Digitale Arbeitswelt – Chancen und Herausforderungen für Beschäftigte und Arbeitsmarkt
Der digitale Wandel der Arbeitswelt gilt als eine der großen Herausforderungen für Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Wie arbeiten wir in Zukunft? Welche Auswirkungen hat die Digitalisierung auf Beschäftigung und Arbeitsmarkt? Welche Qualifikationen werden künftig benötigt? Wie verändern sich Tätigkeiten und Berufe?
Diese Infoplattform dokumentiert Forschungsergebnisse zum Thema Arbeit 4.0 in den verschiedenen Wirtschaftsbereichen.
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte
- Bundesländer
- andere Länder/ internationaler Vergleich
- Besondere Personengruppen
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Literaturhinweis
Digitalisation and AI: what does the Future Hold for Labour Union? (2022)
Adhikary, Sudipta; Banerjee, Kaushik;Zitatform
Adhikary, Sudipta & Kaushik Banerjee (2022): Digitalisation and AI: what does the Future Hold for Labour Union? In: Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation H. 1, S. 1-29. DOI:10.12893/gjcpi.2022.1.5
Abstract
"The Covid-19 problem has hastened a pace of significant digitalization in economic production and services that had already begun. For the first time, AI and robotics are becoming autonomous and self-learning, with human-like capabilities. The need to examine digitalization and the future of work has grown even more urgent. Until recently, labour unions were the most powerful institutions representing workers. However, the increasing prospect of intelligent robots replacing humans calls into doubt the viability of labour union policy. This development jeopardises their conventional power bases, which rely on the participation of large numbers of salaried workers and their ability to halt production. This paper tries to analyse the issues that unions face in capitalist democracies in this setting. The premise that the digital revolution will eventually generate new, better jobs has been endorsed by the majority of research work on labour relations. We propose that we investigate an alternate scenario, namely, a digital revolution that results in mass human worker replacement and structural, technological unemployment, which could broaden our perspective, particularly in terms of public policy design. We believe that labour unions now play two critical roles. The first is to protect workers' rights and interests as the economy shifts from paid labour to automated-autonomous production; and the second is to change their primary mission from representing employees to representing the social rights of all citizens, particularly the material interests of laypeople." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of ICT and Robots on Labour Market Outcomes of Demographic Groups in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Albinowski, Maciej & Piotr Lewandowski (2022): The Impact of ICT and Robots on Labour Market Outcomes of Demographic Groups in Europe. (IBS working paper / Instytut Badań Strukturalnych 2022,04), Warszawa, 52 S.
Abstract
"We study the age- and gender-specific labour market effects of two key modern technologies, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and robots, in 14 European countries between 2010 and 2018. To identify the causal effects of technology adoption, we utilise the variation in technology adoption between industries and apply the instrumental variables strategy proposed by Acemoglu and Restrepo (2020). We find that the adoption of ICT and robots increased the shares of young and prime-aged women in employment and the wage bills of particular sectors, but reduced the shares of older women and primeaged men. The negative effects were particularly pronounced for older women in cognitive occupations, who had relatively low ICT-related skills; and for young men in routine manual occupations, who experienced substitution by robots. Between 2010 and 2018, the growth in ICT capital played a much larger role than robot adoption in the changes in the labour market outcomes of demographic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Machine Labor (2022)
Angrist, Joshua; Frandsen, Brigham;Zitatform
Angrist, Joshua & Brigham Frandsen (2022): Machine Labor. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 40, H. S1, S. S97-S140. DOI:10.1086/717933
Abstract
"The utility of machine learning (ML) for regression-based causal inference is illustrated by using lasso to select control variables for estimates of college characteristics? wage effects. Post-double-selection lasso offers a path to data-driven sensitivity analysis. ML also seems useful for an instrumental variables (IV) first stage, since two-stage least squares (2SLS) bias reflects overfitting. While ML-based instrument selection can improve on 2SLS, split-sample IV and limited information maximum likelihood do better. Finally, we use ML to choose IV controls. Here, ML creates artificial exclusion restrictions, generating spurious findings. On balance, ML seems ill-suited to IV applications in labor economics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labour market impact of robotisation in Europe (2022)
Antón, José-Ignacio ; Klenert, David; Alaveras, Georgios; Fernández-Macías, Enrique ; Urzì Brancati, Maria Cesira;Zitatform
Antón, José-Ignacio, David Klenert, Enrique Fernández-Macías, Maria Cesira Urzì Brancati & Georgios Alaveras (2022): The labour market impact of robotisation in Europe. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 317-339. DOI:10.1177/09596801211070801
Abstract
"This paper explores the impact of robot adoption on European regional labour markets between 1995 and 2015. Specifically, we look at the effect of the usage of industrial robots on jobs and employment structures across European regions. Our estimates suggest that the effect of robots on employment tends to be mostly small and negative during the period 1995–2005 and positive during the period 2005–2015 for the majority of model specifications. Regarding the effects on employment structures, we find some evidence of a mildly polarising effect in the first period, but this finding depends to some extent on the model specifications. In sum, this paper shows that the impact of robots on European labour markets in the last couple of decades has been ambiguous and is not robust. The strength and even the sign of this effect are sensitive to the specifications, as well as to the countries and periods analysed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regional Structural Change and the Effects of Job Loss (2022)
Zitatform
Arntz, Melanie, Boris Ivanov & Laura Pohlan (2022): Regional Structural Change and the Effects of Job Loss. (ZEW discussion paper 22-019), Mannheim, 55 S.
Abstract
"In vielen Ländern sind routine-intensive Berufe rückläufig, aber wie wirkt sich dies auf die individuelle Karriere aus, wenn der Rückgang dieser Berufe im lokalen Arbeitsmarkt besonders stark ausfällt? Diese Studie zeigt basierend auf administrativen Daten aus Deutschland und einem mit Matching kombinierten Differenz-von-Differenzen-Ansatz, dass die individuellen Kosten eines Arbeitsplatzverlustes stark von der Tätigkeitsorientierung des regionalen Strukturwandels abhängen. Personen aus manuellen routine-intensiven Berufen haben nach einer Entlassung wesentlich höhere und lang anhaltende Beschäftigungs- und Lohnverluste in Regionen, in denen der Rückgang dieser Berufe am stärksten ausgeprägt ist. Regionale und berufliche Mobilität dienen teilweise als Anpassungsmechanismen, sie sind jedoch mit hohen Kosten verbunden, da diese Wechsel auch Verluste bei unternehmensspezifischen Lohnaufschlägen mit sich bringen. Beschäftigte, die nicht entlassen werden, bleiben hingegen weitgehend vom Strukturwandel verschont." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IAB-Discussion Paper, 17/2022 -
Literaturhinweis
Regional Structural Change and the Effects of Job Loss (2022)
Zitatform
Arntz, Melanie, Boris Ivanov & Laura Pohlan (2022): Regional Structural Change and the Effects of Job Loss. (IZA discussion paper 15313), Bonn, 55 S.
Abstract
"Routine-intensive occupations have been declining in many countries, but how does this affect individual workers’ careers if this decline is particularly severe in their local labor market? This paper uses administrative data from Germany and a matched difference-in-differences approach to show that the individual costs of job loss strongly depend on the task-bias of regional structural change. Workers displaced from routine manual occupations have substantially higher and more persistent employment and wage losses in regions where such occupations decline the most. Regional and occupational mobility partly serve as an adjustment mechanism, but come at high cost as these switches also involve losses in firm wage premia. Non-displaced workers, by contrast, remain largely unaffected by structural change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Computers as Stepping Stones? Technological Change and Equality of Labor Market Opportunities (2022)
Zitatform
Arntz, Melanie, Cäcilia Lipowski, Guido Neidhöfer & Ulrich Zierahn (2022): Computers as Stepping Stones? Technological Change and Equality of Labor Market Opportunities. (ZEW discussion paper 22-014), Mannheim, 73 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes whether technological change improves equality of labor market opportunities by decreasing returns to parental background. We find that in Germany during the 1990s, computerization improved the access to technologyadopting occupations for workers with low-educated parents, and reduced their wage penalty within these occupations. We also show that this significantly contributed to a decline in the overall wage penalty experienced by workers from disadvantaged parental backgrounds over this time period. Competing mechanisms, such as skill-specific labor supply shocks and skill- upgrading, do not explain these findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
TASKS-VI-Konferenz zur digitalen und ökologischen Transformation des Arbeitsmarktes (Podium) (2022)
Zitatform
Arntz, Melanie, Kathrin Ehmann & Florian Lehmer (2022): TASKS-VI-Konferenz zur digitalen und ökologischen Transformation des Arbeitsmarktes (Podium). In: IAB-Forum H. 04.11.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-11-02. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221104.01
Abstract
"Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt befinden sich in einem grundlegenden technologischen und ökologischen Wandel. Sie sind überdies mit den Folgen der Covid-19-Krise konfrontiert. Forschende aus aller Welt und aus verschiedenen Disziplinen diskutierten auf der sechsten TASKS-Konferenz in Nürnberg, wie sich diese Herausforderungen auf Arbeitsinhalte und Qualifikationsanforderungen sowie auf Beschäftigte und Betriebe auswirken. Sie lieferten wissenschaftliche Analysen zur Zukunft der Arbeit und gaben Empfehlungen für Politik und Praxis." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Lehmer, Florian;Ähnliche Treffer
also released in English -
Literaturhinweis
New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018 (2022)
Autor, David; Chin, Caroline; Seegmiller, Bryan; Salomons, Anna M.;Zitatform
Autor, David, Caroline Chin, Anna M. Salomons & Bryan Seegmiller (2022): New Frontiers: The Origins and Content of New Work, 1940–2018. (NBER working paper 30389), Cambridge, Mass, 79 S. DOI:10.3386/w30389
Abstract
"We address three core questions about the hypothesized role of newly emerging job categories ('new work') in counterbalancing the erosive effect of task-displacing automation on labor demand: what is the substantive content of new work; where does it come from; and what effect does it have on labor demand? To address these questions, we construct a novel database spanning eight decades of new job titles linked both to US Census microdata and to patent-based measures of occupations' exposure to labor-augmenting and labor-automating innovations. We find, first, that the majority of current employment is in new job specialties introduced after 1940, but the locus of new work creation has shifted—from middle-paid production and clerical occupations over 1940–1980, to high-paid professional and, secondarily, low-paid services since 1980. Second, new work emerges in response to technological innovations that complement the outputs of occupations and demand shocks that raise occupational demand; conversely, innovations that automate tasks or reduce occupational demand slow new work emergence. Third, although flows of augmentation and automation innovations are positively correlated across occupations, the former boosts occupational labor demand while the latter depresses it. Harnessing shocks to the flow of augmentation and automation innovations spurred by breakthrough innovations two decades earlier, we establish that the effects of augmentation and automation innovations on new work emergence and occupational labor demand are causal. Finally, our results suggest that the demand-eroding effects of automation innovations have intensified in the last four decades while the demand-increasing effects of augmentation innovations have not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Umgang mit technischem Wandel in Büroberufen: Aufgabenprofile, lebendiges Arbeitsvermögen und berufliche Mobilität (2022)
Bach, Nicole von dem; Wagner, Pia; Ehmann, Kathrin; Güntürk-Kuhl, Betül; Tiemann, Michael; Baum, Myriam; Blank, Marco; Seegers, Marco; Pfeiffer, Sabine ; Sevindik, Ugur; Samray, David;Zitatform
Bach, Nicole von dem, Myriam Baum, Marco Blank, Kathrin Ehmann, Betül Güntürk-Kuhl, Sabine Pfeiffer, David Samray, Marco Seegers, Ugur Sevindik, Michael Tiemann & Pia Wagner (2022): Umgang mit technischem Wandel in Büroberufen. Aufgabenprofile, lebendiges Arbeitsvermögen und berufliche Mobilität. (Wissenschaftliche Diskussionspapiere / Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung 234), Opladen: Budrich, 237 S.
Abstract
"Büroberufe sind und waren mit technischen Neuerungen konfrontiert. Viele Aufgaben in diesen Berufen gelten als „programmierbar“ und werden deshalb als ersetzbar angesehen. Dennoch gibt es kaum Forschung dazu oder zum Umgang Bürobeschäftigter mit dem technischen Wandel. Diese Lücke schließt die vorliegende Studie. Mit quantitativen und qualitativen Daten und einem Mixed-Methods-Ansatz untersucht sie den Umgang von Beschäftigten, Betrieben und dem Ausbildungssystem mit technischen Neuerungen seit den 1980er-Jahren. Es zeigt sich, dass Bürobeschäftigte durch ihr Arbeitsvermögen gerüstet sind, den technischen Wandel zu tragen und zu gestalten. Die beruflichen Qualifikationen von Bürobeschäftigten tragen erheblich zur Bildung der entsprechenden Fähigkeiten und Kenntnisse bei und die dualen Ausbildungen in den verschiedenen Büroberufen sind für die Gestaltung der laufenden Neuerungsprozesse durch technische Veränderungen gut aufgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Budrich Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Technological Progress, Occupational Structure and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market (2022)
Zitatform
Bachmann, Ronald & Myrielle Gonschor (2022): Technological Progress, Occupational Structure and Gender Gaps in the German Labour Market. (IZA discussion paper 15419), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"We analyze if technological progress and the corresponding change in the occupational structure have improved the relative position of women in the labour market. We show that the share of women rises most strongly in non-routine cognitive and manual occupations, but declines in routine occupations. While the share of women also rises relatively strongly in high-paying occupations, womens' individual-level wages lag behind which implies within-occupation gender wage gaps. A decomposition exercise shows that composition effects with respect to both individual and job characteristics can explain the rise of female shares in the top tier of the labour market to an extent. However, the unexplained part of the decomposition is sizeable, indicating that developments such as technological progress are relevant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of robots on labour market transitions in Europe (2022)
Zitatform
Bachmann, Ronald, Myrielle Gonschor, Piotr Lewandowski & Karol Madoń (2022): The impact of robots on labour market transitions in Europe. (Ruhr economic papers 933), Essen, 53 S.
Abstract
"Dieses Papier untersucht die Auswirkungen von Robotern auf Arbeitsmarkttransitionen in 16 europäischen Ländern. Generell reduzieren Roboter Übergänge von der Beschäftigung in die Arbeitslosigkeit und erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, einen neuen Job zu finden. Arbeitskosten sind eine wichtige Erklärung für die beobachteten Unterschiede zwischen Ländern: In Ländern mit niedrigeren Arbeitskosten zeigt sich ein stärkerer Effekt auf Einstellungen und Trennungen. Diese Auswirkungen sind bei Arbeitskräften in Berufen mit manuellen oder kognitiven Routineaufgaben besonders ausgeprägt, bei Berufen mit nicht-routine kognitiven Aufgaben hingegen vernachlässigbar. Für junge und ältere Arbeitskräfte in Ländern mit niedrigeren Arbeitskosten wirken sich Roboter positiv auf Übergänge aus. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Einführung von Robotern in den meisten europäischen Ländern zu einem Anstieg der Beschäftigung und einem Rückgang der Arbeitslosigkeit geführt hat, vor allem durch einen Rückgang der Übergänge in die Arbeitslosigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper, 15303 -
Literaturhinweis
The Role of Within-Occupation Task Changes in Wage Development (2022)
Zitatform
Bachmann, Ronald, Gökay Demir, Colin Green & Arne Uhlendorff (2022): The Role of Within-Occupation Task Changes in Wage Development. (Ruhr economic papers 975), Essen, 41 S. DOI:10.4419/96973140
Abstract
"Wir untersuchen, wie Veränderungen der Aufgabeninhalte im Laufe der Zeit die berufliche Lohnentwicklung beeinflussen. Anhand von Umfragedaten aus Deutschland dokumentieren wir eine erhebliche Heterogenität bei der Veränderung von Aufgabeninhalten innerhalb eines Berufes. Kombiniert man diese Erkenntnisse mit administrativen Daten zu individuellen Beschäftigungsergebnissen über einen Zeitraum von 25 Jahren, so stellt man fest, dass es eine erhebliche Heterogenität in Bezug auf Lohneinbußen bei ursprünglich routineintensiven Tätigkeiten gibt. Während Berufe, die (relativ) routineintensiv bleiben, erhebliche Lohneinbußen mit sich bringen, bleiben die Löhne in Berufen mit abnehmender Routineintensität stabil oder steigen sogar. Diese Ergebnisse lassen sich nicht durch Kompositions- oder Kohorteneffekte erklärt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Uhlendorff, Arne;Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CREST working paper series -
Literaturhinweis
The Algorithmic Management of Work and its Implications in Different Contexts (2022)
Zitatform
Baiocco, Sara, Enrique Fernández-Macías, Uma Rani & Annarosa Pesole (2022): The Algorithmic Management of Work and its Implications in Different Contexts. (JRC working papers series on labour, education and technology 2022,02), Sevilla, 39 S.
