Brain Drain? Brain Gain? Folgen der internationalen Wanderung
Arbeitskräftemobilität über Staatsgrenzen hinweg ist ein mit Hoffnungen und Ängsten verbundenes Phänomen. In der politischen Debatte konkurrieren auf Begrenzung zielende Reaktionsmuster mit Vorschlägen, die auf eine aktive Steuerung der Migration in den heimischen Arbeitsmarkt zielen.
Was bedeutet internationale Wanderung für die Herkunfts-, was für die Aufnahmeländer? Insbesondere die Migration gut ausgebildeter Menschen wurde oft unter dem Schlagwort des "Brain Drain" als schädlich für Wohlfahrt und Entwicklung ihrer Heimatländer betrachtet. Die Forschung zeichnet inzwischen jedoch ein differenzierteres Bild. Dieses Themendossier stellt eine Auswahl der theoretischen und empirischen Literatur vor.
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Literaturhinweis
Improving the Monitoring of Posted Workers in the EU: Towards an Exhaustive Approach of Employment Statistics (2022)
Wispelaere, Frederic De;Zitatform
Wispelaere, Frederic De (2022): Improving the Monitoring of Posted Workers in the EU. Towards an Exhaustive Approach of Employment Statistics. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 29-32.
Abstract
"The actual employment in a country at a specific point in time may differ greatly from the figures published in national employment statistics, for the following reasons. First, because there is still too little administrative or survey data available on the inflow and outflow of temporary cross-border labor mobility, including the provision of services abroad. In that respect, steps should be taken to improve the measurement of temporary cross-border labor mobility. Second, several types of temporary labor mobility are excluded when measuring employment in a country. For instance, the inflow and outflow of posted workers is not taken into account. As a result, the real extent of employment in a number of labor-intensive sectors, mainly in Western European Member States, is strongly underestimated." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain (2021)
Bakalova, Irina; Dzyuba, Yuri; Fidrmuc, Jan; Berlinschi, Ruxanda;Zitatform
Bakalova, Irina, Ruxanda Berlinschi, Jan Fidrmuc & Yuri Dzyuba (2021): COVID-19, Working from Home and the Potential Reverse Brain Drain. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 845), Maastricht, 14 S.
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a substantial increase in the prevalence of working from home among white-collar occupations. This can have important implications for the future of the workplace and quality of life. We discuss an additional implication, which we label reverse brain drain: the possibility that white-collar migrant workers return to live in their countries of origin while continuing to work for employers in their countries of destination. We estimate the potential size of this reverse flow using data from the European Labor Force Survey. Our estimates suggest that the UK, France, Switzerland and Germany each have around half a million skilled migrants who could perform their jobs from their home countries. Most of them originate from the other EU member states: both old and new. We discuss the potential economic, social and political implications of such reverse brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens (2021)
Zitatform
Ette, Andreas & Nils Witte (2021): Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 65-83. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_4
Abstract
"International movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe (2021)
Grieveson, Richard; Landesmann, Michael; Mara, Isilda;Zitatform
Grieveson, Richard, Michael Landesmann & Isilda Mara (2021): Potential Mobility from Africa, Middle East and EU Neighbouring Countries to Europe. (WIIW working paper 199), Wien, 35 S.
