Zitatform

Berger, Eva M. & Luke Haywood (2016): Locus of control and mothers' return to employment. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1586), Berlin, 51 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the effect of locus of control (LOC) on the length of mothers' employment break after childbirth. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), duration data reveals that women with an internal LOC return to employment more quickly than women with an external LOC. We find evidence that this effect is mainly related to differential appreciation of the career costs of longer maternity leave. Given the high level of job protection enjoyed by mothers in Germany, economic consequences of differences in this non-cognitive skill can be expected to be larger in other settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bernhardt, Janine, Lena Hipp & Jutta Allmendinger (2016): Warum nicht fifty-fifty? Betriebliche Rahmenbedingungen der Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Fürsorgearbeit in Paarfamilien. (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2016-501), Berlin, 140 S.

Abstract

"Wie kann Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie gelingen - und zwar sowohl bei Frauen als auch bei Männern? Ziel des Forschungsprojektes 'Betriebliche Gelingensbedingungen einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit' war es herauszufinden, unter welchen Bedingungen sich Väter und Mütter Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit ausgewogen aufteilen. Unsere Auswertungen qualitativer und quantitativer Daten aus dem Jahr 2015 zeigen, dass sich in Deutschland Eltern kleiner Kinder - insbesondere Väter - eine egalitärere Aufteilung von Erwerbsarbeits- und Elternzeiten wünschen und die Aufteilung von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeit immer wieder neu überdenken und an veränderte Situationen anpassen möchten. Finanzielle Möglichkeiten und betriebliche Rahmenbedingungen beschränken jedoch oftmals die Umsetzung dieser Wünsche. Eine egalitäre Aufteilung von Familien- und Erwerbsarbeitszeiten ist dann eher möglich, wenn Eltern in Betrieben arbeiten, die Familienfreundlichkeit mit Gleichstellungszielen verbinden. Derzeit arbeitet rund ein Fünftel der Eltern kleiner Kinder in Deutschland in solchen Betrieben. Gute Vereinbarkeit lohnt sich auch aus unternehmerischer Sicht, denn sie geht seltener mit Zeitkonflikten, dafür mit höherer betrieblicher Verbundenheit und weniger Kündigungsabsichten einher." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bick, Alexander (2016): The quantitative role of child care for female labor force participation and fertility. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 639-668. DOI:10.1111/jeea.12143

Abstract

"I document that the labor force participation rate of West German mothers with children aged zero to two exceeds the corresponding child-care enrollment rate, while the opposite is true for mothers whose children are older than two but below the mandatory schooling age. These facts also hold for a cross-section of E.U. countries. I develop a life-cycle model that explicitly accounts for this age-dependent relationship by including various types of nonpaid and paid child care. I calibrate this model to data for West Germany and use the calibrated model for policy analysis. Increasing the supply of subsidized child care for children aged zero to two generates an increase in the maternal labor force participation rate consistent with empirical evidence from other settings; however, this increase is too small to conclude that the lack of subsidized child care accounts for the low labor force participation rate of mothers with children aged zero to two. The response along the intensive margin suggests that a large fraction of part-time working mothers would work full-time if they had greater access to subsidized child care. Finally, making subsidized child care available to more women does not achieve one of the commonly stated goals of such reforms, namely to increase the fertility rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brady, Michelle (2016): Gluing, catching and connecting: how informal childcare strengthens single mothers' employment trajectories. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 821-837. DOI:10.1177/0950017016630259

Abstract

"Research on single mothers' employment overwhelmingly focuses on the importance of access to formal childcare at a single point in time. However, to understand the relationship between childcare and single mothers' employment we must consider their access to and use of multiple forms of childcare - their childcare packages - and how these change over time. Drawing on a longitudinal qualitative study and employing the concepts of 'caringscapes' and 'work-time/childcare-time', this article highlights how childcare packages shape single mothers' employment trajectories. Informal carers play a crucial role within mixed (formal and informal) childcare packages in helping mothers bring children's needs, work-time and childcare-time into alignment, thus strengthening their employment trajectories. Informal carers achieve this effect by: (1) increasing the total hours of non-parental care; (2) 'gluing' together complex jigsaws of care; (3) offering a 'safety net' in times of crisis; and (4) playing a 'connector' role during employment transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bremhorst, Vincent, Michaela Kreyenfeld & Philippe Lambert (2016): Fertility progression in Germany. An analysis using flexible nonparametric cure survival models. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 505-534. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.18

Abstract

"Objective: This paper uses data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to study the transition to second and third births. In particular, we seek to distinguish the factors that determine the timing of fertility from the factors that influence ultimate parity progression.
Methods: We employ cure survival models, a technique commonly used in epidemiological studies and in the statistical literature but only rarely applied to fertility research.
Results: We find that education has a different impact on the timing and the ultimate probability of having a second and a third birth. Furthermore, we show that the shape of the fertility schedule for the total population differs from that of 'susceptible women' (i.e., those who have a second or a third child).
Conclusions: Standard event history models conflate timing and quantum effects. Our approach overcomes this shortcoming. It estimates separate parameters for the hazard rate of having a next child for the 'susceptible population' and the ultimate probability of having another child for the entire population at risk.
Contribution: We go beyond standard cure survival models, also known as split population models, used in fertility research by specifying a flexible non-parametric model using Bayesian P-splines for the latent distribution (related to the timing of an extra birth) instead of a parametric model. Our approach is, so far, limited to time-constant covariates, but can be extended to include time-varying covariates as well." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Brewer, Mike, Sarah Cattan, Claire Crawford & Birgitta Rabe (2016): Free childcare and parents' labour supply. Is more better? (IZA discussion paper 10415), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"Despite the introduction of childcare subsidies in many countries, the cost of childcare is still thought to hinder parental employment. Many governments are considering increasing the generosity of their childcare subsidies, but the a priori effect of such a policy is ambiguous and little is known empirically about its likely impact. This paper compares the effects on parents' labour supply of offering free part-time childcare and of expanding this offer to the whole school day in England using an empirical strategy which, unlike previous studies, exploits both date of birth discontinuities and panel data. We find that the provision of free part-time childcare has little, if any, causal impact on the labour market outcomes of mothers or fathers. Increasing the number of hours of free childcare to cover a full school day, however, leads to significant increases in the labour supply of mothers whose youngest child is eligible, with impacts emerging immediately and increasing over the months following entitlement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Broadway, Barbara, Guyonne Kalb, Duncan McVicar & Bill Martin (2016): The impact of paid parental leave on labour supply and employment outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 9801), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"The introduction of the Australian Paid Parental Leave scheme in 2011 provides a rare opportunity to estimate the labour supply and employment impacts of publicly-funded paid leave on mothers in the first year post-partum. The almost universal coverage of the scheme coupled with detailed survey data collected specifically for this purpose means that eligibility for paid leave under the scheme can be plausibly taken as exogenous following a standard propensity score matching exercise. In line with much of the existing literature, we find a positive impact on leave taking in the first half year and on the probability of eventually returning to work in the first year. The paper provides new evidence of a positive impact on continuing in the same job and under the same conditions. Further new evidence shows that disadvantaged mothers - low income, less educated, without access to employer-funded leave - respond most to the scheme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Budig, Michelle J., Joya Misra & Irene Boeckmann (2016): Work - family policy trade-offs for mothers? Unpacking the cross-national variation in motherhood earnings penalties. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 2, S. 119-177. DOI:10.1177/0730888415615385

Abstract

"Recent scholarship suggests welfare state interventions, as measured by policy indices, create gendered trade-offs wherein reduced work - family conflict corresponds to greater gender wage inequality. The authors reconsider these trade-offs by unpacking these indices and examining specific policy relationships with motherhood-based wage inequality to consider how different policies have different effects. Using original policy data and Luxembourg Income Study microdata, multilevel models across 22 countries examine the relationships among country-level family policies, tax policies, and the motherhood wage penalty. The authors find policies that maintain maternal labor market attachment through moderate-length leaves, publicly funded childcare, lower marginal tax rates on second earners, and paternity leave are correlated with smaller motherhood wage penalties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Parenthood, child care, and nonstandard work schedules in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 295-314. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2016.1153698

Abstract

"An increasing proportion of the European labor force works in the evening, at night or on weekends. Because nonstandard work schedules are associated with a number of negative outcomes for families and children, parents may seek to avoid such schedules. However, for parents with insufficient access to formal child care, working nonstandard hours or days may be an adaptive strategy used to manage child-care needs. It enables 'split-shift' parenting, where parents work alternate schedules, allowing one of the two to be at home looking after the children. This study examines the prevalence of nonstandard work schedules among parents and nonparents in 22 European countries. Specifically, we ask whether the provision of formal child care influences the extent to which parents of preschool-aged children work nonstandard schedules. Using data from the European Social Survey and multilevel models, we find evidence that the availability of formal child care reduces nonstandard work among parents. This indicates that access to formal child care enables parents to work standard schedules. To the extent that nonstandard work schedules are negatively associated with child wellbeing, access to formal child care protects children from the adverse effects of their parents' evening and night work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Castro-García, Carmen & Maria Pazos-Moran (2016): Parental leave policy and gender equality in Europe. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 22, H. 3, S. 51-73. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2015.1082033

Abstract

"This article uses data from 2008 - 10 to analyze parental leave policies in twenty-one European countries and their influence on men's behavior. It examines entitlement characteristics, such as nontransferability, duration, payment, compulsory period, and other policies to assess their effect on the proportion of leave men use out of the total parental leave in each country. The findings, which suggest that a large majority of men take nontransferable and highly paid leave, and a small minority take other types, provide the basis for developing the Parental Leave Equality Index (PLEI). PLEI ranks countries by the degree to which parental leave policies reinforce or diminish the gendered division of labor. Results indicate that although Iceland's parental leave policies do the most to advance gender equity, no country has equal, nontransferable, and well-paid leave for each parent. This policy arrangement would be a precondition to men's and women's equal participation in childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cools, Sara & Marte Ström (2016): Parenthood wage penalties in a double income society. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 391-416. DOI:10.1007/s11150-014-9244-y

Abstract

"We estimate how parenthood affects hourly wages using panel data for Norwegian employees in the years 1997 - 2007. Though smaller than for most other OECD countries, we find substantial wage penalties to motherhood, ranging from a 1.2 % wage reduction for women with lower secondary education to 4.9 % for women with more than four years of higher education. Human capital measures such as work experience and paid parental leave do not explain the wage penalties, indicating that in the Norwegian institutional context, mothers are protected from adverse wage effects due to career breaks. We do however find large heterogeneity in the effects, with the largest penalties for mothers working full time and in the private sector. Contrary to most studies using US data and to previous research from Norway, we find a small wage penalty also to fatherhood. Also for men, the penalty is greater for those who work full time and in the private sector. A substantial share of the fatherhood wage penalty is explained by paternity leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dahl, Gordon B., Katrine V. Løken, Magne Mogstad & Kari Vea Salvanes (2016): What is the case for paid maternity leave? In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 98, H. 4, S. 655-670. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00602

Abstract

"We assess the case for generous government-funded maternity leave, focusing on a series of policy reforms in Norway that expanded paid leave from 18 to 35 weeks. We find the reforms do not crowd out unpaid leave and that mothers spend more time at home without a reduction in family income. The increased maternity leave has little effect on children's schooling, parental earnings and labor force participation, completed fertility, marriage, or divorce. The expansions, whose net costs amounted to 0.25% of GDP, have negative redistribution properties and imply a considerable increases in taxes at a cost to economic efficiency." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))

Zitatform

Diener, Katharina (2016): Modellprogramm für Berufsrückkehrerinnen. In: C. Kreklau (Hrsg.) (2016): Grundlagen der Weiterbildung : Praxishilfen, S. 1-18.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in die Arbeit von Projektträgern (z.B. Beratungsstellen für Frauen oder Berufsbildungsträgern), die Frauen im Rahmen des ESF-Modellprogramms 'Perspektive Wiedereinstieg' auf ihrem Weg in die Berufstätigkeit nach einer mindestens dreijährigen Familienphase unterstützt haben. Im Folgenden werden dazu ausgewählte empirische Ergebnisse des IAB Forschungsprojekts zu dem Modellprogramm vorgestellt (Diener et al. 2015a, 2015b). Der Beitrag ist wie folgt aufgebaut: Abschnitt zwei und drei enthalten eine kurze Beschreibung des ESF-Modellprogramms 'Perspektive Wiedereinstieg' und des dazugehörigen Forschungsprojekts des IAB zu dem ESF-Modellprogramm. Der vierte Abschnitt stellt potentielle Wiedereinsteigerinnen vor. Welche Merkmale zeichnen sie aus? Welche Qualifikationen aber auch Bedarfe bringen die Frauen mit? Im fünften Abschnitt geht es um den Wiedereinstiegsprozess. Welche Fördermodule der Projektträger kamen besonders gut an und wurden angeboten? Aber auch, wie zufrieden sind die Frauen mit ihrer Betreuung und welche Arbeitszeitwünsche äußern sie im Voraus? Danach wird in Abschnitt sechs der berufliche Wiedereinstieg näher betrachtet: Wie hoch sind die Erwerbsquoten der Frauen und in welchem Umfang sind sie wieder erwerbstätig? Außerdem interessiert im vorletzten Abschnitt, welche Rolle der Partner und andere Mitglieder des sozialen Umfelds sowie die Nutzung von haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen beim beruflichen Wiedereinstieg spielen. Abschnitt 8 gibt eine kurze Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Ergebnisse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Edlund, Jonas & Ida Öun (2016): Who should work and who should care? Attitudes towards the desirable division of labour between mothers and fathers in five European countries. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 59, H. 2, S. 151-169. DOI:10.1177/0001699316631024

