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Bünning, Mareike & Matthias Pollmann-Schult (2016): Family policies and fathers' working hours. Cross-national differences in the paternal labour supply. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 2, S. 256-274. DOI:10.1177/0950017015578999

Abstract

"Despite extensive research on the effect of family policies on the labour supply of mothers, little is known about how these policies affect fathers' labour market outcomes. Using European panel data (EU-SILC) from 2003 to 2009 and multi-level models, this study analyses the effect of family policies on fathers' working hours. The results indicate that fathers work less than childless men if they live in countries that offer well paid, non-transferable parental leave for fathers, short parental leave for mothers and generous family allowances. The effects, however, are strongly contingent on fathers' educational levels. Whereas short maternal leaves are associated with shorter working hours among highly educated fathers, generous family allowances and father friendly parental leave schemes reduce the working hours of less educated fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christiansen, Lone, Huidan Lin, Joana Pereira, Petia Topalova & Rima Turk (2016): Individual choice or policies? Drivers of female employment in Europe. (IMF working paper 2016,49), Washington, DC, 44 S.

Abstract

"Female labor force participation has increased markedly in many European countries during the past decades. Nonetheless, participation rates remain low in some economies, and a significant gender gap persists in most countries. Using micro-level data to control for factors that influence personal choice, we re-examine the determinants of female employment in Europe. The results highlight the importance of positive attitudes towards women working and individual characteristics such as years of education and number of children. However, even after controlling for these factors, policies are also key drivers of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davaki, Konstantina (2016): Demography and family policies. Study for the FEMM committee. Brüssel, 40 S. DOI:10.2861/14530

Abstract

"The European Union is in the midst of three crises: the economic, the demographic and the refugee. This study evaluates policies aiming at increasing fertility through work-life balance, reveals their interrelation with family policies and economic priorities and suggests ways of addressing challenges on all three fronts with the view to minimise their gendered outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Davaki, Konstantina (2016): Differences in men's and women's work, care and leisure time. Study for the FEMM committee. Brüssel, 63 S. DOI:10.2861/381996

Abstract

"The economic crisis has profoundly affected the labour market and private life of men and women. This study examines the interrelation of policies with the ways women and men allocate time to paid work, care and leisure and the gendered outcomes produced in different socio-economic and cultural settings. It shows that policies are powerful tools which can contribute to a better work-life balance and transform gender roles in accordance to the targets of EU2020 strategy and EU28 commitment to gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dearing, Helene (2016): Designing gender-equalizing parental leave schemes. What can we learn from recent empirical evidence from Europe? In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 28, H. 1, S. 38-64.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag erarbeitet eine systematische Literaturanalyse jener empirisch-quantitativen Literatur, die sich mit dem Einfluss von Elternzeit auf eine ausgeglichene Arbeitsaufteilung zwischen Frauen und Männern beschäftigt. Dabei werden jene Studien untersucht, welche 1. Daten aus Europa heranziehen, 2. zwischen Januar 2000 und Mai 2014 durchgeführt, 3. in referierten Zeitschriften publiziert und 4. auf Englisch oder Deutsch verfasst wurden. Die Analyse des Materials erlaubt es, jene Merkmale eines Elternzeitmodells zu identifizieren, welche besonders relevant für eine gleiche Arbeitsaufteilung zwischen Männern und Frauen sind. Erstens ist die Bereitstellung einer mittleren Dauer von Elternzeit besonders wichtig, um die Integration von Frauen auf den Erwerbsarbeitsmarkt zu fördern. Zweitens hat besonders die Einführung eines Elternzeitanspruchs alleine für Väter eine positive Auswirkung auf deren Beteiligung im Bereich der unbezahlten Familienarbeit. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass sich der Effekt von Elternzeit auf Frauen in der Erwerbsarbeit je nach dem Bildungs- und Einkommensniveau unterschiedlich gestalten kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fahlén, Susanne (2016): Equality at home - a question of career? Housework, norms, and policies in a European comparative perspective. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 1411-1440. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.48

Abstract

"Background: Dual-earner families are widespread in contemporary Europe, yet the division of housework is highly gendered, with women still bearing the lion's share. However, women in dual-career couples and in other types of non-traditional couples, across and within different European countries, appear to handle the division of housework differently.
Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the division of housework among various couple-earner types, by determining i) whether relative resources, time spent on paid work, gender attitudes, and family structure reduce variations in housework between different couple types, and ii) whether the division of housework varies between countries with different work-family policies and gender norms.
Methods: The study uses data from ten countries, representing different welfare regime types, extracted from the European Social Survey (2010/11), and employs multivariate regressions and aggregated analysis of the association between the division of housework and the contextual indices.
Results: The results show that dual-career couples divide housework more equally than dual-earner couples, relating more to the fact that the former group of women do less housework in general, rather than that men are doing more. The cross-national analysis shows tangible differences between dual-earner and dual-career couples; however, the difference is less marked with respect to the division of housework in countries with more institutional support for work-family reconciliation and less traditional gender norms.
Contribution: By combining conventional economic and gender-based approaches with an institutional framework, this study contributes to the research field by showing that the division of housework within different couple-earner types is contextually embedded." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Horemans, Jeroen (2016): Polarisation of non-standard employment in Europe. Exploring a missing piece of the inequality puzzle. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 125, H. 1, S. 171-189. DOI:10.1007/s11205-014-0834-0

Abstract

"The rise in non-standard employment inspired many scholars to study the social consequences of these new employment forms. Most research focusses on individuals working non-standard. With the increase in dual earnership, however, we need a household perspective. This study therefore develops the notion of household non-standard employment and applies a polarisation index to examine the distribution of non-standard work over dual earner couples. This polarisation index compares the actual rate of household non-standard employment with a counterfactual rate when non-standard employment would be randomly distributed over households. Drawing on EU-SILC 2011, we define non-standard workers as individuals who worked during the previous year, but not full-year full-time. The results indicate that the levels of polarisation vary considerably across countries. Because especially women do not work full-time, polarisation is highly negative since it is less likely to find clustering of non-standard work within households. This pattern is dominant in Continental European countries, but also observable in Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon countries. On the other hand, in Eastern and Southern European countries, non-standard employment is concentrated in some households, mainly because of the inability of its members to work full-year. Common characteristics of household members known to be associated with non-standard employment, like age and education, explain little of the levels of non-standard employment polarisation." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Jakobsson, Niklas & Andreas Kotsadam (2016): Does marriage affect men's labor market outcomes? A European perspective. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 373-389. DOI:10.1007/s11150-013-9224-7

Abstract

"Does marriage make men more productive, or do more productive men marry? Previous studies have reached different conclusions but have also been conducted using different methodologies in different countries and in different time periods. We use two sources of European panel data (spanning the years 1994 - 2001 and 2003 - 2007) to assess the relationship between marriage and labor market outcomes. By using data from 12 countries over a 13 year period, we are able to investigate the impact of marriage in different country groups and across time. We find that selection into marriage accounts for most of the differences in hours worked and wages between married and non-married men. With respect to wages we note that while the difference between married and non-married males has increased over time, the actual effect of marriage has disappeared." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Martina Bisello & Irene Riobóo Lestón (2016): The gender employment gap. Challenges and solutions. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 96 S. DOI:10.2806/75749

Abstract

"Women's labour market participation in the European Union has increased over recent decades, passing 70% in 2014. In that year, women comprised almost 46% of the active EU labour market population. Nevertheless, women's employment and participation rates are still lower than those of men in almost all Member States. Fostering higher participation of women is crucial to meet the Europe 2020 target to achieve an overall employment rate of at least 75% by 2020. This report explores the main characteristics and consequences of gender gaps in labour market participation. It finds that the total cost of a lower female employment rate was EURO370 billion in 2013, corresponding to 2.8% of EU GDP. The report also examines policies and measures aimed at fostering female labour market participation, which could be central to closing gender gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matysiak, Anna & Dorota Weziak-Bialowolska (2016): Country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation. An attempt at quantification. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 475-510. DOI:10.1007/s10680-015-9366-9

Abstract

"The country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation (family policies, labour market structures and gender norms) are believed to influence tensions between paid employment and childbearing. So far there have been very few attempts to quantify these conditions into a single measure which would allow for comparisons across countries of the magnitude of the barriers that working parents encounter. Such a quantitative index could also facilitate a quantitative investigation of the association between the macro-level conditions for work and family reconciliation and fertility at the individual level. In this paper, we seek to fill this gap by proposing a quantitative index of country-specific conditions for work and family reconciliation, which may be used, for example, in a two-level regression framework. The index takes into account all three components of the conditions for work and family reconciliation. We also perform a series of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses which verify the robustness of our assumptions and which illustrate the range of the index volatility." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Naldini, Manuela, Emmanuele Pavolini & Cristina Solera (2016): Female employment and elderly care: the role of care policies and culture in 21 European countries. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 607-630. DOI:10.1177/0950017015625602

Abstract

"To what extent and in what ways do welfare state policies and cultural values affect the employment patterns of mid-life women with care responsibilities toward a frail parent? The study draws on Eurobarometer micro-data integrated with country-level information to respond to this question. Performing a multilevel analysis across 21 European countries, it considers macro factors that influence the decisions of mid-life women to give up or reduce paid work in order to care for a frail elderly parent. The results show that, while the overall level of expenditure on long-term care is not influential, settings characterized by limited formal care services, and strong norms with regard to intergenerational obligations, have a negative impact on women's attachment to the labour market. Policies and cultural factors also influence the extent to which women are polarized: in more defamiliarized countries, regardless of their level of education, female carers rarely reduce their level of employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke C. Plagnol (2016): Arbeitsplatzqualität und weibliche Erwerbsbeteiligung in Europa. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 69, H. 4, S. 273-282. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2016-4-273

Abstract

"Zahlreiche Untersuchungen belegen, dass die Entscheidung zur beruflichen Weiterarbeit nach der Familiengründung einerseits von persönlichen Umständen abhängt, wie der Notwendigkeit, zum Haushaltseinkommen beizutragen, andererseits aber auch von institutionellen Einflussgrößen wie dem Angebot an erschwinglichen Kinderbetreuungsplätzen. Ergänzend hierzu untersuchen wir anhand von Daten des European Working Conditions Surveys, inwieweit die Qualität der Arbeitsplätze die Erwerbsbiografie von Frauen in den EU-27-Ländern beeinflusst. Unsere Analyse betrachtet drei Einzeldimensionen: Arbeitsplatzsicherheit, Arbeitszeitqualität und intrinsische Arbeitsqualität. Wir stellen fest, dass die Arbeitsplatzqualität von Müttern kleiner Kinder im Schnitt höher ist als die von Frauen ohne betreuungspflichtige Kinder, insbesondere hinsichtlich Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungssicherheit. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse belegen für die gesamte EU-27 einen weitgehend einheitlichen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Status von Frauen als Mütter kleiner Kinder und der Arbeitsplatzqualität." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Schmidt, Jörg (2016): Die Entgeltlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern im internationalen Vergleich. Empirische Befunde auf Basis des EU-SILC. (IW-Report / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2016,16), Köln, 37 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Entlohnungsunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern auf internationaler Ebene. Ihr Ziel bestand darin, auf Basis neuer empirischer Befunde für die Jahre 2009 bis 2013 die sonst übliche Analyse struktureller Ursachen zu erweitern und aufzuzeigen, welche Zusammenhänge zu institutionellen Regelungen bestehen und inwieweit vor dem Hintergrund der vorliegenden Ergebnisse staatliche Eingriffe überhaupt gerechtfertigt erscheinen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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International Labour Office (2016): Global wage report 2016/17. Wage inequality in the workplace. (Global wage report 05), Genf, 114 S.