Abstract
"This paper provides a conceptual framework for the emerging phenomenon of algorithmic management and outlines some of the implications for work, from work organisation to working conditions (job quality). The paper defines algorithmic management as the use of computer-programmed procedures for the coordination of labour input in an organisation and puts it into context to discuss its usage in both digital labour platforms and 'regular' workplaces and companies, exploring its implications and providing a few policy suggestions. The paper argues that while algorithmic management should be understood as the digital evolution of certain pre-existing trends that have long characterised the organisation of economic activity, it is potentially disruptive. This is because it increases considerably the organisational ability of controlling complex economic and work processes, as it benefits from the massive capacity to collect, store and process information of digital technologies. In algorithmic management, these technological developments are combined and used for re-organising control and re-shaping power balances in the workplace. This paper contributes to the growing academic and policy literature on algorithmic management, proposing a conceptual framework for empirical investigations and a basic compass for policy making in this area." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technological and Organizational Change and the Careers of Workers (2022)
Zitatform
Battisti, Michele, Christian Dustmann & Uta Schönberg (2022): Technological and Organizational Change and the Careers of Workers. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,25), London, 55 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the effects of technological and organizational change (T&O) on jobs and workers. We show that although T&O reduces firm demand for routine relative to abstract task-based jobs, affected workers do not face higher probability of nonemployment or lower earnings growth than unaffected workers. Rather, firms that adopt T&O offer routine workers re-training opportunities to upgrade to more abstract jobs. Older workers form an important exception: T&O increases the risk that they permanently withdraw from the labor market and reduces their earnings, regardless of the tasks they performed in the firm prior to T&O." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Schönberg, Uta; -
Literaturhinweis
How is new technology changing job design?: machines' ability to perform cognitive, physical, and social tasks is accelerating, dramatically changing jobs and labor markets (2022)
Bazylik, Sergei; Gibbs, Michael;Zitatform
Bazylik, Sergei & Michael Gibbs (2022): How is new technology changing job design? Machines' ability to perform cognitive, physical, and social tasks is accelerating, dramatically changing jobs and labor markets. (IZA world of labor 344), Bonn, 11 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.344.v2
Abstract
"Der Fortschritt der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien hat unsere Arbeitswelt verändert. Viele Routinetätigkeiten wurden von Menschen- in Maschinenhand übergeben. Gleichzeitig hat der Technologieeinsatz Raum für kreative, kognitive und soziale Tätigkeiten geschaffen, deren Produktivität gestärkt und neue Jobs geschaffen. Das hat zu einer Polarisierung der Arbeitsmärkte und wachsender Ungleichheit geführt: Geringqualifizierte Beschäftigung stagniert, im mittleren Qualifikationssegment geht sie zurück und wird schlechter bezahlt, während Hochqualifizierte Einkommensgewinne erzielen. Die Zunahme künstlicher Intelligenz lässt Befürchtungen aufkommen, auch viele hochqualifizierte Jobs könnten automatisiert werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Ähnliche Treffer
frühere Version -
Literaturhinweis
Robots and Firm Investment (2022)
Benmelech, Efraim; Zator, Michal;Zitatform
Benmelech, Efraim & Michal Zator (2022): Robots and Firm Investment. (NBER working paper 29676), Cambridge, Mass, 51 S. DOI:10.3386/w29676
Abstract
"Automation technologies, and robots in particular, are thought to be massively displacing workers and transforming the future of work. We study firm investment in automation using cross-country data on robotization as well as administrative data from Germany with information on firm-level automation decisions. Our findings suggest that the impact of robots on firms has been limited. First, investment in robots is small and highly concentrated in a few industries, accounting for less than 0.30% of aggregate expenditures on equipment. Second, recent increases in robotization do not resemble the explosive growth observed for IT technologies in the past, and are driven mostly by catching-up of developing countries. Third, robot adoption by firms endogenously responds to labor scarcity, alleviating potential displacement of existing workers. Fourth, firms that invest in robots increase employment, while total employment effect in exposed industries and regions is negative, but modest in magnitude. We contrast robots with other digital technologies that are more widespread. Their importance in firms' investment is significantly higher, and their link with labor markets, while sharing some similarities with robots, appears markedly different." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Risks to job quality from digital Technologies: are industrial relations in Europe ready for the challenge? (2022)
Zitatform
Berg, Janine, Francis Green, Laura Nurski & David Spencer (2022): Risks to job quality from digital Technologies: are industrial relations in Europe ready for the challenge? (Working paper / Bruegel 2022,16), Brussels, 31 S.
Abstract
"We examine the job quality effects of new digital technologies in Europe, using the framework of seven job quality ‘domains’: pay, working time quality, prospects, skills and discretion, work intensity, social environment and physical environment. The theoretical effects from new technology are ambivalent for all domains. Data on robot shocks matched to the European Working Conditions Surveys for 2010 and 2015 is used to generate empirical estimates, which show significant aggregate negative effects in three domains, and a positive effect in one. Some negative effects are enhanced where there is below-median collective bargaining. In light of these analyses, and in order to think through the challenge of regulating the development and implementation of all forms of digital technologies, we review regulations in several European countries. Drawing on the principles of human-centred design, we advance the general hypothesis that worker participation is important for securing good job quality outcomes, at both the innovation and adoption stages. We also consider the application to the regulation of job quality of national and supra-national data protection legislation. In these ways, the paper extends the debate about the future of work beyond employment and pay, to a consideration of job quality more broadly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Displaced or Depressed? The Effect of Working in Automatable Jobs on Mental Health (2022)
Zitatform
Blasco, Sylvie, Julie Rochut & Bénédicte Rouland (2022): Displaced or Depressed? The Effect of Working in Automatable Jobs on Mental Health. (IZA discussion paper 15434), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"Automation may destroy jobs and change the labour demand structure, thereby potentially impacting workers' health and well-being. Using French individual survey data, we estimate the effects of working in automatable jobs on mental health. Implementing propensity score matching to solve the issue of endogenous exposure to automation risk, we find that workers whose job is at risk of automation in the future are about 4 pp more likely to suffer at present from severe mental disorders. Fear of job loss within the year and fear of qualification or occupational changes seem relevant channels to explain our findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Folgen der Digitalisierung für die Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt – Substituierbarkeitspotenziale und die Beschäftigungsentwicklung bei Frauen und Männern (2022)
Zitatform
Burkert, Carola, Katharina Dengler & Britta Matthes (2022): Die Folgen der Digitalisierung für die Geschlechterungleichheit auf dem Arbeitsmarkt – Substituierbarkeitspotenziale und die Beschäftigungsentwicklung bei Frauen und Männern. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 3-27., 2021-09-01. DOI:10.3790/sfo.71.1.3
Abstract
"Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung hat Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitswelt und damit auch auf die bestehenden Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt. Es gibt sowohl Argumente, dass die Digitalisierung zu einer Verschärfung als auch zu einer Nivellierung der bestehenden Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt beitragen kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt deskriptiv, dass Frauen im Durchschnitt seltener als Männer substituierbare Tätigkeiten – auch über alle Anforderungsniveaus hinweg – erledigen. Daraus ist jedoch keineswegs abzuleiten, dass Frauen eher von der Digitalisierung profitieren. Denn nicht nur die technologischen Möglichkeiten variieren in den Berufen sehr stark, sondern die Substituierbarkeitspotenziale werden auch nicht immer und sofort realisiert. In den multivariaten Analysen zeigt sich, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen den Substituierbarkeitspotenzialen und der Beschäftigungsentwicklung für Frauen und für Männer negativ ist. Vor allem in Berufen mit hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzialen und niedrigem Frauenanteil ist die Beschäftigung zwischen 2013 und 2016 gesunken. Insgesamt lässt sich resümieren, dass Digitalisierung einen Beitrag für die Nivellierung von Geschlechterungleichheiten entfalten könnte. Es kommt jedoch darauf an, wie Technologien gestaltet und eingesetzt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Neue Technologien geben nur Anlass, traditionelle Geschlechterrollen aufzubrechen: Interview (2022)
Zitatform
Burkert, Carola, Britta Matthes & Katharina Dengler (2022): Neue Technologien geben nur Anlass, traditionelle Geschlechterrollen aufzubrechen. Interview. In: SHE works! H. 2, S. 25-29., 2022-03-22.
Abstract
"Die fortschreitende Digitalisierung hat Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitswelt und damit auch auf die bestehenden Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt. Es gibt sowohl Argumente, dass die Digitalisierung zu einer Verschärfung als auch zu einer Nivellierung der bestehenden Geschlechterungleichheiten am Arbeitsmarkt beitragen kann. Dr. Carola Burkert, Dr. Katharina Dengler, Dr. Britta Matthes haben sich mit dem Thema befasst. Mit SHE works! sprachen sie über ihre Studie und die Erkenntnisse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Zweischneidiges Schwert: Wie wirkt sich die Digitalisierung auf die Geschlechterungleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt aus? (2022)
Zitatform
Burkert, Carola, Katharina Grienberger & Britta Matthes (2022): Zweischneidiges Schwert: Wie wirkt sich die Digitalisierung auf die Geschlechterungleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt aus? In: IAB-Forum H. 13.06.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-06-09. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220613.01
Abstract
"Immer mehr Tätigkeiten lassen sich mithilfe moderner Technologien automatisieren. Davon sind Männer bislang potenziell stärker betroffen als Frauen: 40 Prozent der Männer arbeiten in Berufen mit hohem Substituierbarkeitspotenzial, aber nur 27 Prozent der Frauen. Doch in einigen beruflichen Teilarbeitsmärkten haben Frauen ein höheres Substituierbarkeitspotenzial als Männer. Ob mit der zunehmenden Digitalisierung auch die Geschlechterungleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt schwindet oder sich gar verschärft, ist indes eine offene Frage." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Double-edged sword: How does digitalisation impact on gender inequality in the labour market? (2022)
Zitatform
Burkert, Carola, Katharina Grienberger & Britta Matthes (2022): Double-edged sword: How does digitalisation impact on gender inequality in the labour market? In: IAB-Forum H. 22.11.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-11-21. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20221122.01
Abstract
"Immer mehr Tätigkeiten lassen sich mithilfe moderner Technologien automatisieren. Davon sind Männer bislang potenziell stärker betroffen als Frauen: 40 Prozent der Männer arbeiten in Berufen mit hohem Substituierbarkeitspotenzial, aber nur 27 Prozent der Frauen. Doch in einigen beruflichen Teilarbeitsmärkten haben Frauen ein höheres Substituierbarkeitspotenzial als Männer. Ob mit der zunehmenden Digitalisierung auch die Geschlechterungleichheit am Arbeitsmarkt schwindet oder sich gar verschärft, ist indes eine offene Frage." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Die großen Nachfrager nach KI-Experten in Deutschland (2022)
Büchel, Jan; Mertens, Armin;Zitatform
Büchel, Jan & Armin Mertens (2022): Die großen Nachfrager nach KI-Experten in Deutschland. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2022,101), Köln, 3 S.
Abstract
"In Deutschland ist die Nachfrage der Unternehmen nach Experten mit KI-Kompetenzen groß. Bei genauer Betrachtung zeigt sich, dass der Großteil der KI-Stellenanzeigen jedoch lediglich von einigen wenigen Nachfragern ausgeschrieben wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
KI-Bedarfe in Deutschland: Regionale Analyse und Entwicklung der Anforderungsprofile in KI-Stellenanzeigen: Gutachten im Projekt "Entwicklung und Messung der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft am Standort Deutschland" (2022)
Büchel, Jan; Röhl, Klaus-Heiner; Demary, Vera; Koppel, Oliver; Goecke, Henry; Mertens, Armin; Kohlisch, Enno;Zitatform
(2022): KI-Bedarfe in Deutschland: Regionale Analyse und Entwicklung der Anforderungsprofile in KI-Stellenanzeigen. Gutachten im Projekt "Entwicklung und Messung der Digitalisierung der Wirtschaft am Standort Deutschland". Berlin, 40 S.
Abstract
"Im ersten Quartal 2021 schrieben Unternehmen und Forschungseinrichtungen deutschlandweit 11.537 KI-Stellenanzeigen aus. Das sind etwas mehr als in den Jahren 2019 (10.363) und 2020 (10.940). Allerdings sind die KI-Bedarfe in Deutschland auf einzelne Nachfrager konzentriert: Werden nur die KI-Stellenanzeigen ohne Vermittler betrachtet, entfallen auf einen Nachfrager durchschnittlich 3,9 KI-Stellenanzeigen im Jahr 2021. 291 Nachfrager, die mindestens fünf KI-Stellenanzeigen ausgeschrieben haben, sind für 66 Prozent der KI-Stellenanzeigen ohne Vermittler verantwortlich. Insgesamt werden 36 Prozent der KI-Stellenanzeigen im Jahr 2021 über Vermittler ausgeschrieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Digitalisierung in der Arbeitswelt in Nordrhein-Westfalen - Aktualisierte Substituierbarkeitspotenziale (2022)
Carl, Birgit; Sieglen, Georg;Zitatform
Carl, Birgit & Georg Sieglen (2022): Digitalisierung in der Arbeitswelt in Nordrhein-Westfalen - Aktualisierte Substituierbarkeitspotenziale. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Nordrhein-Westfalen 01/2022), Nürnberg, 38 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.RENRW.2201
Abstract
"Um die Auswirkungen des unter dem Schlagwort „Digitalisierung“ diskutierten technologischen Wandels auf den Arbeitsmarkt in Nordrhein-Westfalen einschätzen zu können, wird mit diesem Bericht eine weitere Aktualisierung der in den Jahren 2017 und 2018 (Sieglen/Buch/Dengler 2017; Sieglen 2018) vorgenommenen Analysen vorgelegt, da zwischenzeitlich wieder eine Reihe neuer Technologien marktreif geworden sind. Im Mittelpunkt standen und stehen dabei eine nach Berufsfeldern, Anforderungsniveaus und Regionen vergleichende Analyse von Anteilen von Beschäftigten in Berufen mit einem hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzial. Diese Substituierbarkeitspotenziale zeigen auf, inwieweit Tätigkeiten, die bislang von Menschen ausgeführt werden, durch Computer und computergesteuerte Maschinen ersetzt werden können. Auf Basis dieser Neubewertung werden in diesem Bericht die Substituierbarkeitspotenziale für Nordrhein-Westfalen analysiert und mit den vorherigen Ergebnissen verglichen. Über fast alle Berufssegmente und Anforderungsniveaus hinweg ist das Substituierbarkeitspotenzial sowohl in Deutschland insgesamt, als auch in Nordrhein-Westfalen deutlich gestiegen. Das Wachstum fiel aber geringer aus als in den Vorjahren. Wie schon in den Jahren zuvor zeigen sich in den Berufssegmenten der Fertigungsberufe und fertigungstechnischen Berufe die höchsten Substituierbarkeitspotenziale. Stärkere Anstiege der Substituierbarkeitspotenziale zeigen sich vor allem in einzelnen Berufssegmenten der Dienstleistungsbranche und bezogen auf die Anforderungsniveaus bei den Fachkraftberufen. Frauen sind durchschnittlich in Berufen mit deutlich niedrigerem Substituierbarkeitspotenzial beschäftigt als Männer. Auch im Hinblick auf die Anteile von Beschäftigten in Berufen mit einem hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzial von über 70 Prozent an allen Beschäftigten lässt sich insbesondere bei den Fachkräften ein deutlicher Anstieg beobachten. Mit 35,1 Prozent hat sich der Abstand dieses Anteilswertes in Nordrhein-Westfalen zum bundesdeutschen Durchschnitt (33,9 %) erhöht. Innerhalb von Nordrhein-Westfalen zeigen sich bei diesen Anteilen der Betroffenheit mit einem hohen Substituierbarkeitspotenzial deutliche regionale Disparitäten. Vor allem in der Region Südwestfalen gibt es überdurchschnittlich hohe Werte, während sie im Rheinland eher niedrig sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Can digital skill protect against job displacement risk caused by artificial intelligence? Empirical evidence from 701 detailed occupations (2022)
Zitatform
Chen, Ni, Zhi Li & Bo Tang (2022): Can digital skill protect against job displacement risk caused by artificial intelligence? Empirical evidence from 701 detailed occupations. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 17, H. 11. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0277280
Abstract
"To identify the role of digital skill in the skill-biased technological changes caused by artificial intelligence, this study estimates the impacts of displacement risk on occupational wage and employment and examines the moderation effects of digital skill through the occupational data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics through the methods of fixed-effects modeling, heterogeneity analyzing and moderation effect testing. The results highlight three main points that (1) the displacement risk by artificial intelligence has significantly negative effects on occupational wage and employment, (2) the heterogeneous effects across occupational characteristics are significant, and (3) the digital skill exerts a significant moderation effect to protect against displacement risk. The core policy implication is suggested to emphasize digital skill in education and training across occupations to accommodate job requirements in the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Heterogeneous Adjustments of Employment to Automation Technologies: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in European Regions (2022)
Zitatform
Ciarli, Tommaso, Florencia Jaccoud & Fabien Petit (2022): Heterogeneous Adjustments of Employment to Automation Technologies: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in European Regions. In: EconPol Forum, Jg. 23, H. 5, S. 24-28.
