Brain Drain? Brain Gain? Folgen der internationalen Wanderung
Arbeitskräftemobilität über Staatsgrenzen hinweg ist ein mit Hoffnungen und Ängsten verbundenes Phänomen. In der politischen Debatte konkurrieren auf Begrenzung zielende Reaktionsmuster mit Vorschlägen, die auf eine aktive Steuerung der Migration in den heimischen Arbeitsmarkt zielen.
Was bedeutet internationale Wanderung für die Herkunfts-, was für die Aufnahmeländer? Insbesondere die Migration gut ausgebildeter Menschen wurde oft unter dem Schlagwort des "Brain Drain" als schädlich für Wohlfahrt und Entwicklung ihrer Heimatländer betrachtet. Die Forschung zeichnet inzwischen jedoch ein differenzierteres Bild. Dieses Themendossier stellt eine Auswahl der theoretischen und empirischen Literatur vor.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Migrants in liminal time and space: an exploration of the experiences of highly skilled Indian bachelors in Amsterdam (2017)
Zitatform
Kirk, Kate, Ellen Bal & Sarah Renee Janssen (2017): Migrants in liminal time and space: an exploration of the experiences of highly skilled Indian bachelors in Amsterdam. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 43, H. 16, S. 2771-2787. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1314600
Abstract
"This paper sheds light on the relationship between individual agency, transnational social relations, geographic place, and cultural constructions of life phase and gender among highly skilled Indian migrants to the Netherlands. Amsterdam is attracting an increasing number of Indian migrants who work primarily in the fields of information technology, engineering and business management. The nature of this highly skilled work requires mobile, flexible workers, and therefore mainly attracts single men between 25 and 34. Their migrant experiences and choices are marked by a 'performance of liminality': migration is part of a coming of age ritual that both structures their lives and is structured by circumstances and agency. The experience of bachelors in particular can be understood as a 'double liminality' in that it is both temporary and spatial. Many of our bachelor informants felt they were 'betwixt and between' the socio-cultural expectations they grew up with and what they perceive to be Dutch or Western culture, and between those that pertain to childhood and to adulthood. They live on a metaphorical threshold, shaped by their masculine ideals, beliefs about 'Indian culture', their expected life trajectories, and their experiences in and expectations of the Netherlands and the city of Amsterdam." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stymied ambition: does a lack of economic freedom lead to migration? (2017)
Zitatform
Meierrieks, Daniel & Laura Renner (2017): Stymied ambition. Does a lack of economic freedom lead to migration? In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 977-1005. DOI:10.1007/s00148-017-0633-4
Abstract
"We investigate the relationship between economic freedom and international migration for the 1980 - 2010 period using a dataset on migration from 91 emerging countries to the 20 most attractive OECD destination countries. We find that more economic freedom at home discourages high-skilled migration, but not low-skilled migration. The negative association between economic freedom and high-skilled emigration also holds when we estimate (dynamic) panel models that allow for endogeneity in the economic freedom-migration nexus. In sum, our findings suggest that high-skilled migration is especially responsive to the economic incentives resulting from economic freedom." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The selection of high-skilled emigrants (2017)
Zitatform
Parey, Matthias, Jens Ruhose, Fabian Waldinger & Nicolai Netz (2017): The selection of high-skilled emigrants. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 99, H. 5, S. 776-792. DOI:10.1162/REST_a_00687
Abstract
"We measure selection among high-skilled emigrants from Germany using predicted earnings. Migrants to less equal countries are positively selected relative to nonmigrants, while migrants to more equal countries are negatively selected, consistent with the prediction in Borjas (1987). Positive selection to less equal countries reflects university quality and grades, and negative selection to more equal countries reflects university subject and gender. Migrants to the United States are highly positively selected and concentrated in STEM fields. Our results highlight the relevance of the Borjas model for high-skilled individuals when credit constraints and other migration barriers are unlikely to be binding." (Author's abstract, © MIT Press Journals) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Italian scientists abroad in Europe's scientific research scenario: high skill migration as a resource for development in Italy (2017)
Zitatform
Sbalchiero, Stefano & Arjuna Tuzzi (2017): Italian scientists abroad in Europe's scientific research scenario. High skill migration as a resource for development in Italy. In: International migration, Jg. 55, H. 4, S. 171-187. DOI:10.1111/imig.12340