Abstract
"Migration from Africa and the Middle East to the EU has intensified over the last two decades. Relative differences between developed EU and less developed African and Middle East countries have not declined that much and continue to drive mobility. Also, demographic trends show a strong contrast between the population of the EU (ageing and shrinking rapidly) and that of Africa and the Middle East (young and continuously increasing). Apart from demographic pressures and development gaps, other forces related to conflicts and wars, as well as climate risks, have become important drivers of mobility and are not expected to fade away soon. Anticipating migration flows in order to ensure better management and regulated mobility has become essential, although this is an exercise subject to high uncertainty. With these caveats in mind, this study seeks to calculate long-term potential mobility from Africa, the Middle East and Eastern EU neighbouring countries to EU28 and EFTA by applying a migration gravity model following a scenario-based approach. Projections for 2020-2029 suggest that migration flows to the EU from Africa, in particular, will dominate the South-North mobility corridor. Migration policies will also play a role in shaping future migration trends, as migration flows are subject to EU destination countries' applying restrictive migration policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How immigration affects investment and productivity in host and home countries: Immigration may boost foreign direct investment, productivity, and housing investment (2021)
Grossmann, Volker;Zitatform
Grossmann, Volker (2021): How immigration affects investment and productivity in host and home countries. Immigration may boost foreign direct investment, productivity, and housing investment. (IZA world of labor 292), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.292.v2
Abstract
"Die Zuwanderung hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte zieht ausländische Direktinvestitionen an, hilft Unternehmen, Investitionsmöglichkeiten im Ausland zu finden und erhöht das Pro-Kopf-Einkommen durch Produktivitätssteigerungen. Trotz der Auslösung von Wohnungsbauinvestitionen steigen allerdings die Wohnkosten – mit unerwünschten Einkommensverteilungseffekten. Ebenso können Brain-Drain-Effekte nachteilig wirken. Politisch sinnvoll ist deshalb die Kombination einer selektiven, auf Hochqualifizierte gerichteten Zuwanderungspolitik mit Umverteilungsmaßnahmen zugunsten einkommensschwacher Haushalte und Ausgleichshilfen für Herkunftsländer, die hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte verlieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights and the (Un)employment of Migrants (2021)
Zitatform
Guichard, Lucas & Ignat Stepanok (2021): International Trade, Intellectual Property Rights and the (Un)employment of Migrants. (IAB-Discussion Paper 11/2021), Nürnberg, 36 S.
Abstract
"Wir untersuchen die Wirkungen einer Handelsliberalisierung und des Schutzes geistigen Eigentums auf die Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten im Vergleich zu Einheimischen im Zielland. Die Analyse stützt sich auf ein Nord-Süd-Handelsmodell mit Wirtschaftswachstum und einer positiven Migrationsrate. Eine bilaterale Handelsliberalisierung führt zu einer niedrigeren Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten bei geringer Migration und zu einer höheren Arbeitslosenquote, wenn die Migrationsrate hoch ist. Dieses Ergebnis beruht nicht auf Netzwerkeffekten: Die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Stelle zu finden ist unabhängig von der Größe der Diaspora. Ebenso führt der Schutz geistigen Eigentums zu einer höheren Arbeitslosenquote von Migrantinnen und Migranten unabhängig von der Größe der Diaspora. Die theoretischen Hypothesen des Modells wurden anhand von Daten aus 20 OECD Ländern in der Periode 2000-2014 empirisch getestet. Die empirischen Ergebnisse bestätigen die theoretischen Vorhersagen des Modells." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
An Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Brain Drain (2021)
Gursoy, Furkan; Badur, Bertan;Zitatform
Gursoy, Furkan & Bertan Badur (2021): An Agent-Based Modelling Approach to Brain Drain. (arXiv papers), 10 S.
Abstract
"The phenomenon of brain drain, that is the emigration of highly skilled people, has many undesirable effects, particularly for developing countries. In this study, an agent-based model is developed to understand the dynamics of such emigration. We hypothesise that skilled people's emigration decisions are based on several factors including the overall economic and social difference between the home and host countries, people's ability and capacity to obtain good jobs and start a life abroad, and the barriers of moving abroad. Furthermore, the social network of individuals also plays a significant role. The model is validated using qualitative and quantitative pattern matching with real-world observations. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses are performed in addition to several scenario analyses. Linear and random forest response surface models are created to provide quick predictions on the number of emigrants as well as to understand the effect sizes of individual parameters. Overall, the study provides an abstract model where brain drain dynamics can be explored. Findings from the simulation outputs show that future socioeconomic state of the country is more important than the current state, lack of barriers results in a large number of emigrants, and network effects ensue compounding effects on emigration. Upon further development and customisation, future versions can assist in the decision-making of social policymakers regarding brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Innovation Without Borders: The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century (2021)
Harnoss, Johann; Reeves, Martin; Schwarz, Anna; Candelon, François;Zitatform
Harnoss, Johann, Anna Schwarz, Martin Reeves & François Candelon (2021): Innovation Without Borders. The Power of Human Migration in the 21st Century. Boston, MA, 19 S.