Abstract
"Employment adjustments to automation vary across industries, regions, technologies, and time. Technological penetration of robots is related to higher employment within the industry in low-tech regions in the short run. Robots are negatively correlated to employment in knowledge-intensive regions. Regional heterogeneity in employment adjustment to robots is not driven by industry composition. High-tech industries adjust employment to ICT penetration faster than low-tech industries" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Agency, sentiment, and risk and uncertainty: fears of job loss in 8 European countries (2022)
Zitatform
Clark, Gordon L. (2022): Agency, sentiment, and risk and uncertainty: fears of job loss in 8 European countries. In: ZFW - Advances in Economic Geography, Jg. 66, H. 1, S. 3-17. DOI:10.1515/zfw-2021-0037
Abstract
"How people assess their prospects and act accordingly is anchored in time and space. But context is only half the story. Human beings share predispositions in favour of the here and now, discounting the future, and risk aversion. This paper provides a framework for integrating cognition with context in economic geography focusing upon agency, resources, and risk and uncertainty in European labour markets. In doing so, it seeks to avoid essentialising the individual while ensuring that the resulting framework does not leave individuals as cyphers of time and place. The framework is illustrated by reference to individual’s assessments of the consequences of technological change for their employment prospects in a multicountry European setting. Implications are drawn for a behavioural economic geography that is policy relevant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technological unemployment revisited: automation in a search and matching framework (2022)
Zitatform
Cords, Dario & Klaus Prettner (2022): Technological unemployment revisited: automation in a search and matching framework. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 74, H. 1, S. 115-135. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpab022
Abstract
"Will automation raise unemployment and what is the role of education in this context? To answer these questions, we propose a search and matching model of the labour market with two skill types and with industrial robots. In line with evidence to date, robots are better substitutes for low-skilled workers than for high-skilled workers. We show that robot adoption leads to rising unemployment and falling wages of low-skilled workers and falling unemployment and rising wages of high-skilled workers. In a calibration to Austrian and German data, we find that robot adoption destroys fewer low-skilled jobs than the number of high-skilled jobs it creates. For Australia and the USA, the reverse holds true. Allowing for endogenous skill acquisition of workers implies positive employment effects of automation in all four countries. Thus, the firm creation mechanism in the search and matching model and skill acquisition are alleviating the adverse effects of automation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technological interdependencies and employment changes in European industries (2022)
Zitatform
Cresti, Lorenzo, Giovanni Dosi & Giorgio Fagiolo (2022): Technological interdependencies and employment changes in European industries. (LEM working paper series / Laboratory of Economics and Management 2022,5), Pisa, 36 S.
Abstract
"This work addresses the role of inter-sectoral innovation flows, which we frame as technological interdependencies, in determining sectoral employment dynamics. This purpose is achieved through the construction of an indicator capturing the amount of R&D expenditures embodied in the backward linkages of industries. We aim to find out whether having a more integrated production in terms of requiring more technological inputs is related to a lower demand for workers within the sector. We refer to the literature on innovation-employment nexus, inter-sectoral knowledge spillovers and Global Value Chains, building upon structuralist and evolutionary theoretical considerations. We track the flows of embodied technological change between industries taking advantage of the notion of vertically integrated sectors. The relevance of this vertical technological dimension for determining employment dynamics is then tested on a panel data of European industries over the 2008-2014 period. Results show a statistically significant and negative employment impact of the degree of vertical integration in terms of acquisitions of R&D embodied inputs. Combining the role of demand, the double nature of innovation - as product and as process -, together with intersectoral linkages, this work shows that the dependence of a sector from innovation performed by other ones - a proxy for input embodied process innovations - exert a negative effect upon employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aversion to Hiring Algorithms: Transparency, Gender Profiling, and Self-Confidence (2022)
Zitatform
Dargnies, Marie-Pierre, Rustamdjan Hakimov & Dorothea Kübler (2022): Aversion to Hiring Algorithms: Transparency, Gender Profiling, and Self-Confidence. (CESifo working paper 9968), München, 36 S.
Abstract
"We run an online experiment to study the origins of algorithm aversion. Participants are either in the role of workers or of managers. Workers perform three real-effort tasks: task 1, task 2, and the job task which is a combination of tasks 1 and 2. They choose whether the hiring decision between themselves and another worker is made either by a participant in the role of a manager or by an algorithm. In a second set of experiments, managers choose whether they want to delegate their hiring decisions to the algorithm. In the baseline treatments, we observe that workers choose the manager more often than the algorithm, and managers also prefer to make the hiring decisions themselves rather than delegate them to the algorithm. When the algorithm does not use workers’ gender to predict their job task performance and workers know this, they choose the algorithm more often. Providing details on how the algorithm works does not increase the preference for the algorithm, neither for workers nor for managers. Providing feedback to managers about their performance in hiring the best workers increases their preference for the algorithm, as managers are, on average, overconfident." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Humanoid robot adoption and labour productivity: a perspective on ambidextrous product innovation routines (2022)
Del Giudice, Manlio; Scuotto, Veronica; Pironti, Marco; Ballestra, Luca Vincenzo;Zitatform
Del Giudice, Manlio, Veronica Scuotto, Luca Vincenzo Ballestra & Marco Pironti (2022): Humanoid robot adoption and labour productivity: a perspective on ambidextrous product innovation routines. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 33, H. 6, S. 1098-1124. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2021.1897643
Abstract
"The increasing presence of humanoid robot adoption has generated a change in explorative and exploitative routines. If the explorative routines provoke creativity and critical thinking which are delivered by humans, exploitative routines induce repetitive actions and mimic activities which are executed by humanoids. This has raised the need for a better balance between both routines involving an ambidextrous dynamic process. Here, product innovations play a relevant role in enhancing such balance and labour productivity. If, from the conceptual standpoint, this phenomenon has already been explored, there is still the need to empirically analyse it. We thus offer a meso-analysis of twenty-four countries located in Europe through the lens of the Service Robot Deployment (SRD) Model and the conceptual lens of organizational ambidexterity. By a regression methodology, the results show that humanoid robot adoption is still not affecting labour productivity which, by contrast, is positively and significantly connected with both radically new and marginally modified/unchanged production of innovative routines. Our original contribution, which falls in the field of Human Resources Management and Artificial Intelligence, is that humanoids are not directly impacting labour productivity but indirectly through the generation of both new and marginally modified (or unchanged) routines. This situation persuades senior leaders to achieve a balance between exploitative and explorative product innovation routines." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Machine learning approaches to testing institutional hypotheses: the case of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001) (2022)
Diallo, Boubacar;Zitatform
Diallo, Boubacar (2022): Machine learning approaches to testing institutional hypotheses: the case of Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001). In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 5, S. 2587-2600. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02110-7
Abstract
"In their seminal 2001 work, Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (AJR) argued that institutions influence economic development, using the logarithm of settler mortality as an instrument to establish a causal effect. A number of economists and other social scientists have challenged this work in terms of both data and identification strategy. Some of those criticisms concerned the IV estimated coefficients and standard errors, which were nearly twice as large as the OLS coefficients and standard errors. The research uses machine learning to test the robustness of AJR's findings. Using the AJR dataset, which I randomly divide into training data and testing data, I am able to predict the average protection against expropriation risk from settler mortality. These predicted values of property rights protection are then regressed on per capita GDP growth. The results indicate a strong and positive effect of property rights protection on growth, consistent with AJR's earlier results. Moreover, the use of machine learning to obtain institutional values yields estimates close to the OLS estimates, unlike AJR. Removing African countries and Neo-European countries, such as Canada, Australia, USA, and New Zealand, does not alter the sign and significance of the coefficient of interest. These results suggest that machine learning can be helpful to economists facing data issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labour Market (2022)
Zitatform
Dolado, Juan J., Etienne Lalé & Helene Turone (2022): Zero-hours Contracts in a Frictional Labour Market. (Discussion Paper / University of Bristol, Department of Economics 22/763), Bristol, 50 S.
Abstract
"We propose a model to evaluate the U.K.'s zero-hours contract (ZHC)- a contract that exempts employers from the requirement to provide any minimum working hours, and allows workers to decline any workload. We find quantitatively mixed welfare effects of ZHCs. On one hand they unlock job creation among firms that face highly volatile business conditions and increase labor force participation of individuals who prefer flexible work schedules. On the other hand, the use of ZHCs by less volatile firms, where jobs are otherwise viable under regular contracts, reduces welfare and likely explains negative employee reactions to this contract." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A new middle-class fraction with a distinct subjectivity: Tech workers and the transformation of the entrepreneurial self (2022)
Zitatform
Dorschel, Robert (2022): A new middle-class fraction with a distinct subjectivity. Tech workers and the transformation of the entrepreneurial self. In: The sociological review, Jg. 70, H. 6, S. 1302-1320. DOI:10.1177/00258172221103015
Abstract
"With the rise of digital capitalism, a novel occupational segment has emerged: so-called “tech workers”. Members of this grouping render and encode the digital technologies that permeate contemporary social life. While there are many studies about highly precarious digital labourers, research on these digital professionals remains scarce. Based on 40 original interviews, the article explores the subjectivity of tech workers. Specifically, it asks whether understandings of middle-class employees as entrepreneurial selves with a holistic market orientation hold true for this grouping, or whether new cultures of subjectivation are emerging. The key finding from these interviews is that tech workers show contours of a post-neoliberal subjectivity. While the figure of the entrepreneurial self remains an alluring force, this study detected four transformative cultures of subjectivation: (1) a return of the critique of economic inequality; (2) a concern for diversity; (3) an ethic of mindfulness; and (4) a lifestyle that signals ordinariness. These distinct forms of subjectivity point to the formation of a new middle-class fraction. However, drawing on the sociology of critique, this article also considers how this transformation of subjectivity can be appropriated as yet another new spirit of capitalism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Market Power and Artificial Intelligence Work on Online Labour Markets (2022)
Duch Brown, Nestor; Gomez-Herrera, Estrella; Müller-Langer, Frank; Tolan, Songul;Zitatform
Duch Brown, Nestor, Estrella Gomez-Herrera, Frank Müller-Langer & Songul Tolan (2022): Market Power and Artificial Intelligence Work on Online Labour Markets. (JRC digital economy working paper 2021-10), Seville, 40 S.
Abstract
"We investigate three alternative but complementary indicators of market power on one of the largest online labour markets (OLMs) in Europe: (1) the elasticity of labour demand, (2) the elasticity of labour supply, and (3) the concentration of market shares. We explore how these indicators relate to an exogenous change in platform policy. In the middle of the observation period, the platform made it mandatory for employers to signal the rates they were willing to pay as given by the level of experience required to perform a project, i.e., entry, intermediate or expert level. We find a positive labour supply elasticity ranging between 0.06 and 0.15, which is higher for expert-level projects. We also find that the labour demand elasticity increased while the labour supply elasticity decreased after the policy change. Based on this, we argue that market-designing platform providers can influence the labour demand and supply elasticities on OLMs with the terms and conditions they set for the platform. We also explore the demand for and supply of AI-related labour on the OLM under study. We provide evidence for a significantly higher demand for AI-related labour (ranging from +1.4% to +4.1%) and a significantly lower supply of AI-related labour (ranging from -6.8% to -1.6%) than for other types of labour. We also find that workers on AI projects receive 3.0%-3.2% higher wages than workers on non-AI projects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Artificial Intelligence and the Labor Market: Expected Development and Ethical Concerns in the German and European Context (2022)
Engel, Uwe; Dahlhaus, Lena;Zitatform
Engel, Uwe & Lena Dahlhaus (2022): Artificial Intelligence and the Labor Market: Expected Development and Ethical Concerns in the German and European Context. In: U. Engel (Hrsg.) (2022): Robots in Care and Everyday Life. Future, Ethics, Social Acceptance, S. 27-48. DOI:10.1007/978-3-031-11447-2_2
Abstract
"The chapter examines the question of whether people must fear for their jobs due to artificial intelligence (AI). A “competitive scenario” with a design to test for this appeared in the Delphi survey. The chapter shows how realistic this scenario is and its sociological implications, with a basis in expert opinions. In addition, the chapter sheds light on how much people see AI affecting themselves in their jobs, their future standard of living, and quality of life. The results in these respects paint a much more positive picture than the public discussion of AI leads us to expect. The chapter deals with ethical concerns that AI could lead to discrimination in the labor market and the perceived need for public policy interventions to ensure that AI develops ethically. An aggregate data analysis reveals substantial variations across EU countries and significant correlations with a country’s prosperity, risk of poverty, multi-ethnicity, and inherent trust in institutions and fellow men. We examine the odds of such concerns in Germany, as a function of socio-structural variables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The AI trilemma: Saving the planet without ruining our jobs (2022)
Ernst, Ekkehard;Zitatform
Ernst, Ekkehard (2022): The AI trilemma: Saving the planet without ruining our jobs. In: Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Jg. 5. DOI:10.3389/frai.2022.886561
Abstract
"Digitalization and artificial intelligence increasingly affect the world of work. Rising risk of massive job losses have sparked technological fears. Limited income and productivity gains concentrated among a few tech companies are fueling inequalities. In addition, the increasing ecological footprint of digital technologies has become the focus of much discussion. This creates a trilemma of rising inequality, low productivity growth and high ecological costs brought by technological progress. How can this trilemma be resolved? Which digital applications should be promoted specifically? And what should policymakers do to address this trilemma? This contribution shows that policymakers should create suitable conditions to fully exploit the potential in the area of network applications (transport, information exchange, supply, provisioning) in order to reap maximum societal benefits that can be widely shared. This requires shifting incentives away from current uses toward those that can, at least partially, address the trilemma. The contribution analyses the scope and limits of current policy instruments in this regard and discusses alternative approaches that are more aligned with the properties of the emerging technological paradigm underlying the digital economy. In particular, it discusses the possibility of institutional innovations required to address the socio-economic challenges resulting from the technological innovations brought about by artificial intelligence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Tasks for Assessing the Impact of New Technologies on Work (2022)
Zitatform
Fernández-Macías, Enrique & Martina Bisello (2022): A Comprehensive Taxonomy of Tasks for Assessing the Impact of New Technologies on Work. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 159, H. 2, S. 821-841. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02768-7
Abstract
"In recent years, the increasing concern about the labour market implications of technological change has led economists to look in more detail at the structure of work content and job tasks. Incorporating insights from other traditions of task analysis, in particular from the labour process approach, as well as from recent research on skills, work organisation and occupational change, in this paper we propose a comprehensive and detailed taxonomy of tasks. Going beyond existing broad classifications, our taxonomy aims at connecting the substantive content of work with its organisational context by answering two key questions: what do people do at work and how do they do their work? For illustrative purposes, we show how our approach allows a better understanding of the impact of new technologies on work, by accounting for relevant ongoing transformations such as the diffusion of artificial intelligence and the unfolding of digital labour platforms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Automation, Job Polarisation, and Structural Change (2022)
Zitatform
Fierro, Luca Eduardo, Alessandro Caiani & Alberto Russo (2022): Automation, Job Polarisation, and Structural Change. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 200, S. 499-535. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.05.025
Abstract
"The increasing automation of tasks traditionally performed by labour is reshaping the relationship between skills and tasks of workers, unevenly affecting labour demand for low, middle, and high-skill occupations. To investigate the economy-wide response to automation, we designed a multisector Agent-Based Macroeconomic model accounting for workers' heterogeneity in skills and tasks. The model features endogenous skill-biased technical change, and heterogeneous consumption preferences for goods and personal services across workers of different skill types. Following available empirical evidence, we model automation as a manufacturing-specific, productivity-enhancing, and skill-biased technological process. We show how automation can trigger a structural change process from manufactory to personal services, which eventually increases the share of high and low-skilled occupations, while reducing the share of middle-skilled ones. Following the literature, we label this dynamics as job polarisation throughout the paper. Finally, we study how labour market policies can feedback in the model dynamics. In our framework, a minimum wage policy (i) slows down the structural change process, (ii) boosts aggregate productivity, and (iii) accelerates the automation process, strengthening productivity growth within the manufacturing sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Verändert Künstliche Intelligenz die Zukunft unserer Arbeit?: Wahrnehmungen von betroffenen Arbeitnehmer:innen (2022)
Fleck, Lara; Graus, Evie; Klinger, M.;Zitatform
Fleck, Lara, Evie Graus & M. Klinger (2022): Verändert Künstliche Intelligenz die Zukunft unserer Arbeit? Wahrnehmungen von betroffenen Arbeitnehmer:innen. (ROA external reports / Researchcentrum voor Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt (Maastricht) ai:conomics Kurzdossier December 2022), Maastricht, 9 S.
