Zitatform

Lohmann, Henning, Frauke H. Peter, Tine Rostgaard & Stephen P. Jenkins (2009): Towards a framework for assessing family policies in the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 88), Paris, 94 S. DOI:10.1787/223883627348

Abstract

"This report presents the results of a first attempt to create a framework for assessing the performance of national family policies. The report is part of a joint EU and OECD project, which aims to help the EU Government Expert Group on Demographic Issues in evaluating national family policies. The idea behind the framework is that it allows individual countries to compare their overall performance in the area of family policies with the performance of other countries. The main focus of the report is policies for families with smaller children. The framework provides a set of cross-nationally comparable indicators on contexts, policy measures, and outcomes, organised on a systematic basis. The policy measure indicators presented in the report cover leave schemes, early childhood education and care, family benefits and workplace policies. The indicators build upon, interalia, previous work by the OECD in various studies on family-friendly policies that were carried out on a cross-national basis using different sets of indicators. Most of these indicators are today available in the OECD Family Database. Wherever the OECD Family Database contains indicators for the majority of EU member states and OECD countries, these data have been used in the present study. Otherwise, data from other cross-national databases have been included. Each indicator in the framework is presented as a single-standing indicator in the general absence of scientific consensus on different aggregation weights. In the report no explicit ranking of countries has been attempted, instead the relative position of countries has been illustrated with the help of standard deviation scores. In the last part of the report the linkages between policy aims and the various context, outcome and policy measures are indicated, which help construct 'score cards'. This 'score card-approach' is illustrated for three countries: Denmark, Germany and the United Kingdom. The report offers tools for assessment that may be developed further, and should offer an approach to using the OECD Family Database, acknowledging this unique data source for cross-country comparisons in the field of family policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Loughran, David S. & Julie M. Zissimopoulos (2009): Why wait? - The effect of marriage and childbearing on the wages of men and women. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 326-349. DOI:10.3368/jhr.44.2.326

Abstract

"We use data from the earlier and later cohorts of the NLSY to estimate the effect of marriage and childbearing on wages. Our estimates imply that marriage lowers female wages 2-4 percent in the year of marriage. Marriage also lowers the wage growth of men and women by about two and four percentage points, respectively. A first birth lowers female wages 2-3 percent, but has no effect on wage growth. Male wages are unaffected by childbearing. These findings suggest that early marriage and childbearing can lead to substantial decreases in lifetime earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Macunovich, Diane J. (2009): Reversals in the patterns of women's labor supply in the U.S., 1976-2009. (IZA discussion paper 4512), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"Despite strong increases in women's labor force participation - especially among married women with children - in the 1980s, and somewhat less strong increases in the 1990s, the first decade of the twenty-first century has seen declines across the board. These have been especially marked among single women, women with no children, and women with more than 16 years of education. Single women with no children have experienced declines of 7.2, 6.2 and 3.6 percentage points since the late 1980s, among women with less than 16, 16, and more than 16 years of education, respectively. Own-wage elasticities have increased since 2000, after decreasing in the previous 20 years, and the absolute value of cross-wage elasticities has also increased, after declining for at least 20 years. Despite this, the absolute value of elasticities with respect to the presence of children has for the most part continued to decline. Measured factors cannot explain the marked declines in hours worked that have been observed, suggesting that while the labor supply function was hypothesized to have shifted to the right in the 1980s and 1990s, it has shifted back to the left since the late 1990s. And the characteristics of single and childless women dropping out of the labor force after 1999 have changed: they on average had worked more hours, earned more per hour, enjoyed less other income, and had fewer children, than those who had dropped out prior to 1999." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Magnusson, Charlotta (2009): Why do women get a lower pay-off to occupational prestige than men? An analysis of the gender wage gap by occupational prestige and family obligations. EMPLOY-FAMNET Workshop, Berlin 11-12 May. Stockholm, 22 S.

Abstract

"Studies have shown that women receive lower wage returns to attained occupational prestige than do men. Studies also show that family responsibilities affect men and women differently which may be one major cause of women's wage penalty. In this article I examine if the gender difference in wage return for attained occupational prestige can be explained by diverse family obligations for men and women and if gender differences in work characteristics, which are difficult to combine with family duties, account for some of the gender wage gap in returns for attained occupational prestige. If women's family obligations are one major cause of women's drawback the negative interaction between women and occupational prestige with regard to wages would be larger for mothers and married/cohabiting women than for single women without children. Results show a gender wage gap between married/cohabiting men and women with children which grows with occupational prestige. However, this interaction between gender and prestige is insignificant among single women and men and for couples without children. Further, when controlling for time consuming work the gender wage gap for couples with children according to occupational prestige narrows, especially in occupations with high prestige." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Milligan, Kevin & Mark Stabile (2009): Child benefits, maternal employment, and children's health: Evidence from Canadian child benefit expansions. In: The American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Jg. 99, H. 2, S. 128-132. DOI:10.1257/aer.99.2.128

Abstract

"In this paper, we review and extend some recent results studying the expansion of family benefits in Canada. In particular, we exploit a change that occurred in the province of Manitoba to highlight the effects of child benefits on both labor supply and family outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Minniti, Maria (2009): Gender issues in entrepreneurship. In: Foundations and trends in entrepreneurship, Jg. 5, H. 7-8, S. 497-621. DOI:10.1561/0300000021

Abstract

"Entrepreneurship is a human universal. All over the world, and throughout history, people have created businesses. Yet, although women make up more than 50 percent of the world population, they own and manage significantly fewer businesses than men. Venture types and management styles vary across genders as well. Women entrepreneurship presents several distinctive characteristics that differentiate it from men entrepreneurship. But variations exist also across women entrepreneurs in various countries, and between women who are involved in entrepreneurship and those who are not. Overall, the explanation for the behavior of women entrepreneurs and its distinctiveness is complex and multifaceted. Evidence to date suggests that reasons contributing to explaining these differences include demographic and socio-economic variables, subjective perceptions, and cultural factors and institutions, and that such differences have significant implications at the macro-economic level. Studying female entrepreneurship allows researchers to ask questions that shed light on the linkages between entrepreneurship and wealth creation, employment choices and cognition, human capital accumulation and labor market structure, employment choice and family dynamics, business creation and peace, and many others. From a scientific point of view, the study of female entrepreneurship as a distinct area of inquiry informs us not only about women behavior, but also about entrepreneurial and human behaviors in general. All over the world, female entrepreneurship has become an important component of academic and policy conversations around entrepreneurship. Still, there is much we don't yet understand. Taking stock of what has been learned so far, identifying the main gaps, and encourage scholars to push the frontier of knowledge in this area further are the goals of this work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moschion, Julie (2009): Arbeitsangebot der Mütter in Frankreich: Auswirkungen der Geburt des dritten Kinds. In: Economie et Statistique H. 422, S. 51-78.

Abstract

"Zwischen 1962 und 2005 nahm die Erwerbsquote der Frauen in Frankreich (von 45,8 % auf 63,8 %) zu, steht aber weiterhin in negativem Verhältnis zur Anzahl der Kinder. Inwiefern schränkt die Geburt eines zusätzlichen Kinds die Teilnahme der Mütter am Arbeitsmarkt ein? Die Relation zwischen Kinderzahl und Erwerbstätigkeit ist komplex, da die Entscheidungen zugunsten einer Geburt und einer Erwerbstätigkeit gemeinsame Determinanten haben und sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Somit ist es schwierig, a priori zu sagen, ob die Entscheidung, zu arbeiten oder nicht zu arbeiten, der Grund oder die Folge einer bestimmten Anzahl von Kindern ist. Um das Vorhandensein eines negativen kausalen Zusammenhangs zwischen Kinderzahl und Arbeitsangebot der Mütter zu testen, greifen wir auf instrumentale Variablen zurück, d. h. Variablen, die sich auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen nur indirekt, d. h. durch ihren Einfluss auf die Kinderzahl auswirken. Das Geschlecht der beiden älteren Kinder und die Tatsache, dass eine Frau bei der Erstgeburt Zwillinge bekommt, sind zwei aleatorische Quellen für die exogene Schwankung der Fruchtbarkeit. Zwei ältere Kinder gleichen Geschlechts oder Zwillinge bei der zweiten Geburt erhöhen die Wahrscheinlichkeit, mehr als zwei Kinder zu haben; in diesem Fall schränken die Mütter ihre Erwerbstätigkeit ein. Anhand dieser beiden Variablen lässt sich der kausale Einfluss des Vorhandenseins von mehr als zwei Kindern auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter schätzen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei mehr als zwei Kindern die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter um ca. 20 Prozentpunkte und im Fall einer Erwerbstätigkeit die Anzahl der gearbeiteten Wochenstunden um zwei Stunden abnimmt. Die negative Auswirkung auf die Erwerbstätigkeit der Mütter könnte umso größer sein, je geringer die Beschäftigungs- und Entlohnungsperspektiven der Mütter am Arbeitsmarkt sind oder je mehr sie ihre Kinder betreuen lassen müssen. Dieser Effekt ist bei den gering qualifizierten Müttern besonders ausgeprägt; er dauert an, wenn die Kinder größer werden, und schwankt nicht entsprechend der Größe des Wohnorts." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Musick, Kelly, Paula England, Sarah Edgington & Nicole Kangas (2009): Education differences in intended and unintended fertility. In: Social forces, Jg. 88, H. 2, S. 543-572. DOI:10.1353/sof.0.0278

Abstract

"Using a hazards framework and panel data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979-2004), we analyze the fertility patterns of a recent cohort of white and black women in the United States. We examine how completed fertility varies by women's education, differentiating between intended and unintended births. We find that the education gradient on fertility comes largely from unintended childbearing, and it is not explained by child-bearing desires or opportunity costs, the two most common explanations in previous research. Less-educated women want no more children than the more educated, so this factor explains none of their higher completed fertility. Less-educated women have lower wages, but wages have little of the negative effect on fertility predicted by economic theories of opportunity cost. We propose three other potential mechanisms linking low education and unintended childbearing, focusing on access to contraception and abortion, relational and economic uncertainty, and consistency in the behaviors necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies. Our work highlights the need to incorporate these mechanisms into future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nicodemo, Catia & Robert Waldmann (2009): Child-care and participation in the labor market for married women in Mediterranean countries. (IZA discussion paper 3983), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"Parents in the labor force have balance their work and home life, including the choice of the type of care to provide for their children while they work. In this paper we study the connection between the married women's labor force participation, child care arrangements and the time that husbands and wives spent to take care of children in Mediterranean countries. As more women now are in the labor force the interest in the use child care and housework of husband have grown. We use the new database from the EU-SILC (European Survey on Income and Living Conditions) in 2006 and data from the ECHP (European Community Household Panel)in 2001, because these two data-set give us different information about child care and housework. The traditional role of mothers in child care activities is highly valued by many families, especially in Southern European countries. The results show that while Mediterranean countries have advanced in the incorporation of women into the labor market, most of them still have to assume total responsibility for housework and the care of the children. Child care arrangements is an important instrument for women to enter in paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pfahl, Svenja & Stefan Reuyß (2009): Das neue Elterngeld. Erfahrungen und betriebliche Nutzungsbedingungen von Vätern. (Edition der Hans-Böckler-Stiftung 239), Düsseldorf, 237 S.

Abstract

"Das Anfang 2007 eingeführte Elterngeld zielt auf eine bessere und gleichstellungsorientierte Vereinbarkeit von Familien und Beruf für beide Geschlechter ab. Die stärkere Einbeziehung von Vätern in die Familienarbeit stellt für viele Betriebe, aber auch für viele Väter noch eine Herausforderung dar. Gleichzeitig nutzen die Väter die neuen Möglichkeiten in vielfältiger Art und Weise, so die Erkenntnisse aus der Studie 'Das neue Elterngeld aus Vätersicht' Bemerkenswert ist: bei den Vätern sind längerfristige Nachwirkungen zu beobachten, die über die eigentlichen Elterngeldmonate hinausgehen. Auf der Basis von Intensivinterviews und einer Online-Befragung von Vätern zeigen die Autorinnen und der Autor die Motive, Nutzungsmuster und die betrieblichen Erfahrungen der Väter auf und analysieren bestehende arbeitsweltliche Barrieren. Die Väter selber fordern Verbesserungen ein wie z.B. die bessere Nutzung in Teilzeit, adäquate Vertretungsregelungen sowie eine erleichterte Antragsstellung. Hier sind insbesondere Personalabteilungen, Betriebsräte und Gleichstellungsbeauftragte gefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pronzato, Chiara Daniela (2009): Return to work after childbirth. Does parental leave matter in Europe? In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 7, H. 4, S. 341-360. DOI:10.1007/s11150-009-9059-4

Abstract

"This paper investigates the role of the extended parental leave in the return to work for mothers of newborn children. Exploiting the variability in policies offered by the European countries, the paper studies the influence of statutory leave characteristics -- length of the job-protection and payments during the leave-period -- on the hazard of returning to work at different ages of the child. Results suggest that longer periods of job-protection increase the hazard of returning to work; on the other hand, providing paid leaves increases the probability of remaining at home during the first year of life of the child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reeb, Christian (2009): Familie und Beruf meistern! Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf bei Doppelverdienern mit kleinen Kindern. (Wissenschaftliche Beiträge aus dem Tectum Verlag. Reihe Psychologie 16), Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 212 S.