Abstract

"In this article, we study attitudes towards the gendered division of paid and unpaid work from a comparative perspective. Based on the notion that political institutions are important in structuring individuals' orientations, five countries with different family policy arrangements are included in the analysis: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Poland and Sweden. Previous comparative attitude research has a strong bias towards public opinion about women's employment, while research on attitudes towards men's participation in care work is rare. Drawing on data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) 2012, we use latent class analysis to explore public opinion about: (a) how parents should divide the responsibilities of economic provision and unpaid work; and (b) whether and how parents should divide paid parental leave between them. The strongest support for a traditional organization of work and care is found in Poland, while the strongest support for an equal sharing of work and care responsibilities is found in Sweden. Among the Nordic countries, results differ. While those holding non-traditional ideals in Denmark and Finland emphasize the importance of full-time work for both parents, non-traditional Swedes instead emphasize that both parents should cut back their work hours and thereby share the responsibility for earning and caring in the family." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Evertsson, Marie, Daniela Grunow & Silke Aisenbrey (2016): Work interruptions and young women's career prospects in Germany, Sweden and the US. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 291-308. DOI:10.1177/0950017015598283

Abstract

"This article assesses the impact of discontinuous work histories on young women's occupational mobility in Germany, Sweden and the US. Women with continuous work histories are compared with those with gaps due to family leave, unemployment, or other reasons. The German Life History Study, the Swedish Level of Living Survey and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Youth are used to estimate Cox regression models of the transition rate to downward or upward occupational mobility. The results indicate that US women face increased downward mobility with increasing duration of both family leave and unemployment. German women with unemployment experience are also more likely to encounter downward mobility, but no such relationship is found for family leave. In Sweden, family leave experience reduces the chances of upward mobility. Results question the human capital approach, according to which skills should deteriorate at the same rate independent of the reason for the leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Felfe, Christina, Michael Lechner & Petra Thiemann (2016): After-school care and parents' labor supply. In: Labour economics, Jg. 42, H. October, S. 64-75. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.06.009

Abstract

"Does the provision of after-school care promote maternal employment and thus help to foster gender equality in labor supply? We address this question by exploiting variation in cantonal (state) regulations of after-school care provision in Switzerland. To establish exogeneity of cantonal regulations with respect to employment opportunities and preferences of the population, we restrict our analysis to confined regions along cantonal borders. While no impact of the after-school care provision on parental employment exists overall, we find a positive impact on the full-time employment of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fitzenberger, Bernd, Susanne Steffes & Anthony Strittmatter (2016): Return-to-job during and after parental leave. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 27, H. 8, S. 803-831., 2016-01-01. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2015.1037328

Abstract

"Despite a rising career orientation among females and growing efforts of firms to alleviate work - family conflicts, female employees often find it difficult to combine career development with having children. Female careers appear more boundary less than male careers, and gender differences in the sociological role model persist. Using exceptional longitudinal company data, this paper studies the return-to-job of female employees after first birth in the case of Germany with long Parental Leave coverage. Parental Leave durations often last for 3 years or longer. Our results show that more than 50% of those in Parental Leave do not return to their job afterwards. About 31% of female employees return to part-time work during Parental Leave, and among these, only 57% continue working in their job after the end of Parental Leave. And, having returned to their job after the end of Parental Leave, only 81% continue to work in their job one year after return. Furthermore, female employees have their first child, when their careers have been particularly successful. Overall, the evidence is consistent with the view that the birth of the first child and the experience of the subsequent work - life conflict can lead to a major reassessment of work preferences among female employees. Although a higher career orientation before birth is positively associated with a return-to-job, management must be aware that a sizeable share of female employees, even among the most career oriented and the most successful, may not return to their job after first birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Forlani, Emanuele, Elisabetta Lodigiani & Concetta Mendolicchio (2016): Natives and migrants in home production: The case of Germany. (DEM working paper series / Università di Pavia 125), Pavia, 25 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we assess the impact of international migration, and the induced homecare service labour supply shock, on fertility decisions and labour supply of native females in Germany. Specifically, we consider individual data of native women from the German Socio- Economic Panel and we merge them with the data on the share of female immigrants and other regional labour market characteristics. We find that an increase of the share of female immigrants at the local level induces women to work longer hours and positively affects the probability to have a child. This effect strengthens for (medium) skilled women and, among them, for women younger than 35 years of age. The negative change in household work attitude confirms the behavioural validity of our results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gambaro, Ludovica, Jan Marcus & Frauke Peter (2016): Ganztagsschule und Hort erhöhen die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern mit Grundschulkindern. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 47, S. 1123-1131.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern ist in Deutschland im Vergleich zu anderen OECD-Ländern noch immer gering. Im Mittelpunkt stand bisher meist die Betreuung von Kindern im Kita-Alter. Doch der Betreuungsbedarf endet nicht mit der Einschulung eines Kindes. Der vorliegende Bericht untersucht auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) daher, inwiefern nachmittägliche Betreuungsmöglichkeiten für Grundschulkinder die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern beeinflussen. Eines der zentralen Ergebnisse: Die institutionalisierte Nachmittagsbetreuung von ErstklässlerInnen in Ganztagsschulen oder Horten sorgt dafür, dass mehr als elf Prozent der Mütter, die vor der Einschulung ihres Kindes nicht berufstätig waren, eine Erwerbstätigkeit aufnehmen. Mütter, die bereits zuvor einem Job nachgingen, weiten ihre Arbeitszeit um durchschnittlich zweieinhalb Stunden pro Woche aus. Damit die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern weiter steigen kann, sollten familienpolitische Maßnahmen nicht nur die Betreuungsangebote für Vorschulkinder, sondern auch für Schulkinder im Blick haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gambaro, Ludovica, Jan Marcus & Frauke Peter (2016): School entry, afternoon care and mothers' labour supply. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1622), Berlin, 37 S.

Abstract

"Most literature on the relationship between childcare availability and maternal labour force participation examines childcare for preschool aged children. Yet families must continue to arrange childcare once their children enter primary school, particularly in countries where the school day ends at lunchtime. In this paper we examine the case of Germany, a country that has moved from an exclusively half-day school system to one where formal afternoon care is increasingly available. We estimate the effect of afternoon care on maternal labour supply. To do so, we use a novel matching technique, entropy balancing, and draw on the rich and longitudinal data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We show that children's afternoon care increases mothers' employment rate and their working hours. To confirm the robustness of our results we conduct a series of sensitivity analysis and apply a newly proposed method to assess possible bias from omitted variables. Our findings highlight how childcare availability shapes maternal employment patterns well after school entry." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gauthier, Anne H., Tom Emery & Alzbeta Bartova (2016): The labour market intentions and behaviour of stay-at-home mothers in Western and Eastern Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 30, H. December, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.12.002

Abstract

"Despite recent increases in female labour force participation across Europe, a non-negligible proportion of women continue to remain out of the labour force for short or longer periods of time. Among the six countries included in this paper, stay-at-home mothers represent on average 33% of all mothers with children under the age of 12. Using two waves of data from the Generations and Gender Survey, we examine cross-national differences in the labour market intentions and behaviour of stay-at-home mothers. In particular, we ask the questions of what individual- and societal-level factors influence stay-at-home mothers' intention to join the labour force, and what factors allow (or prevent) them from realizing their intentions. The results reveal that traditional personal attitudes towards working mothers deter stay-at-home mothers from intending to join the labour force. Moreover, such traditional personal attitudes, combined with financial security, further boost mothers' realization of negative work intention (i.e. the intention to stay at home). We also found some evidence of the role of societal context but only in the realization of negative intention." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geisler, Esther, Michaela Kreyenfeld & Heike Trappe (2016): Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern und Vätern in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Strukturstarre oder Trendwende? In: Archiv für Wissenschaft und Praxis der sozialen Arbeit, Jg. 47, H. 2, S. 4-15.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über wesentliche familienpolitische Reformen der letzten Dekade in Deutschland. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Entwicklungstendenzen der Erwerbsmuster von Müttern und Vätern im Zeitraum von 1996 bis 2011 beschrieben und die veränderte Vereinbarkeitsdebatte diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, © Deutscher Verein für öffentliche und private Fürsorge e.V.)

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Geyer, Johannes & Alexandra Krause (2016): Veränderungen der Erwerbsanreize durch das Elterngeld Plus für Mütter und Väter. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1592), Berlin, 26 S.

Abstract

"Unser Beitrag nimmt die zu erwartenden Effekte des Elterngeld Plus und der Partnerschaftsbonusmonate in den Blick. Dem Reformziel entsprechend betrachten wir zum einen die Anreize für die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern im ersten und zweiten Jahr nach der Geburt und zum anderen die möglichen Wirkungen auf die Beteiligung der Väter an der Elterngeldnutzung. Das Elterngeld wurde inzwischen acht Jahre lang erprobt, und die Einführung des Elterngeld Plus reagiert auf mittlerweile vorliegende Erfahrungen und Evaluationsergebnisse, auf die sich auch unser eigener Beitrag stützt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Grunow, Daniela & Silke Aisenbrey (2016): Economic instability and mothers' employment. A comparison of Germany and the U.S. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 5-15. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.09.005

Abstract

"Do economic fluctuations change the labour market attachment of mothers? How is the reentry process into the labour market after childbirth dependent on the country context women live in? Are these processes affected by occupational status? We address these questions using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth and the German Life History Study. Event history analyses demonstrate that in Germany and the United States, mothers who work in high occupational status jobs before birth return more quickly to their jobs and are less likely to interrupt their careers. During legally protected leave periods, mothers return at higher rates, exemplifying that family leaves strengthen mothers' labour force attachment. Economic fluctuations mediate this latter finding, with different consequences in each country. In the United States, mothers tend to return to their jobs faster when unemployment is high. In Germany, mothers on family leave tend to return to their jobs later when unemployment is high. The cross-national comparison shows how similar market forces create distinct responses in balancing work and care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Harkness, Susan E. (2016): The effect of motherhood and lone motherhood on the employment and earnings of British women. A lifecycle approach. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 850-863. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw042

Abstract

"This article examines the effect of becoming a first-time mother and subsequent, or concurrent, transitions to lone parenthood on women's employment and wages. Using longitudinal British Household Panel Survey data and fixed-effect models we find the arrival of a first child to have a substantial effect on employment and wages (n?=?1,133 individuals; 13,369 observations). Employment rates fall 20 percentage points (ppt), and fulltime employment 44-ppt, following a first child's birth and do not recover with time. Mothers that remain in work also see a sharp drop in the rate of wage growth following childbirth. Yet, in spite of predictions that lone mothers may face greater difficulties combining work and childcare, and therefore suffer greater labour market penalties than mothers with partners, we find little evidence of additional penalties to lone motherhood. There is some evidence of heterogeneity in the relationship between motherhood and employment outcomes by education. Overall we conclude that addressing the problems of low employment and earnings among British lone mothers will require policymakers to deal with the high economic cost of motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Heimer, Andreas, David Juncke, Jan Braukmann, Tilmann Knittel, Stephan Moog, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2016): Zukunftsreport Familie 2030. Berlin, 66 S.

Abstract

"Gelingt es, mit einer forcierten Familienpolitik den Wünschen der Mütter und Väter nach einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Familie und Beruf zu entsprechen, wird sich die sozioökonomische Situation von Familien im Jahr 2030 deutlich verbessern.
Das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien kann um durchschnittlich 1.400 Euro steigen. Die Zahl der Eltern und Kinder, die armutsgefährdet sind, kann um rund 470 Tsd. Personen zurückgehen. Die Zahl der Personen in Haushalten mit SGB-II Bezügen kann sogar um rund 670 Tsd. Personen sinken. Bis 2030 können rund 790 Tsd. Mütter mehr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sein.
Das Gutachten, das verschiedene Szenarien betrachtet, zeigt: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Familienpolitik hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtwirtschaft. Der Anstieg der Erwerbstätigenquote sowie der Erwerbsumfänge führen zu einem Anstieg des Arbeitsvolumens um 3,2 PP. Das führt im Chancen-Szenario bis 2030 zu einer spürbaren Erhöhung des Bruttoinlandprodukts um rund 70 Mrd. Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hipp, Lena & Friederike Molitor (2016): Inanspruchnahme von Elternmonaten. In: Neue Zeitschrift für Familienrecht, Jg. 3, H. 5, S. 192-195.

