Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland
Laut einer OECD-Studie ist die Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland seit 1990 erheblich stärker gewachsen als in den meisten anderen OECD-Ländern. Die zunehmende Kluft zwischen Arm und Reich geht vor allem auf die Entwicklung der Löhne und Gehälter zurück. Die OECD empfiehlt, dem steuer- und sozialpolitisch entgegenzuwirken, mehr Menschen in existenzsichernde Beschäftigung zu bringen sowie mehr in die Bildung Niedrigqualifizierter zu investieren.
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Literaturhinweis
The distribution of national income in Germany, 1992–2019 (2026)
Zitatform
Bach, Stefan, Charlotte Bartels & Theresa Neef (2026): The distribution of national income in Germany, 1992–2019. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 181. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105149
Abstract
"This paper estimates and analyzes the distribution and composition of pre-tax national income in Germany since reunification, combining personal income tax returns, household survey data, and national accounts. We find that pre-tax national income inequality has increased since the 1990s, though to a lesser extent than suggested by previous studies. Our results draw parallels in top income structure and concentration to the United States: Half of the top 1% earners are non-corporate business owners in labor-intensive professions contrasting with corporate top incomes in France. Also the concentration of pre-tax national income in Germany is similar to the United States and higher than in France." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rising Inequality, Declining Mobility: The Evolution of Intergenerational Mobility in Germany (2025)
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Baarck, Julia, Moritz Bode & Andreas Peichl (2025): Rising Inequality, Declining Mobility: The Evolution of Intergenerational Mobility in Germany. (CESifo working paper 12058), München, 29 S.
Abstract
"This paper is the first to show that intergenerational income mobility in Germany has decreased over time. We provide estimates of intergenerational persistence for the birth cohorts 1968-1987 and document that the rank-rank slope rises sharply for cohorts born in the late 1970s and early 1980s, after which it stabilizes at a higher level. Depending on the specification, the slope increases by 59%-107%. As a step towards understanding the mechanisms behind this increase in income persistence, we show that parental income has become much more important for educational outcomes of children over the same time period. Moreover, we show that the increase in intergenerational income persistence coincided with an increase in cross-sectional income inequality, providing novel evidence for an "Intertemporal Great Gatsby Curve" in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Testing Marx: Capital Accumulation, Income Inequality, and Socialism in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte, Felix Kersting & Nikolaus Wolf (2025): Testing Marx: Capital Accumulation, Income Inequality, and Socialism in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 107, H. 4, S. 935-950. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01305
Abstract
"We study the dynamics of capital accumulation, income inequality, capital concentration, and voting up to 1914. Based on new panel data for Prussian regions, we reevaluate the famous revisionism debate between orthodox Marxists and their critics. We show that changes in capital accumulation led to a rise in the capital share and income inequality, as predicted by orthodox Marxists. But against their predictions, this neither led to further capital concentration nor to more votes for the socialists. Instead, trade unions and strike activity limited income inequality and fostered political support for socialism, as argued by the revisionists." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dealing with Censored Earnings in Register Data (2025)
Beckmannshagen, Mattis ; Retter, Isabella; Schluter, Christian; Tchokni, Yogam; Koenig, Johannes ; Schröder, Carsten ;Zitatform
Beckmannshagen, Mattis, Johannes Koenig, Isabella Retter, Christian Schluter, Carsten Schröder & Yogam Tchokni (2025): Dealing with Censored Earnings in Register Data. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2024-0037
Abstract
"Earnings are often top-coded (right-censored) in administrative registers. The censoring threshold in the case of Germany is the limit value for social security contributions, leading to a substantial fraction of censoring: For example, about 12 % of male workers in West Germany are affected, rising to above 30 % for highly educated prime-aged workers. This missing right tail ofthe earnings distribution constitutes a major problem for researchers studying earnings inequality and top incomes. We overcome this challenge by taking a distributional approach and semi-parametrically modelling the right tail as being Pareto-like. Non-censored earnings survey data matched to administrative records, derived from the SOEP-RV project, let us operate in a laboratory-like setting in which the targets are known. Our approach outperforms alternative imputation methods based on Tobit regressions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Fragmented Country: Regional Income Convergence in Germany (2025)
Cieslik, Andrzej; Misiak, Tomasz;Zitatform
Cieslik, Andrzej & Tomasz Misiak (2025): A Fragmented Country: Regional Income Convergence in Germany. In: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Jg. 75, S. 248-260. DOI:10.1016/j.strueco.2025.08.006
Abstract
"In this paper we study regional income convergence in Germany using the novel approach proposed by Phillips and Sul (2007) that has not been so far employed in the context of German regions. Our study employs data at two levels of the NUTS regional classification for the period 2000-2021. At the NUTS I level, the panel data consist of 16 states (Länder - 10 in West Germany and 6 in East Germany), while at the NUTS II level it consists of 38 total Governmental districts (Regierungsbezirke - 30 in West Germany and 8 in East Germany). Our research results indicate that the income convergence hypothesis among all German regions is rejected for the whole country both at NUTS I and NUTS II levels. Likewise, the convergence hypothesis is rejected among both Eastern and Western regions. Nevertheless, the results show the presence of club convergence. Among all German regions, we identify three convergence clubs, and their distribution, especially at the NUTS II level, indicates that the axis of contemporary development trends runs horizontally rather than vertically. This allows us to argue that in contrast to the previous division between the richer Western and the poorer Eastern regions, a new division between the richer South and the poorer North has been emerging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant wealth in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Faininger, Rudolf & Svenja Flechtner (2025): Migrant wealth in Germany. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1007/s10888-025-09668-7
Abstract
"Migrant households in Germany hold significantly less wealth than native households, with disparities varying by origin and generation. Using SOEP data (2012, 2017), this study quantifies gaps across the wealth distribution and examines income, saving rates, and portfolio composition. Migrants from low- and middle-income countries exhibit the largest gaps, with persistent disadvantages in the upper distribution. Second-generation high-income country migrants show signs of convergence. Disparities are mainly due to portfolio composition and differences in earnings and savings behavior. The findings underscore the heterogeneity of migrant wealth accumulation and contribute to research on wealth inequality and migration economics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einkommensverteilung: Anzeichen für Trendbruch beim Armutsrisiko – Alleinerziehende seltener von Armut bedroht (2025)
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Grabka, Markus M. (2025): Einkommensverteilung: Anzeichen für Trendbruch beim Armutsrisiko – Alleinerziehende seltener von Armut bedroht. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 92, H. 8, S. 103-113. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2025-8-1
Abstract
"Die Bruttostundenlöhne von abhängig Beschäftigten sind im Zeitraum 1995 bis 2022 trotz zuletzt hoher Inflation real um rund 15 Prozent gestiegen. Vor allem das unterste Lohndezil holte nach zwischenzeitlich starken Reallohnverlusten wieder gegenüber allen anderen Dezilen auf. Parallel dazu ging der Niedriglohnsektor seit 2007 um knapp fünf Prozentpunkte zurück, in Ostdeutschland sogar um 14 Prozentpunkte. Im Jahr 2022 befanden sich 18,5 Prozent der abhängig Beschäftigten in Haupttätigkeit in diesem Lohnsegment. Die Haushaltsnettoeinkommen stiegen seit 1995 inflationsbereinigt um im Schnitt 35 Prozent. Beim Armutsrisiko deutet sich nach einer langen Phase des Anstiegs ein Trendbruch an. Unter Alleinerziehenden zeigt sich deutschlandweit seit 2010 ein Rückgang um 4,3 Prozentpunkte, in Ostdeutschland sogar um knapp 15 Prozentpunkte. Will man das weiterhin hohe Armutsrisiko reduzieren, sollten Kinder und Jugendliche in den Blick genommen werden, da der Anteil der frühen Schulabgänger*innen zuletzt auf 13,1 Prozent gewachsen ist. Ohne qualifizierten Bildungsabschluss sind aber Armutskarrieren sehr wahrscheinlich. Gezielte Bildungsausgaben, die über höhere Steuern auf Vermögen finanziert werden könnten, sind auch aus diesem Grund dringend erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
