe Verfügbarkeit von Raum und qualifizierten Fachkräften reduziert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Block, Jörn H., Christian O. Fisch & Mirjam Van Praag (2018): Quantity and quality of jobs by entrepreneurial firms. In: Oxford review of economic policy, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 565-583. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/gry016

Abstract

"The idea that start-ups and young firms (hereafter entrepreneurial firms) create jobs is very popular among policy-makers and has led to a large number of studies investigating the effect of entrepreneurship on job creation. Recently, however, society and many players in the political arena have begun to care not only about job quantity and quantitative employment levels, but also about the quality of the jobs created. This study provides the first systematic literature review of research on the quantity and quality of jobs created by entrepreneurial firms. Our review shows that entrepreneurial firms have a long-lasting and positive effect on job creation. This effect seems to be due to a very small fraction of young, high-growth firms. With regard to job quality, however, the findings are less clear cut: while some studies indicate that entrepreneurial firms do create higher-quality jobs, a multitude of studies indicate that these jobs are of lower quality. We also show that entrepreneurial firms attract a different type of employee than established firms. For example, employees in entrepreneurial firms attach a lower weight to salary and job security than those in established firms, and instead assign greater value to responsibility, innovation, and challenges. Another finding is that many jobs in entrepreneurial firms are filled by formerly unemployed individuals. The review concludes with policy implications and avenues for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Breschi, Stefano, Julie Lassébie & Carlo Menon (2018): A portrait of innovative start-ups across countries. (OECD science, technology and industry working papers 2018,02), Paris, 61 S. DOI:10.1787/f9ff02f4-en

Abstract

"The report presents new cross-country descriptive evidence on innovative start-ups and related venture capital investments drawing upon Crunchbase, a new dataset that is unprecedented in terms of scope and comprehensiveness. The analysis employs a mix of different statistical techniques (descriptive graphics, econometric analysis, and machine learning) to highlight a number of findings. First, there are significant cross-country differences in the professional and educational background of start-ups' founders, notably the share of founders with previous academic experience and in the share of 'serial entrepreneurs'. Conversely, the founders' average age is rather constant across countries, but shows a fair degree of variability across sectors. Second, IP assets, and in particular the presence of an inventor in the team of founders, are strongly associated with start-ups' success. Finally, female founders are less likely to receive funding, receive lower amounts when they do receive financing, and have a lower probability of successful exit, when other factors are controlled for." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brink, Siegrun, Sören Ivens, Sebastian Nielen & Nadine Schlömer-Laufen (2018): Neugegründete Unternehmen und ihre Entwicklung. Eine empirische Analyse anhand verschiedener Erfolgsdimensionen. (IfM-Materialien 271), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich der Entwicklung neugegründeter Unternehmen in den ersten vier Jahren. Ziel war es anhand von verschiedenen Erfolgsdimensionen (Überleben am Markt, Deckung des Lebensunterhaltes und Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen) zu analysieren, wie sich die Unternehmen in der Nachgründungsphase entwickeln. Es zeigt sich, dass fast drei Viertel der Neugründungen am Markt verbleiben. Allerdings schafft nur eine Minderheit dieser Unternehmen neue Arbeitsplätze. Auch den Lebensunterhalt kann vier Jahre nach Gründung nur rund die Hälfte aus der unternehmerischen Tätigkeit bestreiten. Es zeigt sich, dass dafür beispielsweise eine hybride Selbstständigkeit, ein weiteres Haushaltsein-kommen und/oder persönliche Wahrnehmung der Vorteile einer Selbstständigkeit verantwortlich sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brown, Ross, Suzanne Mawson, Alexander Rowe & Colin Mason (2018): Working the crowd: Improvisational entrepreneurship and equity crowdfunding in nascent entrepreneurial ventures. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 169-193. DOI:10.1177/0266242617729743

Abstract

"Equity crowdfunding has rapidly established itself as an important part of the funding landscape for nascent entrepreneurial ventures. To date, however, little is known about the nature of the demand for equity crowdfunding or its impact on recipient firms. This article draws on an interview-based study of entrepreneurs of 42 equity crowdfunded start-ups in the United Kingdom. The study found strong demand for this funding from these experimental and improvisational entrepreneurs within innovative, consumer-focused, early stage firms. Many entrepreneurs were classic 'discouraged borrowers' attracted by the ability to obtain finance quickly with relatively little diminution of their equity or autonomy. In terms of impact, equity crowdfunding seems to confer important intangible benefits to investee companies which amount to more than money. Given their strongly improvisational nature, the concept of entrepreneurial bricolage seems a suitable theoretical lens explicating the behavioural aspects of the entrepreneurs examined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brown, J. David, John S. Earle, Mee Jung Kim & Kyung Min Lee (2018): High-growth entrepreneurship. (IZA discussion paper 11662), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"Analyzing data on all U.S. employers in a cohort of entering firms, we document a highly skewed size distribution, such that the largest 5% account for over half of cohort employment at firm birth and more than two-thirds at firm age 7. Little of the size variation is accounted for by industry or amount of finance, but relative size is strongly persistent over time: at age 7, the probability of 20+ employees is about 40 times larger for those entering with 20+ than for those entering with one. We link administrative and survey data to study the role of founder characteristics in high growth, defined as the largest 5% of the cohort at ages 0 and 7. Female-founded firms are 50% less likely to be in this ventile at both ages, and 34% less likely when controlling for detailed demographic and human capital variables. A similar initial gap for African-Americans, however, disappears by age 7. Founder age is positively associated with high growth at entry, but the profile flattens and turns negative as the firm ages. The education profile is initially concave, with graduate degree recipients no more likely than high school graduates to found high growth firms, but the former nearly catch up to those with bachelor's degrees by firm age 7, while the latter do not. Most other relationships of high growth with founder characteristics are highly persistent over time. Prior business ownership is strongly positively associated, and veteran experience negatively associated, with high growth. A larger founding team raises the probability of high growth, while, controlling for team size, diversity (by gender, age, race/ethnicity, or nativity) either lowers the probability or has little effect. Controlling for start-up capital raises the high-growth probability of firms founded by women, minorities, immigrants, veterans, smaller founding teams, and novice, younger, and less educated entrepreneurs. Perhaps surprisingly, female, minority, and less-educated entrepreneurs tend to choose high-growth industries, but fewer of them achieve high growth relative to their industry peers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burton, Diane M., Michael S. Dahl & Olav Sorenson (2018): Do Start-ups pay less? In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 5, S. 1179-1200. DOI:10.1177/0019793917747240

Abstract

"The authors analyze Danish registry data from 1991 to 2006 to determine how firm age and firm size influence wages. Unadjusted statistics suggest that smaller firms paid less than larger firms paid, and that firm age had little or no bearing on wages. After adjusting for differences in the characteristics of employees hired by these firms, however, they observe both firm age and firm size effects. Larger firms paid more than did smaller firms for observationally equivalent individuals but, contrary to conventional wisdom, younger firms paid more than older firms. The size effect, however, dominates the age effect. Thus, although the typical start-up -- being both young and small -- paid less than a more established employer, the largest start-ups paid a wage premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))