Abstract

"Seit Inkrafttreten des Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetzes (BEEG) im Jahr 2007 haben sich berufliche Auszeiten von Müttern nach der Geburt eines Kindes im Durchschnitt verkürzt, während die der Väter gestiegen sind. Gleichwohl besteht weiterhin eine Ungleichverteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern bezüglich der Inanspruchnahme und Dauer von Elternzeit. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Gründe, die einer egalitären Aufteilung von Elternzeit entgegenstehen, und geht der Frage nach, wie eine partnerschaftliche Aufteilung von Elternzeit gefördert werden könnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hook, Jennifer L. & Becky Pettit (2016): Reproducing occupational inequality. Motherhood and occupational segregation. In: Social Politics, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 329-362. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxv004

Abstract

"This paper examines how motherhood is associated with occupational segregation, paying careful attention to how motherhood affects labor force withdrawal in ways that may obscure its relevance for occupational segregation. Using data on eleven countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (2000 - 2007), we find that mothers are more likely than childless women to be out of the labor force and both over- and under-represented in certain occupations. Variation in mothers' occupational segregation across countries is consistent with expectations derived from theoretical arguments about how states reconcile, or fail to reconcile, women's employment and motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dulk, Laura den, Hana Hašková, Renata Kyzlinková, Sevil Sümer, Dominique Anxo, Dorota Szelewa & Laura den Dulk (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.

Abstract

"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kumra, Savita, Ruth Simpson & Ronald J. Burke (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of gender in organizations. (Oxford Handbooks in Business and Management), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 584 S. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199658213.001.0001

Abstract

Part I. Theorizing Gender and Organizations
1: Marta Calas, Linda Smircich, Evangelina Holvino: Theorizing Gender-and-Organization: Changing Times, Changing Theories
2: Albert Mills, Jean Helms-Mills, Marianne Paludi: Disturbing Thoughts and Gendered Practices: A Discursive View of Feminist Organizational Analysis
3: Silvia Gherardi: Organizations as Symbolic Gendered Order
4: Heather Höpfl: Was will der Mann?
5: Patricia Lewis: Feminism, Post-Feminism and Emerging Femininities in Entrepreneurship
6: Karen Lee Ashcraft, Kate Lockwood Harris: Meaning that Matters: An Organization Communication perspective on Gender, Discourse, and Materiality.
Part II. Gender in Leadership and Management
7: Alice Eagly, Leire Gartzia, Linda L. Carli: Female Advantage Revisited
8: Isabel Metz, Carol Kulik: The Rocky Climb: Women's Advancement in Management
9: Yvonne du Billing, Mats Alvesson: Leadership: A Matter of Gender?
10: Sharon Mavin, Jannine Williams, Gina Grandy: Negative Intra-gender Relations between Women: Friendship, Competition and Female Misogyny
11: Gary Powell: Sex, Gender & Leadership: What do Four Decades of Research Tell Us?
12: Savita Kumra: Gendered Constructions of Merit and Impression Management within Professional Services Firms
Part III. Gender and Careers
13: Debra Major, Val Streets: Gender & Careers: Obstacles and Opportunities
14: Susanne Bruckmuller, Michelle Ryan, Floor Rink, Alex Haslam: The Glass Cliff: Examining Why Women Occupy Leadership in Precarious Circumstances
15: Yvonne Benschop & Marieke van den Brink: Power and Resistance in Gender Equality Strategies: Comparing Quotas and Small Wins
16: Sandra Fielden, Carianne Hunt: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
17: Ron Burke: Organizational Culture, Work Investments, and the Careers of Men: Disadvantages to Women?
18: Barbara Bagilhole: Challenging Gender Boundaries: Pressures and Constraints on Women in Non-Traditional Occupations
Part IV. Masculinities in Organizations
19: Jeff Hearn: Contextualizing Men, Masculinities, Leadership and Management: Embodied/Virtual, Theory/Practice
20: Stephen Whitehead: Masculinities in Management: Hidden, Invisible & Persistent
21: Nick Rumens: Masculinity and Sexuality at Work: Incorporating Gay and Bisexual Men's Perspectives
22: Ruth Simpson: Doing Gender Differently: Men in Caring Occupations
23: David Knights, Marie Tullberg: Masculinity in the Financial Sector
24: Janne Tienari, Alexei Koveshnikov: Masculinity in Multinationals

Zitatform

Lauber, Verena & Johanna Storck (2016): Betriebliche Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung steigert die Zufriedenheit von Müttern. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 10, S. 187-193.

Abstract

"Familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze werden zunehmend als wesentlich gesehen, um die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf zu erleichtern. Zu den Fragen, welche familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen Unternehmen anbieten und wie sich diese Maßnahmen tatsächlich auf das Wohlbefinden von Eltern auswirken, gibt es jedoch für Deutschland kaum repräsentative Forschungsergebnisse. In dieser Studie wird am Beispiel der betrieblichen Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung untersucht, inwiefern familienfreundliche Arbeitsplätze die Zufriedenheit von Müttern und Vätern mit der Arbeit, der Familie, der Kinderbetreuung sowie dem Leben insgesamt beeinflussen. Auf Basis des Datensatzes 'Familien in Deutschland' kann gezeigt werden, dass die Einführung einer Unterstützung bei der Kinderbetreuung von Seiten des Arbeitgebers die Zufriedenheit von Müttern in fast allen Bereichen signifikant erhöht. Nur die Zufriedenheit mit der Familie ändert sich nicht signifikant. Die Zufriedenheit von Vätern hingegen bleibt von einer solchen Maßnahme weitestgehend unbeeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lietzmann, Torsten & Claudia Wenzig (2016): Institutionelle Kinderbetreuungs- und Erwerbstätigkeitsarrangements in Deutschland. In: T. Lietzmann (2016): Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Erwerbsarbeit im Bereich prekärer Einkommen (IAB-Bibliothek, 357), S. 117-144.

Abstract

"Mit dem Ausbau öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung wird neben dem Ziel der frühkindlichen Bildung vor allem die Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf verbunden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Inanspruchnahme von öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung im Zusammenhang mit der Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern analysiert und die sozialen und ökonomischen Mechanismen betrachtet, die zu selektiven Chancen der Inanspruchnahme führen.
Die Analyse an Hand des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' geht über eine reine Querschnittsbetrachtung hinaus, indem zum einen explizit Panelmodelle zur Erklärung der Inanspruchnahme der Kinderbetreuung bzw. mütterlicher Erwerbstätigkeit modelliert werden. Zum anderen wird konkret das Ineinandergreifen beider Aspekte betrachtet, indem die verschiedenen Kombinationen von Kinderbetreuungs- und Erwerbstätigkeitsarrangements in drei aufeinanderfolgenden Wellen und ihre Determinanten untersucht werden.
Die Inanspruchnahme von öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung erweist sich als stark abhängig vom Alter des Kindes und damit von der Angebotsstruktur Hinsichtlich der persönlichen Merkmale der Mütter ist der Zugang zum Arbeitsmarkt selektiver als die Nutzung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung. Bei der Betrachtung der zeitlichen Abfolge zeigt sich, dass insbesondere bei Kindern, die drei Jahre oder älter sind, ein Kindergartenbesuch auch ohne eine Erwerbstätigkeit der Mutter auftritt. Dies spricht dafür, dass für die Entscheidung über die Nutzung öffentlicher Kinderbetreuung nicht nur erwerbsbezogene Gründe ausschlaggebend sind." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Mascherini, Massimiliano, Martina Bisello & Irene Riobóo Lestón (2016): The gender employment gap. Challenges and solutions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 96 S. DOI:10.2806/75749

Abstract

"Women's labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population. Nevertheless, women's employment and participation rates are still lower than those of men in almost all Member States. Fostering higher participation of women is crucial to meet the Europe 2020 target to achieve an overall employment rate of at least 75% by 2020. This report explores the main characteristics and consequences of gender gaps in labour market participation. It finds that the total cost of a lower female employment rate was EURO370 billion in 2013, corresponding to 2.8% of EU GDP. The report also examines policies and measures aimed at fostering female labour market participation, which could be central to closing gender gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moilanen, Sanna, Vanessa May, Eija Räikkönen, Eija Sevón & Marja-Leena Laakso (2016): Mothers' non-standard working and childcare-related challenges. A comparison between lone and coupled mothers. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 36, H. 1/2, S. 36-52. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-11-2014-0094

Abstract

"Purpose
- The purpose of this paper is to particularly focus on lone-mother families, comparing the childcare-related challenges experienced by working lone mothers and coupled mothers in three European countries in the context of a 24/7 economy and non-standard working hours (e.g. evening, night and weekend work).
Design/methodology/approach
- This study utilises survey data from Finnish, Dutch and British working mothers (n=1,106) collected as part of the 'Families 24/7' research project. Multivariate regression analysis is used to analyse the associations between childcare-related challenges, maternal non-standard working, lone motherhood and country of residence.
Findings
- The results indicated similar results across the three countries by showing that working lone mothers experience childcare-related challenges more often compared with coupled mothers. Furthermore, an increase in maternal non-standard working associated positively with increased childcare-related challenges in both lone mother and coupled families but lone motherhood did not moderate this association. The findings suggest that, regardless of family form, families in all three countries struggle with childcare arrangements when the mother works during non-standard hours. This possibly relates to the inadequate provision of state-subsidised and flexible formal childcare during non-standard hours and to the country-specific maternal work hours cultures.
Originality/value
- This study responds to the need for comparative research on the reconciliation of maternal non-standard working and childcare with self-collected data from three European welfare states. The importance of the study is further highlighted by the risks posed to the maintenance of maternal employment and family well-being when reconciliation of work and childcare is unsuccessful, especially in lone-mother families." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Murtorinne-Lahtinen, Minna, Sanna Moilanen, Mia Tammelin, Anna Rönkä & Marja-Leena Laakso (2016): Mothers' non-standard working schedules and family time. Enhancing regularity and togetherness. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 36, H. 1/2, S. 119-135. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-02-2015-0022

Abstract

"Purpose
- The purpose of this paper is to investigate Finnish working mothers' experiences of the effects of non-standard working schedules (NSWS) on family time in two family forms, coupled and lone-parent families. Furthermore the aim is to find out what meanings mothers with NSWS attached to family time paying particular attention to the circumstances in which mothers experienced NSWS positively.
Design/methodology/approach
- Thematic analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews was used to investigate mothers' experiences of the effects of NSWS on family time.
Findings
- The key factor generating positive experiences was the ability to maintain regularity and togetherness, which was enhanced by specific features of work, such as autonomy and regularity, and successful child care arrangements. Also important were the values mothers associated with family time. The results highlighted the more problematic situation of lone-parent families.
Research limitations/implications
- The main limitation of this study was the small sample size.
Practical implications
- The findings show how the parents of small children benefit from the regularity and flexibility in their working hours. Owing to irregular and varying working times, flexible around-the-clock childcare is needed. In Finland, an important question is how to organize the care of small school-aged children. Lone mothers, especially, may need services to help with domestic chores and childcare.
Social implications
- A non-resident parent can also be an important source of childcare. Therefore policymakers should take into account family type, including consideration of the rights to childcare of non-resident parents.
Originality/value
- This study adds to the literature by explaining more in depth, through the richness of qualitative data, the circumstances in which mothers experience NSWS positively." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Nicoletti, Cheti, Kjell G. Salvanes & Emma Tominey (2016): The family peer effect on mothers' labour supply. (IZA discussion paper 9927), Bonn, 45 S.

Abstract

"The documented historical rise in female labour force participation has flattened in recent decades, but the proportion of mothers working full-time has steadily increased. We provide the first empirical evidence that the increase in mothers' working hours is amplified through the influence of family peers. Using Norwegian administrative data we study the long-run influence of the family network on mothers' labour decisions up to seven years post birth. For identification, we exploit partially overlapping peer groups and assume that a mother interacts with her neighbours and family but not with her family's neighbours. We explore mechanisms including information and imitation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Otto, Anne & Sebastian Losacker (2016): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Rheinland-Pfalz. Analyse von Trends und Ursachen. (IAB-Regional. Berichte und Analysen aus dem Regionalen Forschungsnetz. IAB Rheinland-Pfalz-Saarland 04/2016), Nürnberg, 42 S.