Englische Version erschienen in DIW Weekly Report -
Literaturhinweis
Insurance, redistribution, and the inequality of lifetime income (2025)
Zitatform
Haan, Peter, Daniel Kemptner, Victoria Prowse & Maximilian Schaller (2025): Insurance, redistribution, and the inequality of lifetime income. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 565-613. DOI:10.3982/qe1637
Abstract
"Individuals vary considerably in how much they earn during their lifetimes. This study examines the role of the tax-and-transfer system in mitigating such inequalities, which could otherwise lead to disparities in living standards. Utilizing a life-cycle model, we determine that the tax-and-transfer system offsets 45% of lifetime earnings inequality attributed to differences in productive abilities and education. Additionally, the system insures against 47% of lifetime earnings risk. Implementing a lifetime tax reform that links annual taxes to prior employment could enhance the system's insurance function, though it may involve tradeoffs in terms of employment and overall welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries (2025)
Zitatform
Herzberg-Druker, Efrat (2025): Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 99. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101084
Abstract
"Numerous scholars have explored the association between women's changing employment patterns and the changing income inequality in recent decades. While most studies indicate that increased women's employment reduces household inequality, a few suggest the opposite effect. This research investigated whether shifts in the division of paid work (i.e., changes in the working hours) among heterosexual couples, as compared to changes in women's work alone, contribute to changes in income inequality. It also examined whether the selection of couples into the different types of division of paid work based on their level of education is a mechanism underlying the growing inequality. Based on counterfactual analyses of data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), encompassing 21 OECD countries, the findings demonstrate shifts in couples' division of paid work, particularly the increase in fulltime dual-earner households, are associated with rising income inequality in most countries studied. However, changes in educational attainment were not found to be the mechanism underlying the association between changes in couples' division of paid work and changes in income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The contribution of employer changes to aggregate wage mobility (2025)
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Hollandt, Nils Torben & Steffen Müller (2025): The contribution of employer changes to aggregate wage mobility. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 490-515. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpae038
Abstract
"Wage mobility reduces the persistence of wage inequality. We develop a framework to quantify the contribution of employer-to-employer movers to aggregate wage mobility. Using three decades of German social security data, we find that inequality increased while aggregate wage mobility decreased. Employer-to-employer movers exhibit higher wage mobility, mainly due to changes in employer wage premia at job change. The massive structural changes following German unification temporarily led to a high number of movers, which in turn boosted aggregate wage mobility. Wage mobility is much lower at the bottom of the wage distribution, and the decline in aggregate wage mobility since the 1980s is concentrated there. The overall decline can be mostly attributed to a reduction in wage mobility per mover, which is due to a compositional shift toward lower-wage movers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, 17259Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7517.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Poverty among migrant, mixed, and non-migrant households: the role of non-teleworkability and single-earnership in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Hornung, Maria, Emanuela Stuffolino & Hannah Zagel (2025): Poverty among migrant, mixed, and non-migrant households: the role of non-teleworkability and single-earnership in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 51, H. 5, S. 1294-1321. DOI:10.1080/1369183x.2024.2404219
Abstract
"Migrant and mixed households have higher poverty than non-migrant households. This is partly because single-earner two-adult households are more prevalent in migrant and mixed households and because such households have different job characteristics. One crucial job characteristic is teleworkability. Whether or not individuals can work from home has become a dividing factor in the labour market. While much research has focused on how teleworkability affects poverty in the majority population, less attention has been devoted to migrant and mixed two-adult households. Using the German Microcensus (2019), we construct work arrangements based on the number of earners in the household and their job‘s teleworkability to predict poverty for non-migrant (N = 49,507), mixed (N = 6,818), and migrant households (N = 8,922). Descriptive statistics show that, in Germany, migrant and mixed households have more single-earner and non-teleworkable work arrangements. Results from logistic regressions report higher poverty for non-teleworkable and single-earner work arrangements, putting mixed and migrant households at an increased disadvantage. Furthermore, we find that migrant (and mixed) households not only have a higher prevalence of high-poverty work arrangements but also higher poverty than non-migrant and mixed households within the same work arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A cohabitation wealth premium for women and men: considering the regulatory framework and normative acceptance in France and Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Kapelle, Nicole, Nicolas Frémeaux, Philipp M. Lersch & Marion Leturcq (2025): A cohabitation wealth premium for women and men: considering the regulatory framework and normative acceptance in France and Germany. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 591-620. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf013
Abstract
"We examine the association between cohabitation and women’s and men’s wealth, closely considering the distinct regulatory and normative contexts in France and Eastern and Western Germany. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (2002 –2017) and the French wealth survey Histoire de Vie et Patrimoine (2014/15-2020/21), we apply fixed-effects regression models to examine potential wealth advantages associated with cohabitation, including the relevance of gender and contextual differences. We find that cohabitation is positively associated with women’s and men’s wealth across contexts, without meaningful gender differences. For France, entering a Pacs (i.e. registered cohabitation) is associated with an additional premium beyond the (unregistered) cohabitation premium—though these effects may not be causal. Overall, our results suggest that the regulatory treatment of cohabitation plays a more significant role in shaping the wealth accumulation of cohabiting women and men than normative acceptance, while gender has little impact on the associated benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Uncovering what matters: Family life-course aspects and personal wealth in late working age (2025)
Zitatform
Kapelle, Nicole & Carla Rowold (2025): Uncovering what matters: Family life-course aspects and personal wealth in late working age. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 52, S. 689-740. DOI:10.4054/demres.2025.52.22
Abstract
"Background: Capturing the complexity of family life courses as predictors of later-life outcomes like wealth is challenging. Previous research has either (a) assessed a few selective but potentially irrelevant summary indicators, or (b) examined entire life-course clusters without identifying specific important aspects within and between them. Objective: Our aim is to investigate which family life-course variables that capture the order, duration, and timing of states and transitions are key personal wealth predictors for Western Germans aged 50 to 59, and to analyse the strength and direction of associations between the relevant variables and personal wealth, and whether these differ by gender. Methods: We used German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data and combined feature selection, sequence analysis tools, and regression techniques. Results: We identified 23 family life-course variables as relevant predictors, with 2 – the time spent never-married, with and without children – deemed most relevant. Most family life-course variables were negatively associated with personal wealth and characterised by single parenthood, marital separation, or early marital transitions with or without fertility transitions. The prevalence and significance of some of the associations between these variables and personal wealth differed across genders. The results highlight the importance of previously concealed family life-course variables for wealth inequalities in late working age. Contribution: We extend previous research on the nexus between family demography and wealth stratification by using a novel, data-driven approach that more effectively explores family life-course complexities by considering the ‘entire’ universe of variables that describe such life courses and identifying those life-course variables that are relevant wealth predictors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Routes to the Top (2025)