Abstract

"Sie gehören in unserer Gesellschaft wohl zu den am stärksten geforderten Personen: Paare mit kleinen Kindern, in denen beide Partner berufstätig sind. Eltern, die dieser Doppelbelastung ausgesetzt sind, wissen oft nicht mehr, wie sie tagtäglich den Spagat zwischen Familie und Beruf meistern sollen. Christian Reeb fasst in diesem Buch zunächst den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zusammen und geht dann der Frage nach, welche Möglichkeiten die betroffenen Familien selbst haben, ihre gefühlte Balance zwischen den beiden wichtigsten Lebensbereichen zu verbessern. Der Autor untersucht hierzu detailliert die Wirkung einer Reihe von Strategien auf diese Balance und überprüft außerdem, ob es einen bestimmten Typus von Vätern oder Müttern gibt, der diese Strategien besonders wirkungsvoll einsetzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Romeu Gordo, Laura (2009): Why are women delaying motherhood in Germany? In: Feminist economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 57-75. DOI:10.1080/13545700903153955

Abstract

"German fertility trends show that the average age at which women have their first child has increased in recent decades. Moreover, researchers have argued that delayed maternity is an important factor in reduced fertility. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper contributes to the debate about maternity timing and reduced fertility in Germany by analyzing some of the factors determining the delay of motherhood. The results suggest that German women who have accumulated more years of education and longer work experience at the time of marriage delay motherhood more. On the other hand, women with higher labor income and a higher contribution to household income delay motherhood less. The results confirm that women consolidate their careers before motherhood in order to reduce career costs. Therefore, if fertility rates are to be increased in Germany further policies that aim to combine women's careers and motherhood need to be developed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Saxonberg, Steven (2009): Freedom of choice through the promotion of gender equality. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 43, H. 6, S. 666-679. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2009.00687.x

Abstract

"This article argues that policies that promote gender equality actually also increase freedom of choice. Thus, despite the neo-liberal criticism that welfare policies limit choices and privatization and market solutions increase freedom of choice, this article concludes that market-liberal welfare regimes offer less choice than the Nordic type of social-democratic welfare regimes, which have openly striven to promote gender equality. They do so by making it easier for mothers to choose to work (by making day care available and making it easier for fathers to stay at home with children) and by giving fathers the ability to choose to spend more time with children. However, within the realm of such policies, it is still possible to offer more or less freedom of choice, for example, by making parental leaves either extremely flexible or rigid in how they are utilized. Interestingly, it turns out that, in the real world, policies that promote gender equality even offer greater freedom of choice for the group of women considered to be 'family oriented' as well as for lesbian and homosexual couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sommerfeld, Katrin (2009): Older babies - more active mothers? How maternal labor supply changes as the child grows. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 129, H. 2, S. 227-240. DOI:10.3790/schm.129.2.227

Abstract

"Female labor market activity is dependent on the presence and the age of a child, but how do the determinants develop in magnitude and significance with the child's age? Using German SOEP data from 1991 to 2006 for mothers with young children, the change in maternal labor supply when the child is one, two, and three years old is explicitly addressed. According to the tobit regression results for precise working hours, maternal labor supply becomes increasingly responsive to economic incentives - mainly to imputed wages - as the child grows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stewart, Jay (2009): The timing of maternal work and time with children. (IZA discussion paper 4219), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"I use data from the American Time Use Survey to examine how maternal employment affects when during the day that mothers of pre-school-age children spend doing enriching childcare and whether they adjust their schedules to spend time with their children at more-desirable times of day. I find that employed mothers shift enriching childcare time from workdays to nonwork days. On workdays, full-time employed parents shift enriching childcare time toward evenings, but there is little shifting among part-time employed mothers. I find no evidence that full-time employed mothers adjust their schedules to spent time with their children at more-preferred times of day, whereas part-time employed mothers shift employment to later in the day." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stuth, Stefan, Marina Hennig & Jutta Allmendinger (2009): Was Frauen aus dem Beruf drängt. Der Wiedereinstieg nach einer Pause hängt stark vom Arbeitsalltag ab. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 124, S. 40-41.

Abstract

"Wenn die Arbeitsbedingungen ungünstig sind, kehren viele Frauen nach einer Erwerbspause spät oder gar nicht mehr in ihren Beruf zurück. Als besonders unattraktiv erweisen sich Berufe mit langen Arbeitszeiten, einem körperlich anstrengenden oder monotonen Arbeitsalltag. Schneller nehmen Frauen wieder eine Beschäftigung auf, wenn sie aus Berufen mit flexiblen und stärker selbstbestimmten Arbeitszeiten kommen. Damit zeigt sich, dass der Beruf einen Einfluss auf die Dauer von Erwerbsunterbrechungen hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Troske, Kenneth & Alexandru Voicu (2009): The effect of children on the level of labor market involvement of married women. What is the role of education? (IZA discussion paper 4074), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the way women's education influences the effect of children on their level of labor market involvement. We propose an econometric model that accounts for the endogeneity of labor market and fertility decisions, for the heterogeneity of the effects of children and their correlation with the fertility decisions, and for the correlation of sequential labor market decisions. We estimate the model using panel data from NLSY79. Our results show that women with higher education work more before the birth of the first child, but children have larger negative effects on their level of labor market involvement. Differences across education levels are more pronounced with respect to full time employment than with respect to participation. Other things equal, higher wages reduce the effect of children on labor supply. Controlling for wages, women with higher education face larger negative effects of children on labor supply, which suggest they are characterized by a combination of higher marginal product of time spent in the production of child quality and higher marginal product of time relative to the marginal product of other inputs into the production of child quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Verropoulou, Georgia & Heather Joshi (2009): Does mother's employment conflict with child development? Multilevel analysis of British mothers born in 1958. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 665-692. DOI:10.1007/s00148-007-0157-4

Abstract

"Does maternal employment, while children are very young, affect their development? We link cognitive and behavioral scores of school-aged children to mothers' employment during preschool years using virtually unique data for two generations in the 1958 British birth cohort. Our multivariate, multilevel model controls for mothers' own cognitive and behavioral scores in childhood. Results are mixed and minor, confirming other British studies at mid-childhood. Reading is, significantly, slightly poorer where less educated mothers work in the child's first year of life. We found few other interactions with employment but did detect intergenerational transmission of behavioral and cognitive characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Winder, Katie L. (2009): Flexible scheduling and the gender wage gap. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 9, H. 1, S. 1-27. DOI:10.2202/1935-1682.2197

Abstract

"Using British data from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey, the author examines whether and how the relationship between schedule flexibility and wages differs by gender. Using a basic measure of whether the worker has discretion over the start and end times of work, men have more than twice the wage return to flexibility than do women, even within the same firm and detailed occupation. This difference cannot be explained by differences in household responsibilities or by differences in part time work by gender, but gender differences in job authority and autonomy do matter. Differences in the wage returns to this type of flexibility account for 10% of the gender wage gap, which suggests that understanding the underlying cause for the disparity in the returns to flexibility is important for understanding the policy implications of promoting flexible work arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zabel, Cordula (2009): Eligibility for maternity leave and first birth timing in Great Britain. In: Population Research and Policy Review, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 251-270. DOI:10.1007/s11113-008-9098-1

Abstract

Der Beitrag untersucht die Auswirkung der Mutterschaftsgesetzgebung auf den Zeitpunkt der Erstgeburt in Großbritannien. Als der Mutterschaftsurlaub 1976 in Großbritannien eingeführt wurde, war Voraussetzung für die Anspruchberechtigung von Vollzeitbeschäftigten, dass diese mindesten zwei Jahre beim gleichen Arbeitgeber beschäftigt waren. Auf der Basis von Daten des British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) untersucht der Beitrag, ob Frauen die erste Geburt gemäß der geforderten Beschäftigungszeit aufschoben. Es wurden höhere Übergangsraten zur Erstgeburt für diejenigen ermittelt, die genügend Beschäftigungszeit bei ihrem Arbeitgeber angesammelt hatten, um sich für den Mutterschaftsurlaub zu qualifizieren, als für diejenigen, die in diesem Sinne noch nicht qualifiziert waren. Unklar bleibt jedoch das kausale Verhältnis zwichen Mutterschaftsgesetzgebung und dem Zeitpunkt der Erstgeburten, da die Übergangsraten zur Erstgeburt schon vor 1976 begannen, je nach Beschäftigungsdauer auseinanderzuklaffen. (IAB)

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Ziefle, Andrea (2009): Familienpolitik als Determinante weiblicher Lebensverläufe? - die Auswirkungen des Erziehungsurlaubs auf Familien- und Erwerbsbiographien in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: VS, Verl. für Sozialwissenschaften, 355 S.

Abstract

Die Studie zeigt, dass die Einführung und Ausweitung des gesetzlichen Erziehungsurlaubs in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren das in der Bundesrepublik ohnehin vorherrschende Muster der Phasenerwerbstätigkeit von Müttern weiter verstärkt hat. Mit Einführung des Erziehungsurlaubs sank die Erwerbsbeteiligung junger Mütter, ohne dass sich gleichzeitig die Fertilitätsrate erhöht oder die Karrierenachteile für Frauen mit Kindern nachhaltig verringert hätten. Ohne begleitende Maßnahmen wie flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle und eine bedarfsgerechte Kinderbetreuung hat sich der Erziehungsurlaub allein als unzureichende Lösung des Problems der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf erwiesen.
Aus dem Inhalt: Einleitung - Familienpolitik, Familiengründung und Erwerbsverläufe von Frauen - Frauenerwerbstätigkeit und Familienpolitik in der Bundesrepublik - Untersuchungsdesign und Analysestrategie der empirischen Untersuchung - Die Reformen des Erziehungsurlaubs und das Fertilitätsverhalten von Frauen in der Bundesrepublik - Der Rechtsanspruch auf Erziehungsurlaub und die Dauer kinderbedingter Erwerbsunterbrechungen in der Bundesrepublik - Die Reformen des Erziehungsurlaubs und die Kontinuität von Erwerbsbeteiligung und Erwerbseinkommen nach der Familienphase - Die Reformen des Erziehungsurlaubs und Karriereverläufe von Müttern

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Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2009): Familienreport 2009. Leistungen, Wirkungen, Trends. (Familienreport ... 1), Berlin, 102 S.

Abstract

"Nachhaltige Familienpolitik ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für Wachstum und Wohlstand. Das ist das wichtigste Ergebnis des Familienreports 2009. Mit dem Familienreport liegt eine umfassende Darstellung von Daten und Trends rund um Familien und Familienpolitik in Deutschland vor. Der Familienreport zeigt, dass Familienpolitik in Deutschland in den Jahren 2005 - 2008 erheblich an Bedeutung gewonnen hat. Wichtige familienpolitische Vorhaben wurden realisiert oder auf den Weg gebracht. Der Wechsel vom Erziehungsgeld zum Elterngeld, der neue Kinderzuschlag, das gestaffelte Kindergeld sowie der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sind Ergebnisse, von denen sehr viele Familien profitieren. Das gesellschaftliche Klima für Familien hat sich in der Wahrnehmung der Bevölkerung spürbar verbessert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2009): Einstellungen und Lebensbedingungen von Familien 2009. (Monitor Familienforschung), Berlin, 32 S.