Abstract
"In recent years, the brain drain issue has gained such momentum that it has become necessary to adopt tools and methods to take a picture of a phenomenon that is, by its very nature, dynamic and changeable (Portes, 1976; Meyer, 2001; Ackers, 2005 Scott, 2015). This particular study focuses on clarifying the reasons why Italian scientists choose to look elsewhere for the best place to conduct their scientific research, and in what way their scientific experience abroad shapes the image of the Italian scientific system. A first exploratory analysis involving 83 in-depth interviews with Italian scientists (mathematicians, engineers and physicists) working in Europe was conducted based on qualitative and quantitative analytical methods, and the content emerging from these interviews was used for a systematic mapping of the situation that provided the foundations for our preparation of a second tool - a questionnaire - that was subsequently used to conduct a much more broad-based survey that involved 602 respondents. While our findings add complexity to existing theories on the brain drain and brain circulation, they also confirm the potential of highly skilled migration to improve the national development of Italian academic system." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The migration&development apparatus: Contradictions between international discourse, institutional practices, and migrants' perspectives (2017)
Stielike, Laura;Zitatform
Stielike, Laura (2017): The migration&development apparatus. Contradictions between international discourse, institutional practices, and migrants' perspectives. (International Migration Institute. Working papers 136), Oxford, 24 S.
Abstract
"In this paper I focus on the contradictions between the international discourse on migration and development, the institutional practices of states and NGOs, and the perspectives of migrants themselves. I argue that taking a closer look at contradictions enables us to question seemingly secure knowledge on migration and development. Drawing on Michel Foucault's concept of apparatus, I analyse the migration and development paradigm as a network of discourses, practices, and modes of subjectivation. Using the example of Cameroonian migration to Germany, I argue that the migration&development apparatus is characterised by four major contradictory binaries: inclusion and exclusion, competence and incompetence, politicisation and depoliticisation, as well as dependency and independency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Governance quality and net migration flows (2016)
Zitatform
Ariu, Andrea, Frédéric Docquier & Mara P. Squicciarini (2016): Governance quality and net migration flows. In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 60, H. September, S. 238-248. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.07.006
Abstract
Die Autoren untersuchen den Einfluss institutioneller Faktoren auf die Ein- und Auswanderung von Migranten nach Qualifikationsniveau. Hierzu erfolgt eine Analyse von Daten über bilaterale Migrationsströme zwischen OECD-Staaten und Staaten außerhalb der OECD für die Jahre 1990 und 2000. Für die Bewertung der Governance wurden u.a. folgende Indikatoren herangezogen: Meinungsfreiheit, politische Stabilität, Mitbestimmung, Rechtsordnung und Korruptionsbekämpfung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Qualität der Institutionen vor allem für die Zuwanderung von Hochqualifizierten von Bedeutung ist. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
How successful are highly qualified return migrants in the Lithuanian labour market? (2016)
Barcevicius, Egidijus;Zitatform
Barcevicius, Egidijus (2016): How successful are highly qualified return migrants in the Lithuanian labour market? In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 35-47. DOI:10.1111/imig.12224
Abstract
"This article analyses whether the human capital gained abroad helps returning migrants to integrate into the Lithuanian labour market. The analysis focuses on highly qualified migrants, defined narrowly as people with higher education who held qualified jobs when working abroad. The article found that for this group of returnees professional aims were important when taking a decision to return, together with other motives such as family reasons and home-sickness. Most of the returnees were able to find employment and pursue their careers without major difficulties, although a significant minority signalled an intention to emigrate again. The article examines the key factors that sometimes helped and sometimes hindered integration of the returnees and discusses the role of the public policy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gain from the drain: skill-biased migration and global welfare (2016)
Zitatform
Biavaschi, Costanza, Michał Burzyński, Benjamin Elsner & Joël Machado (2016): The gain from the drain. Skill-biased migration and global welfare. (CReAM discussion paper 2016,24), London, 57 S.