Zitatform
Koenig, Johannes, Christian Schluter & Carsten Schröder (2025): Routes to the Top. In: The Review of Income and Wealth, Jg. 71, H. 2. DOI:10.1111/roiw.70015
Abstract
"Who makes it to the top? We use the leading socio-economic survey in Germany, supplemented by extensive data on the rich, to answer this question. We identify the key predictors for belonging to the top 1 percent of income, wealth, and both distributions jointly. Although we consider many, only a few traits matter: Entrepreneurship and self-employment in conjunction with a sizable inheritance of company assets is the most important covariate combination across all rich groups. Our data suggest that all top 1 percent groups, but especially the joint top 1 percent, are predominantly populated by intergenerational entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Additive density-on-scalar regression in Bayes Hilbert spaces with an application to gender economics (2025)
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Maier, Eva-Maria, Almond Stöcker, Bernd Fitzenberger & Sonja Greven (2025): Additive density-on-scalar regression in Bayes Hilbert spaces with an application to gender economics. In: The annals of applied statistics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 680-700., 2024-10-21. DOI:10.1214/24-aoas1979
Abstract
"Motivated by research on gender identity norms and the distribution of the woman’s share in a couple’s total labor income, we consider additive regression models for densities as responses with scalar covariates. To preserve nonnegativity and integration to one under vector space operations, we formulate the model for densities in a Bayes Hilbert space, which allows to not only consider continuous densities but also, for example, discrete or mixed densities. Mixed ones occur in our application, as the woman’s income share is a continuous variable having discrete point masses at zero and one for single-earner couples. Estimation is based on a gradient boosting algorithm, allowing for potentially numerous flexible (linear, nonlinear, categorical, interaction etc.) covariate effects and model selection. We show useful properties of Bayes Hilbert spaces related to subcompositional coherence, also yielding new (odds-ratio) interpretations of effect functions and simplified estimation for mixed densities via an orthogonal decomposition. Applying our approach to data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) shows a more symmetric distribution in East German than in West German couples after reunification and a smaller child penalty comparing couples with and without minor children. These West–East differences become smaller but are persistent over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When perception shapes reality: Effects of perceived income inequality and social mobility on affective polarization (2025)
Merten, Lion; Niedringhaus, Jana;Zitatform
Merten, Lion & Jana Niedringhaus (2025): When perception shapes reality: Effects of perceived income inequality and social mobility on affective polarization. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s10888-024-09641-w
Abstract
"Economic inequality and affective polarization are regarded as crucial factors impacting democratic resilience. However, studies on how the two phenomena are intertwined remain scarce and rely primarily on objective measures of economic inequality, overlooking the important role of subjective perceptions. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by empirically testing the link between perceptions of income inequality and affective polarization. In addition, we examine whether perceptions of income mobility moderate this relationship in such a way that perceptions of higher income mobility substitute the effect of perceived income inequality on affective polarization. To do so, we conducted a survey experiment (N = 2,717) with a factorial 2 (high vs. low income inequality) × 2 (high vs. low income mobility) design, in which we successfully modified income inequality and mobility perceptions. We find no significant effect of inequality perceptions on affective polarization and, as a consequence, no moderating role of income mobility perceptions in this relationship. Nevertheless, when income inequality is regarded to be high, the perceived level of income mobility seems to matter for the degree of affective polarization: Respondents are significantly more polarized in the high inequality and low mobility treatment than in the high inequality and high mobility treatment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational earning potential: a new measure of social hierarchy in Europe and the US (2025)
Zitatform
Oesch, Daniel, Oliver Lipps, Roujman Shahbazian, Erik Bihagen & Katy Morris (2025): Occupational earning potential: a new measure of social hierarchy in Europe and the US. In: European Sociological Review, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaf035
Abstract
"Social stratification is interested in unequal life chances and assumes the existence of a hierarchy of more or less advantageous occupations. Yet occupations are not easily translated into a linear hierarchical measure. Influential scales combine multiple indicators and lack intuitive interpretation. We therefore present a new scale based on occupations’ earnings potential (OEP). OEP measures the median earnings of occupations and expresses them as percentiles of the overall earnings structure: if mechanics earn the national median wage, their OEP is 50. We construct national OEP scales using annual microdata pooled over several decades for Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US. Consistent with the Treiman constant, these national scales are highly correlated over time and across countries, justifying the use of one common OEP scale. When applied to another European dataset, the common OEP scale explains a quarter of the variance in earnings—and works as well for men as women and as well for countries used to construct the scale as for other countries. Moreover, it is associated with the causes (education) and consequences (social mobility) that the theory expects. OEP thereby provides a simple and parsimonious indicator of economic advantage that can be meaningfully interpreted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Class origin, intergenerational transfers, and the gender wealth gap (2025)
Zitatform
Trinh, Nhat An (2025): Class origin, intergenerational transfers, and the gender wealth gap. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 645-669. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwae054
Abstract
"This study pursues two objectives: First, to describe how gender disparities in wealth levels vary by parental class and second, to examine the contribution of the gendered allocation of parental wealth to these differences. It thereby sheds light on the interplay between family background and gender in shaping wealth inequality. Using representative survey data from Germany, I find pronounced absolute and relative gaps in personal net wealth to the disadvantage of women. The largest wealth gaps are observed between men and women from the most advantaged backgrounds, for whom parental transfers of business and financial assets are strongly gendered. For these individuals, gender gaps would be reduced by around 40% if transfers were allocated equally. For those from lower class origins, equalizing transfers would not reduce gender gaps despite observed differences in the allocation of real estate and cash. Intergenerational transfers thus emerge as driver of gender wealth inequality at the very top of the class origin hierarchy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Using panel data clustering regression analysis to revisit income inequalities in the European Union (2025)
Vasilescu, Maria Denisa ; Stănilă, Larisa ; Popescu, Madalina Ecaterina; Marin, Erika; Militaru, Eva;Zitatform
Vasilescu, Maria Denisa, Larisa Stănilă, Madalina Ecaterina Popescu, Eva Militaru & Erika Marin (2025): Using panel data clustering regression analysis to revisit income inequalities in the European Union. In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 32, H. 20, S. 2984-2989. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2024.2358186
Abstract
"Income inequality has long been a focal point of concern within European Union countries. This paper aims to revisit this topic from a newer methodological framework, employing panel data clustering regression. The iterative partitional algorithm relies entirely on the data when providing the optimal number of clusters and the membership, it allows the estimation of fixed-effects panel models ensuring homogeneity within the cluster, and it highlights the different slope coefficients across clusters. Building upon the stimulating and disturbing main factors identified in the analysis, we discuss possible measures for mitigating income inequality at the EU level, tailored to each resultant cluster. First-cluster countries should prioritize initiatives aimed at enhancing access to public education to alleviate poverty and have better educated people, while public interventions leveraging direct taxes and social transfers are more effective in reducing inequality across the remaining clusters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zunehmend ungleiche Mietkostenbelastung: Anstieg besonders stark bei Zugewanderten (2025)
Zitatform
Witte, Nils (2025): Zunehmend ungleiche Mietkostenbelastung. Anstieg besonders stark bei Zugewanderten. In: BIB.aktuell H. 1, S. 4-8.