Abstract

Das Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend hat 2009 im zweiten Jahr in Folge das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach mit einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsumfrage zum Thema 'Einstellungen und Lebensbedingungen der Familien' beauftragt. Bei der Befragung im April 2009 lagen die Schwerpunkte auf den Fragen, wie stark Familien von der aktuellen Wirtschaftskrise betroffen sind, wie sie damit zurechtkommen und wie die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf eingeschätzt wird. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Bewertung familienpolitischer Maßnahmen. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung zeigen, dass der Zusammenhalt innerhalb der Familien konstant hoch bleibt. Drei Viertel aller Befragten schätzen ihre Familiensituation positiv ein, von den Eltern mit Kindern unter 18 wird dieser Wert noch übertroffen. Etwa drei Viertel der Bevölkerung vertrauen auf die Hilfe der Familie in schwierigen Lebenslagen, bei den Eltern mit minderjährigen Kindern sind es sogar 80 Prozent. Das Zutrauen in die Familie ist wesentlich größer als das in den Staat oder andere Institutionen. Knapp 40 Prozent der Erwerbstätigen berichten von Auswirkungen der Wirtschaftskrise in ihrem Betrieb. Besonders stark betroffen sind Väter mit kleineren Kindern. Hinsichtlich der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf und der Familienfreundlichkeit von Betrieben wird ein deutlicher Handlungsbedarf festgestellt. Die Wertschätzung in der Bevölkerung für wichtige finanzielle staatliche Leistungen für Familien ist ungebrochen hoch. Das Anfang 2007 neu eingeführte Elterngeld halten mehr als drei Viertel der Bevölkerung in Deutschland für eine gute Regelung. In der aktuellen Regelung verlängert sich das Elterngeld um zwei Monate, wenn diese der Partner in Anspruch nimmt - eine Regelung, die es vor allem jungen Vätern ermöglichen soll, Zeit mit ihren Kindern zu verbringen. Auch diese Partnermonate werden überwiegend positiv in der Bevölkerung wie auch in Unternehmen bewertet. (IAB)

Zitatform

Ainsworth, Susan & Leanne Cutcher (2008): Expectant mothers and absent fathers. Paid maternity leave in Australia. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 375-393. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00402.x

Abstract

"In this article we explore how the reluctance to introduce a national paid maternity leave scheme in Australia reflects gendered norms and constructions of parenthood and work. We report on the findings of a study of selected media texts that show how the public discourse that surrounded proposals to introduce such a scheme exhibited deep-seated resistance to women who combine motherhood with continued attachment to the paid workforce. Using a multi-modal approach to discourse analysis, we show how gender and maternity are constructed using cultural and historical discursive resources that reinforce a conservative national identity. By focusing on what is both absent and present in the media texts we show how 'actual fathers' are rendered invisible and the space filled by the government as 'symbolic fathers' impregnating a production line of maternal citizens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina & Jean Kimmel (2008): New evidence on the motherhood wage gap. (IZA discussion paper 3662), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we assess the role of employment-based health insurance offers in explaining the motherhood wage gap. Researchers have been aware of the existence of a motherhood gap for many years; yet, the literature has failed to address the role of non-wage compensation in explaining the motherhood wage gap despite the increasing importance of non-wage benefits in total compensation packages. As hedonic wage theory suggests, mothers might view health benefits as desirable and trade-off wages for health insurance. Thus, lower wages for mothers might reflect their relative preferences for jobs offering health insurance. We estimate an endogenous switching wage equation model to account for the self-selection and, thus, endogeneity of having an employment-based health insurance offer. We find that, once the endogeneity of having an employment-based health insurance offer is accounted for, the motherhood wage gap disappears." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Baker, Michael & Kevin Milligan (2008): Evidence from maternity leave expansions of the impact of maternal care on early child development. (NBER working paper 13826), Cambridge, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w13826

Abstract

"We study the impact of maternal care on early child development using an expansion in Canadian maternity leave entitlements. Following the leave expansion, mothers who took leave spent between 48 and 58 percent more time not working in the first year of their children's lives. We find that this extra maternal care primarily crowded out home-based care by unlicensed non-relatives, and replaced mostly full-time work. However, the estimates suggest a weak impact of the increase in maternal care on indicators of child development. Measures of family environment and motor-social development showed changes very close to zero. Some improvements in temperament were observed but occurred both for treated and untreated children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Barnes, Matt, Nick Lyon & Jane Millar (2008): Employment transitions and the changes in economic circumstances of families with children. Evidence from the Families and Children Study (FACS). (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 506), London, 106 S.

Abstract

"This report uses longitudinal data from the Families and Children Study (FACS) to explore the impact of movements in and out of paid employment on the economic circumstances of families with children. It uses two indicators of economic circumstances: income poverty and living standards hardship. The latter is a measure combining information on the ability of families to afford various consumer durables and leisure items, quality of housing and the state of family finances. The report looks at the impact of moving into work for one and two years, and moving out of work, on these indicators. The circumstances of families who were receiving in-work tax credits are also examined, as far as the data allows." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blackwell, Louisa & Judith Glover (2008): Women's scientific employment and family formation. A longitudinal perspective. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 15, H. 6, S. 579-599. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00385.x

Abstract

"We focus here on the retention of highly qualified women scientists in science-based employment in England and Wales. Using linked Census records from the Longitudinal Study 1971-1991 we show that women's education and employment rates in science, engineering and technology increased somewhat, although some fields show persistently low representation. We then compare retention in employing women with health-related degrees with that of women with degrees in science, engineering and technology, showing that the latter group has markedly lower retention rates. Those who stay on in science-based employment have children later than other types of graduate and their rates of non-motherhood are higher. Four-fifths of women in health-related occupations were mothers, compared to only two-fifths in science, engineering and technology. Our findings have implications for policymakers who wish to make best use of the knowledge base: attention should be paid to retention, as well as the more usual focus on qualifications and recruitment. The findings also suggest the potential for institutionally based theories to explain why highly qualified women have such low retention rates in science-based employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boushey, Heather (2008): "Opting out?" The Effect of children on women's employment in the United States. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 14, H. 1, S. 1-36. DOI:10.1080/13545700701716672

Abstract

"In the United States, a recent spate of popular media attention has focused on whether mothers, especially highly educated mothers in their thirties, are increasingly 'opting out' of employment. This paper uses data from the Current Population Survey's Annual Social and Economic Survey (ASEC) to examine whether children cause women to exit employment. This paper finds that the 'child effect' on women's employment has fallen since the end of the 1970s. The child effect was -21.8 percentage points in 1979 and has fallen consistently over the last two decades to -12.7 percentage points in 2005. Between 2000 and 2005, the child effect grew from -11.1 to -12.7, but the change was statistically insignificant. Recent declines in women's employment may be more an effect of the weak labor market for all women, mothers and non-mothers, rather than an increase in mothers voluntarily choosing to exit employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burgess, Simon, Paul Gregg, Carol Propper & Elizabeth Washbrook (2008): Maternity rights and mothers' return to work. In: Labour economics, Jg. 15, H. 2, S. 168-201. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2005.05.010

Abstract

"This paper uses a cohort of 12,000 births to examine the effect of maternity rights on mothers' post-birth return to employment decisions. It uses a discrete hazard model to disentangle the effects of the terms of maternity rights entitlements from other factors that influence the timing of a mother's return to work. Mothers with rights have an underlying (but unobserved) stronger attachment to the labour market that prompts earlier return than on average. We take this into account by estimating a counterfactual distribution of return times using a sample of women who failed to qualify for maternity rights but who have similar levels of labour market attachment. Even when differential attachment is taken into account there remains a substantial impact of maternity rights on behaviour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Casarico, Alessandra & Alessandro Sommacal (2008): Labor income taxation, human capital and growth. The role of child care. (CESifo working paper 2363), München, 32 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the implications of introducing child care in the human capital production function when assessing the effects of labor income taxation on growth. We develop an OLG model where formal schooling and child care enter the human capital production function as complements and we compare it with a model where only formal schooling matters for skill formation. Using a numerical analysis we find that, depending on the quality of child care services relative to parental care, the omission of child care from the technology of skills' formation can significantly bias the results related to the effects of labor income taxation on growth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cebulla, Andreas, Guilio Flore & David Greenberg (2008): The new deal for lone parents, lone parent work focused interviews and working families' tax credit. A review of impacts. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 484), London, 102 S.

Abstract

"This research report compares the findings of a number of published evaluations of New Deal for Lone Parents (NDLP), Lone Parent Work Focused Interviews (LPWFIs) and Working Families' Tax Credit (WFTC). These policies have all been subject to separate evaluations at different points in time between 2003 and 2006. The aims of this evaluation were to: bring the wealth of evidence together into a single, comprehensive report; consider the range of impact estimates available; report on the effectiveness of the policies. The impact assessments have typically used different methods and impact indicators, so a key aspect of reconciling the evidence was to establish the extent to which the different estimates were compatible. The research was also concerned with extracting information from the existing studies about the interaction or linkages between the policies, including the impact of LPWFIs on referrals to NDLP." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Chatterji, Pinka & Sara Markowitz (2008): Family leave after childbirth and the health of new mothers. (NBER working paper 14156), Cambridge, Mass., 37 S. DOI:10.3386/w14156

Abstract

"In the United States, almost a third of new mothers who worked during pregnancy return to work within three months of childbirth. Current public policies in the U.S. do not support long periods of family leave after childbirth, although some states are starting to change this. As such, it is vital to understand how length of family leave during the first year after childbirth affects families' health and wellbeing. The purpose of this paper is to examine the association between family leave length, which includes leave taking by mothers and fathers, and behavioral and physical health outcomes among new mothers. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study - Birth Cohort, we examine measures of depression, overall health status, and substance use. We use a standard OLS as well as an instrumental variables approach with county-level employment conditions and state-level maternity leave policies as identifying instruments. The results suggest that longer maternity leave from work, both paid and un-paid, is associated with declines in depressive symptoms, a reduction in the likelihood of severe depression, and an improvement in overall maternal health. We also find that having a spouse that did not take any paternal leave after childbirth is associated with higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms. We do not find, however, that length of paternal leave is associated with overall maternal health, and we find only mixed evidence that leave length after childbirth affects maternal alcohol use and smoking." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cristia, Julian P. (2008): The effect of a first child on female labor supply. Evidence from women seeking fertility services. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 487-510.

Abstract

"Estimating the causal effect of a first child on female labor supply is complicated by the endogeneity of fertility. This paper addresses this problem by focusing on a sample of women from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) who sought help to become pregnant. After a certain period, only some of these women gave birth. Results using this strategy show that having a first child younger than one year old reduces female employment by 26 percentage points. These estimates are close to OLS estimates from census data and to those from OLS and fixed-effects models on NSFG data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Del Boca, Daniela, Silvia Pasqua & Chiara Pronzato (2008): Market work and motherhood decisions in contexts. (IZA discussion paper 3303), Bonn, 28 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we explore the impact of social policies and labour market characteristics on women's decisions regarding work and childbearing, using data from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). We estimate the two decisions jointly and, in addition to personal characteristics, include variables related to the childcare system, parental leave arrangements, family allowances, and labour market flexibility. Our empirical results show that a non-negligible portion of the differences in participation and fertility rates for women from different European countries can be attributed to the characteristics of these institutions, and that the environmental effects vary by educational level. While labour market arrangements, such as part-time opportunities (when well-paid and protected), have a larger impact on the outcomes of women with higher educational levels, childcare and optional parental leaves have a larger impact on the fertility and participation decisions of women at lower educational levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Del Bono, Emilia, Andrea Weber & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2008): Clash of career and family: fertility decisions after job displacement. (Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre Linz. Arbeitspapier 0802), Linz, 64 S.

Abstract

"In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie unerwartete Karriereunterbrechungen in Folge eines Arbeitsplatzverlustes die Fertilitätsentscheidungen beeinflussen. Dazu werden Geburtenraten von Frauen, die ihren Arbeitsplatz durch Firmenschließungen verlieren, mit den Geburtenraten in einer Vergleichsgruppe von Frauen verglichen, die nicht von Firmenschließung betroffen sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Verlust des Arbeitsplatzes die durchschnittliche Geburtenrate kurz- und mittelfristig (in den nächsten drei und sechs Jahren) um 5 bis 10% reduziert. Diese Reduktion geht vorwiegend auf das Verhalten von Angestellten und Frauen in höheren Lohnklassen zurück. Zusätzlich kann gezeigt werden, dass die geringere Fertilität nicht durch Arbeitslosigkeit und den damit verbundenen Einkommensverlust bedingt ist, sondern alleine durch die Karriereunterbrechung der entlassenen Angestellten entsteht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dustmann, Christian & Uta Schönberg (2008): The effect of expansions in maternity leave coverage on children's long-term outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 3605), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"This paper evaluates the impact of three major expansions in leave coverage in Germany on the long-run education and labor market outcomes of children. Evaluation of three policy reforms as opposed to a single reform enables us to analyze whether the impact of paid leave differs from that of unpaid leave, and whether an expansion of a relatively short leave period is more beneficial to child development than an expansion of an already long leave period. Our empirical analysis combines two large administrative data sources on wages, unemployment, and school outcomes. We identify the causal impact of the reforms by comparing outcomes of children born shortly before and shortly after a change in maternity leave legislation, and therefore require substantially weaker assumptions for identification than existing studies. We find little support for the hypothesis that an expansion in maternity leave legislation improves children's outcomes. Given the precision of our estimates, we can statistically rule out the hypothesis that the expansion in paid leave from 2 to 6 (unpaid leave from 18 to 36) months raised wages (attendance at high track schools) by more than 0.3 % (0.1 %)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Estevez-Abe, Margarita & Tanja Hethey (2008): How policies affect women's economic position within the family. Labor market institutions and wives' contribution to household income. (LWS working paper series 505), Luxembourg, 50 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of public policies in shaping wives' economic standing within the family in advanced industrial societies. It conducts two types of statistical analysis. One is a multi-level regression analysis to examine the effects of employment protection regulation, the size of the public sector, tax policy, and mother-friendly social policy while controlling for individual attributes of wives (age and education) as well as household characteristics (husband's income, presence of children, and the relative educational background between the spouses). The other consists of a two-step regression analysis, whereby coefficients on personal attributes are first measured country by country, then compared across countries. Both analyses use the micro-level data from the Luxembourg Income Study for 16 advanced industrial societies. It finds that strong employment protection negatively affects women's capacity to attain economic parity vis-à-vis their husbands by reducing women's employment levels, while the size of the public sector positively affects wives' contribution to household income by improving women's wages. The positive effect of the public sector is independent of motherfriendly social policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Felfe, Christina (2008): Return to work - mothers' willingness to pay for job amenities. (Universität Sankt Gallen, Volkswirtschaftliche Abteilung. Discussion paper 2008-25), Sankt Gallen, 39 S.