Abstract

"The 2016/17 edition examines inequality at the workplace level, providing empirical evidence on the extent to which wage inequality is the result of wage inequality between enterprises as well as within enterprises. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anttila, Timo, Tomi Oinas, Mia Tammelin & Jouko Nätti (2015): Working-time regimes and work-life balance in Europe. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 6, S. 713-724. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv070

Abstract

"The organization of times and places of work are key elements of working conditions, and define employees' possibilities for balancing work and other life spheres. This study analyses several aspects of temporal and spatial flexibility, and their associations with employees' work-life balance. This study separates four dimensions of temporal flexibility and one indicator of spatial flexibility. The dimensions of temporal flexibility are the number of hours worked, when the hours are worked, work-time intensity, and the degree of working-time autonomy. The workplace flexibility indicator is an index of work locations. Work-life balance is analysed with work-hour fit. The analyses were based on the fifth wave of the European Working Conditions Survey collected in 2010. We used data from 25 Member States of the European Union (n?=?25,417). Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, this study found various types of flexibility regimes in Europe. Country clusters show a clear effect on perceived work-life balance even after controlling for flexibility measurements at the individual level. This study contributes to the existing research in analysing several dimensions of temporal and spatial flexibility at the same time, as well as their associations to work-life balance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Betti, Gianni, Francesca Bettio, Thomas Georgiadis & Platon Tinios (2015): Unequal ageing in Europe. Women's independence and pensions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 187 S. DOI:10.1057/9781137384102

Abstract

While much is known about the situation in the labour market in the form of gender pay and earnings gaps, rather little is understood about their sequel in old age the gender pension gap. Entering the world of pensions may well signal a step backwards as far as women's independence is concerned, particularly in countries where women have earned economic independence in employment and are now being confronted by institutional frameworks presuming, encouraging or even imposing dependence. Unequal Ageing in Europe explores the gender pension gap across the member states of the European Union, plus Iceland and Norway. Employing microdata from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), along with data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the authors derive key facts regarding pension inequality between women and men. An intuitive indicator for a pension gender gap is derived and contrasted with equivalent indicators for pay and earnings gaps. The authors explore European diversity in a number of dimensions and benchmark their findings against equivalent findings in the US.

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Figueiredo, Hugo, Vera Rocha, Ricardo Biscaia & Pedro Teixeira (2015): Gender pay gaps and the restructuring of graduate labour markets in Southern Europe. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 565-598. DOI:10.1093/cje/bev008

Abstract

"In this article we investigate whether education-job mismatches and growing occupational diversity are important explanatory factors of gender pay gaps amongst university graduates in Southern Europe (namely in Portugal, Spain, and Italy). We use standard decomposition techniques and test the implications of controlling for selection bias. Our results indicate that over-education and greater occupational segregation associated with the emergence of new graduate job profiles are important determinants of earnings inequality. Whilst our focus is on graduates' early careers, demonstrating that occupational assignment and selection into employment shape gender pay gaps amongst the highly skilled provides a more pessimistic view on the ability of educational expansion or equal pay legislation to significantly reduce gender pay inequality. Southern European economies are also particularly interesting to look at since there may be a greater degree of mismatch between the pace of higher education expansion and the changes in the job structure, making women particularly vulnerable to over-education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gehringer, Agnieszka & Stephan Klasen (2015): Labor force participation of women in the EU - What role do family policies play? (Discussion papers, Center for European, Governance and Economic Development Research 242), Göttingen, 30 S.

Abstract

"We empirically study the role of different family policies in determining women┐s labor market behavior in the countries of the European Union between 1997 and 2008. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market. At the same time, family policies are to provide support to families while also helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity. We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between four types of family policies and labor force participation and (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of any on overall labor force, but higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant determinant of women's full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalísková, Klára (2015): Tax and transfer policies and female labor supply in the EU. (EUROMOD working paper 2015,01), Cambridge, 30 S.

Abstract

"This study contributes to the female labor supply responsiveness literature by measuring the effect of tax-benefit policies on female labor supply based on a broad sample of 26 European countries in 2005-2010. The tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD is used to calculate a measure of work incentives at the extensive margin-the participation tax rate, which is then used as the main explanatory variable in a female employment equation. This allows me to deal with the endogeneity of income in a new way by using a simulated instrumental variable based on a fixed EU-wide sample of women. Results suggest that a 10 percentage point increase in the participation tax rate decreases the female employment probability by 2 percentage points. The effect is higher for single mothers, for women in the middle of the skills distribution, and in countries that have lower rates of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Reilly, Jacqueline, Mark Smith, Simon Deakin & Brendan Burchell (2015): Equal pay as a moving target. International perspectives on forty-years of addressing the gender pay gap. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 299-317. DOI:10.1093/cje/bev010

Abstract

"This paper provides an overview of the key factors impacting upon the gender pay gap in the UK, Europe and Australia. Forty years after the implementation of the first equal pay legislation, the pay gap remains a key aspect of the inequalities women face in the labour market. While the overall pay gap has tended to fall in many countries over the past forty years, it has not closed; in some countries it has been stubbornly resistant, or has even widened. In reviewing the collection of papers that make up this special issue we identify four broad themes with which to group the contributions and draw out the explanations for diverse trends: theoretical and conceptual debates; legal developments and their impacts; wage setting institutions and changing employer demands; and newly emerging pay inequalities between and within educational and ethnic groups. Across the four themes we underline how the trends in the gender pay gap capture the dynamism of inequalities, as the market power of different groups and stakeholders changes over times. Three key dimensions emerge from the papers to provide a framework for future research and policy discourse: the relationship between litigation and bargaining strategies; the interaction between wage-setting institutions and new organisational practices; and the increasing and range of diversity or equality strands competing for equal treatment. We conclude that progress towards closing the gender pay gap will not be easy, will require a collective effort of various actors, and will not be quick." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Perugini, Cristiano & Ekaterina Selezneva (2015): Labour market institutions, crisis and gender earnings gap in Eastern Europe. In: The economics of transition, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 517-564. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12072

Abstract

We study gender pay inequality in ten Central and Eastern EU countries before (2007) and during the economic crisis (2009) using quantile regression methods. The analysis reveals remarkable cross-country diversity in levels and patterns of the gender gap along the earnings distribution; for the majority of the countries the crisis is associated with declining male/female disparities. We address the role played by labour market institutions in shaping the observed gender pay gap levels and patterns. Labour market deregulation increases gender inequality at the middle and at the top of the pay distribution, but reduces disparities at the bottom. Higher union density and wage coordination reduce the pay gap, with stronger equalizing effects on better-paid jobs. The crisis seems to weaken the already poor role of institutions in the low-pay sector.

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Peruzzi, Marco (2015): Contradictions and misalignments in the EU approach towards the gender pay gap. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 441-465. DOI:10.1093/cje/bev007

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to highlight the tensions within the EU's 'governance architecture' concerning pay equality. Specifically, after a preliminary outline of the theoretical discussion on the EU's new/old governance, the analysis focuses on two empirical fields. The first one enables an assessment of the contradictions between old and new governance in EU equal pay policy. This analysis highlights the inconsistencies between the architecture of the antidiscrimination framework, established following the EU's old governance-by-law approach, and the assessment of equal pay public policy measures in the context of the EU's new governance-by-numbers approach. To this extent, the problems related to the political use of the unadjusted gender pay gap (GPG) indicator are pointed out. The second empirical field enables an assessment of the tensions within the EU's new governance system itself, specifically between the approach in the area of equal pay and in the area of economic policy, with specific regard to the participatory role of the social partners in tackling the GPG. If the role of the social partners is emphasised in several policy documents, the potentialities of their action are seriously jeopardised by the push for decentralisation of collective bargaining, aimed at anchoring wages to productivity, fostered by the EU's governance reforms responding to the crisis, in particular by the Euro Plus Pact and by the 'six-pack' regulations of 2011. As the paper finally remarks, both empirical fields of investigation confirm a narrowing down of pay equality in the context of an EU flexibility-centred and neoliberalist political perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke Plagnol (2015): Job quality and women's labour market participation. (European Trade Union Institute. Policy brief 2015,06), Brüssel, 5 S.

Abstract

"This Policy Brief provides an overview of female employment in the EU and of how it is affected by a transition to motherhood, as well as of recent policies devised to remedy the post-2008 unemployment crisis.
It also investigates the link between job quality and women's employment patterns. The study concludes that the EU should concentrate on putting job quality back on to the policy agenda, e.g. through increased use of employment indicators, in particular job quality indicators, in the process of monitoring social and employment developments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pronzato, Chiara Daniela & Giuseppe Sorrenti (2015): When context does matter. Childcare and maternal employment. Trying to solve the puzzle. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 3-8.

Abstract

"This paper reviews the recent literature on childcare provision and maternal employment, and uses simple statistics to show this relationship across European countries and regions. In particular, it studies how the association between childcare availability and mothers' labour market participation may vary across different European contexts. Studies using data from Nordic countries - where levels of female market participation are relatively high - tend to find smaller effects of childcare provision than studies using data from Southern countries. The same relationship has been found at a micro-level: focusing on Italy, a country characterised by low female work participation, we have found that childcare availability is more crucial to less labour-attached mothers. This result is in line with studies which find that family policies are particularly important for less educated women (Del Boca, Pasqua and Pronzato 2009; Pronzato 2009)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schäfer, Andrea & Karin Gottschall (2015): From wage regulation to wage gap. How wage-setting institutions and structures shape the gender wage gap across three industries in 24 European countries and Germany. In: Cambridge Journal of Economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 467-496. DOI:10.1093/cje/bev005

Abstract

"Whilst a common and persisting feature of advanced market economies, the gender wage gap nevertheless varies across countries. Amongst the factors affecting this wage gap, industrial relations and industry differences still require further research. Using data from EU-SILC in 25 European countries, this article analyses how national wage-setting institutions impact wage differences between male and female full-time employees in three distinct industries. Complementing the country comparison is an in-depth study of the German case using data from the German Linked Employer-Employee Database, shedding light on the interaction of industry- specific wage-setting regulations and gender equity in living wages. Findings from the international comparison suggest a substantial gender wage gap for fulltime employees across industries with specific country patterns. Country patterns seem to be due to the overall influence of trade unions and the relationship between pay bargaining strategies and specific minimum wage policies. The German case adds to these findings by analysing the impact of sectoral models of wage bargaining for industry-specific gender wage gaps, focussing on living wages for skilled full-time employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Troger, Tobias & Roland Verwiebe (2015): The role of education for poverty risks revisited. Couples, employment and profits from work-family policies. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 286-302. DOI:10.1177/0958928715589068

Abstract

"This article explores the specific effects of work-related family policies on poverty risks among various educational groups. Based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data (2005 - 2010) and policy indicators drawn from the Multilinks project, we estimated a series of multilevel models for approximately 123,000 households with children below the age of 6?years in 25 European countries. The results emphasize clear education-specific differences and thus are essential for the ongoing social-policy discourse. Interestingly, with respect to infant childcare, the strongest poverty-reducing effect was identified among women with mid-level education and their families, followed by low-educated women. In contrast, full-time care for children aged 3 - 5?years reduced the poverty risk only among women with mid- and high-level education and their families, whereas a medium length of well-paid parental leave was observed to be of particular importance to low-qualified mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zagheni, Emilio, Marina Zannella, Gabriel Movsesyan & Brittney Wagner (2015): A comparative analysis of European time transfers between generations and genders. (SpringerBriefs in population studies), Dordrecht: Springer London, 48 S. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9591-3