Abstract
"In kaum einem anderen Mitgliedsland der OECD wird so häufig Wohnraum gemietet wie in Deutschland. Der Anteil mietender Haushalte liegt hierzulande bei über 50 Prozent. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die Mietkostenbelastung seit 1990 für Einheimische und Zugewanderte verändert hat. Die Mietkostenbelastung zeigt an, welcher Anteil des Einkommens für Miete ausgegeben wird. Die Entwicklung der Mietkostenbelastung unterscheidet sich fundamental für Personen mit hohen und niedrigen Einkommen. Für einkommensreiche Personen ist die Belastung kaum gestiegen, für einkommensarme Personen hingegen auffallend stark. Knapp 45 Prozent ihrer Einkommen gingen 2020 in die Miete. Der Anstieg war mit 21 Prozentpunkten zwischen 1990 und 2020 besonders ausgeprägt bei Zugewanderten mit Niedrigeinkommen. Erstens sind die Mieten bei Zugewanderten ausnahmslos stärker angewachsen als bei Einheimischen. Zweitens sind die niedrigen und hohen Einkommen bei ihnen noch stärker auseinandergedriftet als bei Einheimischen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Entwicklung der Vermögen und Einkommen in Deutschland (2025)
Zitatform
(2025): Entwicklung der Vermögen und Einkommen in Deutschland. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/14826 (30.01.2025)), Berlin, 28 S.
Abstract
"Vermögen und Einkommen sind in Deutschland weiterhin sehr ungleich verteilt. Während die obere Hälfte der Haushalte über 70 Prozent der Einkommen verfügen, bekommt die gesamte untere Hälfte der Haushalte gerade einmal 30 Prozent. Diese Ungleichverteilung zeigt sich bei den Vermögen noch deutlicher. Während die oberen 50 Prozent der Haushalte fast 97,5 Prozent des gesamten Vermögens besitzen, sind es bei der unteren Hälfte gerade einmal 2,5 Prozent. Die unteren 10 Prozent der Haushalte haben gar kein Vermögen, sondern Schulden, weitere Teile haben dem Sechsten Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht zufolge kein Vermögen, aber auch keine Schulden. Erst im dritten und vierten Dezil sind überhaupt positive Vermögensbestände zu verzeichnen (Quelle: Sechster Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung)." (Textauszug, Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)
Weiterführende Informationen
Dokumentation des zugehörigen parlamentarischen Vorgangs -
Literaturhinweis
Measuring Historical Inequality in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Albers, Thilo, Charlotte Bartels & Felix Schaff (2024): Measuring Historical Inequality in Germany. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 275-299. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0060
Abstract
"This article surveys the measurement of historical wealth and income inequality in Germany. We discuss the underlying data sources, the challenges they pose, and the opportunities they create. We also identify two promising avenues for future research. First, we argue that the geographic granularity of German historical statistics provides researchers with the opportunity to investigate the causes of inequality. Second, several dimensions of historical inequality remain under-explored, for example, the equalizing role of welfare state institutions such as public pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Distribution of National Income in Germany, 1992-2019 (2024)
Zitatform
Bach, Stefan, Charlotte Bartels & Theresa Neef (2024): The Distribution of National Income in Germany, 1992-2019. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2102), Berlin, 55 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the distribution and composition of pre-tax national income in Germany since 1992, combining personal income tax returns, household survey data, and national accounts. Inequality rose from the 1990s to the late 2000s due to falling labor incomes among the bottom 50% and rising incomes in the top 10%. This trend reversed after 2007 as labor incomes across the bottom 90% increased. The top 1% income share, dominated by business income, remained relatively stable between 1992 and 2019. A large share of Germany's top 1% earners are non-corporate business owners in laborintensive professions. At least half of the business owners in P99-99.9 and a quarter in the top 0.1% operate firms in professional services – a pattern mirroring the United States. From 1992 to 2019, Germany'stop 0.1% income concentration exceeded France's and matched U.S. levels until the late 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does inequality migrate? The development of income inequality across German states (2024)
Zitatform
Badunenko, Oleg & Maria Popova (2024): Does inequality migrate? The development of income inequality across German states. In: Journal of regional science, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 555-589. DOI:10.1111/jors.12683
Abstract
"This study analyzes the evolution of educational and occupational patterns among migrants and natives, as well as income inequality in Germany from 1985 to 2015. We show that despite migrants catching up in education, employment, and income with their native counterparts, unfavorable societal attitudes toward them have remained virtually unchanged, which can be attributed to Bourdieu's conceptualization of cultural inheritance. We find that while income inequality has increased significantly over the 30‐year period, this trend varied considerably by the federal state and that migration did nothing to add to inequality. Since both the German economy and society rely on migrants, there is a strong need for the narratives toward migrants to be based on empirical evidence. The findings of this study hold migrant‐related policy implications not only for Germany but also for other developed nations that rely on migrants as a labor force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Biased Expectations and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from German Survey Data and Implications for the East-West Wage Gap (2024)
Zitatform
Balleer, Almut, Georg Duernecker, Susanne Forstner & Johannes Goensch (2024): Biased Expectations and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from German Survey Data and Implications for the East-West Wage Gap. (Ruhr economic papers 1062), Essen, 80 S. DOI:10.4419/96973232
Abstract
"We measure individual bias in labor market expectations in German survey data and find that workers on average significantly overestimate their individual probabilities to separate from their job when employed as well to find a job when unemployed. These biases vary significantly between population groups. Most notably, East Germans are significantly more pessimistic than West Germans. We find a significantly negative relationship between the pessimistic bias in job separation expectations and wages, and a significantly positive relationship between optimistic bias in job finding expectations and reservation incomes. We interpret and quantify the effects of (such) expectation biases on the labor market equilibrium in a search and matching model of the labor market. Removing the biases could substantially increase wages and expected lifetime income in East Germany. The difference in biases in labor market expectations explains part of the East-West German wage gap" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Countries for Old Men: An Analysis of the Age Pay Gap (2024)
Zitatform
Bianchi, Nicola & Matteo Paradisi (2024): Countries for Old Men: An Analysis of the Age Pay Gap. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32340), Cambridge, Mass, 75 S.