Abstract

"How can we encourage untapped work potentials, such as young mothers, to participate in the labor market? The present study addresses this issue by providing a direct measure for the relevance of job-related amenities for mothers work decision, namely mothers' marginal willingness to pay (MWP) for job amenities. Its identification strategy relies on German maternity leave length data. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and the Qualification and Career Survey, mothers' leave length decision is estimated by a discrete duration method that assumes a logistic hazard function. The MWP for amenities can be inferred through the estimated elasticities of the leave length with respect to the disamenities and the wage. The results provide evidence that mothers are willing to sacrifice a significant fraction of their wage to reduce hazardous working conditions (more than 20%) and to enjoy a working schedule compatible with available daycare (more than 35%)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fokkema, Tineke & Aart C. Liefbroer (2008): Trends in living arrangements in Europe. Convergence or divergence? In: Demographic Research, Jg. 19, S. 1351-1418. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2008.19.36

Abstract

"This article uses data from the Labour Force Surveys to examine trends in the living arrangements of European men and women aged 20 to 75 between 1987 and 2002. Some trends, like the decline in mean household size and the increase in living as a lone mother have occurred all across Europe. Other trends have been more pronounced or have even been limited to specific parts of Europe. In combination, it appears that the differences in living arrangements across Europe might have grown larger in the last fifteen to twenty years. Large differences in living arrangements remain along geographical divides." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friebel, Harry (2008): Elternschaft und Weiterbildung: Eine sozialwissenschaftliche Längsschnittuntersuchung zum beruflichen und nicht-beruflichen Weiterbildungsverhalten im Falle der Familiengründung. In: Bildung und Erziehung, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 83-97.

Abstract

Bezogen auf den Referenzbereich der alten Bundesländer nahmen 2002 in Familienhaushalten mit mehreren Kindern 78 Prozent aller Väter, aber nur 47 Prozent aller Mütter an beruflicher Weiterbildung teil. Der Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse der empirischen Längsschnittstudie 'Weiterbildung im Lebenszusammenhang', die der Frage nach dem ausgesprochen symmetrischen Auseinanderfallen des Weiterbildungsverhaltens von Mann und Frau, nach dem sie Väter und Mütter geworden sind, nachgeht. Zunächst werden die Verlaufsmuster der allgemeinen und beruflichen Weiterbildung nachgezeichnet und danach die Weiterbildungspraxen nach inhaltlichen (beruflich - nicht-beruflich) und institutionellen Bereichen (betrieblich - nicht-betrieblich) differenziert. Anschließend wird untersucht, ob der geschlechtsspezifische Zusammenhang von Elternschaft und Weiterbildung in Abhängigkeit vom Alter des jüngsten Kindes im Haushalt variiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass die soziokulturelle Lesart der Familie, wonach Erwerbsarbeit primär männlich und Familienarbeit primär weiblich konnotiert wird, Mütter aus der Weiterbildung ausschließt, während sie Väter in die Weiterbildung einschließt. Mütter werden in der Familienphase nicht hinreichend gefördert, um wieder in qualifizierte Erwerbsarbeit zurückzufinden. Minimalvoraussetzung eines gelungenen Wiedereinstiegs von Müttern in die Erwerbsarbeit wäre eine biografische Begleitung mit Weiterbildungsmaßnahmen, die vor einer Entwertung erworbener Qualifikationen schützen kann. (IAB)

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Frish, Roni & Noam Zussman (2008): The effect of transfer payments on the labor supply of single mothers. In: The Journal of Socio-Economics, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 627-643. DOI:10.1016/j.socec.2007.10.012

Abstract

"The Single Parent Family Law came into effect in Israel in 1992. It increased the income maintenance allowance paid to single mothers who have little or no income. In order to identify the effect of this legislative change on the labor supply of single mothers, the study uses a unique panel containing rich socioeconomic data. Applying a variety of econometric methods (difference-in-differences, panel regressions and propensity score matching), the study found that following the enactment of the law the labor supply of uneducated single mothers fell by about 10%, due to a decrease in the employment rate and working hours. However, from an economic perspective, the effect of the Law on the labor supply of single mothers is not very significant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

González, Libertad (2008): Single mothers, welfare, and incentives to work. In: Labour, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 447-468. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2008.00417.x

Abstract

"This paper analyses the effect of a reform in the French single parents allowance on the labor supply of single mothers with very young children. The reform aimed at encouraging participation by allowing eligible single parents to accumulate welfare benefits and labor earnings for a limited period of time. The analysis shows that eligible single mothers were significantly more likely to work after the reform. During the same period, the employment rate of married mothers with young children did not experience a significant change, suggesting that at least part of the increase among single mothers was a consequence of the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Goodwin, Vicki (2008): The effects of benefit sanctions on lone parents' employment decisions and moves into employment. (Department of Work and Pensions. Research report 511), London, 110 S.

Abstract

"This research report presents findings from a qualitative study specifically designed to explore the effects of benefit sanctions on lone parents' employment decisions and moves into employment. Forty lone parents who had been referred for a sanction following non-attendance at a Work Focused Interview (WFI) were interviewed in depth. Focus groups were also carried out with Jobcentre Plus staff. The report addresses the four overarching objectives for the research: to explore the personal circumstances of lone parents referred for a sanction and how they manage their finances; to determine awareness of the sanctioning process amongst lone parents who have experienced sanctions; to explore the experiences of lone parents living with benefit sanctions; and to ascertain if, after receiving a sanction, lone parents are more likely to consider moving off benefit, or actually move off benefit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gregoritsch, Petra, Günter Kernbeiß, Ursula Lehner, Michaela Prammer-Waldhör & Michael Wagner-Pinter (2008): Arbeits- und Einkommenschancen von Frauen am segregierten Arbeitsmarkt. Wien, 68 S.

Abstract

"Frauen finden ihr seit vielen Jahren zunehmendes berufliches Engagement am österreichischen Arbeitsmarkt bloß unterdurchschnittlich honoriert. Das gilt für die Entlohnung ebenso wie für die Stabilität der eingegangenen Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Diese unvorteilhafte Positionierung ergibt sich keineswegs zwingend. Das zeigt der Kreis jener (durchaus marktorientierten) Betriebe, die Frauen auf Arbeitsplätzen einsetzen, die überdurchschnittlich gut entlohnt sind und eine ungewöhnlich stabile Beschäftigung bieten. Dazu gilt es, zunächst alle 'vorteilhaft positionierten Arbeitsplätze ' zu bestimmen: Als 'vorteilhaft positioniert' können Arbeitsplätze dann bezeichnet werden, wenn sowohl die dort erzielten Beschäftigungsdauern als auch die Monatseinkommen im Vergleich zu korrespondierenden Arbeitsplätzen (das sind Arbeitsplätze, auf denen Personen der gleichen Altersgruppe und des gleichen Schulbildungsniveaus beschäftigt sind) überdurchschnittlich hoch liegen. Diese Vorgehensweise bietet den Vorteil, dass nicht 'automatisch' nur jene Arbeitsplätze als 'vorteilhaft positioniert' eingestuft werden, die mit Personen mit hohem formalem Ausbildungsgrad und langer Berufskarriere besetzt sind. Was den Anteil von Frauen auf solchen 'stabilen, überdurchschnittlich entlohnten Arbeitsplätzen' betrifft, ergeben sich folgende Befunde: Rund 26% aller Frauen sind auf 'vorteilhaft positionierten' Arbeitsplätzen beschäftigt. Und insgesamt 14% der Betriebe bieten zumindest einem Viertel der dort beschäftigten Frauen überdurchschnittliche Arbeitsbedingungen. Dieser Gesamtbefund ist als Ansatzpunkt für arbeitsmarktpolitische Frauenförderungsmaßnahmen durchaus ermutigend. Er bedeutet allerdings nicht, dass alle Landes- oder Regionalgeschäftsstellen gleich gute Ausgangsbedingungen haben. In einem umfangreichen quantitativen Materialienband zeigt die Studie, dass die Größe des Kreises solcher Betriebe deutlich variiert: - zwischen Branchen, - zwischen Bundesländern. Für das Arbeitsmarktservice sind diese Befunde in folgender Hinsicht relevant: Betriebe, die Frauen überdurchschnittliche Chancen bieten, können identifiziert, gezielt angesprochen und in klassische Programme (z.B. Implacementstiftungen) eingebunden werden. Darüber hinaus mag eine Strategie darin bestehen, durch betriebsbezogene Beratungstätigkeit den Kreis von Betrieben, die Frauen gute Arbeitsbedingungen bieten, systematisch zu erweitern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Han, Wen-Jui, Christopher J. Ruhm, Jane Waldfogel & Elizabeth Washbrook (2008): The timing of mothers' employment after childbirth. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 6, S. 15-27.

Abstract

"According to data from a new nationally representative study of women who gave birth in 2001, the speed of a woman's return to work after the birth of a child was influenced by many factors, including family structure, education, age, birth history, and race/ethnicity, but the strongest factor was whether or not the woman had been working prior to the birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

James, Laura (2008): United by gender or divided by class? Women's work orientations and labour market behaviour. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 394-412. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2007.00367.x

Abstract

"Recent debates on the relationship between women's work orientations and their labour market behaviour have been marked by a polarization between those who emphasize personal choice and those who argue that constraint is equally, if not more, important. However, in both approaches 'orientation' is understood primarily as a choice between prioritizing paid work or family (understood almost exclusively in terms of childcare responsibilities) for all women regardless of socioeconomic class. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interview data, this article outlines some of the similarities and differences in the work orientations of women in professional/managerial, intermediate and routine/manual socioeconomic classes in Oxford. It develops the concept of 'work orientation' to include the meaning of paid work as well as labour market behaviour for women with and without children. The data presented here suggest that there are important class-based differences in women's attitudes and that apparently similar work orientations may have very different causes and labour market consequences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kalil, Ariel & Kathleen M. Ziol-Guest (2008): Parental employment circumstances and children's academic progress. In: Social science research, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 500-515. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.08.007

Abstract

"Using data from the 1996 Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examine 4476 school-age children in 2569 families with matched pairs of married fathers and mothers to study children's academic progress as a function of fathers' and mothers' employment circumstances, with a particular focus on involuntary employment separations. We draw on weekly work histories, collected at 4-month intervals, to characterize parental employment circumstances over a two-year period. Results find no significant associations between mothers' employment experiences and children's academic progress, even in households where mothers earn more than fathers. In contrast, fathers' experience of involuntary employment separations is associated with children's academic progress. On average, fathers' experience of involuntary employment separations is associated with a higher likelihood of children's grade repetition and suspension/expulsion from school. However, subgroup analyses reveal this association only in households where mothers earn more than fathers. We conclude that the adverse impacts of fathers' involuntary employment separations in two-parent families have less to do with income losses than with family dynamics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmidt, Christoph M. & Barbara Winter (2008): Evaluation des Gesetzes zum Elterngeld und zur Elternzeit. Endbericht. (RWI-Projektberichte), Essen, 106 S.