Abstract

"This comparative study of European time transfers reveals the full extent of transfers in the form of unpaid work and highlights the existence of important gender differences in household time production. A large quantity of goods and services are produced by household members for their own consumption, without involving market transactions. Despite the economic and social importance of unpaid work, these productive activities are largely invisible to traditional national economic accounts. As a consequence, standard measures of intergenerational transfers typically ignore household production, and thus underestimate the overall value of goods and services produced over the life cycle; in particular, the economic contribution of females. The book uses a life course approach to offer policy-relevant insights into the effect of demographic and social change on intergenerational ties and gender inequality in household production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Women have made many gains in access to education, and it follows that they have increased access to employment. Today, a third of the world's enterprises are run by women, and their management skills are increasingly recognized as well. There is more and more evidence that achieving gender balanced and diverse management teams at all levels in the hierarchy produces positive business outcomes. Yet age-old gender stereotypes still overshadow women's contribution to businesses. Top of the list of stereotypes across all social and cultural contexts is their ability to balance work and family responsibilities.
Women business owners are mostly concentrated in small and micro businesses. Still less than 5 per cent of CEOs of the largest global corporations are women. The higher up the corporate ladder and the larger the organization, the fewer the women. The 'glass ceiling' is still intact. Women are succeeding as high-level administrators, human resources and public relations managers. But 'glass walls' prevent them taking up strategic management positions leading to the top. Companies are losing out on women's contribution to their bottom line. Women in Business and Management: Gaining Momentum brings together all available data including ILO statistics to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date and global picture on women in the business world and in management positions. It highlights not only the obstacles women still face but also the business case for gender diversity and offers recommendations on the way forward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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International Labour Office (2015): Global wage report 2014/15. Wage and income inequality. (Global wage report 04), Genf, 114 S.

Abstract

"The Global Wage Report analyses the evolution of real wages around the world, giving a unique picture of wage trends and relative purchasing power globally and by region. The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. It shows that wages constitute the largest single source of income for households with at least one member of working age in most countries and points to changes in wages and paid employment as key factors underlying recent trends in inequality. The report also considers wage gaps between certain groups, such as those between women and men, migrants and nationals, and workers in the informal and formal economy. Inequality can be addressed through policies that affect wage distribution directly or indirectly, as well as through fiscal redistribution. However, increasing inequality in the labour market places a heavier burden on efforts to reduce inequality through taxes and transfers. The report thus emphasizes the need for combined policy action that includes minimum wages, strengthened collective bargaining, interventions to eliminate wage gaps, the promotion of paid employment and redistribution through taxes and transfers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher (2015): Report on equality between women and men 2014. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 60 S.

Abstract

"The Report on equality between women and men 2014 presents the latest figures illustrating the most recent developments. The report presents key EU actions on gender equality, which combine legislation, policy measures and funding. It includes projects at national and grass-roots level, highlighting the joint efforts by the EU and its Member States. In line with its obligations under the treaties, the EU promotes gender equality in all its activities, from education to work, from research to external policy." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Statistics and indicators that reflect the realities of the lives of women and men are needed to describe women's and men's role in the society, economy and family, to formulate and monitor policies and plans, monitor changes, and inform the public. In 2010, the Conference of European Statisticians (CES) established the Task Force on Indicators of Gender Equality, to improve the monitoring of gender equality in the UNECE region by consolidating and systematizing gender-relevant statistical indicators.
This publication contains the result of the work of that Task Force, which was endorsed by CES in October 2014. It presents a set of 115 gender equality indicators recommended for use in countries participating in the work of CES. The indicators are grouped in eight thematic domains inspired by the Beijing Platform for Action and categorized into 42 headline indicators and 73 supporting indicators. The selection is based on the consideration of policy needs, main existing international indicator frameworks, relevance to the measurement of gender equality and international availability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Institute for Gender Equality (2015): Gender equality index 2015. Measuring gender equality in the European Union 2005-2012. Report. (Gender equality index), Vilnius, 189 S. DOI:10.2839/763764

Abstract

"The Gender Equality Index provides a comprehensive measure of gender equality, tailored to fit the EU policy context. Following the importance of cohesion across EU Member States, the Gender Equality Index ensures that higher gender equality scores can only be obtained in societies where there are small gender gaps and high levels of achievement.
The present update includes scores for 2005, 2010 and 2012, for the first time allowing for an assessment of the progress made in the pursuit of gen¡der equality in the European Union and individual Member States over time. Moreover, the present update makes a first attempt at populating the satellite domain of violence by providing a composite indicator of direct violence against women, based on the data on violence against women collected by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights through the EU-wide Survey on Violence against Women.
The results of the Gender Equality Index show that there have been visible, albeit marginal, improvements between 2005 and 2012 in the domains covered by the Gender Equality Index. With an overall score of 52.9 out of 100 in 2012, the EU remains only halfway towards equality, having risen from 51.3 in 2005. Progress needs to increase its pace if the EU is to fulfil its ambitions and meet the Europe 2020 targets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aumayr-Pintar, Christine, Jorge Cabrita, Enrique Fernández-Macías & Carlos Vacas-Soriano (2014): Pay in Europe in the 21st century. Dublin, 173 S. DOI:10.2806/49345

Abstract

"The issue of wages has attracted particular attention at European level since the onset of the economic crisis. Changes in economic governance, notably within the European semester, have prompted discussions on wage-setting mechanisms. While, overall, wage-bargaining regimes have remained relatively stable over time in many countries, the most substantial changes were seen in Member States facing more difficult economic circumstances. This report provides comparative time series on wage-bargaining outcomes across the EU Member States and Norway, discussing pay developments against the background of different wage-bargaining regimes and looks into the link between pay and productivity developments. It also investigates the different systems and levels of minimum wages in Europe at present, carrying out an accounting exercise through a hypothetical scenario of a minimum wage set at 60% of the median national wage (with some alternative scenarios as well for comparison) in order to benchmark and evaluate minimum wage levels and systems in Europe, and to discuss the possibilities and difficulties of coordination in this matter." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burchell, Brendan, Vincent Hardy, Jill Rubery & Mark Smith (2014): A new method to understand occupational gender segregation in European labour markets. Brüssel, 161 S. DOI:10.2838/748887

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht stellt eine neue Art der Darstellung von Geschlechtersegregation nach Berufen vor. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Art des Berufes eine wichtig Rolle spielt, unabhängig davon, ob der Beruf männer- oder frauendominiert oder gemischt ist, ob es sich um Arbeiter oder Angestellte handelt. In diesem Bericht zeigen wir, dass nicht nur das Geschlecht der Arbeitnehmer sondern auch die 'Gender'eigenschaften des Berufes selbst - männerdominiert, frauendominiert oder gemischt - zu verschiedenen beruflichen Erfahrungen beitragen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Castellano, Rosalia & Antonella Rocca (2014): Gender gap and labour market participation. A composite indicator for the ranking of European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 345-367. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2012-0107

Abstract

"The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cipollone, Angela, Eleonora Patacchini & Giovanna Vallanti (2014): Female labour market participation in Europe. Novel evidence on trends and shaping factors. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-40. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-18

Abstract

"We investigate the changes in women's participation patterns across 15 EU countries over the last 20 years using individual data from ECHP and EUSILC databases. Our findings show that the observed trends in female participation differ substantially both across countries and across different groups of women. We explore such heterogeneity in trends by looking at the effects of policies and labour market institutional factors on the participation of women with different family and individual characteristics. Our estimates reveal a role of policies and institutions that is stronger than what has so far been assessed. Labour market institutions and family-oriented policies explain almost 25% of the actual increase in labour force participation for young women, and more than 30% for highly educated women. Surprisingly, changes in the institutional and policy settings contribute less in explaining the participation of low-skilled women. We also find that reforming the institutional framework towards a model of 'flexicure' labour market is effective in enhancing women labour supply only when deregulation is accompanied by sufficient social compensation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Salladarré, Frédéric & Stephane Hlaimi (2014): Women and part-time work in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 153, H. 2, S. 293-310. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00205.x

Abstract

"This article examines female part-time employment in 23 European countries, distinguishing between 'short' and 'long' part-time employment. The short form, defined as less than 20 hours per week, is associated with the youngest and oldest age groups, slight disability, a higher number of children, lower skill levels, and employment in community, social and personal services. Although the incidence of part-time employment varies considerably across countries, long part-time employment is generally more widespread than short part-time employment, albeit with matching cross-country variations in the incidence of the two types. This suggests that they are complementary, rather than substitutes for one another." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sparreboom, Theo (2014): Gender equality, part-time work and segregation in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 245-268. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x

Abstract

"This article shows how both segregation by sex and segregation by hours shape the occupational space of part-time workers. The level of segregation by sex varies according to the shares of full-time and part-time work in total employment, and the trade-off between increasing the volume of female employment and decreasing segregation by sex is much stronger for full-time work. The author argues that there is less segregation by sex in part-time work than in full-time work; it is the gap between the volume of male and female part-time employment that determines the effect of part-time work an segregation in total employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sándor, Eszter, Daphne Ahrendt & Rachel Kuenzi (2014): Third European quality of life survey. Quality of life in Europe: Families in the economic crisis. Dublin, 76 S. DOI:10.2806/49619

Abstract

"The economic crisis has reshaped the lives of millions of European citizens. But how has it affected families with children? Children are more at risk of poverty or social exclusion than the overall population in a large majority of EU countries; hence, it is important to understand how the crisis has affected the households in which these children grow up. This report describes the changing quality of life across the EU for different types of families with children and compares their living standards and social situation. Grouping the EU Member States into four categories on the basis of the flexibility or otherwise of their family policies, it also examines potential patterns that may be related to different family policy approaches. Themes that emerge from the findings include the particular challenges facing lone parents, the greater difficulties facing jobless families since the onset of the crisis, and the increasing extent of conflict parents experience in seeking to balance their work and family lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrendt, Daphne, Robert Anderson, Jean-Marie Jungblut, Daniel Molinuevo, Eszter Sándor, Adi Buxbaum & Sybille Pirklbauer (2013): Caring for children and dependants. Effect on careers of young workers. Dublin, 11 S.

Abstract

"This background paper aims to give an overview of the effects that the lack of childcare and care facilities for other dependants has on the career choices and situation of young men and women in the labour market, with a particular focus on the effects of the crisis on the accessibility of those services. The paper was prepared on request from the European Parliament for expert input on the effects of caring for children and other dependants on the employability of young men and women. It includes an analysis of the data from Eurofound's third European Quality of Life Survey of 2011 (EQLS), the 2013 European Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the 2011 Eurobarometer survey." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anxo, Dominique, Christine Franz & Angelika Kümmerling (2013): Working time and work-life balance in a life course perspective. A report based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Dublin, 72 S.