Abstract
"Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) ist noch weit davon entfernt, eine „allgemeine künstliche Intelligenz“ zu erreichen, d.h. die Fähigkeit, eine Vielzahl von kognitiven Aufgaben zu bewältigen, die auch Menschen bewältigen können (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2020; Malone, Rus & Laubacher, 2020). Dennoch gelingt es verschiedenen KI-Anwendungen, wie Machine Learning, Robotics, Computer Vision und Natural Language Processing, bereits, komplexe Problemlösungsaufgaben auszuführen; Sprachassistenz, Bilderkennung und algorithmische Personalauswahlverfahren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
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Literaturhinweis
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Personalauswahl (2022)
Fleck, Lara; Özgül, Pelin; Rounding, Nicholas;Zitatform
Fleck, Lara, Nicholas Rounding & Pelin Özgül (2022): Künstliche Intelligenz in der Personalauswahl. (ROA external reports / Researchcentrum voor Onderwijs en Arbeidsmarkt (Maastricht) ai:conomics Kurzdossier Mai 2022), Maastricht, 10 S.
Abstract
"Die Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) als starke Prognosetechniologie kann von Firmen eingesetzt werden, um ihre Effizienz innerhalb verschiedener Prozesse zu erhöhen, von denen einer die Einstellungspraxis im Personalmanagement ist Bogen & Rieke, 2018; Gonzalez et al., 2019; Tambe et al., 2019). Da es eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Meinungen und Bedenken bezüglich der Implementierung der KI bei Einstellungen gibt, möchten wir uns auf eine spezifische Debatte fokussieren: ob sie das Potenzial hat, Diskriminierung zu verstärken oder zu reduzieren. Die Diskriminierung bei Einstellungen ist ein schon seit Langem untersuchtes Phänomen, das häufig auf unbewusster, interpersoneller Voreingenommenheit der Anwerber:innen und subjektiven Beurteilungen von Menschen aufgrund unterschiedlicher persönlicher Merkmale basiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Artificial Intelligence and Employment: New Cross-Country Evidence (2022)
Georgieff, Alexandre; Hyee, Raphaela;Zitatform
Georgieff, Alexandre & Raphaela Hyee (2022): Artificial Intelligence and Employment: New Cross-Country Evidence. In: Frontiers in artificial intelligence, Jg. 5. DOI:10.3389/frai.2022.832736
Abstract
"Recent years have seen impressive advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and this has stoked renewed concern about the impact of technological progress on the labor market, including on worker displacement. This paper looks at the possible links between AI and employment in a cross-country context. It adapts the AI occupational impact measure developed by Felten, Raj and Seamans—an indicator measuring the degree to which occupations rely on abilities in which AI has made the most progress—and extends it to 23 OECD countries. Overall, there appears to be no clear relationship between AI exposure and employment growth. However, in occupations where computer use is high, greater exposure to AI is linked to higher employment growth. The paper also finds suggestive evidence of a negative relationship between AI exposure and growth in average hours worked among occupations where computer use is low. One possible explanation is that partial automation by AI increases productivity directly as well as by shifting the task composition of occupations toward higher value-added tasks. This increase in labor productivity and output counteracts the direct displacement effect of automation through AI for workers with good digital skills, who may find it easier to use AI effectively and shift to non-automatable, higher-value added tasks within their occupations. The opposite could be true for workers with poor digital skills, who may not be able to interact efficiently with AI and thus reap all potential benefits of the technology." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social impacts of algorithmic decision-making: A research agenda for the social sciences (2022)
Zitatform
Gerdon, Frederic, Ruben L. Bach, Christoph Kern & Frauke Kreuter (2022): Social impacts of algorithmic decision-making: A research agenda for the social sciences. In: Big Data & Society, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1177/20539517221089305
Abstract
"Academic and public debates are increasingly concerned with the question whether and how algorithmic decision-making (ADM) may reinforce social inequality. Most previous research on this topic originates from computer science. The social sciences, however, have huge potentials to contribute to research on social consequences of ADM. Based on a process model of ADM systems, we demonstrate how social sciences may advance the literature on the impacts of ADM on social inequality by uncovering and mitigating biases in training data, by understanding data processing and analysis, as well as by studying social contexts of algorithms in practice. Furthermore, we show that fairness notions need to be evaluated with respect to specific outcomes of ADM systems and with respect to concrete social contexts. Social sciences may evaluate how individuals handle algorithmic decisions in practice and how single decisions aggregate to macro social outcomes. In this overview, we highlight how social sciences can apply their knowledge on social stratification and on substantive domains of ADM applications to advance the understanding of social impacts of ADM." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Künstliche Intelligenz und Arbeit: Betrachtungen zwischen Prognose und betrieblicher Realität (2022)
Giering, Oliver;Zitatform
Giering, Oliver (2022): Künstliche Intelligenz und Arbeit: Betrachtungen zwischen Prognose und betrieblicher Realität. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft, Jg. 76, H. 1, S. 50-64. DOI:10.1007/s41449-021-00289-0
Abstract
"Künstliche Intelligenz avanciert zu einem zentralen Thema der Debatten um eine übergreifende Digitalisierung der Arbeitswelt. Insgesamt zeigt sich dabei eine Dominanz wirtschaftlicher Perspektiven auf KI: so wird KI oft anhand ökonomischer Prognosen in Bezug auf Beschäftigung diskutiert. Andererseits finden sich auch Annahmen zu Auswirkungen auf Tätigkeiten im konkreten Arbeitsprozess. Einigkeit herrscht scheinbar darüber, dass KI umfangreiche Veränderungen in den Betrieben bewirken wird. Der Beitrag widmet sich im Sinne eines Positionspapiers diesem Spannungsfeld zwischen dominanten, diskursiven Erwartungen und empirischer, betrieblicher Realität von KI in Deutschland. Hierfür werden zentrale Perspektiven auf KI in Bezug auf Beschäftigung und Tätigkeiten vorgestellt und mit der vorhandenen Empirie zum Thema abgeglichen. Dadurch lassen sich die vorherrschenden Leitbilder und Spekulationen der KI Debatte besser einordnen. Die Sammlung der Empirie offenbart eklatante Forschungslücken hinsichtlich quantitativer als auch qualitativer Forschung zur Nutzung, als auch zum Einfluss von KI auf Arbeit. Zudem zeigen sich Schwierigkeiten bezüglich der Operationalisierung des Begriffs. Der Artikel bietet abschließend Überlegungen zu einem detaillierteren Verständnis von KI und zeigt Anknüpfungspunkte für künftige Forschung auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
A gender perspective on artificial intelligence and jobs: The vicious cycle of digital inequality (2022)
Zitatform
Gomez-Herrera, Estrella & Sabine T. Köszegi (2022): A gender perspective on artificial intelligence and jobs. The vicious cycle of digital inequality. (Working paper / Bruegel 2022,15), Brussels, 24 S.
Abstract
"The worldwide artificial intelligence market is expected to increase enormously in the next few years. Because of AI’s immense potential, virtually all industries will be affected by the implementation of AI systems, resulting in the digitalisation and automation of work processes. This will cause disruptive shifts in labour markets, in terms of the number and profiles of jobs in industries as well as worker skill requirements. We take a gender perspective and analyse how gender stereotypes and gendered work segregation on the one hand, and digitalisation and automation (as a consequence of AI implementation) on the other hand, are entangled and result in a vicious cycle of digital gender inequality. We provide insights into the gender-specific impact of AI technologies, which is relevant for the mitigation of the potential risk of the creation of social inequality and exclusion. We show that existing empirical evidence already indicates that AI will not increase gender equality but will somewhat further exacerbate the gender inequality in labour markets, ranging from further horizontal and vertical occupational gender segregation to an increase in the gender pay gap. We summarise policy guidance and measures to decrease gender inequality in the future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technology and the labor market (2022)
Graetz, Georg; Skans, Oskar Nordström; Restrepo, Pascual;Zitatform
Graetz, Georg, Pascual Restrepo & Oskar Nordström Skans (2022): Technology and the labor market. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 76. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102177
Abstract
"This article introduces the Special Issue on “Technology and the Labor Market”. We summarize the included articles and offer some lessons for policy and future research. The articles cover central issues such as how technology changes the nature of labor demand, the impact of technology on individual workers, the role of policy, as well as emerging phenomena such as Artificial Intelligence and the “Gig” economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Modelling artificial intelligence in economics (2022)
Zitatform
Gries, Thomas & Wim Naudé (2022): Modelling artificial intelligence in economics. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 56. DOI:10.1186/s12651-022-00319-2
Abstract
"We provide a partial equilibrium model wherein AI provides abilities combined with human skills to provide an aggregate intermediate service good. We use the model to find that the extent of automation through AI will be greater if (a) the economy is relatively abundant in sophisticated programs and machine abilities compared to human skills; (b) the economy hosts a relatively large number of AI-providing firms and experts; and (c) the task-specific productivity of AI services is relatively high compared to the task-specific productivity of general labor and labor skills. We also illustrate that the contribution of AI to aggregate productive labor service depends not only on the amount of AI services available but on the endogenous number of automated tasks, the relative productivity of standard and IT-related labor, and the substitutability of tasks. These determinants also affect the income distribution between the two kinds of labor. We derive several empirical implications and identify possible future extensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and Unions: The Moderating Effect of Organised Labour on Technological Unemployment (2022)
Zitatform
Haapanala, Henri, Ive Marx & Zachary Parolin (2022): Robots and Unions: The Moderating Effect of Organised Labour on Technological Unemployment. (IZA discussion paper 15080), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"We analyse the moderating effect of trade unions on industrial employment and unemployment in countries facing exposure to industrial robots. Applying random effects within-between regression to a pseudo-panel of observations from 28 advanced democracies over 1998-2019, we find that stronger trade unions in a country are associated with a greater decline in the industry sector employment of young and low-educated workers. We also show that the unemployment rates for low-educated workers remain constant in strongly unionised countries with increasing exposure to robots, whereas in weakly unionised countries, low-educated unemployment declines with robot exposure but from a higher starting point. Our results point to unions exacerbating the insider-outsider effects of technological change within the industrial sector, which however is not fully passed on to unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Growth trends for selected occupations considered at risk from automation (2022)
Handel, Michael J.;Zitatform
Handel, Michael J. (2022): Growth trends for selected occupations considered at risk from automation. In: Monthly labor review H. July. DOI:10.21916/mlr.2022.21
Abstract
"Breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics have led to substantial concern that large-scale job losses are imminent. Selected occupations are often cited as illustrations of technological displacement that is or will become a more general problem, but these discussions are often impressionistic. This article compiles a list of specific occupations cited in the automation literature and examines the occupations’ employment trends since 1999 and projected employment to 2029. There is little support in U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data or projections for the idea of a general acceleration of job loss or a structural break with trends pre-dating the AI revolution with respect to the occupations cited as examples. Offsetting factors and other limitations of the automation thesis are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Atlas der digitalen Arbeit: Daten und Fakten über die Beschäftigung der Zukunft (2022)
Henneke, Sebastian; Rademaker, Maike;Zitatform
(2022): Atlas der digitalen Arbeit. Daten und Fakten über die Beschäftigung der Zukunft. Berlin ; Düsseldorf, 54 S.
Abstract
"Der Atlas der digitalen Arbeit blickt auf viele verschiedene Branchen: Auto, Chemie und Pharma, aber auch die Pflege und die öffentliche Hand. Es geht um grundlegende Fragen: Wie weit sind smarte Computer und Roboter in diesen Bereichen auf dem Vormarsch? Welche Folgen hat das für die Beschäftigten? Wie viel verdienen Menschen in digitalen Berufen? Was verändert sich in der Berufsausbildung? Macht Homeoffice glücklich? Profitieren Frauen und Männer gleichermaßen von den Vorteilen der digitalen Arbeitswelt? Der neue Atlas der digitalen Arbeit, den die Hans-Böckler-Stiftung und der Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (DGB) herausgeben, bildet zahlreiche Aspekte der Arbeitswelt von heute ab und bringt Entwicklungstrends auf den Punkt. Mit kurzen Texten und prägnanten, aktuellen Infografiken, gestaltet von der renommierten Berliner Atlasmanufaktur. Eine solide Grundlage, um über die Arbeit der Zukunft zu diskutieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of artificial intelligence on skills at work in Denmark (2022)
Zitatform
Holm, Jacob Rubæk & Edward Lorenz (2022): The impact of artificial intelligence on skills at work in Denmark. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 79-101. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12215
Abstract
"Based on a unique dataset on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) among employees in Denmark, we investigate within-job relationships between AI use and skill requirements. We show that the effects of AI are varied and depend on whether AI is used for providing orders to humans or providing information for further human handling and in which occupation it is used. AI may enhance or augment skills through, for example, the increased use of high-performance work practices, or it may increase work pace constraints and reduce employee autonomy. The results imply that the diffusion of AI can increase inequalities in the labour market by augmenting skills used in high-skill jobs, although having relatively more adverse impacts on other jobs. We use additive noise modelling to establish the likely direction of causality in our results and find that the direction of causality is from AI use to skill requirements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hourly Wages in Crowdworking: A Meta-Analysis (2022)
Zitatform
Hornuf, Lars & Daniel Vrankar (2022): Hourly Wages in Crowdworking: A Meta-Analysis. (CESifo working paper 9540), München, 38 S.