Abstract
"This report is the first in a series that explores the innovative potential arising from the global movement of skilled workers and examines the implications for CEOs and policymakers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social construction of skill: an analytical approach toward the question of skill in cross-border labour mobilities (2021)
Zitatform
Liu-Farrer, Gracia, Brenda S. Yeoh & Michiel Baas (2021): Social construction of skill: an analytical approach toward the question of skill in cross-border labour mobilities. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 41, H. 10, S. 2237-2251. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731983
Abstract
"Selecting labour migrants based on skill has become a widely practised migration policy in many countries around the world. Since the late twentieth century, research on ‘skilled’ and ‘highly skilled’ migration has raised important questions about the value and ethics of skill-based labour mobility. More recent research has begun to question the concept of skill and skill categorisation in both government policy and academic research. Taking the view that migrants’ skill is socially constructed, we centre our discussion on three questions: Who are the arbitrators of skill? What constitutes skill? And how is skill constructed in the migration process and in turn, how does skill affect the mobility? We show that diverse actors are involved in the process of identifying, evaluating and shaping migrant skill. The interpretation of migrants’ skill is frequently distorted by their ascriptive characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender and nationality, reflecting the influence of colonial legacy, global inequality as well as social stratification. Finally, this special issue emphasises the complex, and frequently reciprocal, relationship between skill and mobility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility (2021)
Zitatform
Liu-Farrer, Gracia & Karen Shire (2021): Who are the fittest? The question of skills in national employment systems in an age of global labour mobility. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 47, H. 10, S. 2305-2322. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2020.1731987
Abstract
"Faced with demographic as well as economic changes, Germany and Japan have liberalised immigration controls for skilled migrants, set targets for foreign student enrolments in university, and introduced visa categories to enable foreign graduates to enter their labour markets. Yet a relatively modest share of foreign graduates actually receives jobs appropriate to their skill-level and remain in these labour markets. In this article, we focus on organisational recruitment and employment practices, especially those related to skill formation and the structuring of careers, as factors affecting the remain rates of foreign graduates. Our analysis shows that while obtaining the same educational credentials as native students, foreign graduates are disadvantaged because the employment systems of the host countries operate according to the logic of national labour markets, entailing institutionally and culturally specific skill expectations as well as formation processes. Consequently, foreign graduates either fail to enter the market, or are placed in lower or niche categories in a differentiated labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Train drain? Access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training (2021)
Zitatform
Oswald-Egg, Maria Esther & Michael Siegenthaler (2021): Train drain? Access to skilled foreign workers and firms' provision of training. (Working paper / Swiss Leading House 186), Zürich, 56 S.
Abstract
"Does better access to skilled workers reduce firms' willingness to provide general skills training to unskilled workers? We analyze how the gradual opening of the Swiss labor market to workers from the European Union affected the number of apprenticeship positions that firms provide. We exploit that the availability of skilled workers increased more in firms close to the border because they gained unrestricted access to cross-border workers from neighboring countries. Our Difference-in-Differences estimates suggest that firm-provided training and access to skilled workers are not necessarily substitutes: opening the borders did not have a statistically significant effect on apprenticeship provision. We show theoretically and empirically that the small impact was the consequence of two opposing effects: the greater availability of skilled workers reduced firms' incentive to train because the cost of hiring external labor fell. Positive impacts on firm growth worked in the opposite direction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Population Aging and Migration (2021)
Poutvaara, Panu;Zitatform
Poutvaara, Panu (2021): Population Aging and Migration. (IZA discussion paper 14389), Bonn, 24 S.