Abstract

"Ziel des Projektes ist es, dem Gesetzgeber eine umfassende und empirisch stichhaltig fundierte Bewertung der Frage zu ermöglichen, ob die neue Regelung des Elterngeldes und der Elternzeit die Situation von jungen Familien nachhaltig verbessert und insbesondere zu einer Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie beiträgt. Des Weiteren soll ein eventuell notwendiger zusätzlicher Regelungsbedarf identifiziert werden. Da die Regelungen zur Elternzeit, die ebenfalls Bestandteil des BEEG sind, im Wesentlichen inhaltsgleich aus dem Bundeserziehungsgeldgesetz übernommen wurden, steht die Betrachtung des Bundeselterngeldes im Vordergrund der Evaluation. Die Regelungen zur Elternteilzeit werden jedoch ebenfalls mit in die Untersuchung einbezogen. Kern der Evaluation des BEEG ist die Bewertung der Akzeptanz und Inanspruchnahme bei den Leistungsadressaten und die Abschätzung der Wirkung des Gesetzes. Hierbei sind folgende Aspekte von zentraler Relevanz:
- Inanspruchnahme des neuen Systems im Vergleich zum bisherigen Erziehungsgeld.
- Veränderungen der finanziellen Lage von jungen Familien im Vergleich zur bisherigen Situation.
- Einfluss des neuen Systems auf die Intensität und Dauerhaftigkeit des Rückzugs aus dem Erwerbsleben.
- Einfluss des neuen Systems auf die Aufteilung der Kindesbetreuung auf Väter und Mütter.
- Einfluss des neuen Systems auf die Perzeption der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf.
- Bewertung von Leistung und Leistungsvollzug durch die Leistungsadressaten.
- Potenzielle Effekte der neuen Regelung auf die Verwirklichung und Terminierung von Kinderwünschen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kümmerling, Angelika, Andreas Jansen & Steffen Lehndorff (2008): Immer mehr Frauen sind erwerbstätig - aber mit kürzeren Wochenarbeitszeiten. (IAQ-Report 2008-04), Duisburg u.a., 12 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/45628

Abstract

"Der Anteil der Frauen in Deutschland, die einer Erwerbstätigkeit nachgehen, nimmt langfristig zu und betrug 2006 61,5% aller Frauen im Alter von 15 bis 64 Jahren. Auf Vollzeitstellen umgerechnet stagniert dieser Anteil jedoch seit Beginn des Jahrzehnts, weil vor allem durch den Minijob-Boom die Arbeitszeit pro Person abnimmt.
- Deutschland geht hier im Vergleich mit anderen europäischen Ländern einen Sonderweg. Die auf Vollzeitstellen umgerechnete Beschäftigungsquote von Frauen ist in den letzten Jahren unter den EU-Durchschnitt gesunken. Die Arbeitszeiten von Frauen (Vollzeit und Teilzeit zusammengenommen) sind die zweitkürzesten in Europa, bei den Teilzeitbeschäftigten sogar die kürzesten.
- Bei den Durchschnittsarbeitszeiten aller Vollzeit- und Teilzeitbeschäftigten nimmt die Kluft zwischen den Arbeitszeiten von Männern und Frauen in Deutschland weiter zu.
- Trotz aller öffentlichen Debatten über die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf hat sich der Einfluss von Ehe und Kindern auf die Arbeitszeiten von Frauen in den letzten Jahren weiter verstärkt. Verheiratete Frauen und Frauen mit Kindern arbeiten heute deutlich weniger Stunden pro Woche als 2001, und die Schere zwischen ihren Arbeitszeiten und denen von Männern mit Kindern hat sich weiter geöffnet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

La Valle, Ivana, Elizabeth Clery & Mari Carmen Huerta (2008): Maternity rights and mothers' employment decisions. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 496), London, 248 S.

Abstract

"In 2003, both the level and length of Statutory Maternity Pay (SMP) and Maternity Allowance (MA) were increased. UK legislation has also considerably improved access to family-friendly arrangements, including paid paternity and adoption leave, unpaid emergency and parental leave and the right to request flexible working arrangements. The report presents take-up of these maternity entitlements and family-friendly arrangements and explores how they affect the mothers' employment trajectories after child birth. It provides the opportunity to consider how the policy changes on maternity rights and maternity benefits, introduced in April 2003, might have affected mothers' employment decisions after childbirth. This study was carried out by the National Centre for Social Research and involved face-to-face interviews (conducted between February and May 2007) of just under 2,000 mothers whose children were aged between 12 and 18 months and who had worked at some point in the 12 months before the baby's birth. The survey achieved a 70 per cent response rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lesnard, Laurent (2008): Off-scheduling within dual-earner couples. An unequal and negative externality for family time. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 114, H. 2, S. 447-490. DOI:10.1086/590648

Abstract

"Using couples' time-diary data from two French time-use surveys (1986, 1999), this article explores the extent to which off-scheduling within dual-earner couples is an unequal and negative externality for family time. An empirical typology of family workdays is built using a variant of optimal matching, and three kinds of family time are taken into account: conjugal time, father- and mother-child time, and parents-child time. The results indicate that off-scheduling is an unintentional by-product of employers' economic interests and that, since it reduces conjugal and parents-child time but fails to foster temporal complementarity between parents, it is a negative factor for family solidarity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lind, Inken (2008): Balancierung von Wissenschaft und Elternschaft. Auswahl erster Ergebnisse der Online-Befragung. Dossier. Bonn, 26 S.

Abstract

"Zielsetzung des Forschungsvorhabens ist es, den Kenntnisstand zu den Bedingungsfaktoren generativer Entscheidungen im Rahmen von Wissenschaftsorganisationen zu erweitern. Das vorliegende Dossier gibt Einblick in die gewählte Vorgehensweise zur quantitativen Teilstudie sowie zu ersten quantitativen Ergebnissen. Insgesamt beteiligten sich 8.698 Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler an der Online-Befragung. Die männlichen Wissenschaftler sind mit 57% (4.967) in der Stichprobe stärker vertreten als die Wissenschaftlerinnen mit 43% (3.717).
Folgende Bereiche wurden abgefragt:
Kinderzahl;
Familienstand und Partnerschaft;
Arbeitsfeld Wissenschaft (Attraktivität und Perspektiven, Work Life Balance in der Wissenschaft);
Partnerschaftliche Arbeitsteilung;
Kinderwunsch;
Auswirkungen der Elternschaft,
Zufriedenheit mit zentralen Lebensbereichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lundin, Daniela, Eva Mörk & Björn Öckert (2008): How far can reduced childcare prices push female labour supply? In: Labour economics, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 647-659. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2008.04.005

Abstract

"Exploiting exogenous variation in childcare prices stemming from a childcare price reform, this paper estimates effects of reductions in childcare costs on female labour supply. The reform introduced a cap on childcare prices, and lead to considerable reductions in prices depending on family type and region of residence. Since the price is determined by a handful of observed characteristics, we are able to match households that are similar in all relevant aspects, but experienced quite different price changes. Our difference-in-differences regression matching estimates are very precise, and close to zero." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Matysiak, Anna & Stephanie Steinmetz (2008): Finding their way? Female employment patterns in West Germany, East Germany, and Poland. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 331-346. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcn007

Abstract

"The aim of this article is to examine how (i) children and (ii) the existence and potential earnings of husbands affect women's employment patterns in West Germany, East Germany, and Poland. In particular, it assesses whether employment patterns in East Germany and Poland resemble those exhibited in West Germany after the collapse of the socialist regime. Given the considerable changes to labour market and family policies experienced by post-socialist countries that have resulted in an increased conflict between family and work, this is an important area of research. In the post-socialist countries, we find differences in female employment patterns compared to West Germany, expressed in the lower magnitude of child and husband effects. We argue that women in Poland and East Germany are going their own way, rejecting the 'male breadwinner' model, and only partly adjusting their behaviour to changing structural conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mencarini, Letizia, Katia Begall, Melinda Mills & Maria Letizia Tanturri (2008): Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 18, S. 1-26. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2008.18.1

Abstract

"Fertility levels have fallen drastically in most industrialized countries. Diverse theoretical and empirical frameworks have had difficulty in explaining these unprecedented low levels of fertility. More recently, however, attention has turned from classic explanations, such as women's increased labour market participation, to gender equity as the essential link to understand this phenomenon. The increase in women's labour market participation did not prompt an increase in men's domestic duties, which is often referred to women's 'dual burden' or 'second shift'. Institutions and policies within countries also facilitate or constrain the combination of women's employment with fertility. This paper provides an empirical test of gender equity theory by examining whether the unequal division of household labour leads to lower fertility intentions of women in different institutional contexts. Italy constitutes a case of high gender inequity, low female labour market participation and the lowest-low fertility. The Netherlands has moderate to low gender inequity, high part-time female labour market participation and comparatively higher fertility. Using data from the 2003 Italian Multipurpose Survey - Family and Social Actors and the 2004/5 Dutch sample from the European Social Survey, a series of logistic regression models test this theory. A central finding is that the unequal division of household labour only has a significant impact on women's fertility intentions when they already carry the load of high paid work hours or children, a finding that is particularly significant for working women in Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Meurs, James A., Denise M. Breaux & Pamela L. Perrewe (2008): The family and HRM in North America. How demographic and social changes are shifting the way work-family issues are managed by organizations and employees. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 19, H. 8, S. 1455-1471. DOI:10.1080/09585190802200215

Abstract

"The present article provides an overview of how changes in families, demographics, and culture impact organizational human resource practices. We address practical issues and the theoretical implications of these changes of modern society. First, our review examines two major environmental factors that are altering the work-life landscape. Next, we assess the primary changes in the workforce that affect work-family issues. Then, we discuss several recent developments in how HR managers and organizations are addressing work-family issues, what research has found regarding these trends and the promising areas of future research in each. We conclude with a discussion of the managerial implications of the new work-family environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moss, Peter & Marta Korintus (Hrsg.) (2008): International review of leave policies and related research 2008. (Employment relations research series 100), London, 383 S.

Abstract

"This report is about leave entitlements, mainly for workers with dependant children. As the report shows, working parents today in most countries are entitled to a range of different types of leave, going under a variety of different names. Moreover, in a number of countries the distinction between types of leave is increasingly blurred. This report is produced by an international network on leave policy and research, consisting of over 40 experts from 24 countries, mostly in Europe. The network covers policies for parents and others with care responsibilities, including for adult relatives, as well as policies available to the whole population such as life course career breaks and time accounts. But initially, priority is being given to leave policies focused on the care of children. Among the purposes of this network are: the exchange of information about policies, both in individual countries and by international organisations, and research on leave policies; the provision of a forum for the cross-national discussion of issues and trends in policy and research; and providing a source of regularly updated information on policies and research, including:
- the three-year leave period: too long or not?
- employers' perspectives and involvement and
- policies to increase fathers' use of leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nandi, Alita (2008): Women's economic gains from employment, marriage and cohabitation. (ISER working paper 2008-23), Colchester, 45 S.

Abstract

"U.S. public policy promotes both marriage and labor market participation as strategies for improving the economic welfare of low-income women and their children. Here I compare women's economic gains from marriage, cohabitation and employment. Using data from the NLSY79, I estimate a fixed-effects model of household income (adjusted for household composition). I find that among 'poor' women (those who ever received welfare), the log household income of single, nonemployed women would increase by 0.80 if they enter a cohabiting union, 1.04 if they marry, 0.76 if they work part-time (1000 hours/year), and 1.16 if they work full-time (2000 hours/year)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Puhani, Patrick A. & Katja Sonderhof (2008): The effects of maternity leave extension on training for young women. (IZA discussion paper 3820), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"Using three representative individual-level datasets for West Germany, we estimate the effect of the extension of maternity leave from 18 to 36 months on young women's participation in job-related training. Specifically, we employ difference-indifferences identification strategies using control groups of older women and older women together with young and older men. We find that maternity leave extension negatively affects job-related training for young women, even if they do not have children, especially when the focus is on employer-arranged training. There is tentative evidence that young women partly compensated for this reduction in employer-arranged training by increasing training on their own initiative." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reeves, Karen (2008): The backstop breadwinner. Working women in the transition to parenthood. Brisbane, 91 S.

Abstract

"This thesis investigates the allocation of the breadwinner responsibility in dual-earner couples in the transition to parenthood. With sixty-three percent of Australian families now categorised as dual-income (ABS 2008 Cat. No. 6105.0), the rising workforce participation of mothers has dramatically diminished the dominance of the traditional male breadwinner family. Yet, the male breadwinner norm remains a pervasive social construct despite the emergence of a variety of breadwinning arrangements in Australian households. The continuing ideology of breadwinning as 'a special male responsibility' (Potuchek 1997:3) assumes that mothers in dual-earner families are secondary earners, merely providing a supplementary income (Hakim 2002). Existing literature neglects to examine the meaning which working mothers ascribe to their paid employment. To address this research 'gap', this study uses NVivo 8 to analyse original interview data from eighty cases of working mothers in dual-earner families to provide a comprehensive analysis of working mothers' attitudes to paid employment and their 'provider identity' (Hood 1986). How this individual-level provider identity influences breadwinning arrangements at a critical time in the life course of dual-earner couples - the transition to parenthood - is examined.
Two main findings from the process of data analysis are presented in this thesis. Firstly, existing assumptions of working mothers as secondary earners were countered by a strong worker identity and continued attachment to paid employment which at times dominated the maternal role. Secondly, the notion of a 'backstop breadwinner' was identified in the data to characterise the continuing attachment to a provider identity in the transition from 'worker' to 'mother'. This thesis argues that in the transition to parenthood, micro- and macro-level structural factors interact with working mothers' attitudes to paid employment and their provider identity to frame both 'choice' and 'constraint' in the allocation of the breadwinner role in dualearner couples. Within this context, a disjuncture between the provider identity of working mothers and the persistence of breadwinning as a gender boundary in the transition to parenthood is evident. This disjuncture between self-identification as a provider and couple-level allocation of the provider role has led to the emergence of a new breadwinning arrangement in dual-earner households - women as mothers and as essential earners and providers. As one interviewee explains, this is highlighted by the rise of the 'backstop breadwinner,' a working mother who has financial independence and provides essential and indispensable income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Saraceno, Chiara (2008): Neue Wege der Familienpolitik. Nur staatliche Hilfe bringt Mütter in den Job zurück. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 119, S. 28-31.