Abstract
"In the past decade, crowdworking on online labor market platforms has become the main source of income for a growing number of people worldwide. This development has led to increasing political and scientific interest in the wages that people can earn on such platforms. In this article, we extend the literature based on a single platform, region, or category of crowdworking by conducting a meta-analysis of the prevalent hourly wages. After a systematic and rigorous literature search, we consider 20 primary empirical studies, including 104 wages and 76,282 data points from 22 platforms, eight different countries, and a time span of 12 years. We find that, on average, microwork results in an hourly wage of less than $6. This wage is significantly lower than the mean wage of online freelancers, which is roughly three times higher. We find that hourly wages accounting for unpaid work, such as searching for tasks and communicating with requesters, tend to be significantly lower than wages not considering unpaid work. Legislators and researchers evaluating wages in crowdworking should be aware of this bias when assessing hourly wages, given that the majority of the literature does not account for the effect of unpaid work time on crowdworking wages. To foster the comparability of different research results, we suggest that scholars consider a wage malus to account for unpaid work. Finally, we find that hourly wages collected through surveys tend to be lower than wages collected via browser plugins or other technical data collection methods." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour-saving technology and advanced marginality – A study of unemployed workers' experiences of displacement in Finland (2022)
Hyötyläinen, Mika;Zitatform
Hyötyläinen, Mika (2022): Labour-saving technology and advanced marginality – A study of unemployed workers' experiences of displacement in Finland. In: Critical Social Policy, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 285-305. DOI:10.1177/02610183211024122
Abstract
"The article explores the experiences of people displaced from work by the introduction of labour-saving technology in Finland. Interviews with 13 unemployed individuals are used as data. The study is underpinned by a Marxist interpretation of potentially emancipatory technology under capitalism reduced to an instrument for reorganizing skilled workers into an exploitable, precarious cadre of surplus and abstract labour. Loïc Wacquant’s thesis on advanced marginality is used as a theoretical framework to unpack and understand the little-studied experience of being displaced from work by technology. The interviewees share a sense of growing alienation and social exclusion. Feeding these experiences are capricious changes in skill-demands and deskilling under automation and robotisation of work. The experiences are exacerbated by digitalised, vertiginous and isolating job-seeking and employment services that cast responsibility on the unemployed individual. While the participants of this study were not on the brink of acute or extreme socio-economic marginalisation, their experiences are rooted in the very same social, economic and political dynamics as advanced marginality. The findings of the study help anticipate the risk of advancing marginality faced by displaced workers, if social policy reforms are not carried out in the short term. In the long term, the findings support the argument that studies on labour-saving technologies and unemployment pay closer attention to the particular role of technology under capitalism." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Robots and AI: A New Economic Era (2022)
Ing, Lili Yan; Grossman, Gene M.;Zitatform
Ing, Lili Yan & Gene M. Grossman (Hrsg.) (2022): Robots and AI. A New Economic Era. (Routledge-ERIA Studies in Development Economics), Abingdon ; New York, NY: Routledge, 352 S. DOI:10.4324/9781003275534
Abstract
"Robots and artificial intelligence (AI) are powerful forces that will likely have large impacts on the size, direction, and composition of international trade flows. This book discusses how industrial robots, automation, and AI affect international growth, trade, productivity, employment, wages, and welfare. The book explains new approaches on how robots and artificial intelligence affect the world economy by presenting detailed theoretical framework and country-specific as well as firm-product level-specific exercises. This book will be a useful reference for those researching on robots, automation, AI and their economic impacts on trade, industry, and employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
'Ethical' artificial intelligence in the welfare state: Discourse and discrepancy in Australian social services (2022)
James, Alexandra; Whelan, Andrew;Zitatform
James, Alexandra & Andrew Whelan (2022): 'Ethical' artificial intelligence in the welfare state: Discourse and discrepancy in Australian social services. In: Critical Social Policy, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 22-42. DOI:10.1177/0261018320985463
Abstract
"In recent years, a discourse of “ethical artificial intelligence” has emerged and gained international traction in response to widely publicised AI failures. In Australia, the discourse around ethical AI does not accord with the reality of AI deployment in the public sector. Drawing on institutional ethnographic approaches, this paper describes the misalignments between how technology is described in government documentation, and how it is deployed in social service delivery. We argue that the propagation of ethical principles legitimates established new public management strategies, and pre-empts questions regarding the efficacy of AI development; instead positioning implementation as inevitable and, provided an ethical framework is adopted, laudable. The ethical AI discourse acknowledges, and ostensibly seeks to move past, widely reported administrative failures involving new technologies. In actuality, this discourse works to make AI implementation a reality, ethical or not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Industrial Robots, and Information and Communication Technology: The Employment Effects in EU Labour Markets (2022)
Jestl, Stefan;Zitatform
Jestl, Stefan (2022): Industrial Robots, and Information and Communication Technology. The Employment Effects in EU Labour Markets. (WIIW working paper 215), Wien, 44 S.
Abstract
"This paper explores the effects of industrial robots and information and communication technology (ICT) on regional employment in EU countries. The empirical analysis relies on a harmonised comprehensive regional dataset, which combines business statistics and national and regional accounts data. This rich dataset enables us to provide detailed insights into the employment effects of automation and computerisation in EU regions for the period 2001-2016. The results suggest relatively weak effects on regional total employment dynamics. However, employment effects differ between manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. Industrial robots show negative employment effects in local manufacturing industries, but positive employment effects in local non-manufacturing industries. While the negative effect is concentrated in particular local manufacturing industries, the positive effect operates in local service industries. IT investments show positive employment effects only in local manufacturing industries, while CT investments are shown to be irrelevant for employment dynamics. In contrast, software and database investments have had a predominantly negative impact on local employment in both local manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Productive Robots and Industrial Employment: The Role of National Innovation Systems (2022)
Kapetaniou, Chrystalla; Pissarides, Christopher A.;Zitatform
Kapetaniou, Chrystalla & Christopher A. Pissarides (2022): Productive Robots and Industrial Employment: The Role of National Innovation Systems. (IZA discussion paper 15056), Bonn, 55 S.
Abstract
"In a model with robots, and automatable and complementary human tasks, we examine robot-labour substitutions and show how it they are influenced by a country's "innovation system". Substitution depends on demand and production elasticities, and other factors influenced by the innovation system. Making use of World Economic Forum data we estimate the relationship for thirteen countries and find that countries with poor innovation capabilities substitute robots for workers much more than countries with richer innovation capabilities, which generally complement them. In transport equipment and non-manufacturing robots and workers are stronger substitutes than in other manufacturing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeit in der Crowd: Arbeitsorganisation und Gerechtigkeitsansprüche im Wandel? (2022)
Kawalec, Sandra;Zitatform
Kawalec, Sandra (2022): Arbeit in der Crowd. Arbeitsorganisation und Gerechtigkeitsansprüche im Wandel? Opladen: Budrich Academic Press, 195 S.
Abstract
"Crowdwork ist eine neue Form von Arbeit, welche weder mit einem klassischen Arbeitsverhältnis noch einer formalen Zugehörigkeit zu einer Unternehmensorganisation einhergeht. Dieses Buch setzt zwei Schwerpunkte. Zum einen wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Entgrenzungsprozesse die Reorganisations-Strategie Crowdsourcing zur Folge hat – an einem Fallbeispiel des Unternehmens IBM. Zum anderen wird untersucht, welche arbeitsbezogenen Gerechtigkeitsansprüche an diese neue Form von Arbeit – und somit jenseits des Normarbeitsverhältnisses – von den in der virtuellen Welt arbeitenden Personen gestellt werden." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kawalec, Sandra;Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis -
Literaturhinweis
Measuring the Technological Bias of Robot Adoption and its Implications for the Aggregate Labor Share (2022)
Zitatform
Koch, Michael & Ilya Manuylov (2022): Measuring the Technological Bias of Robot Adoption and its Implications for the Aggregate Labor Share. (University Aarhus. Economics working paper 2022,01), Aarhus, 26 S.
Abstract
"This paper investigates the technological bias of robot adoption using a rich panel data set of Spanish manufacturing firms over a 25-year period. We apply the production function estimation when productivity is multidimensional to the case of an automating technology, to reveal the Hicks-neutral and labor-augmenting technological change brought about by robot adoption within firms. Our results indicate a causal effect of robots on Hicks-neutral and labor-augmenting components of productivity. The biased technological change turns out to be an important determinant of the decline in the aggregate share of labor in the Spanish manufacturing sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digitalisation and changes in the world of work: Literature Review. Study Requested by the EMPL Committee (2022)
Konle-Seidl, Regina; Danesi, Sara;Zitatform
Konle-Seidl, Regina & Sara Danesi (2022): Digitalisation and changes in the world of work. Literature Review. Study Requested by the EMPL Committee. Brüssel, 47 S. DOI:10.2861/291260
Abstract
"Digitalisation in the workplace covers a variety of digital technologies and fast-developing applications, ranging from digital communication and information tools (ICT) to robots and artificial intelligence (AI). These technologies all shape work to very different degrees, from platform work to the gig economy to algorithmic management and digital surveillance. The Covid-19 pandemic has brought with it an explosion in demand for remote and platform work and has accelerated the digital transformation of many regular workplaces in the European Union. Assessments of the benefits and downsides of the impact of digital technologies vary greatly. Hopes contrast with fears and the discussion about possible consequences on employment (demand for work) and working conditions (job quality) is quite polarised. To decide on appropriate policies and measures that are mindful of the need to mitigate possible harms of digitalisation for workers, politicians should ensure that their decisions are based on sound evidence. Sound empirical research is all the more important given that dominant, discursive expectations on the impact of workplace digitalisation are not always based on empirical evidence. The aim of this review study is to provide the Members of the EMPL committee with an updated overview of findings from research on the consequences of digital technologies that are already having an impact in the workplace. The literature review presents recent empirical (quantitative) impact studies and supplement these with qualitative research findings from relevant case studies." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Konle-Seidl, Regina; -
Literaturhinweis
Preparing for the (Non-Existent?) Future of Work (2022)
Korinek, Anton; Juelfs, Megan;Zitatform
Korinek, Anton & Megan Juelfs (2022): Preparing for the (Non-Existent?) Future of Work. (NBER working paper 30172), Cambridge, Mass, 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w30172
Abstract
"This paper considers the labor market and distributional implications of a scenario of ever-more-intelligent autonomous machines that substitute for human labor and drive down wages. We lay out three concerns arising from such a scenario and evaluate recent predictions and objections to these concerns. Then we analyze how a utilitarian social planner would allocate work and income if these concerns start to materialize. As the income produced by autonomous machines rises and the value of labor declines, a utilitarian planner finds it optimal to phase out work, beginning with workers who have low labor productivity and job satisfaction, since they have comparative advantage in enjoying leisure. This is in stark contrast to welfare systems that force individuals with low labor productivity to work. If there are significant wage declines, avoiding mass misery will require other ways of distributing income than labor markets, whether via sufficiently well-distributed capital ownership or via benefits. Recipients could still engage in work for its own sake if they enjoy work amenities such as structure, purpose and meaning. If work gives rise to positive externalities such as social connections or political stability, or if individuals undervalue the benefits of work because of internalities, then a social planner would incentivize work. However, in the long run, the planner might be able to achieve a higher level of social welfare by adopting alternative ways of providing these benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digitalisation and Employees' Subjective Job Quality in the Second Half of Working Life in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Kortmann, Lisa Katharina, Julia Simonson, Claudia Vogel & Oliver Huxhold (2022): Digitalisation and Employees' Subjective Job Quality in the Second Half of Working Life in Germany. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 162, H. 2, S. 577-597. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02854-w
Abstract
"Since digitalisation alters occupational task profiles via automation processes, job quality is also likely to be affected. While existing literature mainly focusses on objective job quality, this study asks if and how digitalisation is associated with employees’ subjective job quality in the second half of working life in Germany. Analyses are based on the German Ageing Survey 2014. Our sample includes n = 1541 employees aged 40–65 years who are subject to social insurance contributions. Subjective job quality is operationalised with regards to job satisfaction and perceived occupational stress in general, and ten aspects of job quality in detail. Digitalisation is approximated by substitution potentials of occupations. We control the association for compositional effects in the workforce, as well as for the moderating effect of perceived job insecurity. The results indicate that digitalisation is predominantly beneficial but also unfavourable in a few other respects for employees’ subjective job quality. The higher the degree of digitalisation, the higher is the employee’s general job satisfaction on average; for general perceived occupational stress, we find no significant association. Regarding single aspects of subjective job quality, employees working in more digitalised occupations are found to report on average higher satisfaction with working hours and earnings, and lower levels of stress due to tight schedules. However, they also report higher levels of stress due to negative environmental factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring work and workers: Wearables and digital assistance systems in manufacturing and logistics (2022)
Zitatform
Krzywdzinski, Martin, Sabine Pfeiffer, Maren Evers & Christine Gerber (2022): Measuring work and workers: Wearables and digital assistance systems in manufacturing and logistics. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 3 SP III 2022-301), Berlin, 113 S.
Abstract
"The smart glove or smart data glasses: Digitalization of work means that technology is moving closer to the bodies of employees. It can make movements, vital signs and even emotions visible. Technologies which many people use privately to monitor their sporting activities or health opens up a new dimension of control in the workplace, but also the possibility of supporting employees in complex work processes. Based on case studies of companies in manufacturing and logistics as well as a survey of employees, this study provides insights into operational use cases of wearables and the assessments of employees. It reveals contradictory experiences and a high importance of co-determination and co-design of new technologies by employees and works councils as a condition for using new technologies for improving work quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Strukturwandel und berufliche Weiterbildung: Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 13.10.2022 (2022)
Zitatform
Lang, Julia, Simon Janssen, Thomas Kruppe, Ute Leber & Cordula Zabel (2022): Strukturwandel und berufliche Weiterbildung. Stellungnahme des IAB zur Anhörung beim Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am 13.10.2022. (IAB-Stellungnahme 09/2022), Nürnberg, 16 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.SN.2209
Abstract
"Zur Vorbereitung des Jahresgutachtens 2022/2023 des Sachverständigenrats zur Begutachtung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklung wurde das IAB um seine Expertise zur Bedeutung und Weiterentwicklung der beruflichen Weiterbildung gebeten – insbesondere in Zusammenhang mit der technologischen und ökologischen Transformation der Wirtschaft, wodurch zukünftig sowohl auf der einen Seite zahlreiche zusätzliche Fachkräfte gebraucht werden und auf der anderen Seite bestimmte Arbeitsstellen wegfallen werden. Die Erkenntnisse, die das IAB im Herbst 2022 hierzu vorgelegt hat, werden in der vorliegenden Stellungnahme zusammengefasst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
What skills and abilities can automation technologies replicate and what does it mean for workers?: New evidence (2022)
Lassébie, Julie; Quintini, Glenda;Zitatform
Lassébie, Julie & Glenda Quintini (2022): What skills and abilities can automation technologies replicate and what does it mean for workers? New evidence. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 282), Paris, 66 S.
Abstract
"This paper exploits novel data on the degree of automatability of approximately 100 skills and abilities collected through an original survey of experts in AI, and link them to occupations using information on skill and ability requirements extracted from O*NET. Similar to previous studies, this allows gauging the number of jobs potentially affected by automation and the workers who are most at risk of automation. The focus on the automatability of skills and abilities as opposed to entire occupations permits a direct assessment of the share of highly automatable and bottleneck tasks in each occupation. The study finds that thanks to advances in AI and robotics, several high-level cognitive skills can now be automated. However, high-skilled occupations continue to be less at risk of automation because they also require skills and abilities that remain important bottlenecks to automation. Furthermore, jobs at highest risk of automation will not disappear completely, as only 18 to 27% of skills and abilities required in these occupations are highly automatable. Rather, the organisation of work will change and workers in these jobs will need to retrain, as technologies replace workers for several tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Productivity and Wages: What Was the Productivity-Wage Link in the Digital Revolution of the Past, and What Might Occur in the AI Revolution of the Future? (2022)
Lazear, Edward; Hayes, Grant E.; Shaw, Kathryn L.; Jedras, James M.;Zitatform
Lazear, Edward, Kathryn L. Shaw, Grant E. Hayes & James M. Jedras (2022): Productivity and Wages: What Was the Productivity-Wage Link in the Digital Revolution of the Past, and What Might Occur in the AI Revolution of the Future? (NBER working paper 30734), Cambridge, Mass, 86 S.