Abstract
"High-skilled workers are four times more likely to migrate than low-skilled workers. This skill bias in migration - often called brain drain - has been at the center of a heated debate about the welfare consequences of emigration from developing countries. In this paper, we provide a global perspective on the brain drain by jointly quantifying its impact on the sending and receiving countries. In a calibrated multi-country model, we compare the current world to a counterfactual with the same number of migrants, but those migrants are randomly selected from their country of origin. We find that the skill bias in migration significantly increases welfare in most receiving countries. Moreover, due to a more efficient global allocation of talent, the global welfare effect is positive, albeit some sending countries lose. Overall, our findings suggest that more - not less - high-skilled migration would increase world welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 10275 -
Literaturhinweis
The crisis as an opportunity for change? High-skilled immigration policies across Europe (2016)
Cerna, Lucie;Zitatform
Cerna, Lucie (2016): The crisis as an opportunity for change? High-skilled immigration policies across Europe. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 42, H. 10, S. 1610-1630. DOI:10.1080/1369183X.2016.1162355
Abstract
"The recent economic crisis provided a shock to the system, and led governments to scramble for solutions to problems of falling economic growth, high unemployment and weak job creation. Many European governments responded to protectionist calls by restricting immigration policies, even towards the highly skilled. Yet countries have faced different challenges and thus the cross-national variation in the demand for policy closure or openness is remarkable. Some seized the opportunity to restrict their high-skilled immigration policies, while others took advantage of the crisis for further liberalisation. The article explores different reasons for this variation, ranging from socio-economic conditions, the inflow of labour migrants to the role of labour market institutions and political actors. Countries badly affected by the crisis and with a recent influx of labour migrants were more likely to respond to mobilised groups lobbying for restrictive policies than those countries weathering the crisis relatively better but suffering from continuing labour shortages. The article examines the changing conditions and the role of mobilised stakeholders to explain policy change in selected European countries. It also presents an updated index on states' openness to high-skilled immigrants to measure change over time. The findings are based on position statements of stakeholders, official documents and media coverage." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Losing our minds? New research directions on skilled migration and development (2016)
Zitatform
Clemens, Michael A. (2016): Losing our minds? New research directions on skilled migration and development. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 37, H. 7, S. 1227-1247. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2015-0112
Abstract
"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to critique the last decade of research on the effects of high-skill emigration from developing countries, and proposes six new directions for fruitful research.
Design/methodology/approach: The study singles out a core assumption underlying much of the recent literature, calling it the 'Lump of Learning model' of human capital and development, and describes five ways that research has come to challenge that assumption. It assesses the usefulness of that model in the face of accumulating evidence.
Findings: The axioms of the Lump of Learning model have shaped research priorities in this literature, but many of those axioms do not have a clear empirical basis. Future research proceeding from established facts would set different priorities, and would devote more attention to measuring the effects of migration on skilled migrant households, rigorously estimating human capital externalities, gathering microdata beyond censuses, and carefully considering optimal policy - among others.
Originality/value: The recent literature has pursued a series of extensions to the Lump of Learning model. This study urges instead discarding that model, pointing toward a new paradigm for research on skilled migration and development." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 9218 -
Literaturhinweis
A descriptive analysis of immigration to and emigration from the EU (2016)
David, Anda; Senne, Jean-Noël;Zitatform
David, Anda & Jean-Noël Senne (2016): A descriptive analysis of immigration to and emigration from the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 184), Paris, 65 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbxvb35j-en
Abstract
"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper was presented and discussed at the OECD Working Party on Migration in June 2015. The paper examines immigration to, and emigration from, the European Union, and compares them with migrant inflows and outflows to other OECD destinations. It investigates how the migrants are distributed in terms of gender, age, education and labour force status, depending on their country of origin as well as of destination. Drawing upon the Database on Immigrants in the OECD countries (DIOC), changes in migration rates and stock are analysed over time, focusing on whether the EU is facing a net gain or loss of skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of intra-EU mobility on immigration by third-country foreign workers (2016)
Farchy, Emily;Zitatform
Farchy, Emily (2016): The impact of intra-EU mobility on immigration by third-country foreign workers. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 179), Paris, 49 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxbzzbzr5-en
Abstract