Abstract
"This study investigates the growing wage disparity between older and younger workers in high-income countries. We propose a conceptual framework of the labor market in which firms cannot change the contracts of older employees and cannot freely add higher-ranked positions to their organizations. In this model, a larger supply of older workers and declining economic growth restrict younger workers' access to higher-paying roles and widen the age pay gap in favor of older workers. Drawing on extensive administrative and survey data, we document that the characteristics of these negative spillovers on younger workers' careers align with the model's predictions. As older workers enjoy more successful careers, younger workers become less likely to hold higher-ranked jobs and fall toward the bottom of the wage distribution. The pay gap between younger and older workers increases more in slower-growing, older, and larger firms and in firms with higher mean wages, where these negative spillovers on younger workers are larger in magnitude. Moreover, younger employees become less likely to work for higher-paying firms, whose share of older workers disproportionately increases over time. Finally, we show that alternative explanations for these findings receive little empirical support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Using Post-Regularization Distribution Regression to Measure the Effects of a Minimum Wage on Hourly Wages, Hours Worked and Monthly Earnings (2024)
Zitatform
Biewen, Martin & Pascal Erhardt (2024): Using Post-Regularization Distribution Regression to Measure the Effects of a Minimum Wage on Hourly Wages, Hours Worked and Monthly Earnings. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16894), Bonn, 19 S.
Abstract
"We evaluate the distributional effects of a minimum wage introduction based on a data set with a moderate sample size but a large number of potential covariates. Therefore, the selection of relevant control variables at each distributional threshold is crucial to test hypotheses about the impact of the treatment. To this end, we use the post-double selection logistic distribution regression approach proposed by Belloni et al. (2018a), which allows for uniformly valid inference about the target coefficients of our low-dimensional treatment variables across the entire outcome distribution. Our empirical results show that the minimum wage crowded out hourly wages below the minimum threshold, benefitted monthly wages in the lower middle but not the lowest part of the distribution, and did not significantly affect the distribution of hours worked." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Inequality Trends in the Context of Changes in Labor Market Outcomes, Composition and Redistribution in Germany (2024)
Blömer, Maximilian ; Herold, Elena; Peichl, Andreas ; Lay, Max; Steuernagel, Anne; Rathje, Ann-Christin; Schüle, Paul;Zitatform
Blömer, Maximilian, Elena Herold, Max Lay, Andreas Peichl, Ann-Christin Rathje, Paul Schüle & Anne Steuernagel (2024): Inequality Trends in the Context of Changes in Labor Market Outcomes, Composition and Redistribution in Germany. In: EconPol Forum, Jg. 25, H. 2, S. 47-52.
Abstract
"We examine how inequality evolved in Germany during the 1983-2020 period. Labor market participation of women increased significantly, while average weekly working hours of women changed little. Gender differences in earnings are still pervasive and more pronounced for individuals with children. Inequality in earnings and disposable household income increased from the 1990s until 2005. Since then, inequality in earnings has decreased, despite labor force compositional changes, such as high rates of net migration, that tend to push up inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarktdynamik und Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland: Ein Überblick von 1983 bis 2020 (2024)
Blömer, Maximilian ; Lay, Max; Steuernagel, Anne; Herold, Elena; Peichl, Andreas ; Schüle, Paul; Rathje, Ann-Christin;Zitatform
Blömer, Maximilian, Elena Herold, Max Lay, Andreas Peichl, Ann-Christin Rathje, Paul Schüle & Anne Steuernagel (2024): Arbeitsmarktdynamik und Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland. Ein Überblick von 1983 bis 2020. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 77, H. 5, S. 44-48.
Abstract
"Der Artikel zeigt die Entwicklung der Ungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt und der Einkommen in Deutschland über die vergangenen vier Jahrzehnte. Bemerkenswert ist hierbei die gestiegene Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen und älteren Beschäftigten. Bei den Arbeitseinkommen sind jedoch weiterhin große Unterschiede zwischen Müttern und kinderlosen Frauen sowie zwischen Männern und Frauen zu beobachten. Die Ungleichheit der Arbeitseinkommen und der verfügbaren Haushaltseinkommen ist nach der Wiedervereinigung zunächst gestiegen. In den Jahren vor der Corona-Pandemie ging die Ungleichheit bei den Arbeitseinkommen zurück – trotz veränderter Zusammensetzung der Erwerbsbevölkerung, die in der Tendenz ungleichheitstreibend wirkt. Generell trägt das deutsche Steuer- und Transfersystem dazu bei, die Einkommensungleichheit zwischen Haushalten zu milde" (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Tücken der Ungleichheitsmessung: Rezeption einer aktuellen Debatte (2024)
Zitatform
Burgstaller, Lilith, Joshua Hassib, W. Benedikt Schmal & Philipp Weber (2024): Die Tücken der Ungleichheitsmessung: Rezeption einer aktuellen Debatte. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 104, H. 7, S. 485-489. DOI:10.2478/wd-2024-0125
Abstract
"Die Arbeit von Auten und Splinter (2024) ist der jüngste Beitrag einer andauernden Debatte zur Entwicklung von Einkommensungleichheit in den USA. In dieser Debatte werden primär die Arbeiten von Piketty und Koautoren zitiert. Die Ergebnisse von Auten und Splinter hinterfragen bisherige Messungen, da der Anstieg von Einkommensungleichheit deutlich geringer ausfällt als in den Arbeiten von Piketty und Koautoren. Der vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert nun zentrale Unterschiede in den Herangehensweisen der Autorengruppen. Die diskutierten Ergebnisse sind für Ungleichheitsdebatten in Deutschland nur bedingt anwendbar, da die hiesige Debatte häufiger auf Vermögens- statt Einkommensungleichheit abstellt. Zudem lässt die (Forschungs-)Dateninfrastruktur in Deutschland keine unmittelbare Replikation zu." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Individual ideology and biased perceptions of income (2024)
Zitatform
Busemeyer, Marius R., Nathalie Giger & Nadja Wehl (2024): Individual ideology and biased perceptions of income. (Working Paper Series / Universität Konstanz, Cluster of Excellence 'The Politics of Inequality' 21), Konstanz, 47 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we focus on individuals' perceptions of their own position within the income distribution and argue that ideological biases influence these perceptions. In particular, we take into account the two-dimensional ideological space of European party systems and develop arguments about social class mis-identification (economic dimension) and cultural threat and privilege (cultural dimension) leading to either over- or underestimation. We use novel survey data from the Konstanz Inequality Barometer (2020 and 2022) and find that socially conservative individuals are more likely to underestimate their relative income position, i.e. they perceive themselves to be worse off than they are. By contrast, individuals with a rightist position on the economic ideology are more likely to overestimate their relative position. These biases have downstream consequences for electoral behavior as well. Our findings have important consequences for our understanding of individuals' perceptions of inequality but also, more broadly, for the politics of redistribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ungleichheit – Gift für den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt und für die repräsentative Demokratie (2024)
Butterwegge, Christoph;Zitatform
Butterwegge, Christoph (2024): Ungleichheit – Gift für den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt und für die repräsentative Demokratie. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 104, H. 7, S. 453-456. DOI:10.2478/wd-2024-0119
Abstract
"Die seit geraumer Zeit wachsende sozioökonomische Ungleichheit ist Gift für den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt und die repräsentative Demokratie. Damit die gegenüber der sozioökonomischen Ungleichheit noch immer herrschende Gleichgültigkeit durchbrochen und mehr Gleichheit möglich wird, muss vielen Menschen bewusst werden, dass es bei einer künftigen Rückverteilung des Reichtums an jene Menschen, die ihn geschaffen haben, nicht bloß um die Verwirklichung von mehr sozialer Gerechtigkeit, sondern auch um die Bewahrung des sozialen Friedens, die Verhinderung zentrifugaler Tendenzen und die Schwächung antidemokratischer Kräfte geht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Occupation Growth, Skill Prices, and Wage Inequality (2024)
Zitatform
Böhm, Michael J., Hans-Martin von Gaudecker & Felix Schran (2024): Occupation Growth, Skill Prices, and Wage Inequality. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 201-243. DOI:10.1086/722084
Abstract
"We study the relationship between occupational employment, occupational wages,and wage inequality. In all occupations, entrants and leavers earn less than stayers, suggesting negative selection effects for growing occupations and positive effects for shrinking ones. We estimate a model of occupational prices and skills, which includes specific skill accumulation and endogenous switching. Contrary to uncorrected wages, prices and employment growth are positively related. 40% of selectionis due to age in that entrants and leavers have had less time to accumulate skills.The remainder is Roy-type selection. Skill prices establish a quantitative Connection of occupational changes with surging wage inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Broken Elevator: Declining Absolute Mobility of Living Standards in Germany (2024)
Bönke, Timm; Lüthe, Holger; Harnack-Eber, Astrid;Zitatform
Bönke, Timm, Astrid Harnack-Eber & Holger Lüthe (2024): The Broken Elevator: Declining Absolute Mobility of Living Standards in Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2068), Berlin, 36 S.