Abstract
"Wages have been spreading out across workers over time – or in other words, the 90th/50th wage ratio has risen over time. A key question is, has the productivity distribution also spread out across worker skill levels over time? Using our calculations of productivity by skill level for the U.S., we show that the distributions of both wages and productivity have spread out over time, as the right tail lengthens for both. We add OECD countries, showing that the wage-productivity correlation exists, such that gains in aggregate productivity, or GDP per person, have resulted in higher wages for workers at the top and bottom of the wage distribution. However, across countries, those workers in the upper income ranks have seen their wages rise the most over time. The most likely international factor explaining these wage increases is the skill-biased technological change of the digital revolution. The new AI revolution that has just begun seems to be having a similar skill-biased effects on wages. But this current AI, called “supervised learning,” is relatively similar to past technological change. The AI of the distant future will be “unsupervised learning,” and it could eventually have an effect on the jobs of the most highly skilled." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gute Arbeit und Digitalisierung (2022)
Laßmann, Stefanie; Wille, Christian; Müller, Nadine;Zitatform
Laßmann, Stefanie, Nadine Müller & Christian Wille (2022): Gute Arbeit und Digitalisierung. In: Gute Arbeit, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 8-13.
Abstract
"Die Dynamik der Digitalisierung im Arbeitsleben ist ungebrochen, sie hat sich seit der Corona-Krise beschleunigt. In Betrieben und Verwaltungen führt das zu veränderten Tätigkeiten, Abläufen und Arbeitsbedingungen. Diese Prozesse frühzeitig im Sinne der Beschäftigten und mit ihnen zu gestalten, ist die Aufgabe der Gewerkschaften und Interessenvertretungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Incidence of the Digital Economy and Frictional Unemployment: International Evidence (2022)
Lederman, Daniel; Zouaidi, Marwane;Zitatform
Lederman, Daniel & Marwane Zouaidi (2022): Incidence of the Digital Economy and Frictional Unemployment: International Evidence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 54, H. 51, S. 5873-5888. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2022.2054927
Abstract
"This paper is the first to quantify the relationship between the incidence of the digital economy and long-term frictional unemployment across countries. This paper contributes a novel approach to the literature that had been missing by focusing on the impact of the digital economy on unemployment across a global sample of countries. The resulting evidence indicates that there is a robust, negative partial correlation between national unemployment rates and the incidence of the digital economy, proxied by the share of the adult population that reports using the internet to pay bills. Further, the absolute values of OLS estimates of the partial correlation suggest that it might be higher for developing than high-income economies. Controlling for informal employment appears to be key for removing a positive omitted-variable bias in the estimate of the partial correlation between unemployment and the digital economy, which is due to a negative bivariate correlation between unemployment and informality, and a negative bivariate correlation between informality and the incidence of digital payment. The results from IV estimations suggest that the partial correlation between unemployment and digital payments is negative, with the absolute value of the estimates being larger than the absolute value of the OLS estimates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technology, skills, and globalization: Explaining international differences in routine and nonroutine work using survey data (2022)
Zitatform
Lewandowski, Piotr, Albert Park, Wojciech Hardy, Du Yang & Saier Wu (2022): Technology, skills, and globalization: Explaining international differences in routine and nonroutine work using survey data. In: The World Bank Economic Review, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 687-708. DOI:10.1093/wber/lhac005
Abstract
"The shift from routine work to nonroutine cognitive work is a key feature of labor markets globally, but there is little evidence on the extent to which tasks differ among workers performing the same jobs in different countries. This paper constructs survey-based measures of routine task intensity (RTI) of jobs consistent with those based on the U.S. O*NET database for workers in 47 countries. It confirms substantial cross-country differences in the content of work within occupations. The extent to which workers’ RTI is predicted by technology, supply of skills, globalization, and economic structure is assessed; and their contribution to the variation in RTI across countries is quantified. Technology is by far the most important factor. Supply of skills is next in importance, especially for workers in high-skilled occupations, while globalization is more important than skills for workers in low-skilled occupations. Occupational structure explains only about one-fifth of cross-country variation in RTI." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Firm-level technological change and skill demand (2022)
Lindner, Attila; Schreiner, Ragnhild; Murakozy, Balazs; Reizer, Balazs;Zitatform
Lindner, Attila, Balazs Murakozy, Balazs Reizer & Ragnhild Schreiner (2022): Firm-level technological change and skill demand. (CEP discussion paper 1857), London, 136 S.
Abstract
"We quantify the contribution of firm-level technological change to skill demand and aggregate inequality in the presence of imperfect competition in the labor market. We show that skill-biased technological change increases both the firm-level skill ratio and the skill premium, while other shocks (e.g. firm-specific output demand shocks) cannot explain the increase in both outcomes. We exploit administrative data and a large survey measuring a broad class of firm-level technological changes from Hungary and Norway. We estimate that the aggregate college premium increases by 6.1% in Norway and by 13.8% in Hungary as a result of the skill bias in technological change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Technical Change, Task Allocation, and Labor Unions (2022)
Zitatform
Marczak, Martyna, Thomas Beissinger & Franziska Brall (2022): Technical Change, Task Allocation, and Labor Unions. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15632), Bonn, 48 S.
Abstract
"We propose a novel framework that integrates the "task approach" for a more precise production modeling into the search-and-matching model with low- and high-skilled workers, and wage setting by labor unions. We establish the relationship between task reallocation and changes in wage pressure, and examine how skill- biased technical change (SBTC) affects the task composition, wages of both skill groups, and unemployment. In contrast to the canonical model with a fixed task allocation, low-skilled workers may be harmed in terms of either lower wages or higher unemployment depending on the relative task-related productivity profile of both worker types. We calibrate the model to the US and German data for the periods 1995-2005 and 2010-2017. The simulated effects of SBTC on low-skilled unemployment are largely consistent with observed developments. For example, US low-skilled unemployment increases due to SBTC in the earlier period and decreases after 2010." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Künstliche Intelligenz in Handwerk und Mittelstand: ein Forschungsüberblick (2022)
Meub, Lukas; Proeger, Till;Zitatform
Meub, Lukas & Till Proeger (2022): Künstliche Intelligenz in Handwerk und Mittelstand. Ein Forschungsüberblick. (ifh Forschungsbericht / Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand & Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen 1), Göttingen, 41 S.
Abstract
"Welche Rolle kann künstliche Intelligenz im Handwerk spielen? Die vorliegende Publikation fasst die internationalen und nationalen Forschungsergebnisse für Handwerk und Mittelstand der vergangenen Jahre zusammen, sammelt Beispielanwendungen, beschreibt Hemmnisse und Erfolgsfaktoren und diskutiert die bestehenden Transferkanäle, um die künftige Rolle von KI im Handwerk zu beurteilen. Die Forschungsliteratur zeigt, dass die Einführung von KI-Anwendungen kleine und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU) grundsätzlich vor dieselben Herausforderungen stellt und mit denselben Struktureigenschaften umgehen muss, wie sie von der Digitalisierung schon bekannt sind. Die Herausforderung ist jedoch im KI-Bereich ungleich höher: Während grundsätzlich jeder Betrieb mit hohem Datenaufkommen für die Anwendung künstlicher Intelligenz geeignet ist, ist der Ressourcenaufwand einer eigenständigen Erstellung und Implementierung für Einzelbetriebe in der Regel. unrealistisch hoch und bislang tendenziell inkompatibel mit den Struktureigenschaften kleinerer KMU. Ein geeigneter Ansatzpunkt zur Änderung dieser Situation sind KI-Dienstleistungen, die auf Basis von branchenspezifischen Datenpools entwickelt werden. Dadurch können überbetriebliche Daten spezifischer Anwendungsfelder Forschungseinrichtungen zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Diesen wird dadurch ermöglicht, spezifische KI- Anwendungen zu erstellen und über Neugründungen zu kommerzialisieren. Auf diesem Wege kann künstliche Intelligenz in spezifischen Anwendungsfeldern als Dienstleistung für die Betriebe eines Handwerkszweiges als allgemein nutzbares Produkt zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Um diesen Transferkanal zu etablieren, können Handwerks- und Mittelstandspolitik dafür im Vorfeld Datenverbünde organisieren, um hiermit Verbindungen zur KI-Forschung herzustellen und nach Entwicklung niedrigschwellig anwendbarer Produkte die KMU und Handwerksbetriebe bei der Nutzung und Verbreitung der so entstehenden KI-Dienstleistungen im Handwerk unterstützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The composite link between technological change and employment: A survey of the literature (2022)
Zitatform
Mondolo, Jasmine (2022): The composite link between technological change and employment: A survey of the literature. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 1027-1068. DOI:10.1111/joes.12469
Abstract
"The role played by technological change in employment trends has long been debated and investigated, but the evidence has proven to be inconclusive. This paper aims to shed light on this topic by critically reviewing a broad and heterogeneous body of literature on the employment implications of technical progress. To this purpose, it briefly discusses the main theories and models that underpin the empirical analysis and reviews the literature following two main criteria, namely, the proxy for technological change and the level of analysis. It also accounts for the effect of technical progress on both overall employment and on distinct occupational, educational and demographic groups. Particular attention is devoted to the results of some very recent studies that attempt to unfold the impact of complex automation technologies, especially robots, and to provide a preliminary account of the evolution, distribution, challenges and potential of Artificial Intelligence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Empirics of Technology, Employment and Occupations: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead (2022)
Zitatform
Montobbio, Fabio, Jacopo Staccioli, Maria Enrica Virgillito & Marco Vivarelli (2022): The Empirics of Technology, Employment and Occupations: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15731), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"What have we learned, from the most recent years of debate and analysis, of the future of work being threatened by technology? This paper presents a critical review of the empirical literature and outlines both lessons learned and challenges ahead. Far from being fully exhaustive, the review intends to highlight common findings and main differences across economic studies. According to our reading of the literature, a few challenges—and also the common factors affecting heterogeneous outcomes across studies—still stand, including (i) the variable used as a proxy for technology, (ii) the level of aggregation of the analyses, (iii) the deep heterogeneity of different types of technologies and their adopted mix, (iv) the structural differences across adopters, and (v) the actual combination of the organisational practices in place at the establishment level in affecting net job creation/destruction and work reorganisation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Machine Learning for Labour Market Matching (2022)
Zitatform
Mühlbauer, Sabrina & Enzo Weber (2022): Machine Learning for Labour Market Matching. (IAB-Discussion Paper 03/2022), Nürnberg, 37 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.DP.2203
Abstract
"Dieses Papier beschäftigt sich mit einer groß angelegten Datenanalyse mit dem Ziel den Matchingprozess auf dem Arbeitsmarkt mit algorithmen- und modellbasierten statistischen Methoden zu verbessern. Wir nutzen einen umfassenden administrativen Datensatz zu Arbeitsmarktbiographien von erwerbstätigen Personen in Deutschland. Der Datensatz beinhaltet sowohl personenbezogene als auch berufsbezogene Informationen. Auf Basis unserer Schätzungen berechnen wir, in welchem Berufsfeld eine arbeitslose Person mit der größten Wahrscheinlichkeit Beschäftigung findet. Wir nutzen für unsere Prognosen übliche statistische Methoden und maschinelles Lernen. Anhand unserer Ergebnisse zeigt sich, dass für die zugrundeliegende Fragestellung Algorithmen des maschinellen Lernens die besten Ergebnisse liefern. Als Gütemaß hierfür nutzen wir den out-of-sample Prognosefehler. Hinsichtlich der Arbeitslosenquote würde die Verwendung von Methoden des maschinellen Lernens eine Verbesserung von 2,9 - 3,6 Prozentpunkten im Vergleich zu traditionellen Methoden bedeuten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Robots, Meaning, and Self-Determination (2022)
Zitatform
Nikolova, Milena & Femke Cnossen (2022): Robots, Meaning, and Self-Determination. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1191), Essen, 54 S.
Abstract
"We are the first to examine the impact of robotization on work meaningfulness and autonomy, competence, and relatedness, which are key for motivation and human flourishing at work. Using worker-level data from 13 industries in 20 European countries and OLS and instrumental variables estimations, we find that industry-level robotization harms all work quality aspects except competence. We also examine the moderating role of routine and cognitive tasks, skills and education, and age and gender. While we do not find evidence of moderation concerning work meaningfulness in any of our models, noteworthy differences emerge for autonomy. For instance, workers with repetitive and monotonous tasks drive the negative effects of robotization on autonomy, while social tasks and working with computers - a tool that provides worker independence - help workers derive autonomy and competence in industries and jobs that adopt robots. In addition, robotization increases the competence perceptions of men. Our results highlight that by deteriorating the opportunities to derive meaning and self-determination out of work, robotization will impact the present and the future of work above and beyond its consequences for employment and wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Task-Based Theory of Occupations with Multidimensional Heterogeneity (2022)
Ocampo, Sergio;Zitatform
Ocampo, Sergio (2022): A Task-Based Theory of Occupations with Multidimensional Heterogeneity. (Centre for Human Capital and Productivity (CHCP) working paper series 2022-02), London, Ontario, 64 S.