Abstract

"Understanding how working time is organised and how this is impacting on balance of work versus private life is of fundamental importance. This general statement is very much in accordance with the main objective of the Europe 2020 employment strategy, stating that at least 75% of the population aged 20 - 64 should be employed by 2020, necessitating in many Member States a significant increase in women's labour market participation. Drawing on data from Eurofound's fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), based on interviews with more than 38,000 respondents in 34 countries, this report documents the prevailing working time patterns of employees, the self-employed and lone parents across five country clusters. It also analyses the relationship between paid employment and domestic activities, work - life balance and working time preferences across the life course." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bettio, Francesca, Platon Tinios & Gianni Betti (2013): The gender gap in pensions in the EU. Brüssel, 136 S. DOI:10.2838/43810

Abstract

"Renten sind ein wichtiger Bestimmungsfaktor der wirtschaftlichen Unabhängigkeit ihrer Empfänger. Wenn man die wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit von Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter betrachtet, denkt man unwillkürlich an geschlechtsspezifische Lohngefälle. Die Auseinandersetzung mit geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieden müsste eigentlich auch zu einer besonderen Aufmerksamkeit auf Einkommensgefälle bei Renten führen. Diese Gefälle müssten die kumulierten Nachteile einer beruflichen Laufbahn in Arbeitsmärkten wiederspiegeln, in denen die Bedingungen für Frauen und Männer ungleich sind. Das gilt umso mehr für ältere Kohorten. Rentensysteme reflektieren diese Unterschiede nicht eins zu eins, sondern können sie durch die Belohnung von Sparsamkeit verstärken oder infolge entsprechender sozialpolitischer Entscheidungen abfedern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bárcena-Martín, Elena & Ana I. Moro-Egido (2013): Gender and poverty risk in Europe. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 69-99. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2013.771815

Abstract

"This study advances research on the structural dimension in the predominantly individual-oriented field of poverty studies by evaluating to what extent cross-national differences in population and structural characteristics can explain the differences in poverty outcomes by gender. To facilitate an approach that integrates individual and structural context dimensions, the paper takes advantage of multilevel techniques to test gender differences in the risk of being poor, entering into poverty, and exiting from poverty among seventeen European countries. The analysis covers single-adult households, drawing on data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EUSILC) for the years 2007-8. The study concludes that structural effects, such as welfare state policies, labor market characteristics, level of inequality, and the level of women's empowerment in the country, seem to be more relevant than individual effects in explaining differences in the gender poverty gap among countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Christofides, Louis N., Alexandros Polycarpou & Konstantinos Vrachimis (2013): Gender wage gaps, 'sticky floors' and 'glass ceilings' in Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 21, H. April, S. 86-102. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003

Abstract

"We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 26 European countries, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries, definitions of the gap, and selection-correction mechanisms. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in a number of countries, the wage gap is wider at the top ('glass ceilings') and/or at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). We find larger mean/median gender gaps and more evidence of glass ceilings for full-time full-year employees, suggesting more female disadvantage in 'better' jobs. These features may be related to country-specific policies that cannot be evaluated at the individual-country level, at a point in time. We use the cross-country variation in the unexplained wage gaps of this larger-than-usual sample of states to explore the influence of (i) country policies that reconcile work and family life and (ii) their wage-setting institutions. We find that country policies and institutions are related to features of their unexplained gender wage gaps in systematic, quantitatively important, ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cipollone, Angela, Eleonora Patacchini & Giovanna Vallanti (2013): Women labor market participation in Europe. Novel evidence on trends and shaping factors. (IZA discussion paper 7710), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the changes in women's participation patterns across 15 EU countries over the last 20 years using individual data from ECHP and EUSILC databases. Our findings reveal a role of social policies and institutional factors that is stronger than what has so far been assessed. Labor market reforms explain almost 25% of the actual increase in labor force participation for young women, and more than 30% for highly educated women. The effects of labor market reforms on the participation of low skilled women in the labor force are instead surprisingly small. We also find that reforms of the institutional framework towards a model of flexicure labor market are effective in enhancing women labor supply only when deregulation is accompanied by sufficient social compensation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Corak, Miles (2013): Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 79-102. DOI:10.1257/jep.27.3.79

Abstract

"My focus is on the degree to which increasing inequality in the high-income countries, particularly in the United States, is likely to limit economic mobility for the next generation of young adults. I discuss the underlying drivers of opportunity that generate the relationship between inequality and intergenerational mobility. The goal is to explain why America differs from other countries, how intergenerational mobility will change in an era of higher inequality, and how the process is different for the top 1 percent. I begin by presenting evidence that countries with more inequality at one point in time also experience less earnings mobility across the generations, a relationship that has been called 'The Great Gatsby Curve.' The interaction between families, labor markets, and public policies all structure a child's opportunities and determine the extent to which adult earnings are related to family background -- but they do so in different ways across national contexts. Both cross-country comparisons and the underlying trends suggest that these drivers are all configured most likely to lower, or at least not raise, the degree of intergenerational earnings mobility for the next generation of Americans coming of age in a more polarized labor market. This trend will likely continue unless there are changes in public policy that promote the human capital of children in a way that offers relatively greater benefits to the relatively disadvantaged." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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El-Attar, Mayssun (2013): Trust, child care technology choice and female labor force participation. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 11, H. 4, S. 507-544. DOI:10.1007/s11150-013-9202-0

Abstract

"In this paper we investigate whether trust has an effect on the choice of child care technology and on female labor force participation. Mothers with less trust in others may decide to stay at home with their child instead of working. To do this, we sketch a simple model to show why this effect may be taking place, we measure trust using the European Social Survey and we test its influence on the choice of child care technology. To measure trust, we use the methodology proposed by Spady (Semiparametric methods for the measurement of latent attitudes and the estimation of their behavioural consequences. To measure trust, we use a recent semiparametric item response model. Compared to other measures of trust, using this technique has several advantages: it allows the aggregation of information from several questions and exploits additional information from personal and demographic characteristics. It also imposes very few parametric assumptions. The results show that trust matters for the degree of externalness of the child care technology people choose. It can therefore be a possible explanation for differences in female labor force participation across countries and across sociological groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Elborgh-Woytek, Katrin, Monique Newiak, Kalpana Kochhar, Stefania Fabrizio, Kangni Kpodar, Philippe Wingender, Benedict Clements & Gerd Schwartz (2013): Women, work, and the economy. Macroeconomic gains from gender equity. (IMF staff discussion note 2013,10), Washington, DC, 32 S.

Abstract

"Women make up a little over half the world's population, but their contribution to measured economic activity, growth, and well-being is far below its potential, with serious macroeconomic consequences. Despite significant progress in recent decades, labor markets across the world remain divided along gender lines, and progress toward gender equality seems to have stalled. Female labor force participation (FLFP) has remained lower than male participation, women account for most unpaid work, and when women are employed in paid work, they are overrepresented in the informal sector and among the poor. They also face significant wage differentials vis-à-vis their male colleagues. In many countries, distortions and discrimination in the labor market restrict women's options for paid work, and female representation in senior positions and entrepreneurship remains low. The challenges of growth, job creation, and inclusion are closely intertwined. While growth and stability are necessary to give women the opportunities they need, women's participation in the labor market is also a part of the growth and stability equation. In particular, in rapidly aging economies, higher female labor force participation can boost growth by mitigating the impact of a shrinking workforce. Better opportunities for women can also contribute to broader economic development in developing economies, for instance through higher levels of school enrollment for girls. This Staff Discussion Note examines the specific macro-critical features of women's participation in the labor market, the constraints preventing women from developing their full economic potential, and possible policies to overcome these obstacles. Implementing policies that remove labor market distortions and create a level playing field for all will give women the opportunity to develop their potential and to participate in economic life more visibly. The analysis presented in this Staff Discussion Note is based on research undertaken in academia and by other international financial institutions, in addition to the IMF's own surveillance and research work (Appendix 1)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Erhel, Christine & Mathilde Guergoat-Lariviere (2013): Labor market regimes, family policies, and women's behavior in the EU. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 76-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2013.842649

Abstract

"Using the EU-SILC database (2005 - 06) for twenty-four European countries, this article develops a comparative perspective on labor market situations of women and mothers with very young children in relation to labor market institutions and policies (especially childcare and leave schemes). Using multilevel multinomial logit models, our results show firstly the heterogeneity of national arrangements of women's labor market integration in Europe (including among new member states). Secondly, our results show the links between some national policy variables and women's behavior, despite the fact that individual factors explain labor market situations the most. Women's employment is positively related to formal childcare and to characteristics of national labor market regimes. The use of informal childcare is associated with lower women's employment rates, which might be explained by a substitution effect. The employment rate of mothers with very young children is positively related to public childcare and negatively to parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goulding, Kristine (2013): Gender dimensions of national employment policies. A 24 country study. (Employment working paper 152), Geneva, 177 S.

Abstract

"The purpose of this report is to provide grounding within a global context of the emerging issues, debates and considerations of gender equality within NEPs. The report focuses on the Decent Work Agenda; demand side considerations (i.e. macro- and microeconomic environment, foreign direct investment, sectoral policies to encourage employment); supply side considerations (i.e. the development of marketable skills); control over and access to productive resources and SME development; labour market policies (active and passive labour market policies, employment services); equal opportunity and treatment in employment; social protection and labour rights; work-family balance considerations; issues surrounding unpaid work; and policy formulation, coordination, monitoring and evaluation and budgeting. The report also includes a more in-depth analysis and review on 4 country studies (Union of the Comoros, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Republic of Korea and Republic of Serbia) to compare and document both gender responsive interventions and gender equality concerns of national employment policies and strategies. Based on lessons from these 4 cases, and in combination with global trends of how gender is included in NEPS, this report will highlight proactive strategies to include gender equality in the world of work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Karamessini, Maria & Jill Rubery (Hrsg.) (2013): Women and austerity. The economic crisis and the future for gender equality. (Routledge IAFFE Advances in feminist economics 11), Abingdon: Routledge, 358 S.

Abstract

"Austerity has become the new principle for public policy in Europe and the US as the financial crisis of 2008 has been converted into a public debt crisis. However, current austerity measures risk losing past progress towards gender equality by undermining important employment and social welfare protections and putting gender equality policy onto the back burner. This volume constitutes the first attempt to identify how the economic crisis and the subsequent austerity policies are affecting women in Europe and the US, tracing the consequences for gender equality in employment and welfare systems in nine case studies from countries facing the most severe adjustment problems.
The contributions adopt a common framework to analyse women in recession, which takes into account changes in women's position and current austerity conditions. The findings demonstrate that in the immediate aftermath of the financial crisis, employment gaps between women and men declined - but due only to a deterioration in men's employment position rather than any improvements for women. Tables are set to be turned by the austerity policies which are already having a more negative impact on demand for female labour and on access to services which support working mothers. Women are nevertheless reinforcing their commitment to paid work, even at this time of increasing demands on their unpaid domestic labour." (Publisher's text, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oláh, Livia Sz. & Ewa Fratczak (Hrsg.) (2013): Childbearing, women's employment and work-life balance policies in contemporary Europe. (Work and welfare in Europe), Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 224 S.