"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895) A previous version of this paper (DELSA/ELSA/MI(2015)10) was presented and discussed at the OECD working party on migration in June 2015 This paper examines the impact of the free flow of migrants within the EU on the prospects of labour migrants from third countries - the extent to which free movement migrants and third country migrants are substitutes or complements on the labour market. The first section of this paper looks at the recent trends in migration to the European Union, with a particular focus on trends in the 'big five' recipient countries. The analysis is supplemented by the use of micro data from the EU Labour Force Survey, to examine the extent to which the socio-economic and job characteristics suggest that EU migrants and third country migrants provide a similar labour input. Aggregate migrant flows, however, are driven by both supply and demand factors; a comparison of aggregate trends is therefore insufficient to disentangle the disparate drivers of these trends. A booming economy, for example, will attract labour migrants from both EU and third countries, yet the positive relation between these flows cannot be attributed to a complementarity between these labour inputs but rather to the demand side factors that drive them both. To overcome this endogeneity the second section of this paper utilizes the natural experiment of EU enlargement to isolate the impact of the increased supply of free movement migrants on third country migrant populations. Abstracting in this manner from the economic factors that have played such an important role in determining labour demand in recent years the empirical analysis of this paper identifies a negative impact on the arrivals of third country migrants when labour supply from new EU migrants increases. Furthermore, the lack of identifiable impact on the employment rate of third country migrants is dependent on assumptions regarding the counterfactual employment outcomes of these displaced third country migrants." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gekommen, um zu bleiben?: Der Verbleib internationaler Studierender in Deutschland aus einer Lebenslaufperspektive (2016)
Zitatform
Glorius, Birgit (2016): Gekommen, um zu bleiben? Der Verbleib internationaler Studierender in Deutschland aus einer Lebenslaufperspektive. In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 361-371. DOI:10.1007/s13147-016-0410-y
Abstract
"Vor dem Hintergrund des demographischen Wandels in Deutschland werden von der Politik seit geraumer Zeit Bemühungen unternommen, den anhaltenden Fachkräftebedarf durch die Attrahierung hochqualifizierter Zuwanderer zu decken. In diesem Kontext wächst auch das Interesse an internationalen Studierenden als potenziellem Fachkräftenachwuchs für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt. Deutschland ist ein bedeutendes Zielland für internationale Studierende, und die formalen Rahmenbedingungen für einen Verbleib und Arbeitsmarktzugang nach Studienabschluss wurden in den vergangenen Jahren erheblich liberalisiert. Umfrageergebnisse belegen ein großes Interesse internationaler Studierender an einem Verbleib in Deutschland nach dem Studium, doch die verfügbaren Zahlen zeigen, dass die Bleibeintentionen nur teilweise umgesetzt werden. Dieser Diskrepanz wird in dem vorliegenden Beitrag nachgegangen. Anhand einer qualitativen Fallstudie analysiert der Beitrag die Einstellungen, Erfahrungen und Zukunftsvisionen von internationalen Studierenden in Deutschland unter der Perspektive eines möglichen Verbleibs. Eine besondere Konzentration liegt auf der Frage, wie sich die Verbleibs- oder Wanderungsentscheidung als Teil einer biographischen Statuspassage konstituiert, die am Übergang zwischen Studium und Beruf auftritt. Es zeigt sich, dass lebenslaufbezogene Erwägungen und Standortentscheidungen stark ineinander verwoben sind und auf der Basis eines transnationalen Aktionsraums angestellt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Migration in Ireland: challenges, opportunities and policies (2016)
González Pandiella, Alberto;Zitatform
González Pandiella, Alberto (2016): Migration in Ireland. Challenges, opportunities and policies. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1292), Paris, 32 S. DOI:10.1787/5jm0s94jzx5j-en
Abstract
"The Irish labour market is exceptionally open to international migration flows, thus making labour supply highly responsive to changes in cyclical conditions. Immigration provides the skills that the Irish economy needs. The crisis triggered a sharp reversal in migration flows, with immigration suddenly halting and emigration increasing. A large proportion of emigration is highly qualified, as is a high proportion of immigration. This pattern of 'brain exchange' can contribute to reducing skills mismatches, but also raises the challenge of remaining attractive for skilled workers. This paper examines how the crisis has affected migration, how related policies have evolved and proposes avenues to spread the benefits of migration beyond the scope of multinational enterprises, in particular to Irish SMEs. The proportion of Irish-born population living abroad is very large and the paper also analyses what role return migration could play, what policies are in place to maintain links with emigrant's communities abroad and how they can be strengthened. Ireland has recently experienced, for the first time in its history, large-scale immigration. As a result, it currently hosts a large and very heterogeneous immigrant community, with diverging challenges and needs. Getting integration policies right is therefore a complex, but crucial task. The paper identifies what are the key challenges in this area and proposes some avenues to foster the labour market integration of immigrants. Ireland is also starting to experience challenges associated with the integration of second generation immigrants. To respond to those challenges, the paper recommends early action in education and social domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Internationale Mobilität von wissenschaftlichem Nachwuchs (Begleitstudie B6): Studien im Rahmen des Bundesberichts Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs (BuWiN) 2017 (2016)
Zitatform
Netz, Nicolai & Hendrik Schirmer (2016): Internationale Mobilität von wissenschaftlichem Nachwuchs (Begleitstudie B6). Studien im Rahmen des Bundesberichts Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs (BuWiN) 2017. Hannover, 83 S.