Abstract
"This study provides the first absolute income mobility estimates for postwar Germany. Using various micro data sources, we uncover a steep decline in absolute mobility rates from 81 percent to 59 percent for children’s birth cohorts 1962 through 1988. This trend is robust across different ages, family sizes, measurement methods, copulas, and data sources. Across the parental income distribution, we find that children from middle class families experienced the largest percentage point drop in absolute income mobility (-31pp). Our counterfactual analysis shows that lower economic growth rates and higher income inequality contributed similarly to these trends." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant*innen der ersten Generation gelingt der Aufstieg in die Einkommenselite deutlich seltener als Deutschen (2024)
Zitatform
Collischon, Matthias, Anja Wunder & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Migrant*innen der ersten Generation gelingt der Aufstieg in die Einkommenselite deutlich seltener als Deutschen. In: IAB-Forum H. 24.10.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241024.01
Abstract
"Im obersten Prozent der Einkommensverteilung sind neben Frauen auch Migrant*innen deutlich unterrepräsentiert, insbesondere solche aus Nicht-EU-Staaten. Der Rückstand gegenüber der einheimischen Bevölkerung hat sich in den letzten Jahren noch vergrößert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Organized Labor, Labor Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia (2024)
Zitatform
Dobbelaere, Sabien, Boris Hirsch, Steffen Müller & Georg Neuschäffer (2024): Organized Labor, Labor Market Imperfections, and Employer Wage Premia. In: ILR review, Jg. 77, H. 3, S. 396-427. DOI:10.1177/00197939241237757
Abstract
"This article examines how collective bargaining through unions and workplace codetermination through works councils relate to labor market imperfections and how labor market imperfections relate to employer wage premia. Based on representative German plant data for the years 1999–2016, the authors document that 70% of employers pay wages below the marginal revenue product of labor and 30% pay wages above that level. Findings further show that the prevalence of wage markdowns is significantly smaller when organized labor is present, and that the ratio of wages to the marginal revenue product of labor is significantly larger. Finally, the authors document a close link between labor market imperfections and mean employer wage premia, that is, wage differences between employers corrected for worker sorting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Prognose von "Beyond GDP"-Indikatoren zur Einkommensverteilung (2024)
Zitatform
Ederer, Stefan, Marian Fink, Silvia Rocha-Akis & Vanessa Lechinger (2024): Prognose von "Beyond GDP"-Indikatoren zur Einkommensverteilung. (WIFO Research Briefs 2024,05), Wien, 8 S.
Abstract
"Das WIFO erweitert seine Konjunkturprognose um zwei Indikatoren zur Einkommensentwicklung: das S80/S20-Einkommensquintilverhältnis und die Armutsgefährdungsquote. Beide sind wichtige Kennzahlen im Rahmen der Agenda 2030 der Vereinten Nationen sowie der "Beyond GDP"-Initiative der Europäischen Kommission, die einen breiteren Ansatz zur Messung von Wohlstand und Wohlergehen darstellen. Die beiden Indikatoren werden auf der Grundlage der EU-SILC-Daten mit Hilfe von EUROMOD berechnet. Wichtige Inputfaktoren sind dabei die Bevölkerungsprognose und die Haushaltsprognose von Statistik Austria sowie die Entwicklung von Beschäftigung, Arbeitslosigkeit, Lohneinkommen und Inflation basierend auf der jeweiligen WIFO-Konjunkturprognose. Da EU-SILC erst mit Verzögerung zur Verfügung steht, werden die beiden Indikatoren auch für vergangene Jahre geschätzt (Nowcast). Die Prognose für die Jahre 2024 und 2025 (Forecast) zeigt, dass die Indikatoren relativ stabil sind und innerhalb der üblichen Schwankungsbreiten liegen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Lives in Welfare States: Life Courses, Earnings Accumulation, and Relative Living Standards in Five European Countries (2024)
Fasang, Anette Eva ; Andrade, Stefan Bastholm ; Bedük, Selçuk ; Karhula, Aleksi ; Buyukkececi, Zafer;Zitatform
Fasang, Anette Eva, Stefan Bastholm Andrade, Selçuk Bedük, Zafer Buyukkececi & Aleksi Karhula (2024): Lives in Welfare States: Life Courses, Earnings Accumulation, and Relative Living Standards in Five European Countries. In: American journal of sociology, Jg. 130, H. 2, S. 384-438. DOI:10.1086/730851
Abstract
"How do work and family life courses differ in welfare states with varying emphasis on the state, market, and family for welfare provision? The authors compare life courses until midlife in Denmark, Finland, the United Kingdom, former West Germany, and reunified Germany. Longitudinal life course analyses using administrative and survey data support three main conclusions. First, young adults who accumulate high earnings experience similar life courses in all countries. In contrast, typical life courses of low earners, particularly their family lives, differ widely between European welfare states. Second, constellations of decommodifying, familizing, and defamilizing policies shape cross-national differences in typical low-earning life courses, their primary sources of economic support, and relative living standards. Third, women are most likely to experience low-earning life courses in familizing welfare states (Germany, United Kingdom) compared to relative gender equality among low-earning life course types in welfare states that combine high defamilization and decommodification (Denmark, Finland)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
New measurement approaches to identifying spatial concentrations of poor and low-income households in German city regions (2024)
Zitatform
Fina, Stefan, Julian Schmitz, Sabine Weck, Carmella Pfaffenbach & Diane Dobusch (2024): New measurement approaches to identifying spatial concentrations of poor and low-income households in German city regions. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, Jg. 82, H. 1, S. 40-54. DOI:10.14512/rur.1715
Abstract
"The question of whether 21st-century urbanization dynamics are leading to a suburbanization of poverty in Western city regions has been on the agenda of spatial researchers and housing policymakers for over a decade now. Persistent reurbanization trends are putting increased pressure on inner-city housing markets, resulting in affordability problems for low-income households. Evidence from the US and the UK shows that financing mechanisms in the real estate sector were severely disrupted in the aftermath of the financial crisis in 2009 and subsequent years, with many households losing their homes and being forced to move. Though social security systems and social housing policies generally have a moderating effect, they vary widely across Western countries. Against this background, this paper presents three spatial observation methods tailored to the spatial analysis of poverty concentrations in Germany. The methods are based on three popular conceptualizations of poverty: material poverty, relative poverty, and the concept of neighborhood deprivation. The main novelty presented in this paper is a cold-spot analysis of purchasing power in 33 city regions using interactive map visualizations and complemented by socioeconomic indicators. Expert feedback verifies the validity of the approach which addresses a ‘blind spot’ in assessing poverty in Germany, where many low-income households are increasingly exposed to risks of poverty despite not qualifying for social benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring inequality and welfare when some inequalities matter more than others (2024)
Zitatform
Fleurbaey, Marc, Domenico Moramarco & Vito Peragine (2024): Measuring inequality and welfare when some inequalities matter more than others. (ECINEQ working paper series / Society for the Study of Economic Inequality 674), Verona, 49 S.