Abstract

"This volume addresses the tensions between work and welfare with respect to fertility. Focusing on childbearing choices (intentions, desires) as influential predictors of future fertility, the contributors examine the importance of labour force attachment on young women's fertility plans in the context of increased labour market flexibility and differences in work-life balance policies across Europe in the early 21st century. Both high- and low-fertility societies of different welfare regimes are studied, illuminating processes of uncertainty and risk related to insecure labour force attachment and the incoherence effect in terms of women's and men's equal access to education and employment but unequal share of domestic responsibilities, constraining fertility. The synthesis of the findings shows how childbearing choices in relation to uncertainty, risk and incoherence offer a lens for understanding the capabilities of families to have and care for children in contemporary Europe. This volume contributes to the conceptual development of further research on the complex relationship between fertility, paid work and work-life balance policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pastore, Francesco & Simona Tenaglia (2013): Ora et non labora? A test of the impact of religion on female labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 7356), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"This paper examines the influence of religion on female participation to the labor market using data relative to women aged between 18 and 60 years in 47 European countries drawn from the European Values Study (EVS). We investigate the determinants of the probability of being employed rather than jobless in a LOGIT framework. The results show that women belonging to the Orthodox and, even more, Muslim denominations present a higher risk of non-employment than the agnostics, while being a Protestant increases the probability for a woman to be employed. Although its intensity is slightly weakening, the association between religious affiliation and female labor supply is robust to different sets of controls for individual and household heterogeneity as well as for welfare regimes and country specificities. Once disentangling religiously active and non-active women, we find that there are small differences between them in the case of the Orthodox and Muslim women, while active Catholic women tend to work less and non-active Protestant women tend to work more than average." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Smith, Mark, Agnieszka Piasna, Brendan Burchell, Jill Rubery, Anthony Rafferty, Janna Rose & Lauren Carter (2013): Women, men and working conditions in Europe. A report based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Dublin, 98 S. DOI:10.2806/46958

Abstract

"Despite much legislative progress in gender equality over the past 40 years, there are still gender gaps across many aspects of the labour market. Inequalities are still evident in areas such as access to the labour market, employment patterns and associated working conditions. This report explores gender differences across several dimensions of working conditions, examining relevant country differences, analysing the different occupational groups of both men and women, and comparing the public and private sectors. It also looks at the impact of the crisis on gender segregation in employment. Based on¿ findings from the ¿fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), conducted in 2010, the analysis offers a striking picture of women and men at work across 34 European countries today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sulak, Harun (2013): Frauenerwerbstätigkeit in Deutschland und im europäischen Vergleich. Aktuelle Entwicklung und Hintergründe. In: Bevölkerungsforschung aktuell, Jg. 34, H. 3, S. 11-21.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen steht immer wieder im Fokus von Politik und Medien. Sei es bei der Frage nach einer gleichberechtigten Arbeitsmarktintegration zwischen den Geschlechtern im Allgemeinen oder bei der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf bzw. beim Ehegattensplitting im deutschen Steuerrecht im Speziellen. Auch in der Diskussion um den Fachkräftebedarf in Deutschland wird oft auf das vorhandene Potenzial bei der weiblichen Erwerbsbevölkerung hingewiesen (Bundesagentur für Arbeit 2012). Die Daten zur Erwerbsstatistik weisen seit Jahren eine steigende Quote erwerbstätiger Frauen auf, sowohl für Deutschland als auch für Europa. Innerhalb der letzten zehn Jahre fiel der Anstieg in Deutschland dabei doppelt so hoch aus wie im Durchschnitt der EU. Der Abstand zur höheren Erwerbstätigenquote der Männer hat sich in diesem Zeitraum nochmals verringert - in Deutschland und auch im EU-Schnitt um rund 30 %. Mittlerweile nimmt Deutschland bei der Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen unter den EU-Staaten einen der vorderen Plätze ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2013): Feeling the squeeze? Pay, wages and income under pressure. In: Foundation Focus H. 14, S. 1-23.

Abstract

"This issue of Foundation Focus looks at issues surrounding pay, wages and income in Europe in the face of sustained difficult economic circumstances. For example, what sort of hardship are ordinary people experiencing? Which workers are being most affected by wage cuts? Are wage cuts the best way to achieve competitiveness? Given the pressure on pension systems, how many Europeans are returning to work after retirement? European countries make extensive use of collectively agreed pay; is real pay matching or surpassing the agreements reached through social dialogue? And what would be the impact of a Europe-wide minimum wage? These are among the questions addressed in this issue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Forschung und Innovation (2013): She figures 2012. Gender in research and innovation. Statistics and indicators. (She figures 4), Brüssel, 153 S. DOI:10.2777/38520

Abstract

"Women employed as researchers still remain a minority, but are they catching up? Is their distribution throughout different fields of science changing over time? Are women effectively progressing in their careers to achieve top level positions? Are more women sitting on executive or advisory boards of research organisations?
Since 2003, the Directorate General for Research and Innovation of the European Commission publishes statistics and indicators on women in science and research to provide answers to the above questions, and more. The She Figures 2012 contains the most recent available data on the involvement of women covering the period from tertiary education to employment and their work-life outlook, in the 27 EU Member States and in the Associated Countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"A new brochure explains what the gender pay gap is, its causes, and why closing it makes sense for both businesses and society in general. Key figures on equality between men and women in work are also provided, as well as information on the EU's work to tackle the pay gap and examples of national good practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This report is a result of the Institute's work of the past three years, which presents a synthetic measure of gender equality - the Gender Equality Index. It is the only index that gives a comprehensive map of gender gaps in the EU and across Member States based on the EU policy framework" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The Country Profiles is a complementary publication to the main Gender Equality Index report. It provides the Gender Equality Index scores and gives supplemental comparable information on each Member State and the EU-27 overall. The Country Profiles offers a snapshot of national contexts, enhancing the usefulness of the Index scores and supporting their interpretation, to give policymakers and other users an update on the development of each Member State in the area of gender equality since 2005. It presents relevant variables to measure gender equality that are not included in the Index for methodological reasons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The Report focuses on assessing the application of the equal pay provisions in practice in EU Member States and predicts that, for the future, the main challenge for all of them will be the correct application and enforcement of the rules established by the Directive. The Report is accompanied by Annexes providing guidance on gender-neutral job evaluation and classification systems, as well as an overview of the landmark EU and national case-law on equal pay and examples of national best practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Anderson, Robert, Hans Dubois, Tadas Leončikas & Eszter Sandor (2012): Third European quality of life survey. Quality of life in Europe: Impacts of the crisis. Dublin, 163 S. DOI:10.2806/42471

Abstract

"What determines life satisfaction and happiness? How do we value our social situation and immediate surroundings? How has this changed with the economic crisis? For the third wave of the European Quality of Life survey, 35,500 Europeans in all EU Member States were interviewed, in an effort to gain insights to these questions. This overview report presents findings and trends and shows that the impacts of the recession are indeed noticeable and measurable in some areas, while in others there are more long-term developments to be observed. While overall life satisfaction levels have not changed much, optimism about the future and trust in institutions have declined markedly in those countries most affected by the downturn. And groups that were already vulnerable - the long-term unemployed, older people in central and eastern Europe and single parents - report the highest levels of material deprivation and dissatisfaction with their life situation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bettio, Francesca, Marcella Corsi, Carlo D'Ippoliti, Antigone Lyberaki, Manuela Samek Lodovici & Alina Verashchagina (2012): The impact of the economic crisis on the situation of women and men and on gender equality policies. Synthesis report. Brüssel, 174 S.

Abstract

"The report examines the impact of the global economic crisis on the situation of women and men in Europe and on gender equality policies. Il suggests that there has been a levelling down of gender gaps in employment, unemployment, wages, and poverty. Finds that the labour market behaviour of women has been similar to that of men. Argues that although there is evidence of contained but uneven retrenchment in welfare provision in the first years of the crisis, there is a threat that fiscal consolidation might ultimately reduce both welfare provision and related employment - with associated gender equality impacts. Finds that in the vast majority of countries gender mainstreaming has not been implemented in policy design and policy implementation over the crisis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bičáková, Alena (2012): Gender unemployment gaps in the EU. Blame the family. (CERGE-EI working paper 475), Prag, 44 S.

Abstract

"We provide a parsimonious explanation for 80% of the extensive variation in gender unemployment gaps across the EU. We do so by dividing the EU countries into two groups and applying a single explanatory factor within each group. Specifically, we suggest that gender unemployment gaps arise through a mechanism that involves the effect of childbirth on women's labor force participation. We account for most of the cross-country differences in the said gaps by the prevalence of gender discrimination within the group of countries where many women permanently leave the labor force after childbirth and by the length of statutory family leaves within the remaining group of EU countries. In addition, gender unemployment gaps among individuals with children younger than five result, to a great extent, from the drop in female labor force participation after childbirth, which implies a negative selection of women into the labor force at that stage of life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Korn, Evelyn & Matthias Wrede (2012): The effect of long-term-care subsidies on female labor supply and fertility. (CESifo working paper 3931), München, 25 S.

Abstract

"Fertility and the provision of long-term care are connected by an aspect that has not received attention so far: both are time consuming activities that can be produced within the household or bought at the market and are, thus, connected through the intertemporal budget constraint of the household that accounts for time and money. This paper models that link and analyzes the effect of intervention in the long-term-care market on female labor-market related decisions. It shows that women's fertility as well as their labor supply when young are affected by such policies. The overall effect can be decomposed into an opportunity-cost effect and a consumption-smoothing effect that each impact fertility as well as labor supply in opposite directions. Using European survey data, the paper shows that the consumption-smoothing effect is dominant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smith, Mark (2012): Social regulation of the gender pay gap in the EU. In: European journal of industrial relations, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 365-380. DOI:10.1177/0959680112465931

Abstract

"There has been more than 30 years of equal pay legislation in the European Union yet the gap between male and female earnings has remained remarkably resilient and is present across all Member States, regardless of national institutional arrangements. The European regulatory landscape has changed to one relying heavily on soft law approaches and with more limited ambitions in the field of gender equality than at the creation of the European Employment Strategy in 1997. In this environment the European Commission has placed greater emphasis on the role of social partners in addressing the gender pay gap. This article critically reviews the role of social partners in addressing these pay inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stier, Haya, Noah Lewin-Epstein & Michael Braun (2012): Work-family conflict in comparative perspective. The role of social policies. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 265-279. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.02.001

Abstract

"This study focuses on the role of social policies in mitigating work-family incompatibilities in 27 countries. We ask whether work-family conflict is reduced in countries that provide family-friendly policies and flexible employment arrangements, and whether women and men are similarly affected by such policies. The study, based on the ISSP 2002, demonstrates considerable variation among countries in the perceived work-family conflict. In all but two countries, women report higher levels of conflict than men. At the individual level, working hours, the presence of children and work characteristics affect the perception of conflict. At the macro level, childcare availability and to a certain extent maternity leave reduce women's and men's sense of conflict. Additionally, the availability of childcare facilities alleviates the adverse effect of children on work-family balance for mothers while flexible job arrangements intensify this effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tavora, Isabel (2012): Understanding the high rates of employment among low-educated women in Portugal. A comparatively oriented case study. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 93-118. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2010.00489.x

Abstract

"This article addresses the question of why Portugal is an exception among southern European countries in having a high rate of female employment. Cross-national data show an even greater gap between Portugal and its southern European neighbours in the employment rates for low-educated women. This article presents case-based evidence on the work orientations, gender relations and reconciliation strategies of low-educated women working in the clothing industry in Portugal. The analysis reveals that while economic need plays an important role in their attachment to employment, their work decisions are forged by a complex set of attitudes regarding employment and the family. Traditional values regarding the role of women in the family co-exist with more modern values regarding their employment participation. Moreover, the institutional arrangements of childcare and reconciliation also appear to be more supportive than might be expected in a southern Europe welfare state. By focusing on a particular group of low-educated women, the findings suggest that the same welfare policies may have different impacts on the reconciliation strategies of women of different socioeconomic groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adsera, Alicia (2011): Where are the babies? Labor market conditions and fertility in Europe. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 1-32. DOI:10.1007/s10680-010-9222-x