Abstract

"Die meisten europäischen Staaten richten in den letzten Jahren ihre Politiken stärker auf die verbesserte Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie sowie auf Veränderungen des 'welfare mix'. Umfang und Tempo der Reformen unterscheiden sich dabei. In den südeuropäischen Ländern vollziehen sie sich zum Beispiel langsamer. Die innereuropäischen Unterschiede bleiben in manchen Bereichen groß, etwa beim Elternurlaub und bei Betreuungsdiensten für Kinder unter drei Jahren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schönberg, Uta (2008): Does the IABS reliably identify maternity leave taking? (FDZ-Methodenreport 03/2008 (en)), Nürnberg, 38 S.

Abstract

Zur Untersuchung der Erwerbsunterbrechung infolge von Elternschaft in Deutschland wird am häufigsten das Sozioökonomische Panel herangezogen. Eine alternative Datenquelle ist die IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe (IABS). Obwohl dieser Datensatz keine direkten Informationen über die Geburt von Kindern enthält, können möglicherweise Frauen im Mutterschaftsurlaub identifiziert werden. Zwei Probleme müssen dabei berücksichtigt werden: Zum einen wird bei der Beschäftigungsunterbrechung nicht unterschieden zwischen Mutterschaftsurlaub und anderen Urlaubsformen, z. B. Krankheitsurlaub. Zum anderen muss der Geburtsmonat des Kindes aus dem Monat, in dem die Mutter ihren Urlaub antritt, abgeleitet werden, was zu Messfehlern bei der Bestimmung der Dauer der Erwerbsunterbrechung führen kann. Beide Probleme werden in dem Beitrag untersucht. Hierzu wird eine erweiterte Version der IAB-Beschäftigtenstichprobe analysiert, die Sozialversicherungsdaten mit direkten Informationen über Geburten aus dem Rentenregister kombiniert. Es zeigt sich, dass für westdeutsche Personen rund 90 Prozent der Erwerbsunterbrechungsepisoden auf Mutterschaftsurlaub zurückzuführen sind. Bei rund 70 Prozent der Fälle wird der Monat der Geburt des Kindes korrekt geschätzt, bei rund 25 Prozent der Fälle wird er mit einer Abweichung von einem Monat bestimmt. Aus den Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, dass die IABS 75-01 (ebenso wie die neueste schwach anonymisierte Version der IABS) eine wertvolle alternative Datenquelle zur Untersuchung der Erwerbsunterbrechung infolge von Elternschaft darstellt, solange der Schwerpunkt auf erwerbstätigen Frauen liegt. (IAB)

Zitatform

Solera, Christina (2008): Combining marriage and children in paid work. Changes across cohorts in Italy and Great Britain. (ISER working paper 2008-22), Colchester, 50 S.

Abstract

"This paper compares Italy and Great Britain and uses event history data and methods to investigate changes across cohorts in the effect of family responsibilities on women's transitions in and out of paid work. My findings show that women's attachment to paid work has increased and that education and/or class has marked the divide, as predicted by human capital theory. However, the effects of marriage and motherhood are, ceteris paribus, stronger in a residualist-liberal welfare regime such as the British one. In Italy, where demand for labour is relatively low and gender role norms are quite traditional, reconciliation policies are weak but largely compensated by intergenerational and kinship solidarity, fewer women enter paid work, but when they do so, they interrupt less when becoming wives or mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thévenon, Olivier (2008): Labour force participation of women with children. Disparities and developments in Europe since the 1990s. (Document de travail = Working paper / EconomiX, Université Paris Nanterre 2008-01), Nanterre, 31 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to identify how specific the increase of female labour market participation observed over the last fifteen years were to particular family statuses: mothers versus childless women, households with young children versus households with older children, mothers who had children early versus those who had children later. The analysis is based on European Union Labour Force Surveys (EU LFS) for the period from 1992 to 2005 and draws on the data available for some countries on household composition, and observes different cohorts of women across the different years of the survey. The labour market situations of women are modelled in order to identify trends in behaviour for given individual and family characteristics. The results are used to discuss the variety of changes in female labour market behaviour in group of countries that were considered as relatively similar at the beginning of the 90s. We find that changes were mainly favourable to mothers in Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Poland, the Netherlands and the UK. Some similarities and differences between countries identified in previous comparative research are reaffirmed, confirming the relative heterogeneity of the models of female employment in relation to standard welfare state typologies. Major differences and trends specific to certain countries were nevertheless identified. Some of these differences concern the relative importance of the number of children and of the age of the youngest on female labour market behaviour. But differences also relate to the variable impact of the age at which women have their first child. It suggests that varieties in macro-institutional contexts shape different opportunity for women to manage labour market commitment with family formation over their life-cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Töpfer, Michaela (2008): Regionen Stärken Frauen. Projekte zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. (Gesellschaft für Innovative Beschäftigungsförderung. Arbeitspapiere 19), Bottrop, 44 S.

Abstract

"Besserer Kinderbetreuungsservice, neue Dienstleistungen für Unternehmen, Flexibilisierung der Angebote, Rückkehrmanagement für Frauen und Männer in der Elternzeit sowie die Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Beruf sind die unterschiedlichen Ansätze der ESF-Kofinanzierten Projekte. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zu verbessern war das Anliegen von 58 der fast 300 seit 2004 geförderten Projekte und Kooperationen. Die Broschüre 'Regionen Stärken Frauen - Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf' ist die zweite Zusammenstellung ausführlicher Projektdarstellungen. 2006 wurden RSF-Projekte zum Thema 'Projektansätze für junge Unternehmerinnen, Führungsfrauen und Frauen, die einen beruflichen Aufstieg anstreben' von der G.I.B. herausgegeben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Valcour, Monique & Jamie J. Ladge (2008): Family and career path characteristics as predictors of women's objective and subjective career success. Integrating traditional and protean career explanations. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 73, H. 2, S. 300-309. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.06.002

Abstract

"This study examined the effects of family and career path characteristics on objective and subjective career success among 916 employed mothers. Among family variables, age at first childbirth was positively related and career priority favoring the husband was negatively related to both income and subjective career success; number of children was negatively related and years elapsed since first childbirth was positively related to income only. Among career path variables, career gaps, interorganizational mobility and proportion of one's career spent in part-time work were negatively related to income; career gaps were negatively related to subjective career success. Income was positively related to subjective career success. Results suggest that integration of traditional and protean career perspectives helps to explain women's career success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wimbauer, Christine, Annette Henninger, Anke Spura & Markus Gottwald (2008): Eine Frage der Anerkennung: Wie Doppelkarrierepaare Familie und Beruf vereinbaren. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 119, S. 11-14.

Abstract

"Die Nachwuchsgruppe ',Liebe', Arbeit, Anerkennung' beschäftigt sich mit der Frage nach Anerkennung in Doppelkarriere-Paaren: Wofür wertschätzen sich die Partner, wie bewerten sie unterschiedliche Lebensbereiche, und wie wirken sich sozialstaatliche Regelungen und berufliche Anforderungen sowie die damit verbundenen ungleichen Anerkennungschancen auf die Beziehung aus? Grundlage der Analysen sind narrative Paarinterviews mit bislang acht Doppelkarriere-Paaren sowie darauf folgende Einzelinterviews mit beiden Partnern. Exemplarisch werden in dem Beitrag drei Paarkonstellationen präsentiert, die sich in den Beziehungskonzepten sowie der paarinternen Anerkennung von Berufs- und Familienarbeit unterscheiden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wimbauer, Christine & Annette Henninger (2008): Magd des Marktes. Das Elterngeld und die neue Familienpolitik. In: Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, Jg. 53, H. 8, S. 69-76.

Abstract

Der Beitrag setzt sich kritisch mit dem 'neuen Feminismus', in dessen Mittelpunkt die 'Alphamädchen' und damit die Protagonistinnen selbst und nicht die strukturellen und sozialen Barrieren für Frauen stehen, auseinander. Dem 'durchaus dem Zeitgeist geschuldeten Hang, die soziale Dimension gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen weitgehend auszusparen' wird eine soziale und politische Betrachtungsweise geschlechtsspezifischer Ungleichheiten entgegengesetzt. Dazu wird exemplarisch dargelegt, welche geschlechtspolitischen Auswirkungen das zum 1. Januar 2007 eingeführte Elterngeld hat. 'Erweist es sich als geeignet, die Geschlechterverhältnisse zu modernisieren, oder führt es primär zur Reproduktion der bestehenden Ungleichheit?' Die Autorinnen legen dar, dass vom Elterngeld vor allem Eltern aus dem mittleren und oberen Einkommensbereich profitieren und es eine Steigerung der Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern und hier insbesondere hoch qualifizierter Frauen bewirkt. Das Elterngeld fügt sich nach Meinung der Autorinnen in die Debatte um einen vermeintlich 'neuen Feminismus' und führt letztlich zu einer 'exklusiven Emanzipation' hoch qualifizierter Frauen im Namen des Standortwettbewerbs. 'Ob Geschlechtergerechtigkeit aber dadurch befördert werden kann, dass die Familienpolitik derart zur Magd des Marktes gemacht wird, darf man bezweifeln.' (IAB2)

Zitatform

Wippermann, Katja & Carsten Wippermann (2008): Beruflicher Wiedereinstieg nach der Familiengründung. Bedürfnisse, Erfahrungen, Barrieren. Berlin, 64 S.

Abstract

"41 % der Frauen und Männer in Deutschland wollen Familie und Beruf gleichberechtigt miteinander vereinbaren, beide Partner möchten in gleichem Umfang berufstätig sein und in gleichem Umfang ihre Kinder betreuen. Viele von ihnen können diese Lebensentwürfe im Alltag jedoch nicht umsetzen, da in vielen sozialen Milieus tradierte Rollenzuschreibungen hohe Hürden darstellen. Denn 93 % der Bevölkerung sind der Ansicht, dass eine Frau in den ersten Lebensmonaten eines Kindes zu Hause bleiben sollte - für Männer gilt das nur zu 20 %." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Das Übereinkommen zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Diskriminierung der Frau (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women - CEDAW) wurde am 18. Dezember 1979 von der Generalversammlung der Vereinten Nationen verabschiedet. In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ist die Frauenrechtskonvention am 9. August 1985 in Kraft getreten und seitdem unmittelbar geltendes Recht. Die Vertragsstaaten verpflichten sich mit ihrem Beitritt zu einer regelmäßigen Berichterstattung über die Einhaltung und Umsetzung des Frauenrechtsübereinkommens auf nationaler Ebene (Art. 18). Auf dieser Grundlage prüft der VN-Ausschuss für die Beseitigung jeder Form von Diskriminierung der Frau (CEDAW-Ausschuss), dem unabhängige Expertinnen und Experten angehören, die zur Durchführung der Konvention getroffenen Maßnahmen und erzielten Fortschritte. Im Anschluss an die Prüfung des Berichts erstellt der Ausschuss sogenannte Abschließende Bemerkungen (Concluding Comments), in denen bestehende Probleme bei der Umsetzung der Konvention hervorgehoben und konkrete Empfehlungen an den Vertragsstaat ausgesprochen werden. Im September 2007 hat Deutschland den Sechsten Staatenbericht zum Frauenrechtsübereinkommen vorgelegt, der voraussichtlich 2008 im CEDAW-Ausschuss behandelt wird. Der Bericht zeigt ein Bild der Gleichstellungspolitik der letzten fünf Jahre bis Ende 2006. Mit der Entscheidung über die Einführung des Elterngeldes zum 1. 1. 2007 haben wir zum Ende des Berichtszeitraums einen Meilenstein gesetzt, der den Erwartungen des CEDAWAusschusses zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf erkennbar Rechnung trägt. Gerade mit seinen Partnermonaten setzt das Elterngeld ein klares Signal für mehr Gleichberechtigung in Beruf und Familie. Unser Ziel bleibt die Durchsetzung der Menschenrechte von Frauen auf nationaler wie auch internationaler Ebene. Es ist von großer Bedeutung, dass sich sowohl die Bundesregierung als auch die Zivilgesellschaft kontinuierlich für die Verbesserung der Lebensverhältnisse von Frauen im eigenen Land und weltweit einsetzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend hat das Institut für Demoskopie Allensbach im Juli 2008 eine repräsentative Befragung zum Familienleben und zur Familienpolitik durchgeführt. Bundesweit wurden 1.786 Personen mündlich und persönlich befragt. Die Befragung ist als jährlich wiederholbarer 'Monitor' angelegt, so dass künftig auch Entwicklungen sichtbar werden können. Die Befragungsergebnisse werden in fünf Kapiteln zusammengefasst: 1. Bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf als Aufgabe für Politik wie Unternehmen; 2. Staatliche Familienförderung als Daueraufgabe; 3. Die Familie bleibt der wichtigste Lebensbereich - Enge Kontakte und starke gegenseitige Unterstützung; 4. Traditionelle Aufgabenteilung von Mann und Frau in der Familie - Zunehmende Beteiligung der Männer an der Familienarbeit; 5. Trotz vieler Hinderungsgründe: Kinderwünsche werden nur von wenigen Kinderlosen ausgeschlossen. Die Befragung zeigt, dass die große Mehrheit der Bevölkerung eine Politik wünscht, die die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf fördert. Dies gehört zu den familienpolitischen Prioritäten in der Bevölkerung. Dieser messbare Stimmungswandel hin zur Entwicklung einer familienfreundlicheren Gesellschaft in Deutschland wird nach den Ergebnisse der Umfrage auch im Alltag wahrgenommen. So haben zwei Drittel der Befragten den Eindruck, dass sich Väter heute mehr an der Erziehung und Betreuung ihrer Kinder beteiligen als früher. (IAB)

Zitatform

Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund. Bereich Arbeitsmarktpolitik (2008): Alleinerziehende - am Arbeitsmarkt allein gelassen. (Arbeitsmarkt aktuell 2008,11), Berlin, 9 S.