Abstract

"Die zunehmende Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist ein langfristiger Trend in Rheinland-Pfalz. Im Jahr 2014 beträgt die Erwerbstätigenquote der Frauen in diesem Bundesland 69,2 Prozent und bei fast jedem zweiten Erwerbstätigen handelt es sich um eine Frau (46,4 Prozent). Im ersten Teil dieser Studie informieren wir über verschiedene Trends der Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Rheinland-Pfalz.
Der zweite Teil dieser Studie beinhaltet eine Analyse von demographischen, qualifikatorischen, ökonomischen und sozialen Faktoren als mögliche Ursachen für die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen. Zu diesem Zweck werden eine deskriptive Analyse und mehrere Modellrechnungen durchgeführt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung Älterer ein Erklärungsfaktor für die Bedeutungszunahme der Erwerbstätigkeit bei beiden Geschlechter ist. In der wissenschaftlichen Diskussion wird der Zusammenhang diskutiert, dass die Geburt eines Kindes einen negativen Effekt auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen hat. Die Fertilität der Frauen ist in Rheinland-Pfalz gesunken. Die Zahl der Lebendgeborenen ist seit 2002 zurückgegangen, während das Lebensalter der Mütter bei der Geburt sowie der Anteil kinderloser Frauen zugenommen haben. Somit könnten diese Trends die Bedeutungszunahme der Frauen unter den Erwerbstätigen mit begründet haben. Im Zeitraum 1999 bis 2014 weisen die Frauen einen eindeutig stärkeren Trend zur Höherqualifizierung auf als die Männer. Da der erreichte Bildungsstand in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit der Erwerbsbeteiligung steht, ließe sich vermuten, dass dieser Bildungseffekt insbesondere bei den Frauen eine wichtige Ursache für deren gestiegene Erwerbsbeteiligung ist. Aus einer weiteren Modellrechnung geht hervor, dass sich die zunehmende Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen in großen Teilen mit einem sektoralen Struktureffekt begründen lässt, wonach sich Frauen auf Berufe in wachstumsstarken Bereichen des tertiären Sektors konzentrieren. In den letzten Jahren wurden weitreichende Maßnahmen realisiert, um verbesserte Rahmenbedingungen für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in Rheinland-Pfalz zu schaffen. Wegweisende Änderungen waren der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung sowie die Einführung des Elterngeldes. Wissenschaftliche Evaluationen belegen für beide Maßnahmen, dass hierdurch die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Mütter gestiegen ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke C. Plagnol (2016): Arbeitsplatzqualität und weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 4, S. 273-282. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-4-273

Abstract

"Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Weiterarbeit nach der Familiengründung einerseits von persönlichen Umständen abhängt, wie der Notwendigkeit, zum Haushaltseinkommen beizutragen, andererseits aber auch von institutionellen Einflussgrößen wie dem Angebot an erschwinglichen Kinderbetreuungsplätzen. Ergänzend hierzu untersuchen wir anhand von Daten des European Working Conditions Surveys, inwieweit die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze die Erwerbsbiografie von Frauen in den EU-27-Ländern beeinflusst. Unsere Analyse betrachtet drei Einzeldimensionen: Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, Arbeitszeitqualität und intrinsische Arbeitsqualität. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitsplatzqualität von Müttern kleiner Kinder im Schnitt höher ist als die von Frauen ohne betreuungspflichtige Kinder, insbesondere hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungssicherheit. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse belegen für die gesamte EU-27 einen weitgehend einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Status von Frauen als Mütter kleiner Kinder und der Arbeitsplatzqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pilkauskas, Natasha, Jane Waldfogel & Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (2016): Maternal labor force participation and differences by education. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 34, S. 407-420. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.34.14

Abstract

"Background: Maternal labor force participation has increased dramatically over the last 40 years, yet surprisingly little is known about longitudinal patterns of maternal labor force participation in the years after a birth, or how these patterns vary by education.
Objective: We document variation by maternal education in mothers' labor force participation (timing, intensity, non-standard work, multiple job-holding) over the first nine years after the birth of a child.
Methods: We use the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N~3000) to predict longitudinal labor force participation in a recent longitudinal sample of mothers who gave birth in large US cities between 1998 and 2000. Families were followed until children were age 9, through 2010.
Results: Labor force participation gradually increases in the years after birth for mothers with high school or less education, whereas for mothers with some college or more, participation increases between ages 1 and 3 and then remains mostly stable thereafter. Mothers with less than high school education have the highest rates of unemployment (actively seeking work), which remain high compared with all other education groups, whose unemployment declines over time. Compared with all other education groups, mothers with some college have the highest rates of labor force participation, but also high rates of part-time employment, non-standard work, and multiple job-holding.
Contribution: Simple conceptualizations of labor force participation do not fully capture the dynamics of labor force attachment for mothers in terms of intensity, timing of entry, and type of work hours, as well as differences by maternal education." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Zitatform

Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Roeters, Anne, Jornt J. Mandemakers & Marieke Voorpostel (2016): Parenthood and well-being. The moderating role of leisure and paid work. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 384-401. DOI:10.1007/s10680-016-9391-3

Abstract

"This study contributes to our knowledge on the association between parenthood and psychological well-being by examining whether pre-parenthood lifestyles (leisure and paid work) moderate the transition to parenthood. We expected that people with less active lifestyles would find it easier to adapt to the demands of parenthood. Using eleven waves of the Swiss Household Panel (N = 1332 men and 1272 women; 1999 - 2008, 2010), fixed effects models are estimated for men and women separately. Results show that -- on average -- parenthood was not associated with well-being for men, whereas it increased well-being for women. As expected, the well-being premium/cost to parenthood was contingent upon individuals' lifestyle before the transition to parenthood. For men, parenthood reduced well-being, but only if they frequently participated in leisure before the birth of the child. For women, motherhood had a beneficial effect on well-being but this effect was weaker for women who combined leisure with working long hours before motherhood." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schieman, Scott & Paul Glavin (2016): The pressure-status nexus and blurred work-family boundaries. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 3-37. DOI:10.1177/0730888415596051

Abstract

"Job pressure is associated with increased role-blurring activities. Does higher status attenuate or exacerbate that association? Using data from a national sample of workers, the authors' study discovers that higher status functions as a moderator in what they call the pressure-status nexus. Job pressure is associated more strongly with role blurring among the well educated, professionals, managers, and high earners. Also, job pressure is associated most strongly with role blurring among higher status men. The authors' articulation of the pressure-status nexus extends the stress of higher status perspective, demonstrating that higher statuses compound the ways that job pressure is linked with activities that blur the work-family boundary." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Silles, Mary A. (2016): The impact of children on women's labour supply and earnings in the UK. Evidence using twin births. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 68, H. 1, S. 197-216. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpv055

Abstract

"The objective of this article is to investigate the effect of children on women's labour supply and earnings for the UK. Estimating the causal relationship between family size and economic status is complicated because the same factors that increase family size may also affect the labour market outcomes of women. The birth of twins is used as an instrument to address this problem. Amongst women with children under age 13, the IV estimates indicate that a larger family induced by a twin birth adversely affects women's labour supply and earnings. Amongst women with older children, the IV results show no evidence of a causal effect, despite significant OLS relationships. Finally, we compare these results to estimates produced using a twins' sex composition instrument. Estimates using this instrument are very close to the estimates using twin births and imply that the labour market consequences of childbearing disappear over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stahl, Juliane F. & Pia S. Schober (2016): Ausbau der ganztägigen Kindertagesbetreuung kann zur Zufriedenheit von Müttern beitragen. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 83, H. 37, S. 840-847.

Abstract

"Eltern mit Kindern, die noch nicht zur Schule gehen, stehen bei der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Um diese Eltern besser zu unterstützen, hat die Politik sowohl den Ausbau von Plätzen in der öffentlichen Kindertagesbetreuung (Kita) forciert als auch ein bedarfsorientiertes Angebot an Ganztagsplätzen gesetzlich verankert. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht auf Basis von Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und der Stichprobe 'Familien in Deutschland' (FiD) für den Zeitraum der Ausbauphase zwischen 2007 und 2012, ob Mütter in Regionen mit besserem Zugang zu ganztägiger Kindertagesbetreuung zufriedener mit dem Familienleben waren. Den Ergebnissen zufolge waren vollzeiterwerbstätige Mütter in Paarhaushalten mit ihrem Familienleben zufriedener, wenn sie in westdeutschen Kreisen mit größerem Ganztagsangebot lebten. In Ostdeutschland ging die steigende regionale Verfügbarkeit von Ganztagsplätzen unabhängig vom Erwerbsstatus mit einer höheren Zufriedenheit einher. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Ausbau der Ganztagsbetreuung in den Jahren 2007 bis 2012 zur Verbesserung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf beigetragen haben könnte." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Vuri, Daniela (2016): Do childcare policies increase maternal employment? Subsidized childcare fosters maternal employment, but employment status, childcare quality, and availability matter. (IZA world of labor 241), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.241

Abstract

"Women's labor force participation has rapidly increased in most countries, but mothers still struggle to achieve a satisfactory work-life balance. Childcare allows the primary caregiver, usually the mother, to take time away from childrearing for employment. Family policies that subsidize childcare and increase its availability have different effects on female labor supply across countries. For policymakers to determine how well these policies work, they should consider that policy effectiveness may depend on country-specific pre-reform female employment and earnings, and childcare availability, costs, and quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Welteke, Clara & Katharina Wrohlich (2016): Peer effects in parental leave decisions. (IZA discussion paper 10173), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes to what extent parental leave decisions of mothers with young children depend on the decisions made by their coworkers. The identification of peer effects, which are defined as indirect effects of the behavior of a social reference group on individual outcomes, bears various challenges due to correlated characteristics within social groups and endogenous group membership. We overcome these challenges by exploiting quasi-random variation in the costs of parental leave during a narrow window around a cut-off date, induced by a parental leave benefit reform in Germany. The reform encourages mothers to remain at home during the first year following childbirth. Administrative linked employer-employee panel data enable us to assign a peer group to all individuals who work in the same establishment and occupational group. While there is a growing literature on peer effects, few studies look at peer effects in the context of parental leave decisions. We argue, however, that mothers with young children are particularly susceptible to peer behavior at the workplace due to preferences for conformity with peer group behavior as well as the career-related uncertainty that mothers face. Our results suggest that maternal decisions regarding the length of parental leave are significantly influenced by coworker decisions, in particular in situations with high uncertainty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wippermann, Carsten (2016): Mitten im Leben. Wünsche und Lebenswirklichkeiten von Frauen zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren. Kurzfassung. Berlin, 23 S.

Abstract

"Eine neue Studie gibt Rückenwind für das Vorhaben der Bundesregierung, mehr Lohngerechtigkeit zu schaffen. Demnach fordern über 90 Prozent der Frauen, gleichen Lohn für gleiche oder gleichwertige Arbeit. Für die repräsentative Studie im Auftrag des Bundesfamilienministeriums wurden mehr als 3000 Interviews mit Männern und Frauen geführt. Ziel war es, die Einstellung der deutschen Bevölkerung zu Einkommensgerechtigkeit zu untersuchen.
Frauen zwischen 30 und 50 Jahren haben heute mehr Möglichkeiten als frühere Generationen. Sie wollen erwerbstätig sein, weil dadurch ihr Selbstwertgefühl und ihre wirtschaftlich Unabhängigkeit gestärkt werden. Ihre berufliche Qualifikation ist heute genauso gut wie die der Männer. Dennoch sind nach wie vor tradierte Rollenbilder, Verhaltensmuster und Fehlanreize wirksam, welche die bestehende Entgeltungleichheit befördern. So arbeiten Frauen viel häufiger in Teilzeit: Trotz guter Qualifikation sind nur 39 Prozent der Frauen im Alter von 30 bis 50 Jahren Vollzeit erwerbstätig - aber 88 Prozent der Männer. Gerade in der Mitte des Lebens werden weichenstellende Entscheidungen getroffen, die viele Frauen zunehmend vom Einkommen ihres Partners oder staatlichen Transferleistungen abhängig machen. Die praktische Lebenswirklichkeit der Frauen bleibt so weit hinter ihren Potenzialen und Wünschen zurück. Nur 14 Prozent der Frauen leben in einer gleichgestellten Partnerschaft, in der sich beide die Aufgaben für Haushalt und Kinder teilen und das Haushaltseinkommen erwirtschaften. Für den Zusammenhalt der Gesellschaft ist Gleichberechtigung nach Auffassung von 83 Prozent der Frauen ein notwendiges Basiselement - nur 12 Prozent sind der Ansicht, dass Gleichstellung zwischen Frauen und Männern bereits voll und ganz realisiert ist. Über 90 Prozent der Frauen fordern gleichen Lohn für gleiche oder gleichwertige Arbeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2016): 3. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 03), Berlin, 89 S.