Abstract

"Cross-country differences in both the age at first birth and fertility are substantial in Europe. This paper uses distinct fluctuations in unemployment rates across European countries during the 1980s and the 1990s combined with broad differences in their labor market arrangements to analyze the associations between fertility timing and the changing economic environment with close to 50,000 women from 13 European countries. First, it employs time-varying measures of aggregate market conditions in each woman's country as covariates and second, it adds micro-measures of each woman's labor market history to the models. High and persistent unemployment in a country is associated with delays in childbearing (and second births). The association is robust to diverse measures of unemployment and to controls for family-friendly policies. Besides moderate unemployment, a large public employment sector (which provides security and benefits) is coupled with faster transitions to all births. Women with temporary contracts, mostly in Southern Europe, are the least likely to give birth to a second child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Begall, Katia & Melinda Mills (2011): The impact of subjective work control, job strain and work-family conflict on fertility intentions. A European comparison. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 433-456. DOI:10.1007/s10680-011-9244-z

Abstract

"The link between employment and fertility is often only examined by focussing on women's labour market status or the impact of part- versus full-time employment. This study introduces a new explanation by extending research to examine how women's subjective perceptions of control or autonomy over work, job strain and work - family conflict influence fertility intentions. National-level measures of childcare enrolment under the age of three and the occurrence of parttime work are also included to examine their relation to fertility intentions and their interplay with perceptions of work. Using data from 23 countries from the 2004/5 European Social Survey (ESS), multilevel logistic regression models of fertility intentions are estimated separately for women without children and women with one child. Women with higher levels of work control are significantly more likely to intend to have a second child. Higher levels of job strain (time pressure) significantly lower fertility intentions for mothers in contexts where childcare availability is low. The prevalence of part-time work amongst the female work force significantly predicts the intention to become a mother but has different effects for women who work part-time themselves compared with full-time employees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blome, Agnes (2011): Work/care policies in European welfare states. Continuing variety or change towards a common model? (Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Discussion papers SP 1 2011-401), Berlin, 54 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Artikel analysiert vergleichend Maßnahmen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf in fünfzehn europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaaten. Die zentrale Frage lautet, inwiefern Vereinbarkeitsarrangements durch wohlfahrtsstaatliche Leistungen unterstützt werden und ob und wie sich diese Leistungen in den letzten zwanzig Jahren verändert haben. Basierend auf einer umfassenden Datensammlung werden die Entwicklungen in den Elternzeit-, Elterngeld- und Arbeitszeitregelungen, der öffentlichen Kinderbetreuung, des Kindergeldes sowie der Steuersysteme, die die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf fördern, untersucht. Obwohl ein länderübergreifender Trend in Richtung des Zweiverdienermodells in den Daten sichtbar wird, bestehen weiterhin Unterschiede sowohl im aktuellen Entwicklungsstand der Vereinbarkeitspolitik als auch beim Reformtempo. Auffällig ist zudem, dass das Maßnahmenbündel in nahezu keinem Land kohärent ist. Unabhängig von den selbstgesteckten Zielen geben die Länder bestimmten Politikinstrumenten Vorrang gegenüber anderen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Galvez-Munoz, Lina, Paula Rodriguez-Modrono & Monica Dominguez-Serrano (2011): Work and time use by gender. A new clustering of European welfare systems. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 125-157. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2011.620975

Abstract

"Using Harmonised European Time-Use Survey (HETUS) data, this study shows how care work that takes place outside the marketplace represents an essential and distinctive part of national economies. Cross-national comparisons show persistent patterns and differences in observed gender inequalities on total workload and care responsibilities. This country-by-country and group-by-group analysis is based on cluster methodology. The main finding is that including time use in gendered analyses of welfare regimes shows how unpaid care work is at the core of gender inequality in all countries. The results of this analysis indicate that Eastern European countries are very heterogeneous and are distributed across three out of the four clusters obtained, a finding that constitutes a new departure point for analysis. Based on these findings, this study makes public policy recommendations about the importance of time-use surveys and how to improve the quality of care without decreasing women's well-being and autonomy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mendolicchio, Concetta & Thomas Rhein (2011): The gender gap of returns on education across West European countries. (IAB-Discussion Paper 20/2011), Nürnberg, 41 S.

Abstract

"Wir untersuchen die Bildungserträge in Europa in vergleichender Perspektive. Wir erweitern dazu das Modell von de la Fuente [(2003). Human Capital in a Global and Knowledge-based Economy. part II: Assessment at the EU Country Level. Report for the European Commission], indem wir die relevanten Parameter für Männer und Frauen schätzen und einige Variablen für staatliche Leistungen bei Eltern- oder Erziehungsurlaub und für Kinderbetreuung einführen. Daneben untersuchen wir den Einfluss der Bildung auf das Lohnprofil. Wir schätzen die Mincer-Koeffizienten für 12 westeuropäische Länder mit den EU-SILC-Daten für 2007 und nutzen sie als Input zur Kalibrierung eines Modells des Optimierungsproblem eines Individuums. Schließlich analysieren wir die Auswirkung und Relevanz verschiedener Politikbereiche. Insbesondere schätzen wir die Elastizitäten der Bildungserträge im Hinblick auf Änderungen der Arbeitslosenunterstützung, der marginalen und durchschnittlichen Steuersätze und Leistungen bei Mutterschaft und für Kinderbetreuung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Misra, Joya, Michelle Budig & Irene Boeckmann (2011): Work-family policies and the effects of children on women's employment hours and wages. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 139-157. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2011.571396

Abstract

"Welfare state generosity around work-family policies appears to have somewhat contradictory effects, at least for some measures of gender equality. Work-family policies, in encouraging higher levels of women's labor market participation, may have also contributed to lower wage-levels for women relative to men, for instance. We consider the relationship between particular work-family policies and mothers' employment outcomes. Analyses use data on employed women aged 25 - 45 from the Luxembourg Income Study for 21 countries across Eastern and Western Europe, North America, Israel, and Australia. We estimate within each country differences in employment hours and wages for women based on their number of children. Then, we examine the association of estimated per child penalties in wage and employment hours with country-level data on leaves and childcare. Work-family policies are generally associated with positive employment outcomes for mothers, relative to childless women. Work-facilitating policies such as childcare for young children have decisively positive effects on mothers' employment hours and wages. Work-reducing policies, such as parental leave, however, can have positive effects if the leaves are moderate in length, but tradeoffs if the leaves are long." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mosesdottir, Lilja (2011): Gender (in)equalities in the knowledge society. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 30-47. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-0432.2010.00533.x

Abstract

"The article seeks answers to the question why progress towards gender equality has not turned out to be an inevitable part of the transition towards the knowledge society in Europe, in spite of efforts to ensure such an outcome. In this analysis I demonstrate how the market processes involved in the transition to the knowledge society entail opposing tendencies regarding gender inequalities. The European Union (EU) has brought into play a certain degree of convergence pressure by integrating relevant objectives of the Lisbon Strategy into the European Employment Strategy (EES) in order to pressure member states to develop its model of the knowledge society, which involves economic, employment and social progress. The main concern here is to identify the extent to which the EES and, in particular, the gender mainstreaming strategy is a tool to challenge the market forces underlying gender inequalities. It is argued that the EU's policy processes take as a given, and indeed promote the predominance of market forces in the construction of the knowledge society. Hence, the EU does not have a clear vision of what perpetuates gender inequalities and therefore what needs to be done to change them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nopo, Hugo, Nancy Daza & Johanna Ramos (2011): Gender earnings gaps in the world. (IZA discussion paper 5736), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"This paper documents gender disparities in labor earnings for sixty-four countries around the world. Disparities are partially attributed to gender differences in observable sociodemographic and job characteristics. These characteristics are used to match males and females such that gender earnings disparities are computed only among individuals with the same characteristics, as in Nopo (2008). After comparing males and females with the same characteristics we found that the earnings gap falls within a range between 8% and 48% of average females' earnings, being more pronounced in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The unexplained earnings gaps are more pronounced among part-time workers and those with low education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Der Bericht bietet eine Zusammenschau verschiedenster familienpolitischer Aspekte im Vergleich der 34 OECD-Mitgliedsländer. Das Spektrum reicht von veränderten Familienstrukturen, über Geburtentrends und Beschäftigungsanreizen für Eltern bis hin zu unterschiedlichen Ansätzen der Familienförderung in OECD-Ländern.
Alle OECD-Länder sind bestrebt, Eltern mehr Wahlmöglichkeiten bei ihren Entscheidungen in Bezug auf Familie und Beruf zu bieten. In dieser Publikation werden die verschiedenen Methoden erörtert, die in der staatlichen Familienförderung eingesetzt werden. Ziel ist dabei die Beantwortung einer Reihe von Fragen, wie z.B.: Steigen die Ausgaben für Familienleistungen und inwieweit variieren sie je nach Alter des Kindes? Hatte die Krise Auswirkungen auf die staatlichen Hilfen für Familien? Wie kann Menschen am besten dabei geholfen werden, ihre Vorstellungen in Bezug auf die Zahl ihrer Kinder zu realisieren? Welche Effekte haben Elternurlaubsregelungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Frauen und das Wohlergehen der Kinder? Sind die Kinderbetreuungskosten ein Hindernis für die Erwerbstätigkeit der Eltern, und können flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen hier Abhilfe schaffen? Was ist für Mütter der beste Zeitpunkt, um nach der Geburt ihres Kindes wieder ins Erwerbsleben zurückzukehren? Und welche Maßnahmen sind am besten geeignet, die Armut unter Alleinerziehenden zu mindern?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This report is the first annual report presented after the adoption of the Europe 2020 Strategy and the Commission's new Strategy for Equality between Women and Men. It describes recent developments in gender equality in the EU and presents statistics on all areas covered as well as recent new developments in the Member States. It establishes a state of play for the five priority areas of the Women's Charter and the Strategy, namely: equal economic independence; equal pay for equal work and work of equal value; equality in decision-making; dignity, integrity and an end to gender-based violence; and gender equality outside the Union. The report will be presented to the EPSCO Council in March 2011 and will be the basis of the discussions at the Gender Equality Dialogue." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aboim, Sofia (2010): Gender cultures and the division of labour in contemporary Europe. A cross-national perspective. In: The sociological review, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 171-196. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2010.01899.x

Abstract

"Drawing on the vast literature concerned with the cultural aspects of gender, this article explores the ways in which individuals living in different national contexts value the ideal of a dual earner/dual carer couple at the expense of the male breadwinner model. Via a comparison of fifteen European countries included in the Family and Gender Roles module of the 2002 International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), three attitudinal patterns were identified: the unequal sharing that portrays a male breadwinner norm, the familistic unequal that also endorses a gender-segregated arrangement though with a greater wish for men's involvement in housework and childcare, and the dual earner/dual carer model, which, despite covering nearly 40 per cent of respondents, is very unequally distributed across countries. It is proposed that societal gender cultures are of major importance to an understanding of cross-national variations in attitudes and their relationship with the real forms of gender division of labour. The connection between couples' attitudes and practices is thus examined in order to assess the extent to which support for the dual earner/dual carer model encourages couples to engage in more equal sharing of paid and unpaid work. Findings reveal the importance of the normative dimension insofar as the impact of attitudes on practices seems to depend on the historical pathways of gender cultures and the ways in which they underpin welfare policies and female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brugiavini, Agar, Giacomo Pasini & Elisabetta Trevisan (2010): Maternity and labour market outcome. Short and long term effects. (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 222), Mannheim, 12 S.