Abstract

"Im Jahr 2007 lebten laut Statistischem Bundesamt 1,6 Mio. Alleinerziehende mit einem oder mehreren Kindern unter 18 Jahren in Deutschland. Die Berufstätigkeit von Alleinerziehenden ist oft von prekärer Teilzeit und Niedriglohn geprägt. Auch der Anteil der Langzeitarbeitslosen hat sich im Laufe der letzten drei Jahre kontinuierlich erhöht. Alleinerziehende beenden seltener als alle Arbeitslosen die Arbeitslosigkeit durch die Aufnahme eines Jobs. Überdurchschnittlich ist hingegen der Anteil derer, die in Nichterwerbstätigkeit wechseln. Aufgrund verfestigter Arbeitslosigkeit und geringer Einkommen ist das Armutsrisiko bei Alleinerziehenden groß und Alleinerziehenden gelingt der Absprung aus Hartz IV nur selten. Auch wenn Alleinerziehende erwerbstätig sind, gelingt es ihnen oftmals nicht, das Hartz IV-System zu verlassen. Nach Ansicht des DGB sollte die Integration von Alleinerziehenden eine hohe Priorität haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This brief report summarises reflections on the very broad theme of women and employment from a group of researchers in the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions ('Eurofound') with an interest in gender and labour market issues. Its occasion is a request received from the French Presidency of the EU for a contribution from Eurofound to a conference on professional equality for men and women to be held in Lille on 13-14 November 2008. The aim of this paper is to set out some interesting, new findings that will help to stimulate the debate at the Lille conference. While making use of the rich sources of relevant Eurofound research and data, the authors have tried to go beyond simply restating existing, often well-rehearsed findings. After each section summary, therefore, some statements and questions, which it is hoped will prove stimulating have been included. To begin with, the current situation of European women in the labour market is placed in historical context." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Am 1. Januar 2007 ist das Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetz (BEEG) vom 5. Dezember 2006 (BGBI I S. 2748) in Kraft getreten. Damit wurde für Geburten ab dem 1. Januar 2007 das bisherige Erziehungsgeld durch das Elterngeld abgelöst. Mit dem Gesetz ist die finanzielle Förderung von Familien in der ersten Zeit nach der Geburt grundlegend neu gestaltet worden. Deswegen sieht § 25 BEEG einen Bericht der Bundesregierung an den Deutschen Bundestag über die Auswirkungen dieses Gesetzes sowie über die gegebenenfalls notwendige Weiterentwicklung dieser Vorschriften vor, der hiermit vorgelegt wird. Grundlage des Berichts sind die Ergebnisse der systematischen und kontinuierlichen Evaluation des Elterngeldes.
Der Bericht mit den Ergebnissen der Evaluation bestätigt die erwarteten Wirkungen des Elterngeldes. Die partnerschaftliche Betreuung des Kindes nimmt zu, das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien bleibt im Jahr nach der Geburt stabil, mehr Mütter wollen ihre Berufswünsche auch mit Kind verfolgen. Das Elterngeld erreicht wesentlich mehr Eltern als früher das Erziehungsgeld. Das Elterngeld wird von fast allen Berechtigten (fast 100 Prozent der Haushalte) in Anspruch genommen. Die deutliche Mehrheit der Eltern sagt, das Elterngeld habe ihnen geholfen. Nach Ende des Elterngeldbezugs wollen viele Mütter früher wieder berufstätig werden als beim Erziehungsgeld - auch solche, die vorher nicht gearbeitet haben. Insgesamt zeichnet sich im Zeitablauf ein deutlicher Anstieg der Erwerbstätigkeit ab." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die auf europäischer Ebene gesetzten Impulse zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt werden von der Bundesregierung und den Spitzenverbänden der deutschen Wirtschaft gemeinsam aufgegriffen mit dem Ziel, die Chancengleichheit in Deutschland zu verbessern. Grundlage dafür ist weiterhin die 'Vereinbarung zwischen der Bundesregierung und den Spitzenverbänden der deutschen Wirtschaft zur Förderung der Chancengleichheit von Frauen und Männern in der Privatwirtschaft' aus dem Jahr 2001. In der nun vorliegenden dritten Bilanz der Vereinbarung wird der Stand der Chancengleichheit von Frauen und Männern in der Wirtschaft nicht nur national, sondern auch dort, wo es die Datenlage ermöglicht, im europäischen Vergleich dargestellt. In solchen Vergleichen liegt die Chance, sich der Situation im eigenen Land besser bewusst zu werden. 2006 lag die Frauenerwerbstätigenquote in Deutschland bei 62,2 %. Damit liegen wir bereits heute über den Zielvorgaben der Lissabon-Strategie, nach der bis zum Jahr 2010 eine Frauenerwerbstätigenquote von über 60 % erreicht sein soll. Deutschland liegt damit auch über dem Europäischen Durchschnitt von 57,2 % Frauenerwerbstätigenquote im Jahr 2006 und im Vergleich zu anderen Mitgliedstaaten im oberen Mittelfeld." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Andersson, Gunnar & Kirk Scott (2007): Childbearing dynamics of couples in a universalistic welfare state. The role of labormarket status, country of origin, and gender. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 17, S. 897-938. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2007.17.30

Abstract

"This article studies childbearing dynamics by labor-market status of co-residing parents in Sweden. We apply event-history techniques to longitudinal register data on the life histories of foreign-born mothers from ten different countries and the partners to these women, as well as to a sample of Swedish-born mothers and their partners. The context is a universalistic welfare state geared towards gender and social equality where formal social rights are largely independent of a person's civil status, citizenship, and country of origin. We investigate the extent to which the associations of parents' labor-market status with childbearing in Sweden differ between women and men and by country of origin. We find that the patterns of association are fairly similar on both of these individual dimensions. As measured by the way the labor-market activity of parents is related to their subsequent childbearing, we find evidence of equality by gender and at least some evidence of integration of immigrants into the dynamics of Swedish society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bernhard, Sarah & Karin Kurz (2007): Familie und Arbeitsmarkt. Eine Längsschnittstudie zum Einfluss beruflicher Unsicherheiten auf die Familienerweiterung. (IAB-Discussion Paper 10/2007), Nürnberg, 40 S.

Abstract

"In der Studie werden die Auswirkungen von Unsicherheiten auf dem Arbeitsmarkt auf die Entscheidung für oder gegen ein zweites Kind bei Müttern und Vätern in Deutschland analysiert. Mit Daten des sozioökonomischen Panels werden Piecewise-constant-exponential-Modelle für die Entscheidung zum zweiten Kind geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse verweisen einerseits auf die weitgehende Verbreitung des Modells des männlichen Ernährers in Deutschland: So neigen höher gebildete Männer - von denen erwartet werden kann, dass sie auch ein höheres Einkommen realisieren können - eher dazu ihre Familie zu erweitern als weniger gebildete Männer. Außerdem entscheiden sich nichterwerbstätige oder teilzeitbeschäftigte Frauen eher für das zweite Kind als vollzeiterwerbstätige Frauen. Andererseits werden gewisse Auflösungstendenzen der traditionellen Rollenverteilung deutlich: Männer in unsicheren Beschäftigungspositionen sind nicht weniger geneigt, sich für ein zweites Kind zu entscheiden als Männer in beruflicher Sicherheit. Frauen schieben, wenn sie eine neue Stelle antreten, die Entscheidung für ein weiteres Kind zunächst auf. Frauen in befristeter Beschäftigung sind ebenfalls eher weniger geneigt, sich für ein zweites Kind zu entscheiden als unbefristet beschäftigte Mütter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Blau, Francine D. & Lawrence M. Kahn (2007): Changes in the labor supply behavior of married women: 1980-2000. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 393-438.

Abstract

"Using March Current Population Survey data, we investigate married women's labor supply from 1980 to 2000. We find a large rightward shift in their labor supply function for annual hours in the 1980s, with little shift in the 1990s. These shifts account for most of the slowdown in the growth of labor supply during this period. A major development was the dramatic decrease in the responsiveness of married women's labor supply to their own and husbands' wages: their own wage elasticity fell by 50%-56%, while their cross wage elasticity fell by 38%-47% in absolute value." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bloom, David E., David Canning, Günther Fink & Jocelyn E. Finlay (2007): Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend. (NBER working paper 13583), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w13583

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of fertility on female labor force participation in a cross-country panel data set using abortion legislation as an instrument for fertility. We find a large negative effect of the fertility rate on female labor force participation. The direct effect is concentrated among those aged 20-39, but we find that cohort participation is persistent over time giving an effect among older women. We present a simulation model of the effect of fertility reduction on income per capita, taking into account these changes in female labor force participation as well as population numbers and age structure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brown, Richard & Lucy Joyce (2007): New deal for lone parents. Non-participation qualitative research. (Department for Work and Pensions. Research report 408), London, 82 S.

Abstract

"The New Deal for Lone Parents programme is part of the Government's 'Welfare to Work' agenda and is designed to help lone parents move closer to the labour market and into work. Participation in the programme is voluntary. Previous survey findings have suggested that the majority of those that do not take part in the programme are unable to provide specific reasons for non-participation. This report explores this phenomenon and tries to establish the reasons for non-participation. The research consisted of in-depth interviews with lone parents and lone parent advisers as well as focus groups; and observations of Work Focused Interviews. The research was conducted by BMRB Social Research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bygren, Magnus & Michael Gähler (2007): The gender gap in workplace authority in Sweden 1968-2000. A family affair? (Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation. Working paper 2007,28), Uppsala, 41 S.

Abstract

"We assess whether the gender gap in authority in Sweden has changed during the period 1968-2000, and investigate to what extent family factors are responsible for this gap. We find that the gap has narrowed modestly during this period, and identify the life-event of parenthood as a major cause of the gap. When men become fathers, they gain authority; when women become mothers, they do not. Our fixed effects panel estimates of the effects of family factors deviate from the cross-sectional estimates, suggesting that unobserved individual heterogeneity - routinely neglected in this line of research - matters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bütler, Monika (2007): Arbeiten lohnt sich nicht - ein zweites Kind noch weniger. Zu den Auswirkungen einkommensabhängiger Tarife auf das (Arbeitsmarkt-) Verhalten der Frauen. In: Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2516.2007.00227.x

Abstract

Staatliche Unterstützungsleistungen der Kinderbetreuung sollen es Müttern mit kleinen Kindern erleichtern, eine Erwerbsarbeit aufzunehmen. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass das zur Zeit in der Schweiz vorherrschende System der einkommensabhängigen Subventionierung (das aktuell auch in Deutschland diskutiert wird) starke negative Anreize in Bezug auf die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit speziell für qualifizierten Frauen schafft. Das Beispiel der Stadt Zürich zeigt, dass Krippenplätze für nicht arbeitende Mütter am günstigsten sind, und dass es sich für Mütter nicht lohnt, mehr als einen bis drei Tage pro Woche zu arbeiten, weil jeder Anstieg der Arbeitszeiten zu einem überproportionalen Anstieg der Kinderbetreuungskosten führt. Bei mehr als zwei Kindern übersteigen die Steuern und zusätzlichen Kosten oft sogar das erzielbare Einkommen. Wenn man diese Mütter aus dem Arbeitsmarkt herausdrängt, hat dies einen Verlust an Humankapital und Steuereinnahmen zur Folge. (IAB)

Zitatform

Cohany, Sharon R. & Emy Sok (2007): Trends in labor force participation of married mothers of infants. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 2, S. 9-16.