Abstract
"Um internationale Mobilität wirkungsvoll und nachhaltig fördern zu können, bedarf es zunächst eines detaillierten Wissens über den Nutzen internationaler Mobilität und die kritischen Mobilitätshindernisse. Außerdem müssen die typischen Formen sowie das Ausmaß internationaler Mobilität und die Ziel- beziehungsweise Herkunftsländer der mobilen Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler untersucht werden. Eine Einschätzung der Attraktivität des deutschen Wissenschaftsstandorts erfordert neben der Betrachtung von Strömen mobiler Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler auch eine Analyse der Motive, die diese zur Abwanderung aus Deutschland beziehungsweise zur Zuwanderung nach Deutschland veranlassen. Schließlich müssen die existierenden Finanzierungsmodelle und Instrumente zur Förderung von internationaler Mobilität untersucht werden.
Durch zahlreiche breit angelegte Monitoring-Studien und fokussierte, theoriegeleitete Studien wurde in den vergangenen Jahren weitreichendes Wissen zur internationalen Mobilität von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern generiert. Die vorhandenen Erkenntnisse liegen jedoch aktuell nur in fragmentierter Form vor. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfolgt die vorliegende Studie das Ziel, existierende Datenquellen und Studien zu systematisieren, zu beschreiben beziehungsweise zusammenzufassen und zu evaluieren." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmigration aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland: ein Überblick über das aktuelle System, Einwandererzahlen und Hauptherkunftsländer (2016)
Oesingmann, Katrin;Zitatform
Oesingmann, Katrin (2016): Arbeitsmigration aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland. Ein Überblick über das aktuelle System, Einwandererzahlen und Hauptherkunftsländer. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 69, H. 13, S. 44-48.
Abstract
"Die Förderung der Zuwanderung qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus dem Ausland gehört zu den Maßnahmen der westlichen Industrienationen zur Sicherung des Fachkräftebestandes. Bisher zeigt sich jedoch, dass sowohl Deutschland als auch die EU im Vergleich zu anderen Industrienationen insgesamt nicht sehr erfolgreich bei der Anwerbung von (hoch-)qualifizierten Migranten sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Global talent flows (2016)
Zitatform
Pekkala, Sari, William Kerr, Caglar Özden & Christopher Parsons (2016): Global talent flows. (IZA discussion paper 10328), Bonn, 25 S.