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to till this gap by analyzing the long term effects of childbearing, i.e. the effect of motherhood on pension income at retirement, given the labour market participation of women at childbirth. Since labour market attachment is higher for younger generations, it is relevant for policy makers to Look at the behaviour of women who want to work excluding those who plan a 'family-life' (see also Lyberaki et al. in chapter 12 of this volume). SHARELIFE is particularly suitable for this analysis since it contains complete life time histories, including all the employment and maternity episodes experienced by European women currently aged 50 and over. Moreover, details on maternity leave provisions and other institutional features of the SHARE countries are collected and provided together with the survey data. These institutional features allow us to investigate if and how the presence of maternity benefits affects the labour market participation decisions of women after childbirth and, consequently, the impact of pension income at retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Christofides, Louis N., Alexandros Polycarpou & Konstantinos Vrachimis (2010): The gender wage gaps, 'sticky floors' and 'glass ceilings' of the European Union. (IZA discussion paper 5044), Bonn, 36 S.

Abstract

"We consider and attempt to understand the gender wage gap across 24 EU member states, all of which share the objective of gender equality, using 2007 data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. The size of the gender wage gap varies considerably across countries and selection corrections affect the offered gap, sometimes substantially. Most of the gap cannot be explained by the characteristics available in this data set. Quantile regressions show that, in most countries, the wage gap is wider at the top of the wage distribution ('glass ceilings') and, in fewer countries, it is wider at the bottom of the wage distribution ('sticky floors'). These features are related to country-specific characteristics that cannot be evaluated at the member state level. We use the cross-country variation in this large sample of member states to explore the influence of (i) policies concerned with reconciling work and family life and (ii) wage-setting institutions. We find that policies and institutions are systematically related to unexplained gender wage gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elder, Sara (2010): Women in labour markets. Measuring progress and identifying challenges. Genf, 102 S.

Abstract

"The report focuses on the relationship of women to labour markets and compares employment outcomes for men and women to the best degree possible, given the latest available labour market indicators from the ILO Key Indicators of the Labour Market. The main findings highlight a continuing gender disparity in terms of both opportunities and quality of employment. There have certainly been areas of improvement particularly in raising female participation but, in general, the circumstances of female employment - the sectors where women work, the types of work they do, the relationship of women to the job, the wages they receive - bring fewer gains to women than are brought to the typical working male." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Genre, Veronique, Ramon Gomez-Salvador & Ana Lamo (2010): European women. Why do(n't) they work? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 42, H. 12, S. 1499-1514. DOI:10.1080/00036840701721547

Abstract

"This paper provides an empirical study of the determinants of female participation decisions in the European Union. The analysis is performed by estimating participation equations for different age groups (i.e. young, prime-age and older females), using annual data for a panel of 12 EU-15 countries over the period 1980-2000. Our findings show that the strictness of labour market institutions negatively affects the participation rate. Decisions linked to individual preferences with regards to education or fertility are also found relevant to participation of the youngest and prime-age females respectively. The inclusion of a proxy to capture cohort effects is crucial in order to explain the oldest females' participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gradín, Carlos, Coral del Río & Olga Canto (2010): Gender Wage Discrimination and Poverty in the EU. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 73-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701003731831

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the role of gender wage discrimination in household poverty rates in several European Union (EU) countries using the European Community Household Panel. In order to quantify the impact of discrimination on poverty, it proposes the construction of a counterfactual distribution of wages where discrimination against women has been removed. Using this new wage distribution, the study computes total household income and compares poverty rates in the absence of discrimination to those actually observed. The results show that, in general, discrimination against women plays a determinative role in the current levels of poverty in EU countries, although results by country show that this role differs in intensity and pattern. Further, the study finds that in EU countries the effect of discrimination on poverty risk dramatically increases for individuals in households that largely depend on working women' earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Grönlund, Anne & Ida Öun (2010): Rethinking work-family conflict. Dual-earner policies, role conflict and role expansion in Western Europe. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 179-195. DOI:10.1177/0958928710364431

Abstract

"The aim of this article is to deepen the understanding of work -- family conflict and the impact of social policies by integrating the theoretical perspectives of role conflict and role expansion. First, we present a theoretical model identifying different mechanisms through which policy may affect both role conflict and role expansion, with a particular focus on dual-earner policies. Second, we examine some of its implications, using data from the European Social Survey comprising 10,950 employees in 15 countries. In contrast to traditional theories presenting conflict and expansion as mutually exclusive, we find that work -- family conflict and experiences of role expansion, measured with indicators of life satisfaction and psychological well being, may go hand in hand. The results also indicate that such a balance is more common in countries with dual-earner policies than in other countries. Women committing as strongly to work as men experience more work -- family conflict, but also high levels of well being and satisfaction. The findings largely support our theoretical arguments and imply that future research should examine the conflict-expansion nexus rather than focussing on either of the two. In this context, both gender and policy need to be considered." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kotowska, Irena E., Anna Matysiak, Marta Styrc, Ariane Pailhe, Anne Solaz & Daniele Vignoli (2010): Second European quality of life survey. Family life and work. Dublin, 96 S.

Abstract

"Demographic change and labour market developments impact significantly on the family life and work of Europeans, with far-reaching consequences for the future. The policy approach in this area has in recent years focused on increasing the employment rates of women, finding ways for both men and women to achieve a better work - life balance and, more recently, promoting a rise in birth rates. This report explores the subject of work and family life across Europe, looking at ways to find a better balance between the demands of work and family responsibilities. Based on data from the second European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS), conducted by Eurofound in 2007, the report analyses tensions between work demands and household and care tasks, against a background of different institutional settings, labour market structures and cultural factors. The findings point to the need for the introduction of measures to adjust working arrangements to the demands of family life, more equal sharing of care responsibilities between men and women, and the improvement of care services for elderly people in order to support family networks in carrying out their care responsibilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lyberaki, Antigone, Platon Tinios & George Papadoudis (2010): A-typical work patterns of women in Europe. What can we learn from SHARELIFE? (Mannheim Research Institute for the Economics of Aging. Discussion paper 221), Mannheim, 16 S.

Abstract

"The second half of the twentieth century was a time of rapid social transformation. Nowhere were the changes more radical than in women's participation in society and work. Women increasingly claimed a fuller and more active position in all societal functions. Though all parts of Europe and all social strata were affected, this process was unevenly distributed over time and space and driven by a variety of influences. Such influences could have been structural changes in production, transformations in the function of the family and last, but not least, attitudes in what woman's position ought to be, as reflected in shifts of policy priorities. This period of rapid change corresponds to the lifetime of individuals in the SHARE survey. When today's 50+ population were young girls, the world they were entering was very difficult from today. The long term social changes correspond to lived experience of women in the SHARE sample. The women in SHARE were witnesses to the foundation, flowering and restructuring of the Welfare State. Social policy stances towards maternity and family polices as well as labour market institutions were defining fissures between certain forms of the so-called 'European Social Model'. This paper begins exploring how these factors - labour and social policy transformation - were reflected in the lives of women in the SHARELIFE sample." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ponzellini, Anna Maria, Christine Aumayr & Felix Wolf (2010): Addressing the gender pay gap. Government and social partner actions. Dublin, 43 S.

Abstract

"Wage differentials between men and women across Europe are a major policy concern for the European Commission and the social partners. This report provides an overview of national studies on the gender pay gap, and examines the policies and actions of governments and social actors to combat pay discrimination. The report first reviews quantitative and qualitative studies on the unadjusted and adjusted pay gap and examines the many factors cited to explain the wage differentials. Then it explores specific actions carried out by governments to reduce the gender pay gap, such as legislative measures, general recommendations, monitoring procedures and suppport for low-paid occupations. It also looks at joint initiatives and collective bargaining undertaken by the social partners, as well as highlighting successful good practice examples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton & Clare Lyonette (Hrsg.) (2010): Gender inequalities in the 21st century. New barriers and continuing constraints. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 297 S.

Abstract

"Both women and men strive to achieve a work and family balance, but does this imply more or less equality? Does the persistence of gender and class inequalities refute the notion that lives are becoming more individualised? Leading international authorities document how gender inequalities are changing and how many inequalities of earlier eras are being eradicated. However, this book shows there are new barriers and constraints that are slowing progress in attaining a more egalitarian society. Taking the new global economy into account, the expert contributors to this book examine the conflicts between different types of feminisms, revise old debates about 'equality' and 'difference' in the gendered nature of work and care, and propose new and innovative policy solutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Content:
Jacqueline Scott, Rosemary Crompton,Clare Lyonette: Introduction: what's new about gender inequalities in the 21st century? (1-16);
PART I FAMILY AND LABOUR MARKET CHANGE;
Ingrid Schoon: Becoming adult: the persisting importance of dass and gender (19-39);
Fiona Devine: Class reproduction, occupational inheritance and occupational choices (40-58);
Angela Dale, Sameera Ahmed: Ethnic differences in women's economic activity: a focus an Pakistani and Bangladeshi women (59-81);
PART II OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURES AND WELFARE REGIMES;
Janette Webb: Gender and the post-industrial shift (85-108);
Tracey Warren: Penalties of part-time work across Europe (109-125);
Nicky Le Feuvre: Feminising professions in Britain and France: how countries differ (126-149);
PART III THE CHALLENGE OF INTEGRATING FAMILY AND WORK;
Man Yee Kan, Jonathan Gershuny: Gender segregation and bargaining in domestic labour: evidence from longitudinal time-use data (153-173);
Rosemary Crompton, Clare Lyonette: Family, dass and gender 'strategies' in mothers' employment and childcare (174-192);
Jacqueline Scott, Anke C. Plagnol, Jane Nolan: Perceptions of quality of life: gender differences across the life course (193-212);
PART IV UNDERSTANDING INEQUALITIES;
Fran Bennett, Jerome De Henau, Sirin Sung: Within-household inequalities across classes? Management and control of money (215-241);
Gunn Elisabeth Birkelund and Arne Mastekaasa: Restructuring gender relations: women's labour market participation and earnings inequality among households ( 242-254);
PART V CONFRONTING COMPLEXITY;
Anne Lise Ellingsceter: Feminist policies and feminist conflicts: daddy's care or mother's (257-274);
Mary Evans: A mysterious commodity: capitalism and femininity ( 275-289).

Zitatform

Smith, Mark & Paola Villa (2010): The ever-declining role of gender equality in the European Employment Strategy. In: Industrial relations journal, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 526-543. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2338.2010.00584.x

Abstract

"This article analyses the changing position of gender in the European Employment Strategy (EES) since its 2005 relaunch. Overall, we find a picture of mixed progress towards gender equality goals across Member States. There is evidence of the EU soft law approach leading to positive developments as the use of targets in conjunction with Country-Specific Recommendations and Points-to-Watch have had some influence in promoting gender equality policies among Member States. However, the weakened position of gender mainstreaming in European-level initiatives has led to gender being marginalised or ignored in national and EU policy responses to the crisis. The prominence of gender has declined further in the 2010 revision of the EES under the 2020 banner. This introduces new risks as the emphasis on gender equality falls further down the list of priorities in the streamlining of the Lisbon Process." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ziegler, Petra (2010): Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied in den Vereinigten Staaten und der Europäischen Union. Ein historischer Vergleich. Berlin: Logos, 302 S.