Abstract

"Das Bundesfrauenministerium hat den '3. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland' veröffentlicht. Basierend auf Daten der Statistischen Landesämter und des Statistischen Bundesamtes liefert der auf Deutsch und Englisch vorliegende Atlas einen umfassenden Überblick über die regionalen Unterschiede bei der Umsetzung gleichstellungspolitischer Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen auf Landes- und Kreisebene in Deutschland.
Untersucht wurden 38 Gleichstellungsindikatoren zu den thematischen Schwerpunkten 'Partizipation', 'Bildung, Ausbildung, Berufswahl', 'Arbeit und Einkommen' sowie 'Lebenswelt' in ihrer zeitlichen Entwicklung seit 2008, dem Erscheinen des 1. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. Dabei wurde die Zahl der untersuchten Indikatoren gegenüber den vorherigen Ausgaben erweitert. So werden erstmals die Indikatoren 'Frauen in Führungspositionen in der Justiz' sowie 'eigenes Alterssicherungseinkommen' (Gender Pension Gap) dargestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Studie 'Renditepotenziale der NEUEN Vereinbarkeit' stellt die betriebswirtschaftlichen Vorteile einer modernen familienbewussten Personalpolitik für die Unternehmen dar und liefert Daten zur Abschätzung einer 'Vereinbarkeitsrendite': der Rendite auf familienfreundliche Maßnahmen der Unternehmen. Die Studie zeigt, dass bereits heute mit etablierten Angeboten wie Teilzeitmodellen, Home-Office oder Kinderbetreuungsangeboten positive Renditen bis zu 25 Prozent erzielt werden können. Effekte ergeben sich zum Beispiel durch die Reduktion von Fehlzeiten sowie durch schnellere Rückkehr in den Beruf nach einer familienbedingten Auszeit. Setzen Unternehmen die NEUE Vereinbarkeit in ihrer Personalpolitik um und beziehen neue Zielgruppen wie Väter und Beschäftigte mit Pflegeaufgaben mit ein, ergibt sich ein noch deutlich höheres Renditepotenzial." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Adema, Willem, Chris Clarke & Valérie Frey (2015): Paid parental leave. Lessons from OECD countries and selected U.S. States. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 172), Paris, 130 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrqgvqqb4vb-en

Abstract

"The United States is at a crossroads in its policies towards the family and gender equality. Currently America provides basic support for children, fathers, and mothers in the form of unpaid parental leave, child-related tax breaks, and limited public childcare. Alternatively, the United States' OECD peers empower families through paid parental leave and comprehensive investments in infants and children. The potential gains from strengthening these policies are enormous. Paid parental leave and subsidised childcare help get and keep more women in the workforce, contribute to economic growth, offer cognitive and health benefits to children, and extend choice for parents in finding their preferred work-life strategy. Indeed, the United States has been falling behind the rest of the OECD in many social and economic indicators by not adequately investing in children, fathers and mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, James, Peter Skogman Thoursie & Susan Vroman (2015): Parental leave and the glass ceiling in Sweden. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,04), Uppsala, 28 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we update and extend 'Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden?' (Albrecht et al. 2003) by documenting the extent to which the gender log wage gap across the distribution in Sweden has changed over the period 1998-2008. We then examine the Swedish glass ceiling in 2008 in more detail by documenting how it differs for white-collar versus blue-collar workers and for private- versus public-sector workers. We also examine when in the life cycle the glass ceiling effect arises and how this effect develops around the birth of the first child. Finally, we investigate the possible connection between the glass ceiling and the parental leave system in Sweden by linking wage data with data on parental leave from different Swedish registers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Allègre, Guillaume, Véronique Simonnet & Catherine Sofer (2015): Child care and labour market participation in France. Do monetary incentives matter? In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 115-139. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.115

Abstract

"This paper presents a model of the child care arrangements and labour supply of mothers with young children (under three). We use French data to estimate simultaneously mothers' labour force participation and type of child care chosen. The independent variables include estimated child care costs and mothers' potential incomes obtained by simulating the benefits and taxes associated with different participation choices (working full-time, part-time or out of the labour market). Availability of free child care (from family and relatives) is also taken into account. We show that monetary incentives do play a role. Child care costs have a direct effect on mothers' labour market participation but not on the type of child care chosen. Household disposable income and potential wages explain participation and type of child care whereas the marginal tax rate was found to have a significant effect only on the full-time versus part-time decision." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Alt, Christian, Sandra Hubert, Nora Jehles, Kerstin Lippert, Christiane Meiner-Teubner, Carina Schilling & Hannah Steinberg (2015): Datenbericht Betreuungsgeld. Auswertung amtlicher Daten und der Kifög-Länderstudien aus den Jahren 2013/2014/2015. (Wissenschaftliche Texte), München, 139 S.

Abstract

"Im zweiten Quartal 2015 wurde für 531.250 Kinder Betreuungsgeld bezogen. Das Betreuungsgeld war 2013 zeitgleich mit dem Rechtsanspruch auf einen Kita-Platz für Kleinkinder unter drei Jahren eingeführt worden. Vorgesehen war, Eltern 150 Euro monatlich zu zahlen, wenn sie ihr Kind zu Hause erziehen, statt es in einer öffentlich geförderten Kita betreuen zu lassen. Doch das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat die Regelung im Juli für nichtig erklärt. Der Grund: Die Länder seien zuständig. Für bis dahin bewilligte Bescheide gilt Bestandschutz. Als einziges Bundesland will Bayern die Leistung weiter zahlen und legte im Dezember einen entsprechenden Gesetzesentwurf vor, über den im Januar 2016 abgestimmt wird. Vor allem im Westen, so die Studie, dient das Betreuungsgeld häufig der Überbrückung, bis ein Betreuungsplatz gefunden ist: etwa 60 Prozent der Leistungsbezieher gaben bei der Befragung an, sich parallel um einen Platz für ihr Kleinkind beworben zu haben. Auf der anderen Seite sind in Deutschland rund 40 Prozent der Eltern grundsätzlich der Überzeugung, Kinder in den ersten Lebensjahren sollten allein in der Familie groß werden. Ob Betreuungsgeld gezahlt wird oder nicht, ist nach deren Angaben für diese Entscheidung nicht ausschlaggebend." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Andringa, Wouter, Rense Nieuwenhuis & Minna van Gerven (2015): Women's working hours. The interplay between gender role attitudes, motherhood, and public childcare support in 23 European countries. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 35, H. 9/10, S. 582-599. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-10-2014-0073

Abstract

"The purpose of this paper is to show how the interplay between individual women's gender role attitudes, having young children at home, as well as the country-context characterized by gender egalitarianism and public childcare support, relates to women's working hours in 23 European countries.
This study presents results of multilevel regression analyses of data from the European Social Survey (Round 2). These micro-level data on 23 European countries were combined with country-level measures on gender traditionalism and childcare expenditure.
The authors found that the negative association between having young children at home and women's working hours is stronger for women with traditional gender role attitudes compared to women with egalitarian attitudes. The gap in working hours between women with and without young children at home was smaller in countries in which the population holds egalitarian gender role attitudes and in countries with extensive public childcare support. Furthermore, it was found that the gap in employment hours between mothers with traditional or egalitarian attitudes was largest in countries with limited public childcare support.
Policy makers should take note that women's employment decisions are not dependent on human capital and household-composition factors alone, but that gender role attitudes matter as well. The authors could not find evidence of the inequality in employment between women with different gender role attitudes being exacerbated in association with childcare support.
The originality of this study lies in the combined (rather than separate) analysis of how countries' social policies (childcare services) and countries' attitudes (gender traditionalism) interact with individual gender role attitudes to shape cross-national variation in women's working hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Asai, Yukiko (2015): Parental leave reforms and the employment of new mothers. Quasi-experimental evidence from Japan. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 72-83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.02.007

Abstract

"This study examines the changes in job continuity of new mothers following an increase in cash benefits provided during parental leave. The cash benefit was first introduced in 1995 and the replacement rate was 25%. The replacement rate was raised from 25% to 40% in 2001. During this period, the maximum duration of paid leave and that of job-protection remained unchanged, and therefore, I can isolate the effects of changes in the amount of cash benefit from those due to changes in duration of leave. By comparing the job continuity of women who gave birth to their child before the reform and those who did so after the reform, I find little evidence that the labour supply pattern of new mothers changed in response to the increased cash benefit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Auer, Wolfgang, Natalia Danzer & Anita Fichtl (2015): Ökonomische Unsicherheit. Befristete Verträge erschweren Familiengründung. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 68, H. 18, S. 35-41.

Abstract

"Starten Berufsanfänger in einem befristeten Beschäftigungsverhältnis kann dies weitreichende Folgen haben: Unsichere ökonomische Verhältnisse erschweren die weitere Lebens- und Familienplanung. Analysen mit den Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels der Jahre 1996 bis 2012 zeigen einen negativen Zusammenhang zwischen befristeter Beschäftigung und dem Familiengründungsverhalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Baudin, Thomas, David de la Croix & Paula E. Gobbi (2015): Fertility and childlessness in the United States. In: The American economic review, Jg. 105, H. 6, S. 1852-1882. DOI:10.1257/aer.20120926

Abstract

"We develop a theory of fertility, distinguishing its intensive margin from its extensive margin. The deep parameters are identified using facts from the 1990 US Census: (i) fertility of mothers decreases with education; (ii) childlessness exhibits a U-shaped relationship with education; (iii) the relationship between marriage rates and education is hump-shaped for women and increasing for men. We estimate that 2.5 percent of women were childless because of poverty and 8.1 percent because of high opportunity cost of childrearing. Over time, historical trends in total factor productivity and in education led to a U-shaped response in childlessness rates while fertility of mothers decreased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Begall, Katia & Daniela Grunow (2015): Labour force transitions around first childbirth in the Netherlands. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 6, S. 697-712. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv068

Abstract

"This study analyses labour market transitions of women in the time around first childbirth. Two employment decisions are considered: exiting the labour force and a reduction in work hours. We assess change in these transitions in the Netherlands between 1970 and 2008. We test whether policy changes, in particular the introduction of unpaid parental leave, have changed the opportunity costs of specific work - family arrangements for women and their partners. We use detailed life-history couple data and estimate multinomial logit models. Our results show that over time, new mothers became less likely to exit the labour market and more likely to reduce their working hours. Eligibility for parental leave and public sector employment reduced the probability of exiting the labour market, but had no effect on reducing working hours. In the 1990s and for those eligible for parental leave, the likelihood that a working hour reduction was associated with a lower job level or an employer change decreased. New mothers with an occupational status at least as high as that of their male partner were less likely to reduce their labour supply. Policy changes did not alter the importance of partners' relative occupational resources." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bergemann, Annette & Regina T. Riphahn (2015): Maternal employment effects of paid parental leave. (IZA discussion paper 9073), Bonn, 74 S.

Abstract

"We study the short, medium, and longer run employment effects of a substantial change in the parental leave benefit program in Germany. In 2007, a means-tested parental leave transfer program that had paid benefits for up to two years was replaced by an earnings related transfer which paid benefits for up to one year. The reform generated winners and losers with heterogeneous response incentives. We find that the reform speeds up the labor market return of both groups of mothers after benefit expiration. The overall time until an average mother with (without) prior claims to benefits returns to the labor force after a birth declined after the reform by 10 (8) months at the median. We show that likely pathways for this substantial reform effect are changes in social norms and mothers' preferences for economic independence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bettendorf, Leon J. H., Egbert L. W. Jongen & Paul Muller (2015): Childcare subsidies and labour supply. Evidence from a large Dutch reform. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 112-123. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.03.007

Abstract

"After the introduction of the Law on Childcare in 2005, childcare subsidies in the Netherlands became much more generous. Public spending on childcare increased from 1 to 3 billion euro over the period 2004-2009. Using a differences-in-differences strategy we find that, despite the substantial budgetary outlay, this reform had only a modest impact on employment. Furthermore, the rather small effects we find are likely confounded by a coincident increase in the EITC for parents with young children of 0.6 billion euro, which presumably also served to increase the labour supply of the group. The joint reform increased the maternal employment rate by 2.3 percentage points (3.0%) and maternal hours worked by 1.1 h per week (6.2%). The results further suggest that the reform slightly reduced hours worked by fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boll, Christina & Malte Hoffmann (2015): It's not all about parents' education, it also matters what they do. Parents' employment and children's school success in Germany. (HWWI research paper 162), Hamburg, 59 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we use GSOEP data to explore whether parents' employment has an extra effect on the school achievement of their children, beyond the well-established effects of education, income and demography. First, we test whether the source of income or parents' unemployment determine children's school achievements. Second, we analyze the effect of job prestige and factors of societal engagement on children's performance. Our results indicate no clear income associations but the existence of an employment channel as well as a social channel from mothers to their kids. A negative role model for girls is found for maternal housework. Moreover, the fathers' job prestige is substantial." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boye, Katarina (2015): Care more, earn less? The association between care leave for sick children and wage among Swedish parents. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,18), Uppsala, 32 S.