Abstract
"The global distribution of talent is highly skewed and the resources available to countries to develop and utilize their best and brightest vary substantially. The migration of skilled workers across countries tilts the deck even further. Using newly available data, we first review the landscape of global talent mobility, which is both asymmetric and rising in importance. We next consider the determinants of global talent flows at the individual and firm levels and sketch some important implications. Third, we review the national gatekeepers for skilled migration and broad differences in approaches used to select migrants for admission. Looking forward, the capacity of people, firms, and countries to successfully navigate this tangled web of global talent will be critical to their success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: CESifo working paper , 6203 -
Literaturhinweis
Reversing the brain drain: evidence from a Romanian brain networking organization (2016)
Zitatform
Petroff, Alisa (2016): Reversing the brain drain. Evidence from a Romanian brain networking organization. In: International migration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 122-135. DOI:10.1111/imig.12268
Abstract
"(...) this article discusses the relevance of the brain networking perspective as a political and academic tool that enables a better understanding of the phenomenon of contemporary skilled migration. Based on the analysis of a Romanian brain networking organization, I argue the need to understand these organizations not as elitist professional groups (as they have traditionally been seen) but as organizations that include a diversity of profiles: potentially skilled migrants (international students) or 'migrants in the middle' who occupy semi-skilled jobs in origin and destination countries. These migrants can contribute greatly to creating economic and symbolic transnational spaces, leading to a win-win situation, especially in the case of circular migration patterns (intra-EU movements) that correspond to two of the three clusters identified by the case study. The article aims to analyse the case study of a Romanian brain network organization, GRASP (Global Romanian Society of Young Professionals), and the main characteristics of its members. Based on a quantitative approach, the analysis identifies different historical stages of skilled immigration proceeding from this country (comparing the early 1990s with the 2000s) and different profiles of professionals (permanent migration versus mobility patterns)." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The role of employers and employer engagement in labour migration from third countries to the EU (2016)
Ramasamy, Sankar;Zitatform
Ramasamy, Sankar (2016): The role of employers and employer engagement in labour migration from third countries to the EU. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 178), Paris, 38 S. DOI:10.1787/5jlwxc0366xr-en
Abstract
"This paper is part of the joint project between the Directorate General for Migration and Home Affairs of the European Commission and the OECD's Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs on 'Review of Labour Migration Policy in Europe'. This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Grant: HOME/2013/EIFX/CA/002 / 30-CE-0615920/00-38 (DI130895). A previous version of this paper DELSA/ELSA/MI(2015)8 was presented and discussed at the OECD working party on migration in June 2015. The paper examines the ways in which employers are protagonists in international labour migration, and what can be done to ensure that they are partners in increasing European attractiveness for internationally mobile talent. Facilitating movement of Intra-Corporate Transfer (ICT) workers in multinational companies, improving the ability of SMEs to access foreign workers, as well as attracting entrepreneurs and investors in the EU single market, are the three principal channels examined in the report. The paper provides recommendations for policy development in these three areas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte und internationale Mobilität: können positive Spillover-Effekte dem Verlust von Humankapital entgegenwirken? (2016)
Specht, Sandra;Zitatform
Specht, Sandra (2016): Hochqualifizierte Arbeitskräfte und internationale Mobilität. Können positive Spillover-Effekte dem Verlust von Humankapital entgegenwirken? (Berichte aus der Volkswirtschaft), Aachen: Shaker, 223 S.
Abstract
"Die Thematik der internationalen Migration Hochqualifizierter ist von komplexen Zusammenhängen geprägt und es stellen sich insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund der fortschreitenden Globalisierung fortwährend neue Herausforderungen. Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Ziel- und Herkunftsländer kann durch die Mobilität hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte erheblich beeinflusst werden. Der Fokus der Arbeit liegt dabei auf den Auswirkungen für die Herkunftsländer der Migranten. Der klassischen brain drain-Argumentation folgend wäre anzunehmen, dass mit der Abwanderung der besten Köpfe, volkswirtschaftliche Einbußen für die betroffenen Länder einhergehen. Entfernt man sich jedoch vom Gedanken der einseitigen, permanenten Migration, können sich insbesondere für Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer positive Effekte (brain gain) ergeben, die dem tatsächlichen Verlust von Humankapital entgegenwirken. Neben rückkehrenden Hochqualifizierten, werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit unter anderem Rücküberweisungen, der Aufbau von Netzwerken sowie Wissens- und Technologietransfers im Sinne positiver Spillover-Effekte herausgestellt. Eine besondere Betrachtung erfährt darüber hinaus der Bildungsanreiz, der sich aus der bloßen Migrationsoption entwickeln kann. Anhand einer Befragung mexikanischer Studenten zeigt sich für das Schwellenland Mexiko, dass die Aussicht auf eine Migration, unter anderem die Studienentscheidung der befragten Studenten positiv zu beeinflussen scheint. Rücküberweisungen tragen ebenfalls einen Teil zur Stärkung der Bildungsinvestitionen der verbleibenden Mexikaner im Herkunftsland bei. Es lässt sich schließlich ein Trend ablesen, der zunehmend eine positive Sichtweise der potentiellen und tatsächlichen Migration hochqualifizierter Arbeitskräfte nahelegt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)