Abstract
"I develop an assignment model of occupations with multidimensional heterogeneity in production tasks and worker skills. Tasks are distributed continuously in the skill space, whereas workers have a discrete distribution with a finite number of types. Occupations arise endogenously as bundles of tasks optimally assigned to a type of worker. The model allows us to study how occupations respond to changes in the economic environment, making it useful for analyzing the implications of automation, skill-biased technical change, offshoring, and worker training. Using the model, I characterize how wages, the marginal product of workers, the substitutability between worker types, and the labor share depend on the assignment of tasks to workers. I introduce automation as the choice of the optimal size and location of a mass of identical robots in the task space. Automation displaces workers by replacing them in the performance of tasks, generating a cascading effect on other workers as the boundaries of occupations are redrawn." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: 2019 Meeting Papers, 477 -
Literaturhinweis
Who is leading the digital transformation? Understanding the adoption of digital technologies in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Ohlert, Clemens, Oliver Giering & Stefan Kirchner (2022): Who is leading the digital transformation? Understanding the adoption of digital technologies in Germany. In: New Technology, Work and Employment, Jg. 37, H. 3, S. 445-468. DOI:10.1111/ntwe.12244
Abstract
"Debates on digitalisation in Germany often refer to ‘Industrie 4.0’ describing a seamless and technology-driven process spearheaded by manufacturing. This view conflicts with sociological arguments, assuming highly differentiated processes of digitalisation. We review the literature and empirically test the core assumption that digital technologies relate to organisational characteristics and that adoption differs according to the type of technology. We analyse German IAB-Establishment-Panel data, which contains organisation-level information, including digital technologies. Our results show a lead of manufacturing in the adoption of digital production technologies. Regarding other digital technologies, manufacturing performs on par or is outperformed by specific service industries. Additionally, the usage of digital technologies relates to organisational characteristics, other than industry (e.g., establishment size, age, competition, employees’ qualification). The relationship patterns largely persist across technologies, with some technology-specific variants. Our empirical results underline the embeddedness of digitalisation processes in Germany and underline the relevance of the technologies in question." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Was Deutschland über Algorithmen und Künstliche Intelligenz weiß und denkt: Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfrage: Update 2022 (2022)
Overdiek, Markus; Petersen, Thomas;Zitatform
Overdiek, Markus & Thomas Petersen (2022): Was Deutschland über Algorithmen und Künstliche Intelligenz weiß und denkt. Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfrage: Update 2022. Gütersloh, 38 S. DOI:10.11586/2022053
Abstract
"Algorithmen und Künstliche Intelligenz sind gekommen, um zu bleiben – und zwar inmitten der Gesellschaft: Die Vergabe von Kita-Plätzen, Gesichtserkennung bei der Videoüberwachung im öffentlichen Raum oder Frühwarnsysteme vor möglichen Naturkatastrophen. Das sind nur einige von mittlerweile vielen sehr alltäglichen Gebieten, in denen algorithmische Systeme zum Einsatz kommen. Doch was wissen und denken Menschen darüber? Diese repräsentative Umfrage ergründet, was die Bevölkerung in Deutschland über Algorithmen und Künstliche Intelligenz weiß und wie sie die digitalen Technologien und ihre Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesellschaft wahrnimmt. Die Studie schließt an frühere Erhebungen der Bertelsmann Stiftung aus den Jahren 2018 (Fischer und Petersen 2018) und 2021 (Gundlach und Petersen 2021) an. Somit ist es nun auch möglich, erste Trends über die Zeit herauszuarbeiten. Neben dem Begriff „Algorithmus“ deckt diese Umfrage erstmalig auch das Stichwort „Künstliche Intelligenz“ (KI) als Untersuchungsgegenstand ab, sodass Wissen und Einstellungen zu den beiden Begriffen verglichen werden können. Die Ergebnisse der Umfrage zeigen erneut, wie wichtig ein breiter Kompetenzaufbau in der Bevölkerung ist. Wir hoffen, mit dieser Studie auch einen medialen Diskurs zu stärken, der die Grautöne gesellschaftlicher Implikationen von Algorithmen und Künstlicher Intelligenz auszuleuchten vermag. Denn eine solch differenzierte Berichterstattung ist essenziell, um die Auswirkungen digitaler Technologien für alle Menschen greif- und sichtbarer zu machen. Nur auf dieser Grundlage kann es langfristig gelingen, eine wirksame Kontrolle von Algorithmen und Künstlicher Intelligenz sicherzustellen und gleichzeitig ihre Chancen fürs Gemeinwohl zu nutzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Using Artificial Intelligence in the workplace: What are the main ethical risks? (2022)
Pero, Angelica Salvi del; Wyckoff, Peter; Vourc'h, Ann;Zitatform
Pero, Angelica Salvi del, Peter Wyckoff & Ann Vourc'h (2022): Using Artificial Intelligence in the workplace: What are the main ethical risks? (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 273), Paris, 73 S. DOI:10.1787/840a2d9f-en
Abstract
"Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems are changing workplaces. AI systems have the potential to improve workplaces, but ensuring trustworthy use of AI in the workplace means addressing the ethical risks it can raise. This paper reviews possible risks in terms of human rights (privacy, fairness, agency and dignity); transparency and explainability; robustness, safety and security; and accountability. The paper also reviews ongoing policy action to promote trustworthy use of AI in the workplace. Existing legislation to ensure ethical workplaces must be enforced effectively, and serve as the foundation for new policy. Economy- and society-wide initiatives on AI, such as the EU AI Act and standard-setting, can also play a role. New workplace-specific measures and collective agreements can help fill remaining gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Your resume is your gatekeeper: Automated resume screening as a strategy to reduce gender gaps in hiring (2022)
Zitatform
Pisanelli, Elena (2022): Your resume is your gatekeeper: Automated resume screening as a strategy to reduce gender gaps in hiring. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 221. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2022.110892
Abstract
"Firms increasingly rely on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for hiring. The literature prompts concerns about such AI algorithms hindering gender equality in employment outcomes. Using a unique field study, I find human recruiters' gender stereotypes lead to women having 69% lower chances of being interviewed for a gender-neutral job, compared to equally qualified men. Introducing automated resume screening shrinks such a gender gap by 43 percentage points." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fortgeschrittene Digitalisierung und Künstliche Intelligenz im Handwerk:: Eine Webscraping-Analyse im Handwerkskammerbezirk Osnabrück-Emsland-Grafschaft Bentheim (2022)
Proeger, Till; Meub, Lukas;Zitatform
Proeger, Till & Lukas Meub (2022): Fortgeschrittene Digitalisierung und Künstliche Intelligenz im Handwerk:. Eine Webscraping-Analyse im Handwerkskammerbezirk Osnabrück-Emsland-Grafschaft Bentheim. (ifh Forschungsbericht / Volkswirtschaftliches Institut für Mittelstand & Handwerk an der Universität Göttingen 5), Göttingen, 27 S.
Abstract
"Die Webscraping-Analyse erfasst erstmalig den gesamten Kammerbezirk Osnabrück-Emsland-Grafschaft Bentheim bzgl. Online-Präsenzen der Handwerksbetriebe. Die Websites werden hinsichtlich direkter KI-Nähe, fortgeschrittener Digitalisierung sowie indirekter KI-Betroffenheit analysiert. Dazu wird ein Suchbegriffsraster von 245 Begriffen auf Basis einer Literaturübersicht und Expertengesprächen erstellt, das im Anschluss die Analyse der Webseiten leitet. Es entsteht umfassender Überblick zur Technologienutzung im Kammerbezirk mit einem Schwerpunkt auf künstlicher Intelligenz. Wie aus der Literaturanalyse zu erwarten, ist die direkte Nutzung von KI in Form entsprechender Technologien selten, die Technologien fortgeschrittener Digitalisierung deutlich häufiger und die indirekte KI-Betroffenheit über Software, Plattformen und Soziale Medien hoch. Es zeigt sich somit eine charakteristische Pyramidenstruktur im Hinblick auf die KI-Nutzung, wobei technologisch und digitalisierungsbezogen fortgeschrittene Betriebe in direkte Berührung mit KI kommen und die Mehrzahl der Betriebe eine indirekte Betroffenheit aufweist. Die Größenordnung für den Kammerbezirk ist dabei: rund 180 Betriebe mit direktem KI-Bezug, 1.200 Betriebe mit Kennzeichen fortgeschrittener Digitalisierung, 1.700 Betriebe mit indirekter KI-Betroffenheit und 3.400 Betriebe lediglich mit Website ohne Hinweis auf die drei Kategorien. Im Hinblick auf die Gewerke zeigt sich, dass in absoluten Zahlen die meisten Betriebe mit einem unmittelbaren Bezug zur Künstlichen Intelligenz bei den Elektrotechnikern zu finden sind. KI-Begriffe treten außerdem häufig bei Land- und Baumaschinenmechatronikern, SHK-Betrieben, Feinwerkmechanikern sowie Informationstechnikern auf. Weitere Auffälligkeiten in der Gewerkeverteilung sind die starke Nennung von Internet of Things (IoT) bei den Elektrotechnikern und die relativ häufige Nennung von Big Data und Prognosemodell bei den Land- und Baumaschinenmechatronikern. Indikatoren für fortgeschrittene Digitalisierung finden sich insbesondere bei den Elektrotechnikern, Tischlern, Metallbauern, SHK-Betrieben, Feinwerkmechanikern, Augenoptikern, Informationstechnikern und Hörakustikern. Eine starke indirekte Betroffenheit von KI zeigt sich insbesondere bei den Elektrotechnikern, Tischlern, Maurer/Betonbauern, Maler /Lackierern, Fotografen, Augenoptikern, Fliesenlegern, Bäckern und Schornsteinfegern, wobei vor allem die Nutzung der sozialen Medien über die Zugehörigkeit zu dieser Kategorie entscheidet. In der Betrachtung der regionalen Verteilung wird deutlich, dass für die zentrale Kategorie der KI-Nutzung grundsätzlich eine relativ gleichmäßige Verteilung der betroffenen Betriebe im Raum vorliegt. Regionale Schwerpunkte sind der Osnabrücker Raum, Meppen, Nordhorn und Bramsche. Es besteht kein eindeutiger Schwerpunkt auf dem städtischen Raum, vielmehr sind sowohl städtische als auch ländliche Kreise mit Betrieben vertreten. Dasselbe gilt für die fortgeschrittene Digitalisierung und indirekte Betroffenheit: Auch hier besteht eine gleichmäßige räumliche Verteilung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Artificial intelligence and industrial innovation: Evidence from German firm-level data (2022)
Zitatform
Rammer, Christian, Gastón P. Fernández & Dirk Czarnitzki (2022): Artificial intelligence and industrial innovation: Evidence from German firm-level data. In: Research Policy, Jg. 51, H. 7. DOI:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104555
Abstract
"This paper analyses the link between the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and innovation performance in firms. Based on firm-level data from the German part of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) 2018, we examine the role of different AI methods and application areas in innovation. The results show that 5.8% of firms in Germany were actively using AI in their business operations or products and services in 2019. We find that the use of AI is associated with annual sales with world-first product innovations in these firms of about €16 billion (i.e. 18% of total annual sales of world-first innovations). In addition, AI technologies have been used in process innovation that contributed to about 6% of total annual cost savings of the German business sector. Firms that apply AI broadly (using different methods for different applications areas) and that have already several years of experience in using AI obtain significantly higher innovation results. These positive findings on the role of AI for innovation have to be interpreted with caution as they refer to a specific country (Germany) in a situation where AI started to diffuse rapidly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digitalisierung und digitale Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderung (2022)
Rausch-Berhie, Friederike; Busch, Dörte;Zitatform
Rausch-Berhie, Friederike & Dörte Busch (2022): Digitalisierung und digitale Teilhabe von Menschen mit Behinderung. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 71, H. 3/4, S. 249-267. DOI:10.3790/sfo.71.3-4.249
Abstract
"Erst in den letzten Jahren haben Forschung und Entwicklung zu neuen, digitalen Technologien für Menschen mit Behinderung an Bedeutung gewonnen. Digitalisierung und algorithmische Systeme, einschließlich künstlicher Intelligenz, eröffnen den Betroffenen sowohl Chancen als auch Risiken. Deutschland hat sich dazu verpflichtet, eine gleichberechtigte, digitale Teilhabe zu ermöglichen und Zugangsbarrieren zu beseitigen (u.a. UN-Behindertenrechtskonvention). Rechtliche Regelungen, z.B. zum diskriminierungsfreien Zugang, sowie der ethische Rahmen für den Einsatz dieser Technologien müssen jedoch noch (weiter)entwickelt werden. Dies führt zu einer Reihe von ethischen und rechtlichen Fragen. Wo liegen beispielsweise die Grenzen für den Einsatz von Robotern bei der Pflege? Erste Ansätze wie der risikoadaptierte Regulierungsansatz für algorithmische Systeme der Datenethikkommission werden im Folgenden vorgestellt. Dabei werden Schädigungspotenzial und Regulierungsauflagen im Rahmen der sogenannten Kritikalitätspyramide unterschieden. Zudem wird auf das White Paper und den Artificial Intelligence Act der Europäischen Kommission eingegangen. Die Diskussion über die Regulierung von KI ist also in Gang gekommen, Menschen mit Behinderung werden dabei jedoch nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt. Dies gefährdet ihre gleichberechtigte digitale und gesellschaftliche Teilhabe. Zu diesem Thema wurden Experteninterviews mit Forschenden aus den Bereichen Ethik und Medizin sowie assistive Technologien als auch mit einer Selbsthilfevereinigung von Menschen mit Behinderung geführt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Technological externalities and wages: new evidence from Italian provinces (2022)
Zitatform
Ricci, Andrea, Claudia Vittori, Francesco Quartaro & Stefano Dughera (2022): Technological externalities and wages: new evidence from Italian provinces. (INAPP working paper / Istituto nazionale per l’analisi delle politiche pubbliche 85), Rom, 23 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we investigate the relationship between local wages and the internal structure of the regional knowledge base. The purpose is to assess if the workers' compensations are related to the peculiarities of the technological space where they supply their labor services. To test this hypothesis, we apply the concepts of related and unrelated variety to the firms' patenting activity as to assess if wages grow more in a framework of 'knowledge deepening' (generated by firms innovating in related technological domains) or in one of 'knowledge widening' (generated by firms innovating in unrelated technological domains)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Erfolgsfaktoren für mehr Digitalisierung in der Ausbildung (2022)
Risius, Paula;Zitatform
Risius, Paula (2022): Erfolgsfaktoren für mehr Digitalisierung in der Ausbildung. (Studie / Netzwerk Q 4.0 2022,01), Köln, 31 S.
Abstract
"Immer mehr Unternehmen bereiten ihre Auszubildenden auf die digitalen Herausforderungen des Arbeitslebens vor. Inzwischen zählen 38,5 Prozent der Unternehmen zu den Ausbildungsunternehmen 4.0 und somit zu den digitalen Vorreitern. Neben einer intensiveren Vermittlung digitaler Kompetenzen steigt auch die Nutzung digitaler Technologien. So bilden sich Ausbilderinnen und Ausbilder in zwei von drei Unternehmen regelmäßig im Hinblick auf neue Technologien weiter. Rund 60 Prozent der befragten Unternehmen sehen für die weitere Digitalisierung in der Ausbildung noch Optimierungsbedarf beim Informationsaustausch mit anderen Beteiligten der Berufsbildung. Dies zeigt eine Studie des Projekts „NETZWERK Q 4.0“ am Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Ethics in the digital workplace: Anticipating and managing the impact of change (2022)
Riso, Sara; Adăscăliței, Dragoș; Codagnone, Cristiano; López Forés, Laura; Lechardoy, Lucie;Zitatform
Riso, Sara, Dragoș Adăscăliței, Laura López Forés, Lucie Lechardoy & Cristiano Codagnone (2022): Ethics in the digital workplace. Anticipating and managing the impact of change. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Luxemburg, 47 S.
Abstract
"Digitisation and automation technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), can affect working conditions in a variety of ways and their use in the workplace raises a host of new ethical concerns. Recently, the policy debate surrounding these concerns has become more prominent and has increasingly focused on AI. This report maps relevant European and national policy and regulatory initiatives. It explores the positions and views of social partners in the policy debate on the implications of technological change for work and employment. It also reviews a growing body of research on the topic showing that ethical implications go well beyond legal and compliance questions, extending to issues relating to quality of work. The report aims to provide a good understanding of the ethical implications of digitisation and automation, which is grounded in evidence-based research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Potentielle Partnerländer für den Import von grünem Wasserstoff nach Deutschland: Version 1.0 (2022)
Ronsiek, Linus; Schur, Alexander Christian; Mönnig, Anke; Schneemann, Christian; Schroer, Jan Philipp; Zenk, Johanna;Zitatform
Ronsiek, Linus, Anke Mönnig, Christian Schneemann, Johanna Zenk, Jan Philipp Schroer & Alexander Christian Schur (2022): Potentielle Partnerländer für den Import von grünem Wasserstoff nach Deutschland. Version 1.0. (BIBB discussion paper), Bonn, 46 S.
Abstract
"Mit dem Potential das Energie-, Wärme-, Wirtschafts- und Verkehrssystem in Deutschland zu dekarbonisieren wird Wasserstoff, als Energieträger der Zukunft, eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Erreichung der Klimaziele zugesprochen. Wird dieser anhand von erneuerbaren Energien gewonnen (sog. grüner Wasserstoff) ermöglicht er eine Speicherung und damit flexible Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien. Nicht nur auf nationaler, sondern auch auf EU-Ebene wird davon ausgegangen, dass die Kapazitäten für die Produktion von grünem bzw. klimafreundlichem Wasserstoff nicht für eine autarke Energieversorgung ausreichen werden. Mit Fokus auf den Import von grünem Wasserstoff analysiert das vorliegende Diskussionspaper mögliche Kooperationspartnerschaften für Deutschland sowohl innerhalb der EU, als auch außerhalb des Staatenbundes. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass in der mittleren Frist bis 2030 insbesondere Norwegen und Marokko als potentielle Partnerländer infrage kommen. Partnerschaften innerhalb der EU bieten sich vor allem mit Blick auf die politische Stabilität, die wirtschaftlichen Verflechtungen sowie die geografische Nähe an, sind aber aufgrund der bis 2030 abzusehenden Exportpotentiale eher erst in der langen Frist zu erwarten." (BIBB-Autorenreferat)
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Literaturhinweis
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Intra-Sectoral Wage Inequality in an Open Economy: A Finite Change Approach (2022)
Roy, Shreya; Chaudhuri, Bibek Ray; Marjit, Sugata;Zitatform
Roy, Shreya, Sugata Marjit & Bibek Ray Chaudhuri (2022): Role of Artificial Intelligence in Intra-Sectoral Wage Inequality in an Open Economy. A Finite Change Approach. (CESifo working paper 9862), München, 27 S.