Abstract

"A number of studies have shown that women's and men's wages relate to parenthood in general and to parental leave in particular, but we know little about the possible wage impact of leave to care for sick children, which is a part of the Swedish parental leave system. On the one hand, care leave may influence human capital and real or perceived work capacity similarly to parental leave and send the employer the same signals about work commitment and responsibilities outside of work. On the other hand, important differences, including timing, frequency and predictability, between care leave and parental leave influence paid work. This study uses Swedish register data to analyse the association between care leave and wages among mothers and fathers who had their first child in 1994. The results show that care leave is associated with a lower wage, particularly among men, up to 13 years after the birth of the first child. One reason for the gender difference in the association between care leave and wage may be that men's care leave has a stronger signalling effect compared with women's care leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brehm, Uta & Henriette Engelhardt (2015): On the age-specific correlation between fertility and female employment. Heterogeneity over space and time in OECD countries. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 691-722. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.23

Abstract

"Background: Though there has been profound research on the curious change in correlation between total fertility rate (TFR) and female labor force participation (FLP) in the mid-1980s, aspects of the compositional character of age-specific effects and the nature of countries' heterogeneity have been neglected.
Objective: The present paper aims to contribute to filling this gap by analyzing annual total fertility rates and their equivalents for four age groups between 20 and 39 years as well as the respective lagged FLP from 17 OECD countries between 1985 and 2010.
Methods: Random Intercept and Random Coefficient Models are applied, allowing us to assess both effects and country heterogeneity in slopes and intercepts.
Results: The analyses reveal that the development of the correlation between FLP and TFR after 1985 is comprised of very different relations between age-specific fertility and labor participation. The youngest group's situation is determined by a decrease in both fertility and FLP, while countries' effects differ increasingly. The oldest women's fertility decisions seem to be detached from labor market influences, though country variation is high. Women in their late 20s and early 30s, in contrast, appear to be most affected by the incompatibility of childbearing and gainful employment. Though these effects seem to have overcome their low points during the mid-1990s, only women in their early 30s show country-convergence.
Conclusions: The results highlight the fact that total and age-specific fertility behavior, FLP-effects and country variances are distinct concepts that add considerably to the broad understanding of the correlation between fertility and FLP." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cascio, Elizabeth U., Steven J. Haider & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2015): The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children. A collection of national studies. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 64-71. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.08.002

Abstract

"Numerous countries have enacted policies to promote the labor force participation of women around the years of childbearing, and unsurprisingly, many research articles have been devoted to evaluating their effectiveness. Perhaps more surprisingly, however, six such articles were submitted independently over several months to Labour Economics and subsequently made it through the normal review process. These articles are collected in the Special Section that follows. This article provides additional background to facilitate the understanding of the policies that are evaluated in the Special Section articles and, more importantly, a discussion of what can be learned from the articles as a collection. Taken together, the articles are quite informative in demonstrating how the effectiveness of policies can vary across different national contexts and how this variation itself can be usefully examined with the standard theoretical framework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chu, Shan-Ying & Hau Chyi (2015): Welfare use and children's longer-term achievement. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 47, H. 39, S. 4200-4207. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2015.1026584

Abstract

"We investigate the effects of mothers' welfare use on children's longer-term performance. To address issues of improper comparison groups and the endogenous nature of welfare participation, we focus on less-educated single mothers and adopt a correction function approach. Data are drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 - Children and Young Adult from 1994 to 2010. Estimation results confirm the positive longer-term effects of mothers' welfare use. On average, a child whose mother used welfare in all 20 quarters after childbirth experiences a 0.56-point increase in their yearly high school grade point average, is 12% more likely to graduate from high school and earns $1112.76 more in the first-observed income than a child whose mother does not." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Diabaté, Sabine (2015): Mutterleitbilder heute. Zwischen Autonomie und Aufopferung. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 36, H. 3, S. 2-8.

Abstract

"Was ist eigentlich heutzutage eine 'gute' Mutter? Die Assoziationen, wie sie idealweise sein soll, sind facettenreich: Das Leitbild einer 'guten Mutter' bewegt sich zwischen Mythos und Alltag, häufig haben Menschen ein konkretes Bild vor Augen: Dass sie beispielsweise besonders fürsorglich und aufopferungsvoll sein soll, für ihre Kinder kocht und für die Kinderbetreuung ihre Berufstätigkeit aufgibt. Mutterleitbilder haben eine lange Tradition, sie sind historisch gewachsen und in allen Kulturen mit besonderen Eigenschaften verbunden.
Der Beitrag zeigt auf der Grundlage des BiB-Projekts zu Familienleitbildern in Deutschland, welche Leitbilder der "guten Mutter" in Deutschland existieren, wie vielschichtig sich diese entwickelt haben und wodurch sich eine "gute Mutter" eigentlich auszeichnet. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Merkmale einer "guten Mutter" stark von den Vorstellungen beeinflusst zu sein scheinen, wie Mutterschaft in der Gesellschaft bewertet wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Drahs, Sascha, Ulrich Schneider & Philipp Schrauth (2015): Geplante und tatsächliche Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern. (DIW-Roundup 64), Berlin, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Deutschland befindet sich seit mehreren Jahrzehnten in einer stetigen Aufwärtsbewegung. Trotzdem gibt es immer noch große Unterschiede zwischen den Erwerbsverläufen von Frauen und Männern. Mit der Geburt eines Kindes beginnt für viele Frauen eine längere Erwerbsunterbrechung, oftmals gefolgt von einem Übergang in eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Dieser Beitrag stellt einige Zahlen und Fakten bezüglich der Erwerbsunterbrechung von Müttern zusammen. Auf der Basis der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass Mütter zu Beginn der Auszeit deren Dauer häufig unterschätzen. Auch die zukünftigen Arbeitszeiten entwickeln sich oft anders als ursprünglich geplant." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Duvivier, Chloé & Mathieu Narcy (2015): The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants. A public-private comparison. In: Labour, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 415-443. DOI:10.1111/labr.12057

Abstract

"We investigate whether public and private sector employees bear a different wage penalty for having children. According to our estimates, the total motherhood wage penalty is much larger in the private than in the public sector. Nevertheless, in both sectors, we find no unexplained penalty once we control for potential determinants of the family pay gap, namely, a reduced labour supply of mothers, child-related career interruptions, less access to management positions, and adjustments in working conditions. Finally, only child-related career interruptions play a different role in explaining the motherhood wage penalty in each sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Furtado, Delia (2015): Can immigrants help women "have it all"? Immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 4, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40176-015-0043-x

Abstract

"This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the tradeoffs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high-skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24% of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the US between the years 1980 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gangl, Markus & Andrea Ziefle (2015): The making of a good woman: extended parental leave entitlements and mothers' work commitment in Germany. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 121, H. 2, S. 511-563. DOI:10.1086/682419

Abstract

"The authors investigate the relationship between family policy and women's attachment to the labor market, focusing specifically on policy feedback on women's subjective work commitment. They utilize a quasi-experimental design to identify normative policy effects from changes in mothers' work commitment in conjunction with two policy changes that significantly extended the length of statutory parental leave entitlements in Germany. Using unique survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and difference-in-differences, triple-differenced, and instrumental variables estimators for panel data, they obtain consistent empirical evidence that increasing generosity of leave entitlements led to a decline in mothers' work commitment in both East and West Germany. They also probe potential mediating mechanisms and find strong evidence for role exposure and norm setting effects. Finally, they demonstrate that policy-induced shifts in mothers' preferences have contributed to retarding women's labor force participation after childbirth in Germany, especially as far as mothers' return to full-time employment is concerned." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gehringer, Agnieszka & Stephan Klasen (2015): Labor force participation of women in the EU - What role do family policies play? (Discussion papers, Center for European, Governance and Economic Development Research 242), Göttingen, 30 S.

Abstract

"We empirically study the role of different family policies in determining women┐s labor market behavior in the countries of the European Union between 1997 and 2008. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market. At the same time, family policies are to provide support to families while also helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity. We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between four types of family policies and labor force participation and (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of any on overall labor force, but higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant determinant of women's full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Katharina Wrohlich (2015): The effects of family policy on maternal labor supply. Combining evidence from a structural model and a quasi-experimental approach. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 84-98. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.001

Abstract

"Parental leave and subsidized child care are prominent examples of family policies supporting the reconciliation of family life and labor market careers for mothers. In this paper, we combine different empirical strategies to evaluate the employment effects of these policies for mothers with young children. In particular we estimate a structural labor supply model and exploit quasi-experimental variation from a parental leave reform in Germany. Our findings suggest that a combination of parental leave benefits and subsidized child care leads to sizable employment effects of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Givord, Pauline & Claire Marbot (2015): Does the cost of child care affect female labor market participation? An evaluation of a French reform of childcare subsidies. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 99-111. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.003

Abstract

"This study evaluates the short-run impact of an increase in childcare subsidies on the use of paid childcare and the participation rate of mothers of preschool children. We use a natural experiment provided by the PAJE, a French reform in family allowances introduced in 2004. This reform temporarily creates discrepancies in the childcare subsidies received by families according to the year of birth of the children. We apply a difference-in-differences strategy on exhaustive French fiscal data that provide information on gross income as well as on the use of paid childcare services between 2005 and 2008. We use the fact that the new policy results in a significant increase in the use of paid childcare services. The effect on the labor force participation of mothers is significant but of a smaller magnitude. The highest impact is observed for mothers of large families." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Glauber, Rebecca & Justin Robert Young (2015): On the fringe: Family-friendly benefits and the rural-urban gap among working women. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 97-113. DOI:10.1007/s10834-014-9418-z

Abstract

"This study drew on longitudinal, nationally representative data to estimate rural-urban inequality in women's access to family-friendly benefits. Multivariate fixed effects regression models showed that compared to urban women, rural women's odds of reporting access were 11 % lower for flexible work scheduling, 24 % lower for job-protected maternity leave, 13 % lower for paid sick time, 21 % lower for vacation time, and 20 % lower for health insurance. The rural-urban gap in sick time was explained by differences in unionization, as rural women were less likely to be unionized than urban women. Our findings suggest that rural women's work - family experiences may be more constrained than urban women's work - family experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guetto, Raffaele, Ruud Luijkx & Stefani Scherer (2015): Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 155-172. DOI:10.1177/0001699315573335

Abstract

"The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (1990, 1999 and 2008). By dealing with the issues of measurement invariance and endogeneity between values and behaviour, our results support some critiques of the SDT theory. The pace of the process of sociocultural change has not been the same across European countries and the forerunners of the SDT, that is, the most secularized and gender-egalitarian societies, now have the highest female labour market participation rates and the highest fertility. We provide evidence for a 'macro - micro paradox' regarding the role of values on family behaviours. Religiosity is positively correlated with fertility and housewifery, while gender attitudes are only correlated with women's labour market decisions. These correlations are stronger in more traditional countries, even if aggregate fertility is lower. We stress the necessity to integrate cultural and structural explanations, suggesting the lack of family policies and the rigidity of the family formation process as possible mechanisms to unravel this paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haan, Peter & Andreas Thiemann (2015): Ausweitung der in der Rentenversicherung anrechenbaren Kindererziehungszeiten. Mütter pausieren nicht länger vom Job. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 82, H. 47, S. 1119-1125.

Abstract

"Einer der Gründe, weshalb Frauen meist geringere Rentenansprüche haben als Männer, sind familienbedingte Auszeiten vom Beruf. Um dies abzumildern, rechnet die Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung Kindererziehungszeiten an, während derer Frauen Rentenanwartschaften erwerben, obwohl sie nicht in die Rentenversicherung einzahlen. Dies soll den Müttern eine weitgehend eigenständige Alterssicherung garantieren. Die zusätzlichen Entgeltpunkte aufgrund der Kindererziehungszeiten könnten Mütter jedoch auch dazu veranlassen, längere Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt einzulegen oder früher in Rente zu gehen. Auf diese Weise würden die Rentenansprüche für Mütter dann wieder reduziert. Wie genau wirkt sich eine großzügigere Berücksichtigung von Kindererziehungszeiten also auf die Erwerbsunterbrechung von Frauen nach der Geburt aus? Das DIW Berlin hat dies in der vorliegenden Studie anhand der Rentenreform des Jahres 1992 auf Basis kombinierter Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung und der Bundesagentur für Arbeit untersucht. Damals wurde die Kindererziehungszeit von einem Jahr auf drei Jahre ausgeweitet. Das zentrale Ergebnis: Die Reform hat nicht dazu geführt, dass Frauen die Dauer ihrer Erwerbsunterbrechung nennenswert verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Juncke, David, Tilmann Knittel, Marion Rädler, Christian Schilcher, Melanie Staats & Hanna Steidle (2015): Kooperationen für eine familienfreundliche Arbeitswelt. Herausforderungen und Erfolgsfaktoren für die Zusammenarbeit von Unternehmen und Kommunen. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 177 S.