Abstract

"The most striking feature of women's labor market gains during the post-World War II period was the entry of married mothers into the work force. In 1948, only about 17 percent of married mothers were in the labor force. By the 1980s, labor force participation had become an integral part of their lives. In 1985, for example, 61 percent of married mothers were working or looking for work. By 1995, their labor force participation rate had reached 70 percent. In fact, married mothers accounted for most of the increase in total labor force participation during the post-war period. In recent years, however, the labor force participation of married mothers, especially those with young children, has stopped its advance. In 2005, the participation rate of married mothers with preschoolers was 60 percent, about 4 percentage points lower than its peak in 1997 and 1998. Married mothers with children under a year old (infants) showed the most dramatic changes. After reaching a peak of 59.2 percent in 1997, the participation rate for married mothers of infants fell by about 6 percentage points to 53.3 percent in 2000 and has shown no clear trend since then. In comparison, the participation rate of married mothers of school-age children (aged 6 to 17) fell by just 2 percentage points, from 77 percent in 1997 to about 75 percent in 2005. This article explores the characteristics of married mothers of infants and recent trends in their labor force participation. The data in this article are from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of 60,000 households that provides a large amount of demographic, family relationship, and labor force information." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Coneus, Katja, Kathrin Goeggel & Grit Muehler (2007): Determinants of child care participation. (ZEW discussion paper 2007-074), Mannheim, 21 S.

Abstract

"When estimating the determinants of child care participation, the simultaneity in mothers' decision to work and in the decision to use child care is a major challenge. In this study, we provide evidence on the determinants of institutional child care use accounting for the endogeneity of mothers' labor supply by applying an instrumental variables approach. This endogeneity has been neglected in studies on this issue so far, even though the decision to use child care outside the home is strongly connected to mothers' decision to work after childbirth and vice versa. Based on the German Socio-economic Panel (GSOEP) from 1989-2006 we show that children living in Western Germany have a higher probability to attend institutional care if their mothers increase their actual weekly working time. Estimating the determining factors of child care participation without correcting for simultaneity underestimates the influence of maternal working time by more than a half." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Correll, Shelley J., Stephen Benard & In Paik (2007): Getting a job. Is there a motherhood penalty? In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 112, H. 5, S. 1297-1338.

Abstract

"Survey research finds that mothers suffer a substantial wage penalty, although the causal mechanism producing it remains elusive. The authors employed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the hypothesis that status-based discrimination plays an important role and an audit study of actual employers to assess its real-world implications. In both studies, participants evaluated application materials for a pair of same-gender equally qualified job candidates who differed on parental status. The laboratory experiment found that mothers were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for, and sometimes benefited from, being a parent. The audit study showed that actual employers discriminate against mothers, but not against fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cromartie, Stella Potter (2007): Labor force status of families. A visual essay. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 130, H. 7/8, S. 35-41.

Abstract

"This visual essay presents highlights of data on employment and unemployment within families. Over time, work patterns within families have changed dramatically, particularly as women - notably married women and mothers - have entered the labor force. Labor force patterns vary by family type and by race and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. The estimates in this visual essay are based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national sample survey of about 60,000 households conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dearing, Helene, Helmut Hofer, Christine Lietz, Rudolf Winter-Ebmer & Katharina Wrohlich (2007): Why are mothers working longer hours in Austria than in Germany? A comparative micro simulation analysis. (IZA discussion paper 2845), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Labor force participation rates of mothers in Austria and Germany are similar, however full-time employment rates are much higher among Austrian mothers. In order to find out to what extent these differences can be attributed to differences in the tax transfer-system, we perform a comparative micro simulation exercise. After estimating structural labor supply models of both countries, we interchange two important institutional characteristics of the two countries, namely (i) the definition of the tax unit within the personal income tax and (ii) the parental leave benefit scheme. As our analysis shows, differences in mothers' employment patterns can partly be explained by the different tax systems: While Germany has a system of joint taxation with income splitting for married couples, Austria taxes everyone individually, which leads to lower marginal tax rates for secondary earners than the German system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Duguet, Emmanuel & Veronique Simonnet (2007): Labor market participation in France. An asymptotic least squares analysis of couples' decisions. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 5, H. 2, S. 159-179. DOI:10.1007/s11150-007-9008-z

Abstract

"This paper examines the interactions between spouses' decisions to join the labor force. We use the asymptotic least squares method in order to estimate a system of equations with limited dependent variables. We find that when spouse's decision-making is modelled as simultaneous, this affects primarily the man's participation equation who appears to be positively influenced by whether the woman works or not, by the number of children and by the birth of a child. The woman's decision to participate is not affected by whether the man participates or not and depends negatively of the number of children and the birth of a child. This implies that there is a female leadership in decisions to participate in the labor market and that the added-worker effect should be reinterpreted as a function of demography rather than unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dunkelberg, Annalena & C. Katharina Spieß (2007): The impact of child and maternal health indicators on female labor force participation after childbirth. Evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 686), Berlin, 27 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the influence of children's health and mothers' physical and mental wellbeing on female labor force participation after childbirth in Germany. Our analysis uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study, which enables us to measure children's health based on the occurrence of severe health problems including mental and physical disabilities, hospitalizations, and preterm births. Since child health is measured at a very young age, we can rule out any of the reverse effects of maternal employment on child health identified in US studies. Within a two-year time period, we investigate the influence of these indicators on various aspects of female labor force participation after childbirth, including continuous labor force participation in the year of childbirth and the transition to employment in the year following childbirth. Since the majority of women in Germany do not go back to work within a year after childbirth, we also investigate their intention to return to work, and the preferred number of working hours. We find that the child's severe health problems have a significant negative effect on the mothers' labor force participation and a significant positive effect on her preferred number of working hours, but that hospitalizations or preterm births have no significant effect. For the mothers' own health, we find a significant negative effect of poor mental and physical wellbeing on female labor force participation within a year of childbirth. To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study of this kind on data outside the US." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dupuy, Arnaud & Daniel Fernandez-Kranz (2007): International differences in the family gap in pay. The role of labor market institutions. (IZA discussion paper 2719), Bonn, 38 S.

Abstract

"Using microdata for 35 countries over the period 1985-1994-2002 we find that labor market institutions traditionally associated to more compressed wage structures are associated to a higher family gap. Our results indicate that these policies reduce the price effect of having children but aggravate the human capital loss due to motherhood. We also find evidence that policies that help women continue in the same job after childbirth decrease the family gap. Of all the countries we study, mothers in Southern Europe suffer the biggest family gap and our analysis indicates that this is due to the bad combination of labor market policies in these countries. Our results are robust to specification changes and indicate that the main reason mothers lag behind other women in terms of earnings is the loss of accumulated job market experience caused by career breaks around childbirth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Eichhorst, Werner, Lutz C. Kaiser, Eric Thode & Verena Tobsch (2007): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf im internationalen Vergleich. Zwischen Paradigma und Praxis. Gütersloh: Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, 132 S.

Abstract

"Bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen liegt Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich weit zurück - aber nicht, weil Frauen hierzulande nicht arbeiten gehen wollen. Im Gegenteil: Gerade junge Eltern wünschen sich eine Berufstätigkeit für die Mutter, vom Teilzeitjob bis zur vollen Stelle. Doch die gesellschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen sind dafür bislang wenig günstig. Was muss sich ändern, damit Frauen berufliche Entwicklung und Kindererziehung miteinander in Einklang bringen können? Die Autorinnen und Autoren dieses Buches beleuchten familienpolitische Instrumente, sozial- und arbeitsmarktpolitische Regelungen sowie die Möglichkeiten, die Krippen, Kindergärten und Schulen für die Kinderbetreuung bieten. Einbezogen werden Beispiele aus dem Ausland, die wichtige Denkanstöße für die deutsche Debatte geben können. Hier geht es nicht nur um Chancengleichheit für Frauen. Erst wenn ihr Arbeitskräftepotenzial mobilisiert wird, kann es gelingen, die Engpässe auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, die der demographische Wandel mit sich bringt, zu begrenzen. Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf wird so zu einer zentralen Aufgabe der Beschäftigungspolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Faria, Joao Ricardo & Le Wang (2007): Employment and fertility choice. A differential game approach. In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 10, H. 9, S. 1-10.

Abstract

"For OECD countries there is an intriguing variety of combinations between total fertility rate (TFR) and female labor force participation rate (FPR) suggesting the existence of multiple equilibria. This paper provides a differential game framework where the employment choices by husband and wife affect a family's fertility. The model has multiple open-loop equilibria characterized by different combinations of FPR and TFR that are consistent with the empirical cross-country evidence. The dynamic trajectory from one equilibrium point to another also sheds lights on possible demographic transition of individual countries as displayed in their time series data. The model stresses that the husband's employment decisions are as important as wife's in determining family size." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Flood, Lennart, Roger Wahlberg & Elina Pylkkänen (2007): From welfare to work. Evaluating a tax and benefit reform targeted at single mothers in Sweden. In: Labour, Jg. 21, H. 3, S. 443-471.

Abstract

"In this paper we evaluate a hypothetical tax and benefit reform to increase the working hours and to decrease welfare participation of single mothers in Sweden. We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the Sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a Small revenue surplus." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Francesconi, Marco, Helmut Rainer & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2007): The effects of in-work benefit reform in Britain on couples. Theory and evidence. (IZA discussion paper 2980), München, 75 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the effects of the Working Families' Tax Credit (WFTC) on couples in Britain. We develop a simple model of household decisions which explicitly accounts for the role played by the tax and benefit system. Its main implications are then tested using panel data from the British Household Panel Survey collected between 1991 and 2002. Overall, the financial incentives of the reform had negligible effects on a wide range of married mothers' decisions, such as eligible (working at least 16 hours per week) and full-time employment (working at least 30 hours per week), employment transitions, childcare use, and divorce rates. Women's responses, however, were highly heterogeneous, depending on their partners' labour supply and earnings. Mothers married to low-income men showed larger responses in employment, especially if they had younger children. They were more likely to remain in the labour force and had higher rates at which they entered it. While more likely to receive the tax credit, they also experienced a greater risk of divorce. We find virtually no effect for women with higher-income husbands. Likewise, there are no statistically significant responses among married men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Francesconi, Marco & Wilbert van der Klaauw (2007): The socioeconomic consequences of "in-work" benefit reform for British lone mothers. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 42, H. 1, S. 1-31.

Abstract

"In October 1999, the British government enacted the Working Families' Tax Credit, which aimed at encouraging work among low-income families with children. This paper uses panel data collected between 1991 and 2001 to evaluate the effect of this reform on single mothers. We find that the reform led to a substantial increase in their employment rate of about five percentage points, which was driven by both a higher rate at which lone mothers remained in the labor force and a higher rate at which they entered it. Women's responses were highly heterogeneous, with effects double this size for mothers with one preschool-aged child, and virtually no effect for mothers with multiple older children. The employment increase was accompanied by significant increases in paid childcare utilization and our analysis in fact suggests that the generous childcare credit component of the reform played a key role in explaining the estimated employment and childcare usage responses. We also find that the increase in labor market participation was accompanied by reductions in single mothers' subsequent fertility and in the rate at which they married, behavioral responses, which in turn are likely to influence the reform's overall impact on child poverty and welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geyer, Johannes & Viktor Steiner (2007): Short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on mothers' employment and working hours across institutional regimes. An empirical analysis based on the European community household panel. (IZA discussion paper 6293), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"The employment behavior of mothers is strongly influenced by labor market regulations and certain institutional arrangements, which both vary greatly across European countries. Using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) 1994-2001 for Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, which represent four distinct 'institutional regimes', we estimate the short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on married women's employment and working hours. Estimation results show that these effects vary across the four countries in accordance with prevailing institutional regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geyer, Johannes & Viktor Steiner (2007): Short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on mothers' employment and working hours across institutional regimes. An empirical analysis based on the European community household panel. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 682), Berlin, 24 S.

Abstract

"The employment behavior of mothers is strongly influenced by labor market regulations and certain institutional arrangements, which both vary greatly across European countries. Using the European Community Household Panel (ECHP) 1994-2001 for Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, which represent four distinct 'institutional regimes', we estimate the short-run and long-term effects of childbirth on married women's employment and working hours. Estimation results show that these effects vary across the four countries in accordance with prevailing institutional regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gregg, Paul, Maria Gutierrez-Domenech & Jane Waldfogel (2007): The employment of married mothers in Great Britain, 1974-2000. In: Economica, Jg. 74, H. 296, S. 842-864. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0335.2006.00574.x

Abstract

"This paper analyses the increase in mothers' employment in Britain over 1974-2000 using the General Household Survey. We isolated those birth cohorts whose mothers experienced significant increases in employment and compared those increases to changes in policies. The results suggest that maternity rights have had a profound effect an employment, but this effect varies by the wage opportunities of mothers. Maternity rights have induced a behaviour change in when mothers return to work. Many who previously would not have gone back to work until their children were age 3-5 are now returning to work within the first year. This effect has been most marked among better educated and higher paid mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))