Abstract

"Das vorliegende Buch behandelt die gesetzlichen Vorgaben und Maßnahmen zur Verringerung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds in der Europäischen Union und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, wobei neben der vergleichenden Analyse der Entwicklung des geschlechtsspezifischen Lohnunterschieds ausgewählte Gesetze und Maßnahmen vorgestellt und Einschätzungen hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit abgegeben werden. Der Lohnunterschied hat während des gesamten Erwerbslebens und darüber hinaus (Pensionsanspruch) Auswirkungen auf die Position der Frauen im wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Leben. Der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied wird durch wichtige Entscheidungen wie Beschäftigungsmodus und Dauer der Erwerbstätigkeit, Unterbrechung der beruflichen Laufbahn sowie Verteilung der unbezahlten Betreuungsarbeit beeinflusst und stellt ein wesentliches Hindernis für Frauen dar, die gleiche wirtschaftliche Unabhängigkeit zu erreichen wie Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Europäische Kommission (2010): Bericht der Kommission an den Rat, das Europäische Parlament, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern - 2010. (Bericht der Kommission an den Rat, das Europäische Parlament, den Europäischen Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss und den Ausschuss der Regionen zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern 2010), Brüssel, 14 S.

Abstract

"Jedes Jahr legt die Europäische Kommission dem Europäischen Rat zu seiner Frühjahrstagung einen Bericht über die Entwicklungen bei der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten vor.
Wesentliche Forderungen:
- Stärkung der geschlechtsspezifischen Dimension in allen Teilen der EU-Strategie für 2020,
- Verringerung des Lohngefälles zwischen Männern und Frauen durch spezielle Strategien,
- Frauen sollten dazu ermutigt werden, sich der Herausforderung einer Mitarbeit im Vorstand eines börsennotierten Unternehmens zu stellen,
- Verbesserung der Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf,
- Intensivierung der Anstrengungen zur Verhinderung und Bekämpfung sexualisierter Gewalt,
- Sicherstellung, dass die Politik der besonders schwierigen Lage bestimmter Frauengruppen Rechnung trägt - z. B. Frauen in prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen, ältere weibliche Arbeitnehmerinnen, Alleinerziehende, behinderte Frauen, Migrantinnen etc.,
- Einbeziehung der geschlechtsspezifischen Perspektive in die Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung der Rezession auf europäischer und nationaler Ebene." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Glenn, Stephen, Simone Melis & Louisa Withers (2009): (Un)gleichheit der Geschlechter auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Ein Überblick über globale Trends und Entwicklungen. (IGB Bericht), London, 65 S.

Abstract

"Der Internationale Gewerkschaftsbund (IGB) hat sich in dem Bericht nicht nur mit Lohngleichheit, sondern auch mit den Auswirkungen der derzeitigen globalen Konjunkturabschwächung auf den Lohn und die Beschäftigung von Frauen beschäftigt. Darüber hinaus befasst sich ein Kapitel speziell mit den Auswirkungen von Gewalt gegen Frauen auf die Gesellschaft." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Immervoll, Herwig, Henrik Jacobsen Kleven, Claus Thustrup Kreiner & Nicolaj Verdelin (2009): An evaluation of the tax-transfer treatment of married couples in European countries. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 76), Paris, 59 S. DOI:10.1787/227200406151

Abstract

"This paper presents an evaluation of the tax-transfer treatment of married couples in 15 EU countries using the EUROMOD microsimulation model. First, we show that many tax-transfer schemes in Europe feature negative jointness defined as a situation where the tax rate on one person depends negatively on the earnings of the spouse. This stands in contrast to the previous literature on this question, which has focused on a specific form of positive jointness. The presence of negative jointness is driven by family-based and means-tested transfer programs combined with tax systems that usually feature very little jointness. Second, we consider the labour supply distortion on secondary earners relative to primary earners implied by the current tax-transfer systems, and study the welfare effects of small reforms that change the relative taxation of spouses. By adopting a small-reform methodology, it is possible to set out a simple analysis based on more realistic labour supply models than those considered in the existing literature. We present microsimulations showing that simple revenue-neutral reforms that lower the tax burden on secondary earners are associated with substantial welfare gains in most countries. Finally, we consider the tax-transfer implications of marriage and estimate the so-called marriage penalty. For most countries, we find large marriage penalties at the bottom of the distribution driven primarily by features of the transfer system." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pronzato, Chiara Daniela (2009): Return to work after childbirth. Does parental leave matter in Europe? In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 7, H. 4, S. 341-360. DOI:10.1007/s11150-009-9059-4

Abstract

"This paper investigates the role of the extended parental leave in the return to work for mothers of newborn children. Exploiting the variability in policies offered by the European countries, the paper studies the influence of statutory leave characteristics -- length of the job-protection and payments during the leave-period -- on the hazard of returning to work at different ages of the child. Results suggest that longer periods of job-protection increase the hazard of returning to work; on the other hand, providing paid leaves increases the probability of remaining at home during the first year of life of the child." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Der Bericht verfolgt drei Ziele: 1. die Überprüfung der Fortschritte der IAO bei der Unterstützung der Mitgliedsgruppen mit dem Ziel, die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in der Welt der Arbeit zu verwirklichen; 2. die Darstellung ihrer laufenden Bemühungen zur Umsetzung von Entschließungen der Internationalen Arbeitskonferenz und der Beschlüsse des Verwaltungsrats zur Förderung und Integration der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in die Agenda für menschenwürdige Arbeit; 3. die Skizzierung eines Hintergrundes für die Mitgliedsgruppen, damit diese einen strategischen Kurs für die zukünftige Arbeit abstecken können. Der Bericht spricht sich dafür aus, verstärkt Maßnahmen zur Beseitigung der geschlechtsspezifischen Diskriminierung in der Welt der Arbeit zu ergreifen, und zeigt, in welcher Weise die IAO in allen Regionen interveniert. Die IAO geht dabei davon aus, dass die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in der Welt der Arbeit nicht nur eine Frage der Menschenrechte und Gerechtigkeit ist, sondern dass sie ist für Arbeitgeber auch wirtschaftlich profitabel ist. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Erscheinungsformen geschlechtsspezifischer Diskriminierung wird in einzelnen Kapiteln jedes Lebensalter thematisiert: Mutterschaft, gesunde Kleinkinder und berufstätige Eltern; eine menschenwürdige Kindheit für Mädchen und Jungen; Geschlechterfragen, Jugend und Beschäftigung; erwerbstätige Frauen und Männer im Erwachsenenalter; ältere Arbeitnehmer und die späten Jahre: Rechte, Arbeitsplätze und Soziale Sicherheit. Abschließend werden Prioritäten formuliert, die als Leitlinie dienen, um die dreigliedrigen Mitgliedsgruppen bei der Durchführung von Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter am Arbeitsplatz zu unterstützen und im Vorfeld des hundertjährigen Jubiläums der IAO einen strategischen Kurs für die zukünftige Tätigkeit der Organisation abzustecken. (IAB)

Zitatform

International Trade Union Confederation (2009): Bericht über das geschlechtsspezifische Lohn-und Gehaltsgefälle. (IGB Bericht), London, 63 S.

Abstract

"Für den Bericht wurden die geschlechtsspezifischen Lohn- und Gehaltsunterschiede aus den öffentlich verfügbaren Daten für 63 Länder berechnet, für 30 europäische Länder und 33 Länder im übrigen Teil der Welt. Der erste Teil dieses Berichtes betrachtet die öffentlich verfügbaren Quellen für die geschlechtsspezifischen Lohn- und Gehaltsunterschiede. Er enthält die jüngsten Zahlen und Zeitvergleiche für eine Reihe von Ländern und liefert eine kurze Analyse der Ergebnisse. Die Wage-Indicator-Daten ergänzen diese Zahlen für die erwähnten 12 Länder, in deren Fall das Lohn- und Gehaltsgefälle weiter aufgeschlüsselt wird, wie etwa nach Bildungsstand, Branche, Arbeitszeit und Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft. Der Literaturüberblick im anschließenden Kapitel liefert einen analytischen und theoretischen Rahmen, aus dem die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Recherchen bezüglich geschlechtsspezifischer Lohn- und Gehaltsunterschiede detaillierter dargelegt werden." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"The Global Employment Trends 2009 examined the most current information available in order to assess the impact of the financial crisis and slowdown in world economic growth on jobs and what we could expect from several possible scenarios for the way the situation might evolve in the year ahead. This issue of the Global Employment Trends for Women looks at the gender aspects of this impact, and updates indicators on the situation of women in labour markets around the world. This report reconfirms that gender inequality remains an issue within labour markets globally. Women suffer multiple disadvantages in terms of access to labour markets, and often do not have the same level of freedom as men to choose to work. Gender differences in labour force participation rates and unemployment rates are a persistent feature of global labour markets. In 2008, an estimated 6.3 per cent of the world's female labour force was not working but looking for work, up from 6.0 per cent in 2007, while the corresponding rate for males was 5.9 per cent in 2008, up from 5.5 per cent in 2007. This issue of Global Employment Trends for Women starts with an analysis of recent labour market developments based on currently available information in Section 2. Section 3 looks at the gender impact of the economic crisis in developed economies, followed by the projection of labour market indicators for 2008 and 2009 in Section 4. A final Section 5 concludes, and highlights a number of policy considerations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Baer, Susanne & Miriam Hoheisel (Hrsg.) (2008): Between success and disappointment. Gender equality policies in an enlarged Europe. (Gender kompetent. Beiträge aus dem GenderKompetenzZentrum 04), Bielefeld: Kleine, 301 S.

Abstract

"Success as well as shattered illusions characterise the experience of European countries in implementing gender equality policies. With the new gender equality acquis, mandatory for all Member States, the European Union (EU) sets a strong incentive for de jure progress. Yet the European influence on the administrative, political and social practice of gender equality is rather weak - particularly in the Eastern European Member States. Reports from eleven Member States describe the problems, but also note the opportunities and challenges that any country implementing gender equality policies has to face.
Susanne Baer and Miriam Hoheisel examine the impact of the EU on gender equality policies and of the transition from socialism to capitalism on gender equality. In part one of this volume Petra Schott provides an overview of the EU's gender equality acquis. Henriette Meseke points out how European structural policy promotes gender equality policies.
In part two gender experts from western Europe reflect on experiences with Gender Mainstreaming (GM). The Dutch expert Mieke Verloo emphasises the importance of political framing. Considering the evaluation of the Danish GM process, Karen Sjorup attests that gender equality has not yet arrived in the mainstream of hegemonic discourse. Describing GM at the Danish Ministry of Employment, Agnete Andersen gives an example for its implementation. Claudia Sorger states for Austria that progress has been made in the creation of institutional structures but that GM is not yet firmly anchored in what constitutes everyday work. Elizabeth Villagomez concentrates on GM implementation in a decentralised country in her article on Spain.
Part three shows how accession to the EU boosted the establishment of a legal foundation for gender equality. Dalia Marcinkeviciene and Vanda Jurseniene point out how the EU has impacted positively on law in Lithuania. Mara Kuhl provides insights into the implementation process of GM in Estonia. For Poland, Kinga Lohmann adds the perspective of women's organisations. Petr Pavlik states for the Czech Republic that the EU equality acquis has led to progress in the field of gender equality, but had only little impact on real life. For Bulgaria Lazar Lazarov highlights the national activities for improving women's position in the labour market. Analysing the social and economic situation in Bulgaria, Regina Barendt criticises unsatisfactory implementation of gender equality policies into national policies. Vlasta Jalusic, Roman Kuhar and Ana Frank emphasise lines of tradition in gender equality in Slovenia.
In part four Silke Steinhilber concludes with a reasoned critique of current developments and discusses further challenges. An appendix provides further information on the socioeconomic situation of women and men in Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))