Abstract

"Familienfreundlichkeit hat sich als ein Strategiethema für Städte, Gemeinden und Unternehmen etabliert. Während Kommunen sich dieses Themas im Rahmen der Erfüllung von Pflichtaufgaben annehmen und darüber hinaus die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie durch freiwillige Leistungen unterstützen, verfolgen Unternehmen dieses Ziel mit der Einführung und Umsetzung von familienbewussten Personalmaßnahmen. Neue und innovative Wege zu einer familiengerechten Arbeitswelt eröffnen sich, wenn Unternehmen und Kommunen gemeinsam und abgestimmt vorgehen. Deshalb wurden intersektorale Kooperationen für Familienfreundlichkeit von der Bertelsmann Stiftung und dem Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend im Rahmen einer gemeinsam durchgeführten Studie intensiv untersucht. Wie können familienbewusste Kooperationen zwischen Unternehmen und Kommune erfolgreich ausgestaltet werden? Wie können beide Partner davon profitieren? Und worin liegen die Erfolgsfaktoren und Hemmnisse bei der Zusammenarbeit heterogener Akteure? Die empirische Basis der Untersuchung bilden Interviews mit Praktikerinnen und Praktikern aus Wirtschaft, Politik und Verwaltung zu ihren Erfahrungen in Kooperationen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kalb, Guyonne, Trinh Le & Felix Leung (2015): Outcomes for teenage mothers in the first years after birth. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 255-279.

Abstract

"This study compares the educational, employment, health and partnership outcomes of teenage mothers with outcomes of women first giving birth in their twenties and those without children. The study finds that teenage motherhood has a range of negative effects, some of which worsen over time (e.g. educational outcomes) and others diminish over time (e.g. employment effects). Although some of the associations of teenage motherhood with poorer outcomes in the first years after birth are unlikely to be causal since they disappear after ensuring treatment and control group are comparable, other associations remain strong. Propensity score matching analysis suggests that relative to childless women: teenage mothers are less likely to complete Year 12, be employed, and be in good health; they are more likely to smoke; and have less personal income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Killewald, Alexandra & Xiaolin Zhuo (2015): Mothers' long-term employment patterns. (Upjohn Institute working paper 247), Kalamazoo, Mich., 60 S. DOI:10.17848/wp15-247

Abstract

"Previous research on maternal employment has disproportionately focused on married, college-educated mothers and examined either current employment status or postpartum return to employment. Following the life course perspective, we instead conceptualize maternal careers as long-term life course patterns. Using data from the NLSY79 and optimal matching, we document four common employment patterns of American mothers over the first 18 years of maternity. About two-thirds follow steady patterns, either full-time employment (38 percent) or steady nonemployment (24 percent). The rest experience 'mixed' patterns: long-term part-time employment (20 percent), or a multiyear period of nonemployment following maternity, then a return to employment (18 percent). Consistent employment following maternity, either full-time or part-time, is characteristic of women with more economic advantages. Women who experience consistent nonemployment disproportionately lack a high school degree, while women with return to employment following a long break tend to be younger with lower wages prior to maternity. Race is one of the few predictors of whether a mother is consistently employed full time versus part time: consistent part-time labor is distinctive to white women. Our results support studying maternal employment across the economic spectrum, considering motherhood as a long-term characteristic, and employing research approaches that reveal the qualitative distinctness of particular employment patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Koelet, Suzana, Helga de Valk, Ignace Glorieux, Ilse Laurijssen & Didier Willaert (2015): The timing of family commitments in the early work career. Work-family trajectories of young adults in Flanders. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 657-690. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.22

Abstract

"Objective: This article examines the diverse ways in which young adults develop both their professional career and family life in the years immediately after they complete their education. Building a career and starting a family often occur simultaneously in this stage of life. By studying the simultaneous developments in these life domains, we can gain a better understanding of this complex interplay.
Methods: The data consist of a sample of 1,657 young adults born in 1976 who were interviewed as part of the SONAR survey of Flanders at ages 23, 26, and 29 about their education, their entry into and early years on the labour market, and their family life. Sequence analysis is used to study the timing of union formation and having children among these young adults, as well as how these events are related to their work career. Multinomial regression analysis is applied to help us gain a better understanding of the extent to which these life course patterns are determined by education and economic status at the start of the career.
Results: The results reveal a set of work-family trajectories which vary in terms of the extent of labour market participation and the type and timing of family formation. Various aspects of the trajectory are found to be determined by different dimensions of an individual's educational career (duration, level, field of study). Education is more relevant for women than for men, as a man's trajectory is more likely than a woman's to be determined by the first job.
Conclusions: By using a simultaneous approach which takes into account both family and work, this life course analysis confirms that men have a head start on the labour market, and examines the factors which influence the distinct trajectories of young women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

McGinn, Kathleen L., Elizabeth Long Lingo & Mayra Ruiz Castro (2015): Mums the word! Cross-national effects of maternal employment on gender inequalities at work and at home. (Harvard Business School. Working paper 094), Boston, Mass., 43 S.

Abstract

"Our research considers how inequalities in public and the private spheres are affected by childhood exposure to non-traditional gender role models at home. We test the association between being raised by an employed mother and adult men's and women's outcomes at work and at home. Our analyses rely on national level archival data from multiple sources and individual level survey data collected as part of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012 from nationally representative samples of men and women in 24 countries. Adult daughters of employed mothers are more likely to be employed, more likely to hold supervisory responsibility if employed, work more hours, and earn marginally higher wages than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. The effects on labor market outcomes are non-significant for men. Maternal employment is also associated with adult outcomes at home. Sons raised by an employed mother spend more time caring for family members than men whose mothers stayed home fulltime, and daughters raised by an employed mother spend less time on housework than women whose mothers stayed home fulltime. Our findings reveal the potential for non-traditional gender role models to gradually erode gender inequality in homes and labor markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nollenberger, Natalia & Núria Rodríguez-Planas (2015): Full-time universal childcare in a context of low maternal employment. Quasi-experimental evidence from Spain. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 124-136. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.02.008

Abstract

"Using a natural experiment framework, we study the effects of offering full-time public childcare for 3-year-olds in a context of low female labor force participation and insufficient infrastructure of childcare slots. We find that two mothers entered employment for every ten additional children enrolled in public childcare. The effect is driven by mothers 30 years old and older and those with two children or more. While our estimates compare to those found earlier, they cannot be explained by a crowding out of alternative childcare modes. Nonetheless, as the reform was implemented in a period of low labor demand in Spain, our estimates may not be as modest at they appear at first sight." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Paulitz, Tanja, Melanie Goisauf & Sarah Zapusek (2015): Work-Life-Balance + Wissenschaft = unvereinbar? Zur exkludierenden Vergeschlechtlichung einer entgrenzten Lebensform. In: Gender, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 130-144. DOI:10.3224/gender.v7i2.19317

Abstract

"Work-Life-Balance (WLB) gilt als vielversprechendes Konzept, um Arbeit und Leben zu vereinbaren und die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter voranzutreiben. Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie sich dieser Anspruch im traditionell entgrenzten Feld der Wissenschaft darstellt, besonders im Hinblick auf den im Konzept verankerten Anspruch der Geschlechtsneutralität. Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen empirischen Studie an einer österreichischen Universität argumentieren wir, dass sich die Annahme einer grundsätzlichen Unvereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie zu einem exkludierenden Diskurs im Feld ausgeformt hat: WLB wird auf die Frage der Vereinbarkeit von Kindern und Karriere verkürzt und diese wird insbesondere Frauen zugewiesen; dadurch wird ihnen zugleich der Rang einer vollständigen Wissenschaftlerin abgesprochen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Prigge, Rolf & René Böhme (2015): Kindertagesbetreuung zwischen Armutsprävention und der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Lokale Regelungsstrukturen im Vergleich. (Reihe Arbeit und Wirtschaft in Bremen 08), Bremen, 35 S.

Abstract

"Ein tiefgreifender Aufgaben- und Funktionswandel vollzieht sich in Deutschland in der Kindertagesbetreuung. Der Ausbau der öffentlich geförderten Kindertagesbetreuung wird mit sozial-, bevölkerungs-, arbeitsmarkt-, integrations- oder gleichstellungspolitischen Argumenten begründet. Notwendig erscheint ein sozialpolitischer Pfadwechsel vom subsidiären zum solidarischen Sozialstaat. Mit dem Ausbau der Kindertagesbetreuung werden zwei wesentliche Ziele verfolgt: die bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf sowie die kind- und familienbezogene Armutsprävention.
Vor allem die Großstädte stehen beim Ausbau der Kindertagesbetreuung vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Die Autoren vergleichen die Städte Bremen, Nürnberg und Dresden. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass gegenwärtig zwischen den Großstädten und den Bundesländern erhebliche Unterschiede im Bereich der Kindertagesbetreuung bestehen. Notwendig sind deshalb weiterhin gemeinsame Anstrengungen von Bund, Ländern und Kommunen für den notwendigen quantitativen und qualitativen Ausbau der Kindertagesbetreuung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pronzato, Chiara Daniela & Giuseppe Sorrenti (2015): When context does matter. Childcare and maternal employment. Trying to solve the puzzle. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 3-8.

Abstract

"This paper reviews the recent literature on childcare provision and maternal employment, and uses simple statistics to show this relationship across European countries and regions. In particular, it studies how the association between childcare availability and mothers' labour market participation may vary across different European contexts. Studies using data from Nordic countries - where levels of female market participation are relatively high - tend to find smaller effects of childcare provision than studies using data from Southern countries. The same relationship has been found at a micro-level: focusing on Italy, a country characterised by low female work participation, we have found that childcare availability is more crucial to less labour-attached mothers. This result is in line with studies which find that family policies are particularly important for less educated women (Del Boca, Pasqua and Pronzato 2009; Pronzato 2009)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pronzato, Chiara Daniela (2015): Fighting lone mothers' poverty through in-work benefits. Methodological issues and policy suggestions. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 61, H. 1, S. 95-122. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifu021

Abstract

"Lone mothers are overrepresented among the poor in many European countries, with detrimental consequences for them and their children. Even in Norway, which is known for its successful economic and welfare development, lone mothers were at least three times more likely to be poor than married mothers. To redress this issue, the Norwegian government instituted a welfare reform in 1998, increasing lone-parent benefit levels and introducing working requirements. Using a quasi-experimental model, Mogstad and Pronzato (2008) found that the reform had a positive effect on lone mothers' labor supply and slightly reduced poverty. Yet given the extent of public resources invested, was this the most that policy makers could expect in terms of reducing poverty? To answer this question, I estimate a discrete choice model of work and welfare participation decisions, and use the behavioral estimates to derive the policy parameters that would have minimized poverty among lone mothers. To produce more robust results, a prerequisite for developing policy recommendations, the discrete choice model is validated by comparing its predictions with the estimated effects of the reform obtained from a quasi-experiment (Mogstad and Pronzato 2008)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Röhr-Sendlmeier, Una M. & Anna Katharina Pracht (2015): Die öffentliche Diskussion um Mütter im Beruf. Argumentationslinien in Printmedien und Online-Publikationen seit 2005. In: Bildung und Erziehung, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 495-514. DOI:10.7788/bue-2015-0408

Abstract

"On the basis of widely read print and online media, the public discussion in Germany on working mothers since 2005 is analyzed applying the technique of theoretical sampling. After documenting how the general situation of mothers at work was seen in Germany, the content analysis focusses on different positions regarding social and political schemes. Dominant topics were the proportion of women in top managerial positions, part time employment, financial support for families and legal regulations concerning out-of-family care for children younger than three years of age. Initiatives and flexibilities of companies were discussed. A shift in the published discourse was found from a critical view on the situation of working mothers towards greater attention given to the question of how both parents could find an adequate work-lifebalance. Published opinion showed to be biased with respect to the importance given to singular issues. Lately, more people have taken to expressing their own opinion on the internet aside the established print and online media." (Author's abstract, © Böhlau Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Röhr-Sendlmeier, Uma M. (2015): Wieviel Mutter braucht das Kind? Zur Situation berufstätiger Mütter und ihrer Kinder. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 188), Sankt Augustin, 10 S.