Abstract
"International migration flows largely reflect demographic patterns and economic opportunities. Migration flows increase in expected income and other pull factors in potential destinations, and in push factors in the origin, like high unemployment, low wages, and high population growth. Migration flows decrease in the geographic and cultural distance between the potential origin and destination, and in other migration costs. To the extent that migrants are employed, immigration can alleviate challenges arising from population aging. For origin countries, the effects of migration may go either way, depending on whether increased incentives to invest in education are sufficient to compensate the loss of skilled workers. Throughout the 20th century, Northern America and Australia and New Zealand attracted highest immigration flows. Latin America was consistently a continent of emigration. Europe went through a major reversal from a continent of emigration until 1950s to a continent of immigration. In the 21st century, crucial questions for demographic and migration research are how fertility rate and emigration rate are going to develop in Africa. Even modest increases in emigration from Africa would generate major increases in immigration pressure in the rest of the world, mostly in Europe. Other major questions on the future research agenda are the effects of the climate change and rapid improvements in information technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings (2021)
Wang, Xuening;Zitatform
Wang, Xuening (2021): US Permanent Residency, Job Mobility, and Earnings. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 639-671. DOI:10.1086/709689
Abstract
"One concern regarding US immigration policies is that skilled workers on temporary visas may be bound to their employers in “indentured servitude,” giving rise to monopsony power. I investigate this concern by estimating the effect of acquiring permanent residency on the job mobility and earnings of these workers. Using fixed effects models, I find an immediate upsurge in mobility upon permanent residency receipt, primarily driven by voluntary moving being depressed during the employer-sponsored immigration process. Job lock reduces the earnings of male workers by 4.7%, which translates to a 2% surplus for firms after extra hiring costs are subtracted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration (2021)
Zitatform
Witte, Nils & Jean Guedes Auditor (2021): Affluent Lives Beyond the Border? Individual Wage Change Through Migration. In: M. Erlinghagen, A. Ette, N. F. Schneider & N. Witte (Hrsg.) (2021): ¬The¬ Global Lives of German Migrants, S. 121-138. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_7
Abstract
"This chapter investigates individual wage changes of German emigrants. The analytical strategy is twofold. First, we compare hourly wage changes among emigrants with wage changes among stayers. We estimate the Difference-in-Difference of mean net hourly wages between stayers and emigrants over time and account for the positive selection of emigrants on observable characteristics through entropy balancing. Second, we explore the heterogeneity of wage changes among emigrants. To that end, we calculate linear regressions on the log net hourly wage change through migration. The first analysis suggests substantial wage increases of 8 euros through migration. The second analysis provides evidence that characteristics of employment and of destination countries account for differences in the wage change among emigrants. Among individual characteristics, only age is negatively correlated, while education and gender do not account for differences. Our analysis rely on the first wave of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study. The German Socio-Economic Panel Study yields our reference population of stayers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmigration in der Pflege - Indische Perspektiven im Kontext des globalen Pflegemarktes (2021)
Zitatform
(2021): Arbeitsmigration in der Pflege - Indische Perspektiven im Kontext des globalen Pflegemarktes. In: M. Bonacker & G. Geiger (Hrsg.) (2021): Migration in der Pflege, Berlin, Springer S. 191-205.
Abstract
"Arbeitsmigration und deren Organisation beschäftigt nicht nur das deutsche Pflegesystem, sondern auch inter- und supranationale Entscheidungsstrukturen. Allen voran die WHO setzt sich mit den Standards der internationalen Pflegemigration auseinander. Ausgehend von den von der WHO aufgestellten Standards schaut der Artikel auf die Pflegemigration aus Indien und speziell auf die Region Kerala und zeigt auf, dass die Brain-drain-Theorie, der die WHO noch immer folgt, für diese Region keineswegs haltbar ist. Vielmehr werden positive Effekte dargestellt, deren Chancen besser verstanden werden müssen. Der Artikel gibt darüber hinaus wichtige Hinweise in Bezug auf eine international orientierte Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland und spricht sich für einen leichteren Zugang internationaler Pflegekräfte ins deutsche Gesundheitssystem aus." (Autorenreferat, © 2021 Springer)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis des Sammelwerks -
Literaturhinweis
International Migration Outlook 2021 (2021)
Zitatform
OECD (2021): International Migration Outlook 2021. (OECD economic outlook 45), Paris, 439 S. DOI:10.1787/29f23e9d-en
Abstract
"The 2021 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries. This edition includes two special chapters, one providing an in-depth analysis of the fiscal impact of migration in OECD countries since the mid 2000s and another on the causes and consequences of the residential segregation of immigrants. The Outlook also includes country notes and a detailed statistical annex." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Enablers and disablers of cross-border long-term apprentice mobility: Evidence from country- and project-level investigations (2021)
Zitatform
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2021): Enablers and disablers of cross-border long-term apprentice mobility. Evidence from country- and project-level investigations. (CEDEFOP reference series 120), Thessaloniki, 137 S. DOI:10.2801/486215
Abstract
"Cross-border long-term mobility of apprentices (CBLTMA) is understood as the period an apprentice spends abroad in in-company training (potentially combined with training at a VET provider) for a duration of minimum six months, and typically of up to 12 months, as part of his/her apprenticeship training. It is more difficult to organise than mobility in school-based VET and higher education, largely due to the nature of the relationship between the apprentice and the training companies; the latter must be willing to let the apprentice undergo a part of his/her training abroad. By considering the specificities of apprenticeships, this publication presents considerations on the enablers and disablers of CBLTMA and shows what would need to be considered to make CBLTMA work in the medium to long term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Deutschlands Attraktivität für Spitzenforscherinnen und Spitzenforscher sowie Spitzenfachkräfte steigern (Brain Gain): Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/32045) (2021)
Zitatform
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (2021): Deutschlands Attraktivität für Spitzenforscherinnen und Spitzenforscher sowie Spitzenfachkräfte steigern (Brain Gain). Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/32045). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/32468 (14.09.2021)), 16 S.