Abstract
"This paper proposes a unified framework to measure inequality and social welfare in the case in which both inequalities between groups and inequalities within groups matter, but priority is recognized to the former. This novel approach can be applied to a variety of contexts, including the analysis of inequalities of opportunity, ethnic discrimination and gender disparities. The empirical part of the paper analyzes two relevant cases: (i) the evolution of income inequality and ethnic discrimination in the United States during the period 1970-2014; (ii) the comparison of four European countries Italy, Spain, France and Germany - in terms of inequality of opportunity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
DIW Berlin: Höheres Haushaltseinkommen geht bei Frauen und Männern mit höherer Lebenserwartung einher (2024)
Zitatform
Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Julie Tréguier (2024): DIW Berlin: Höheres Haushaltseinkommen geht bei Frauen und Männern mit höherer Lebenserwartung einher. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 91, H. 25, S. 396-400. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-25-1
Abstract
"Besser gebildete Menschen oder Menschen mit höherem Einkommen haben eine bessere Gesundheit und eine höhere Lebenserwartung. In diesem Wochenbericht werden anhand aktueller Daten frühere Studien zu diesem Thema aktualisiert und gezeigt, dass dieser Zusammenhang unter Männern besonders stark ausgeprägt ist. Da Frauen aufgrund von Sorgearbeit häufiger ihre Karriere unterbrechen oder in Teilzeit arbeiten, gibt es kein klares Muster zwischen ihrem individuellen Einkommen und ihrer Lebenserwartung. Dieser Wochenbericht berücksichtigt daher das Haushaltseinkommen. Er zeigt: Menschen mit höheren Haushaltseinkommen haben ein geringeres Sterberisiko im Alter von 55 und 76 Jahren. Dies gilt für Männer wie für Frauen. Auch das Risiko für eine psychische oder physische Erkrankung ist deutlich geringer, wenn das Haushaltseinkommen hoch ist. Wenn Menschen mit niedrigen Renten, diese kürzere Zeit beziehen, weil sie systematisch früher sterben, widerspricht dies dem Äquivalenzprinzip der Rentenversicherung. Es legt zudem eher mehr als weniger Umverteilung in der Rente nahe. Argumente gegen eine Aufwertung geringer Rentenansprüche gelten nur, wenn eine durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung angenommen wird, was hier empirisch widerlegt wird. Auch eine Reform bei der Kranken- und Pflegeversicherung könnte gesundheitsbezogene Einkommensungleichheit adressieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Sonderzahlungen im Jahr 2018: Wer bekommt sie in welcher Höhe? (2024)
Zitatform
Himmelreicher, Ralf, Katja Kraikos, Clemens Ohlert & Sascha Schneider (2024): Sonderzahlungen im Jahr 2018: Wer bekommt sie in welcher Höhe? (baua: Preprint / Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin), Dortmund, 22 S. DOI:10.21934/baua:preprint20240102
Abstract
"Abhängig Beschäftigte in Deutschland erhalten regelmäßig monatliche Arbeitsentgelte. Daneben gibt es unregelmäßige Zahlungen, die nicht in jedem Monat anfallen. Geldwerte Vorteile, wie zum Beispiel Firmenwagen oder Diensttelefone, sind darin nicht enthalten. Mit Sonderzahlungen, auch Sondervergütungen oder Sonderzuwendungen genannt, kann das Arbeitsentgelt (Grundentlohnung) der Beschäftigten aufgestockt werden. Anspruchsgrundlagen können gesetzliche oder tarifvertragliche Bestimmungen, eine Betriebsvereinbarung, arbeitsvertragliche oder individuelle Vereinbarungen sein. In diesem baua: Preprint werden anhand von repräsentativen Daten für Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer in Deutschland im Jahr 2018 (Verdienststrukturerhebung 2018) die Verbreitung und die Höhe von Sonderzahlungen nach verschiedenen individuellen und betrieblichen Merkmalen untersucht. Die Auswertungen und Analysen weisen sowohl auf einen selektiven Bezug von Sonderzahlungen als auch auf mit steigendem Stundenlohn zunehmende Sonderzahlungen hin. Große Unterschiede bestehen zwischen Frauen und Männern, zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschland sowie zwischen verschiedenen Branchen. Im Niedriglohnbereich sind Sonderzahlungen wenig verbreitet. Umgekehrt ist der Anteil der Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer mit Sonderzahlungen am oberen Ende der Einkommensverteilung besonders hoch; zudem steigen die Sonderzahlung mit steigendem Einkommen exponentiell. Insgesamt erhöhen Sonderzahlungen die Spreizung der Lohnverteilung." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The Contribution of Employer Changes to Aggregate Wage Mobility (2024)
Zitatform
Hollandt, Nils Torben & Steffen Müller (2024): The Contribution of Employer Changes to Aggregate Wage Mobility. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17259), 61 S.