Abstract

"In der Diskussion um die Berufstätigkeit von Müttern wird immer wieder die Frage nach den Auswirkungen der mütterlichen Abwesenheit auf das Kindeswohl aufgeworfen. Die Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen werden nur nach und nach im öffentlichen Diskurs berücksichtigt. Zu den aktuellen entwicklungspsychologischen Forschungsergebnissen zur Bindungssicherheit und zur frühkindlichen Betreuung außerhalb der Familie und den Zusammenhängen zwischen mütterlicher Berufstätigkeit und den schulischen Leistungen sowie der Lebenszufriedenheit und den sozial-emotionalen Kompetenzen der Kinder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2015): Familienbilder in Deutschland und Frankreich. (Monitor Familienforschung 34), Berlin, 35 S.

Abstract

"Die aktuelle Ausgabe des Monitors Familienforschung untersucht, welche Familienbilder in Deutschland und Frankreich das Familienleben prägen. Eine Vergleichsbefragung gibt Auskunft über die Einstellungen in beiden Ländern zu den Themen Kinderwunsch, Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie sowie zur partnerschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung. Der Monitor stellt diesen Ergebnissen aktuelle Daten und Informationen zu dem familienpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen gegenüber." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Rønsen, Marit & Ragni Hege Kitterød (2015): Gender-equalizing family policies and mothers' entry into paid work. Recent evidence from Norway. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 59-89. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.927584

Abstract

"Universal parental leaves with job protection and earnings compensation increase women's labor market attachment, but very long leaves may have negative consequences at both individual and societal levels. Using panel data from the period 1996 - 2010, we study whether it is possible to offset the potential negative effects on women's labor supply of long parental leaves by policies targeted especially at fathers, and policies making formal daycare cheaper and more easily available. Norway is used as example, since all recent extensions in the parental leave scheme have been reserved for fathers and at the same time the daycare sector has expanded rapidly. We find that Norwegian mothers did enter work faster after childbirth in the late 2000s than a decade earlier. The latest initiatives may thus have contributed to a shortening of women's career interruptions and a more equal division of paid and unpaid work among parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schilling, Elisabeth (2015): Unterbrochene Karrieren. Wandel weiblicher Erwerbsverläufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 153 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-03903-5

Abstract

"Das Buch analysiert, wie Beschäftigte der öffentlichen Verwaltung mit unterbrochenen Erwerbsverläufen ihr Arbeitsleben gestalten, welche Bedeutung Partizipation in der Arbeitswelt für sie hat, wie sie beruflichen Erfolg definieren und die Balance zwischen dem Beruflichen und dem Privaten herstellen. Der Analyse liegt eine qualitative Studie mit biographischen Interviews zugrunde. Frauen erzählten über ihre Erfahrungen des Aus- und Wiedereinstiegs, über ihre Wünsche, Hindernisse auf dem Weg zur Verwirklichung dieser Wünsche und Realitäten im Arbeitsalltag. Durch die Vorstellung der Typologie von Übergangserfahrungen werden diese Erkenntnisse systematisiert und für den Leser greifbar gemacht. Zum Schluss werden Vorschläge für spezifische Personalentwicklungsmaßnahmen gemacht." (Verlagsangaben)

Zitatform

Schober, Pia S. & Gundula Zoch (2015): Kürzere Elternzeit von Müttern. Gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Familienarbeit? In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 82, H. 50, S. 1190-1196.

Abstract

"Durch die Elterngeldreform 2007 und den Ausbau der Kindertageseinrichtungen der letzten Jahre sind in Deutschland Rahmenbedingungen geschaffen worden, die eine gleichmäßigere Aufteilung der Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit erleichtern sollen. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, ob die Länge der Elternzeit beider Elternteile die Aufteilung der Familienarbeit mittelfristig beeinflusst, wenn beide Partner wieder erwerbstätig sind, und wodurch sich die Veränderungen erklären lassen. Analysen auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) zeigen, dass eine längere Elternzeit von Müttern auch nach Rückkehr beider Partner in den Arbeitsmarkt mit einer traditionelleren Arbeitsteilung in Bezug auf Haushaltsarbeit und Kinderbetreuung einhergehen. Väter, die Elternzeit in Anspruch nehmen, teilen die Familienarbeit im vierten Jahr nach der Geburt gleichmäßiger auf als Väter ohne Erwerbsunterbrechung. Jedoch beteiligen sich Väter, die gleichzeitig mit der Partnerin Elternzeit genommen haben, nach der Geburt des ersten Kind mittelfristig weniger an der Kinderbetreuung als Väter, die nicht gleichzeitig mit der Mutter in Elternzeit waren. Beim zweiten Kind findet sich dieser Zusammenhang nicht. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich dadurch erklären, dass Mütter im Zuge einer längeren Elternzeit eher ihre Identität und ihre Präferenzen für Kinderbetreuung anpassen. Väter wiederum können sich durch die Elternzeit, vor allem wenn sie nicht gleichzeitig mit der Mutter genommen wird, 'familienarbeitsrelevante' Fähigkeiten aneignen und engere Bindungen zu den Kindern aufbauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schober, Pia S. & Gundula Zoch (2015): Change in the gender division of domestic work after mummy or daddy took leave. An examination of alternative explanations. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 803), Berlin, 39 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates how the duration of child care leave taken by mothers and fathers relates to changes in couples' division of housework and child care after postnatal labour market return in Germany. It explores whether take-up of child care related leave may impact the gender division of domestic work beyond the period of leave and examines three theoretical explanations: 1) development of domestic work skills, 2) bargaining power based on economic resources, and 3) adaptations in gender role or parenting identities. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992-2012) on 797 and 762 couples with a first or second birth, respectively, we applied OLS regression models with lagged dependent variables in combination with Heckman selection correction. The results suggested that dual-earner couples where mothers took longer leaves experienced a greater shift towards a gender-traditional division of domestic labour after childbirth even in the medium-term after labour market return. The linear relationship and stronger effects on the division of child care than for housework lent support to identity-based explanations. Paternal leave take-up was associated with a more equal division of housework and child care after first births but not after second birth transitions. The relationship with the leave duration was less clear. In terms of explaining the mechanisms for fathers, the findings provided greatest support for explanations relating to domestic skills development possibly in combination with changes in fathering identities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schreyer, Jessica (2015): Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit während des Bezugs von Elterngeld. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 53-77.

Abstract

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf Basis der Daten der ifb-Berufsrückkehrstudie untersucht, welche Mütter noch während des Bezugs von Elterngeld eine Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit aufnehmen und was ihre Gründe hierfür sind. Hypothesen hierzu beziehen sich auf die Vermeidung negativer Konsequenzen für die berufliche Entwicklung und thematisieren das Streben nach Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie. Ein früher Wiedereinstieg ist signifikant häufiger mit der Rückkehr auf den alten Arbeitsplatz beim vorherigen Arbeitgeber verbunden und ist vor allem hinsichtlich der Vermeidung beruflicher Nachteile durch eine Erwerbsunterbrechung von Bedeutung. Außerdem arbeiten Selbstständige nach der Geburt ihres Kindes signifikant häufiger im Rahmen einer Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit noch während des Elterngeldbezugs. Zum einen erfordert der im Vergleich zu Beschäftigten weniger abgesicherte Erwerbsstatus eine schnelle Wiederaufnahme der Erwerbstätigkeit. Zum anderen ermöglichen flexiblere Arbeitszeiten, häufig in reduziertem Umfang, die Vereinbarkeit beruflicher und familialer Anforderungen. In den Daten lassen sich Hinweise für die Opportunitätskostenhypothese, die Bedeutung beruflicher Zwänge sowie für die Hypothese zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie finden. Die Gründe für eine Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit während des Bezugs von Elterngeld sind demnach vielschichtig." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Steffens, Melanie C. & Ma. Àngels Viladot (2015): Gender at work. A social psychological perspective. (Language as social action 18), New York: Lang, 312 S.

Abstract

"While many women receive equal education, such equality is nowhere in sight when it comes to women's and men's career success: men still earn significantly more than women and are more likely to be promoted. In this book, the authors offer a state of the art review of applied social-psychological research on gender at work, shedding light on all the different ways that work-related perceptions, attributions, outcomes, and the like differ for women and men. Focusing on domains (e.g., engineering) and positions (e.g., leadership) that are marked by women's underrepresentation, the first part of the book looks at gender at work in terms of stereotypes, attitudes, and social roles, including parenthood, while the second part takes a social identity and communication perspective, exploring the situations in which men and women interact at work. Many chapters focus on applied questions, such as career choice, effects of role models, and sexual harassment at work. Theories and findings are applied to these topics, with conclusions and recommendations drawn throughout the book." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Thiemann, Andreas (2015): Pension wealth and maternal employment. Evidence from a reform of the German child care pension benefit. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1499), Berlin, 45 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses administrative data to investigate how a change in pension wealth affects a mother's employment decision after child birth. I exploit the extension of the child care pension benefit in 1992 as a natural experiment in a regression discontinuity design to estimate short- and medium-run employment effects. In comparison to most family benefits, the child care pension benefit is accumulated upon child birth but only becomes effective on the verge of retirement. Hence, the employment response depends on how a mother discounts future pension benefits. The results suggest that the change in pension wealth does not affect maternal employment, which is not in line with a forward looking rational behavior. Therefore, the child care pension benefit increases maternal old-age income without causing negative employment reactions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ziegler, Yvonne, Regine Graml & Caprice Weissenrieder (2015): Karriereperspektiven berufstätiger Mütter. 1. Frankfurter Karrierestudie. Göttingen: Cuvillier, 137 S.

Abstract

"Das vorliegende Forschungsprojekt 'Karriereperspektiven berufstätiger Mütter' untersucht die Lebenssituation und die Interessen beruflich engagierter Mütter in Deutschland und will zu einer Verbesserung der beruflichen Bedingungen von Müttern beitragen, indem sie das Bewusstsein für ihre besondere Situation in deutschen Unternehmen schärft und Verbesserungspotentiale aufzeigt. Im ersten Teil der Studie beleuchten die Wissenschaftlerinnen Ziegler/ Graml/ Weissenrieder den Stand der Forschung zu diesem Thema. Der zweite Teil der Studie lässt in ihrem empirischen Teil erstmals 1801 betroffene Frauen direkt zu Wort kommen. Sie wurden u.a. nach ihren größten bisherigen Karrierehindernissen befragt. Die Studie konzentriert sich auf die Frage, mit welchen besonderen Schwierigkeiten berufstätige Mütter zu kämpfen haben und welche Lösungsansätze diese selbst vorschlagen. Ein zentrales Thema dabei ist die Unternehmenskultur im Umgang mit Frauen und (werdenden) Müttern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Entscheidung von Eltern, wer nach der Geburt der Kinder welchen Anteil der Erwerbs- und der Familienarbeit übernimmt, prägt die (Erwerbs-)Biographien von Müttern und Vätern. Zudem nimmt sie in vielen Familien Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Stabilität, die soziale Teilhabe und die jeweiligen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Partner bis hin zur Absicherung für das Alter. Die im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend erstellte Studie untersucht diese Weichenstellung im Familienleben anhand einer repräsentative Befragung von Müttern und Vätern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2015): Familienreport 2014. Leistungen, Wirkungen, Trends. (Familienreport ... 5), Berlin, 110 S.

Abstract

"Der Familienreport 2014 informiert über die aktuellen Entwicklungen von Familien in unserem Land und stellt die Vorhaben, Maßnahmen und Programme der Familienpolitik der Bundesregierung dar. Er belegt die aktuellen Trends rund um Familie in aktuellen Zahlen und Daten zu den Familienformen, familiären Werten, Kinderwünschen, Geburten, Eheschließungen und Ehescheidungen. Umfassend dargestellt werden Leistungen, Wirkungen und Entwicklungen in der Familienpolitik." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Berufsorientierung von Frauen, insbesondere die von Müttern, ist enorm gewachsen, Karrierewünsche inbegriffen. Immer mehr Männer wünschen sich, mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern zu verbringen. Ausgewogene Vereinbarkeit, Partnerschaftlichkeit und stabile Einkommensverhältnisse - darum geht es Familien heute. Gleichzeitig befinden wir uns mitten in einem umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Wandel: Digitalisierung, demografischer Wandel, Globalisierung und die Beschleunigung von Arbeitsprozessen führen zu neuen Herausforderungen. So sind im demografischen Wandel eine wachsende Zahl älterer Menschen im Fall der Pflegebedürftigkeit durch immer weniger junge Menschen zu betreuen, denn der Wunsch, soweit es geht in der Familie zu pflegen, ist nach wie vor groß. Auf der anderen Seite wird Arbeit flexibler, die Familienformen sind vielfältiger geworden - und das führt zu mehr Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Diese Veränderungen bieten die Chance für einen Qualitätssprung für eine NEUE Vereinbarkeit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)