Abstract
"Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly impact the income of individuals. Cross-country data shows that introduction of AI is inequality enhancing in developing and less developed countries. In this paper, we attempt to understand the reason for increase in wage inequality across labourers due to introduction of AI, in a finite change General Equilibrium (GE) set up which allows for emergence of a new activity. AI-induced technological shock is introduced in the non-traded sector of an open economy with heterogeneous skills. We show how the advent of AI (which was initially non-existent) in the non-traded sector separates the skills of the once homogenous workers, thus, creating an intra-sectoral wage gap. What proportion of the low-skilled workers can move to the higher wage paying sector depends on an adaptability factor that acts as an eligibility criterion in fragmenting the erstwhile homogenous labourers and also works towards rising intra-group wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
No Country for Non-Graduate Men: The Childish Roots of Adult Job Tasks & Employment (2022)
Zitatform
Sandher, Jeevun (2022): No Country for Non-Graduate Men: The Childish Roots of Adult Job Tasks & Employment. (SocArXiv papers), 79 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/sh58c
Abstract
"Male employment has declined across advanced economies as non-graduate men found it increasingly difficult to gain jobs in the wake of technological change and globalisation. This has led to rising earnings and, subsequently, income inequality. Female employment, by contrast, has risen in this period. Previous work has shown changing job task demands explain this pattern - with declining manual tasks penalising men and rising non-routine tasks benefiting women. In this paper, I test whether gendered differences in childhood & adolescent cognitive, social, perseverance, and emotional-health skills can help explain why men are less adept at non-routine tasks using long-term longitudinal data from the United Kingdom. I find that childhood & adolescent skills have a significant effect on adult job tasks and employment outcomes. Greater cognitive and childhood emotional-health skills lead to people performing more high-pay analytical and interactive job tasks as adults. Greater cognitive and non-cognitive skills are also associated with higher adult employment levels. Indicative calculations show that gendered differences in these childhood and adolescent skills explain an economically significant decline in the analytical and interactive job tasks performed by non-graduate men as well as their employment rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Design of Digital Automation Technologies: Implications for the Future of Work (2022)
Savona, Maria; Ciarli, Tommaso; Steinmueller, Ed; Vannuccini, Simone;Zitatform
Savona, Maria, Tommaso Ciarli, Ed Steinmueller & Simone Vannuccini (2022): The Design of Digital Automation Technologies: Implications for the Future of Work. In: EconPol Forum, Jg. 23, H. 5, S. 4-10.
Abstract
"Automation technologies, including within the same family, are fundamentally heterogeneous in their design and the tasks they can execute. While the number of sectors that are exposed to most digital automation technologies is still relatively limited, it is expanding. Data-intensive technologies are more pervasive in services than in manufacturing sector. This calls for policy to extend its focus from robots to other, more pervasive, forms of automation. Robots are designed more to substitute workers than to complement them, while data-intensive technologies are consistently more complementary to humans" (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Digitale Transformation – Veränderungen der Arbeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten: Ergebnisse des DGB-Index Gute Arbeit 2022 (2022)
Schmucker, Rolf; Holler, Markus; Sinopoli, Robert;Zitatform
Schmucker, Rolf, Robert Sinopoli & Markus Holler (2022): Digitale Transformation – Veränderungen der Arbeit aus Sicht der Beschäftigten. Ergebnisse des DGB-Index Gute Arbeit 2022. (DGB-Index Gute Arbeit : Report ... 2022), Berlin, 23 S.
Abstract
"Die Digitale Transformation der Arbeitswelt schreitet voran. Mehr als 80 Prozent der knapp 6.700 Arbeitnehmer*innen, die sich an der Befragung zum DGB-Index Gute Arbeit 2022 beteiligt haben, arbeiten mit digitalen Arbeitsmitteln. Neben der elektronischen Kommunikation sind softwaregesteuerte Arbeitsabläufe, digitale Assistenzsysteme und internetbasierte Projektarbeit weit verbreitet. In der Regel nutzen die Befragten bei ihrer Arbeit mehrere der genannten Technologien. Das Potential digitaler Arbeitsmittel für eine menschengerechte Gestaltung von Arbeit wird allerdings zu selten genutzt. Tatsächlich fühlen sich die Befragten durch die Digitalisierung ihrer Arbeit eher stärker belastet (40%) als entlastet (9%). Ein wachsendes Arbeitspensum, mehr Multitasking und technische Störungen sowie Bedienungsprobleme sind häufig genannte Belastungsfaktoren. Auch die Kontrolle und Überwachung der eigenen Arbeitsleistung ist durch den Einsatz der digitalen Technologien für viele Beschäftigte größer geworden (33%). Ein Kernproblem der digitalen Transformation besteht darin, dass die Beschäftigten selbst in die Veränderungsprozesse zu wenig einbezogen sind. Drei Viertel der Befragten haben keinen Einfluss darauf, wie die digitale Technik an ihrem Arbeitsplatz eingesetzt wird. Wie wichtig Beteiligung und Mitbestimmung für die Arbeitsgestaltung sind, wird in den Daten ebenfalls deutlich: Wenn Partizipation möglich ist, werden die Ergebnisse der Digitalisierung durch die Betroffenen positiver bewertet" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Ergänzender Tabellenband -
Literaturhinweis
Verbreitung und Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz in Deutschland: Auswirkungen auf berufliche Anforderungen und Strukturen (2022)
Sevindik, Ugur;Zitatform
Sevindik, Ugur (2022): Verbreitung und Einsatz von Künstlicher Intelligenz in Deutschland. Auswirkungen auf berufliche Anforderungen und Strukturen. (BIBB discussion paper), Bonn, 116 S.
Abstract
"Aufgrund ihrer für den Menschen nicht erreichbaren Fähigkeiten werden Maschinen und Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) als ein immer größerer Konkurrent des Menschen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt wahrgenommen. Trotz der komparativen Vorteile, die der Mensch gegenüber der Maschine immer noch hat, wird er im Diskurs „Mensch gegen Maschine“ ständig unterschätzt und den Maschinen werden teilweise Fähigkeiten zugeschrieben, die sie zumindest in diesem Umfang noch nicht haben. Sowohl in der Öffentlichkeit, als auch in der Arbeits- und Industriesoziologie verstärkt sich die Diskussion über die Ersetzung menschlichen Arbeitshandelns durch Maschinen bzw. Computer aufgrund des fortschreitenden Einsatz Künstlicher Intelligenz in deutschen Unternehmen. Eng verzahnt mit der Diskussion um die Ersetzungsanfälligkeit von Arbeitsplätzen im Zuge der Digitalisierung, ist die Frage der Kompetenzen und der Kompetenzentwicklung und –veränderung der Beschäftigten in Deutschland. In der Literatur werden vor allem potenzielle Szenarien diskutiert, die sich aus dem Einsatz von KI für die Kompetenzentwicklung der Beschäftigten ergeben könnten. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt zunächst eine Art Bestandsaufnahme der Verbreitung und des Einsatzes von KI in Deutschland dar und versucht, erste Einschätzungen darüber zu geben, inwieweit der Einsatz und die Verbreitung von KI tatsächlich Auswirkungen auf menschliche Kompetenzen und deren Substituierbarkeit hat. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Verbreitung und der Einsatz von KI in Deutschland momentan noch so gering sind, dass weiterhin direkte Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten bestehen und die Bedrohungsszenarien, in denen der Mensch einfach von Maschinen ersetzt wird nicht zwangsweise eintreten müssen. Nichtsdestotrotz bedingt die Verbreitung von Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien durchaus den vermehrten Einsatz von KI, so dass der Diskurs auch in Zukunft bestehen bleiben wird. Es stellt sich heraus, dass zwar überwiegend, aber nicht ausschließlich hochqualifizierte Beschäftigte mit KI arbeiten. Schon jetzt ist der Umgang mit KI für Beschäftigte mit jeder Qualifikation relevant. Darüber hinaus wird deutlich, dass sich die Relevanz von Kompetenzen in Zukunft verschieben und dass andere Kompetenzen als bisher für die Arbeit der Zukunft wichtig werden. Um die betroffenen Kompetenzen klarer identifizieren zu können, empirische Ergebnisse hierzu zu generieren und Handlungsempfehlungen für den zukünftigen Umgang mit KI auszusprechen, bedarf es in folgenden Forschungsprojekten der Erstellung und Analyse einer einheitlichen Datengrundlage, die sich auf ebenjene Schwerpunkte fokussiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Labour-saving technologies and employment levels: Are robots really making workers redundant? (2022)
Squicciarini, Mariagrazia; Staccioli, Jacopo;Zitatform
Squicciarini, Mariagrazia & Jacopo Staccioli (2022): Labour-saving technologies and employment levels. Are robots really making workers redundant? (OECD science, technology and industry policy papers 124), Paris, 36 S. DOI:10.1787/9ce86ca5-en
Abstract
"This paper exploits natural language processing techniques to detect explicit labour-saving goals in inventive efforts in robotics and assess their relevance for different occupational profiles and the impact on employment levels. The analysis relies on patents published by the European Patent Office between 1978 and 2019 and firm-level data from ORBIS® IP. It investigates innovative actors engaged in labour-saving technologies and their economic environment (identity, location, industry), and identifies technological fields and associated occupations which are particularly exposed to them. Labour-saving patents are concentrated in Japan, the United States, and Italy, and seem to affect low-skilled and blue-collar jobs, along with highly cognitive and specialised professions. A preliminary analysis does not find an appreciable negative effect on employment shares in OECD countries over the past decade, but further research to econometrically investigate the relationship between labour-saving technological developments and employment would be helpful." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wage inequality and induced innovation in a classical-Marxian growth model (2022)
Stamegna, Marco;Zitatform
Stamegna, Marco (2022): Wage inequality and induced innovation in a classical-Marxian growth model. (MPRA paper / University Library of Munich 113805), München, 37 S.
Abstract
"The present paper works out a classical-Marxian growth model with an endogenous direction of technical change and a heterogeneous labour force, made up of high-skilled and low-skilled workers. It draws on the Kaleckian mark-up pricing to link wage inequality to the relative unit labour cost at a firm level; on growth cycle models à la Goodwin to formalize the dynamic interaction between labour market and distributive shares of income; on the induced innovation literature to link the bias of technical change to the firm's choice of the optimal combination of factor-augmenting technologies. We assume that economic growth is constrained by the growth rate of the high-skilled effective labour supply, whereas the low-skilled labour supply is perfectly elastic. Thus, we develop a three-dimensional system of differential equations for the output-capital ratio, the relative unit labour cost and the employment rate of the high-skilled workers, and investigate the stability and the main properties of the steady-state equilibrium. We find that, in contrast to the neoclassical literature on skill-biased technical change, the institutional framework governing the conflict over income distribution is the ultimate determinant of both wage inequality and the direction of technical change. A decline in low-skilled workers' bargaining strength or a rise in product market concentration lead to both an increase in wage inequality and a bias of technical change favouring high-skilled over low-skilled labour productivity growth. As opposed to the Goodwin model with induced technical change and homogeneous labour force, labour market institutions thus affect steady-state income distribution, capital accumulation and labour productivity growth, and no necessary trade-off arises between labour market regulation and employment. Finally, if the steady-state value of wage inequality exceeds a critical value, an exogenous increase in the mark-up or in the high-skilled workers' bargaining power" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
AI Patenting and Employment: Evidence from the Worlds' Top R&D Investors (2022)
Zitatform
Sterlacchini, Alessandro (2022): AI Patenting and Employment: Evidence from the Worlds' Top R&D Investors. (Quaderno di ricerca / Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di scienze economiche e sociali 462), Ancona, 23 S.
Abstract
"This paper considers 35 corporations which are among the biggest world's R&D investors and account for more than two thirds of AI patents worldwide. Their post-patenting performance is examined by focusing on employment changes and by comparing them with the outcomes of similar companies, operating in the same sectors and recording high levels of R&D expenditures as well, but not involved in AI patenting to a significant extent. The main finding is that substantial employment benefits for investing in AI inventions arise for the companies belonging to IT services, while in Computers & electronics and Automobiles the same investment is associated with employment reduction." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kompetenz-Kompass Hessen (2022)
Zitatform
Teichert, Christian, Carola Burkert, Michael Stops, Anna-Maria Kindt & Antje Weyh (2022): Kompetenz-Kompass Hessen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Hessen 01/2022), Nürnberg, 50 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.REH.2201
Abstract
"Der strukturelle Wandel am Arbeitsmarkt führt zu veränderten Anforderungen, auf die sich alle Akteure einstellen müssen. Ein entscheidender Faktor dabei ist das Wissen um die Nachfrage nach Arbeitskräften. Wie sich diese Nachfrage generell und in einzelnen Berufshauptgruppen in Hessen gestaltet, analysiert der vorliegende Bericht. Er basiert methodisch auf der „Machbarkeitsstudie Kompetenz-Kompass“, die Stellenanzeigen erstmalig systematisch auswertet. Zunächst wird anhand verschiedener Kriterien ermittelt, welche Berufshauptgruppen für die kurz- und langfristige vergangene und künftige Entwicklung der Beschäftigung von besonderer Bedeutung sind. Potenzielle Engpässe sowie eine besonders positive Beschäftigungsentwicklung, die auch eine künftige Nachfrage annehmen lässt, sollen dadurch abgebildet werden. Diese Berufshauptgruppen sind für Hessen „Mechatronik, Energie- & Elektroberufe“, „Informatik-, Informations- & Kommunikationstechnologieberufe“, „Medizinische Gesundheitsberufe“, „Nichtmedizinische Gesundheits-, Körperpflege- & Wellnessberufe, Medizintechnik“ sowie „Erziehung, soziale & hauswirtschaftliche Berufe, Theologie“. Für diese Berufshauptgruppen werden die in Stellenanzeigen am häufigsten genannten fachlichen und überfachlichen Kompetenzen ausgewertet. Insgesamt zeichnet sich eine stärkere Nachfrage nach fachlichen als nach überfachlichen Kompetenzen ab, was die Bedeutung von formaler Qualifikation und berufsspezifischen Anforderungen betont. Es werden außerdem starke Unterschiede zwischen den Berufshauptgruppen deutlich. Unterschiede zeigen sich beispielsweise bei der Anzahl an genannten Kompetenzen je ausgeschriebener Stelle. Weiterhin zeigt sich, dass mit steigendem Anforderungsniveau vermehrt überfachliche Kompetenzen nachgefragt werden. Der Beitrag diskutiert zudem die Entstehung von Stellenanzeigen. Dieser Prozess ist stark vom Kontext der ausschreibenden Organisation abhängig und sollte bei der Betrachtung von Kompetenzanforderungen und den vorliegenden Ergebnissen immer mitbedacht werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Teichert, Christian ; Kindt, Anna-Maria ; Weyh, Antje; Burkert, Carola ; Stops, Michael ; -
Literaturhinweis
Transformation durch Algorithmen im kaufmännischen Bereich: Substituierbarkeitspotenziale und Handlungsfelder zur Begleitung des Wandels (2022)
Thomsen, Stephan; Weilage, Insa; Dupuis, Indira;Zitatform
Thomsen, Stephan & Insa Weilage (2022): Transformation durch Algorithmen im kaufmännischen Bereich. Substituierbarkeitspotenziale und Handlungsfelder zur Begleitung des Wandels. Hannover ; Berlin, 35 S.
Abstract
"Im ersten Teil wird zunächst ein zusammenfassender Überblick über den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu Substituierbarkeitspotenzialen in kaufmännischen Berufen gegeben. Nach Beantwortung der Frage, welche Aufgaben besonders anfällig für Automatisierung sind, werden die nach Branchen und Berufsfeldern differenzierten Substituierbarkeitspotenziale dargestellt. Im zweiten Teil werden die zu erwartenden Folgen der skizzierten Entwicklungen für Qualifizierung, Berufsbilder und Erwerbsformen aufgezeigt. Wo möglich, werden Handlungsmöglichkeiten und Diskussionspunkte für den innerbetrieblichen Dialog genannt. Ein kurzes Fazit schließt die Ausführungen ab." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Forschung und Ergebnisse aus dem IAB
- Gesamtbetrachtungen/Positionen
- Arbeitsformen, Arbeitszeit und Gesundheit
- Qualifikationsanforderungen und Berufe
- Arbeitsplatz- und Beschäftigungseffekte
- Wirtschaftsbereiche
- Arbeits- und sozialrechtliche Aspekte
- Bundesländer
- andere Länder/ internationaler Vergleich
- Besondere Personengruppen