Abstract
Der internationale Wettbewerb um akademisch Hochqualifizierte ist hart: Diese können sich in der Regel aussuchen, an welchem Ort sie forschen, arbeiten und leben wollen und ziehen aus Deutschland weg, sobald die Rahmenbedingungen nachteilig werden. In diesem Zusammenhang finden es die Fragesteller beunruhigend, dass die OECD und die Bertelsmann-Stiftung Ende 2019 zu dem Schluss gekommen sind, dass sich Deutschland unter den damals 35 OECD-Ländern nur auf Rang 12 in puncto Anziehungskraft für hochqualifizierte Akademikerinnen und Akademiker befindet. In ihrer Antwort verweist die Bundesregierung auf Studien zur Bewertung von Wanderungsbewegungen des wissenschaftlichen Personals. Der Deutsche Akademische Austauschdienst plant für das Jahr 2022 eine umfassende Studie zu internationalen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern in Deutschland, um auf dieser Basis Vorschläge entwickeln zu können, wie die Attraktivität Deutschlands für diese Zielgruppe weiter gesteigert werden kann und die Zugangswege für internationale Forscherinnen und Forscher in das deutsche Hochschul- und Forschungssystem optimiert werden können. Die strategische Gewinnung wissenschaftlichen Personals betreiben die Hochschulen dabei in eigener Verantwortung. Die aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung finanzierte Alexander von Humboldt-Professur bietet weltweit führenden Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern aus dem Ausland eine dauerhafte Perspektive in Deutschland. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The economics of immigration (2020)
Zitatform
Bansak, Cynthia, Nicole B. Simpson & Madeline Zavodny (2020): The economics of immigration. Boca Raton: Routledge, 470 S.
Abstract
"This book, in its second edition, introduces readers to the economics of immigration, which is a booming field within economics. The main themes and objectives of the book are for readers to understand the decision to migrate, the impacts of immigration on markets and government budgets and the consequences of immigration policies in a global context. Our goal is for readers to be able to make informed economic arguments about key issues related to immigration around the world. This book applies economic tools to the topic of immigration to answer questions like whether immigration raises or lowers the standard of living of people in a country. The book examines many other consequences of immigration as well, such as the effect on tax revenues and government expenditures, the effect on how and what firms decide to produce and the effect on income inequality, to name just a few. It also examines questions like what determines whether people choose to move and where they decide to go. It even examines how immigration affects the ethnic diversity of restaurants and financial markets. Readers will learn how to apply economic tools to the topic of immigration. Immigration is frequently in the news as more people move around the world to work, to study and to join family members. The economics of immigration has important policy implications. Immigration policy is controversial in many countries. This book explains why this is so and equips the reader to understand and contribute to policy debates on this important topic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Informa UK Limited) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis -
Literaturhinweis
Understanding high-skilled intra-European migration patterns: the case of European physicians in Germany (2020)
Zitatform
Becker, Regina & Céline Teney (2020): Understanding high-skilled intra-European migration patterns. The case of European physicians in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 46, H. 9, S. 1737-1755. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561249
Abstract
"This paper investigates migration patterns of European physicians in Germany as an example of high-skilled intra-EU migration. We define migration patterns as the migrants' original migration decisions and the intended length of stay in their destination country. Our analysis is based on an original mixed-method study that consists of a survey (N?=?1,225) and 22 semi-structured follow-up interviews with physicians from throughout the EU. Based on our data, we distinguish three classes of migration patterns: (1) 'traditional labour migrants', who emphasise economic and work-related migration reasons and intend to stay in Germany permanently, (2) 'career seekers', whose migration was triggered by the quality and content of employment and who only moved temporarily, and (3) 'family settlers', who indicate family reasons as crucial factors in their migration decision and mainly intend to remain in Germany. Western European physicians are overrepresented in the family settlers' class, while Eastern European physicians are more likely to belong to the traditional labour migrants' class. As an overarching concept to trace intra-EU migration is lacking, we hope to contribute to the emerging field of intra-EU migration research with an in-depth empirical study that accounts for differences in migration patterns with respect to different regions of origin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))