Abstract
"Wage mobility reduces the persistence of wage inequality. We develop a framework to quantify the contribution of employer-to-employer movers to aggregate wage mobility. Using three decades of German social security data, we find that inequality increased while aggregate wage mobility decreased. Employer-to-employer movers exhibit higher wage mobility, mainly due to changes in employer wage premia at job change. The massive structural changes following German unification temporarily led to a high number of movers, which in turn boosted aggregate wage mobility. Wage mobility is much lower at the bottom of the wage distribution, and the decline in aggregate wage mobility since the 1980s is concentrated there. The overall decline can be mostly attributed to a reduction in wage mobility per mover, which is due to a compositional shift toward lower-wage movers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7517.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Moderation in Higher-Order Earnings Risk? Evidence from German Cohorts (2024)
Zitatform
Isaak, Niklas & Robin Jessen (2024): Moderation in Higher-Order Earnings Risk? Evidence from German Cohorts. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17568), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"Women born later experience greater earnings growth volatility at given ages than older cohorts. This implies a welfare loss due to increased earnings risk. However, German registry data for the years 2001-2016 reveal a moderation in higher-order earnings risk: Men and women born later face higher skewness in earnings changes, indicating fewer large decreases than increases, and lower kurtosis at younger ages, implying fewer large earnings changes. These trends point at a welfare increase and persist for 5-year earnings changes, which are more reflective of persistent changes. During the Great Recession, males' skewness dropped sharply; younger women were unaffected." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Europäischer Tarifbericht Des WSI – 2023/2024: Reallöhne haben nach Krisenverlusten weiterhin Aufholbedarf (2024)
Janssen, Thilo; Lübker, Malte;Zitatform
Janssen, Thilo & Malte Lübker (2024): Europäischer Tarifbericht Des WSI – 2023/2024. Reallöhne haben nach Krisenverlusten weiterhin Aufholbedarf. (WSI-Report 97), Düsseldorf, 21 S.
Abstract
"Nach dem Inflationsschock des Jahres 2022 deutet sich für die Europäische Tarifpolitik vordergründig eine Normalisierung an: Die Inflation geht langsam zurück und dank anziehender Nominallöhne stabilisiert sich die Kaufkraft der Beschäftigten. Doch damit ist der Einbruch der Reallöhne seit dem Überfall Russlands auf die Ukraine noch nicht ausgeglichen (vgl. Janssen/Lübker 2023). Der diesjährige Europäische Tarifbericht des WSI dokumentiert, wie tief der Einschnitt für die Beschäftigten war und welche weitreichenden Folgen er für die funktionale Einkommensverteilung zwischen Arbeit und Kapital hatte. Damit steht die Lohnpolitik weiterhin vor der Aufgabe, die Fehlentwicklungen der vergangenen Jahre zu korrigieren und so zu einer gerechteren Lastenverteilung beizutragen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Investigating the effects of education and labour market challenges on income inequality (2024)
Jianu, Ionut; Nicolescu, Andreea Florentina; Tudorache, Maria-Daniela;Zitatform
Jianu, Ionut, Maria-Daniela Tudorache & Andreea Florentina Nicolescu (2024): Investigating the effects of education and labour market challenges on income inequality. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, Jg. Accepted Manuscript (Postprint), S. 1-9.
Abstract
"This paper examines the impact of education and labour market challenges on the income inequality in European Union (27 Member States) within the period 2012-2022, this being calculated using the Panel EGLS method. Even if the effects are clearly visible from a theoretical point of view, in the latest years there were not many authors focusing their studies on the effects of the unemployment and early dropout from school and training on income inequality. In this regard, updating the figures, the impact coefficients and the theoretical background increase the understanding of the statistical processes and their results in the new economic context. Our results confirmed a positive relationship between unemployment rate and income inequality (measured by Gini coefficient), this being also the highest impact found, but also a positive link between the early leavers from education and training rate and income inequality. In addition, we used additional variables to catch the current economic challenges that are related to demographic changes and high energy prices. In this context, we found positive effects exerted by housing cost overburden rate and old-age dependency ratio on income inequality. Even if the model is limited to four income inequality drivers, we have demonstrated that the calculated coefficients are the best linear unbiased estimators." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Gini and Mean Log Deviation Indices of Multivariate Inequality of Opportunity (2024)
Zitatform
Kapera, Marek & Martyna Kobus (2024): The Gini and Mean Log Deviation Indices of Multivariate Inequality of Opportunity. In: Econometrics, Jg. 12, H. 2. DOI:10.3390/econometrics12020010
Abstract
"The most common approach to measuring inequality of opportunity in income is to apply the Gini inequality index or the Mean Log Deviation (MLD) index to a smoothed distribution (i.e., a distribution of type mean incomes). We show how this approach can be naturally extended to include life outcomes other than income (e.g., health, education). We propose two measures: the Gini and MLD indices of multivariate inequality of opportunity. We show that they can be decomposed into the contribution of each outcome and the dependence of the outcomes. Using these measures, we calculate inequality of opportunity in health and income across European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in wage expectations and negotiation (2024)
Zitatform
Kiessling, Lukas, Pia Pinger, Philipp Seegers & Jan Bergerhoff (2024): Gender differences in wage expectations and negotiation. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102505
Abstract
"This paper presents evidence from a large-scale study on gender differences in expected wages before labor market entry. Based on data for over 15,000 students, we document a significant and large gender gap in wage expectations that resembles actual wage differences, prevails across subgroups, and along the entire distribution. Over the life-cycle this gap amounts to roughly half a million Euros. Our findings further suggest that expected wages relate to expected asking and reservation wages and that a difference in plans about ‘‘boldness’’ during prospective wage negotiations pertains to gender difference in expected and actual wages. Given the importance of wage expectations for labor market decisions, household bargaining, and wage setting, our results provide an explanation for persistent gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of minimum wages on employment and Prices - Evidence from the hairdressing sector (2024)
Kunaschk, Max;Zitatform
Kunaschk, Max (2024): The effects of minimum wages on employment and Prices - Evidence from the hairdressing sector. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 88, 2024-04-04. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102540
Abstract
"This paper provides comprehensive evidence on the labor and product market effects of a high-impact minimum wage introduction in the highly competitive hairdressing sector. Using detailed administrative data, I find negligible overall employment effects, even though the minimum wage substantially increased hourly wages. However, sub-group analyses reveal considerable heterogeneity in the estimated employment effects and suggest shifts away from marginal towards regular employment. Analyses of the price effects suggest that the reform increased output prices considerably, implying that consumers largely paid for the minimum wage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kunaschk, Max; -
Literaturhinweis
Gini who? The relationship between inequality perceptions and life satisfaction (2024)
Zitatform
Marchesi, Daniele, Milena Nikolova & Viola Angelini (2024): Gini who? The relationship between inequality perceptions and life satisfaction. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1416), Essen, 60 S.
Abstract
"Research on the consequences of income inequality on subjective well-being has yielded mixed results, including a lack of a statistically significant correlation. We propose that this inconsistency may arise from the failure to differentiate between perceived and actual income inequality. Perceptions of inequality matter because individuals often do not know the actual level of inequality in their country. Leveraging data from the 2016 Life in Transition Survey, which includes unique information on individuals' inequality perceptions, we find a positive association between these perceptions and life satisfaction across 33 countries. Individuals who believe that inequality has increased in the previous 4 years are on average 8% less satisfied with their life (on a 1-5 scale) compared to respondents who perceive no increase in inequality. The magnitude of the estimate is sizeable, being twice as large as the influence of unemployment. Taking actual inequality levels and changes into account does not alter the conclusions, suggesting that inequality perception matters for life satisfaction above and beyond actual inequality. Our findings survive a battery of robustness checks, including an instrumental variables approach and addressing common method variance bias. We also find that mobility expectations and fairness perceptions cushion but do not fully offset the negative association between perceived inequality increases and life satisfaction. Our findings imply that understanding the role of inequality perceptions can be key to improving social cohesion and individual and societal well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA Discussion Papers, 16905