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Corona und Care – zur Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit in den Familien

Welche Auswirkungen hat die Corona-Krise auf die Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit in Deutschland? Ist in den Familien mit einer Rückkehr zu alten Rollenmustern zwischen den Geschlechtern zu rechnen? Die sogenannte "Retraditionalisierungsthese" von Jutta Allmendinger wird seit Beginn der Corona-Krise diskutiert. Mittlerweile zeigen zahlreiche Studien bezüglich der Rollenverteilung ein differenziertes Bild.
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Who suffered most? Parental stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany (2022)

    Li, Jianghong ; Kaiser, Till ; Bünning, Mareike ; Hipp, Lena ;

    Zitatform

    Li, Jianghong, Mareike Bünning, Till Kaiser & Lena Hipp (2022): Who suffered most? Parental stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 281-309. DOI:10.20377/jfr-704

    Abstract

    "Objective: This study examines gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parental psychological wellbeing (parenting stress and psychological distress) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Background: The dramatic shift of childcare and schooling responsibility from formal institutions to private households during the pandemic has put families under enormous stress and raised concerns about caregivers' health and wellbeing. Despite the overwhelming media attention to families’ wellbeing, to date limited research has examined parenting stress and parental psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Germany. Method: We analyzed four waves of panel data (N= 1,771) from an opt-in online survey, which was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable OLS regressions were used to estimate variations in the pandemic's effects on parenting stress and psychological distress by various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results: Overall, levels of parenting stress and psychological distress increased during the pandemic. During the first and third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers, parents with children younger than 11 years, parents with two or more children, parents working from home as well as parents with financial insecurity experienced higher parenting stress than other sociodemographic groups. Moreover, women, respondents with lower incomes, single parents, and parents with younger children experienced higher levels of psychological distress than other groups. Conclusion: Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parents' psychological wellbeing increased among the study participants during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland (2022)

    Lott, Yvonne ; Hobler, Dietmar; Pfahl, Svenja; Unrau, Eugen;

    Zitatform

    Lott, Yvonne, Dietmar Hobler, Svenja Pfahl & Eugen Unrau (2022): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (WSI-Report 72), Düsseldorf, 49 S.

    Abstract

    "Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland? Und wie hat sich der Stand der Gleichstellung entwickelt? Anhand zentraler Indikatoren auf Basis des WSI GenderDatenPortals (www.wsi.de/ genderdatenportal) liefert der vorliegende Report eine knappe und zusammenfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Deutschland mit einem Fokus auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich positive Trends vor allem bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung und den Einkommen von Frauen fortgesetzt haben. Bei der Mitbestimmung und den Arbeitszeiten baut sich Geschlechterungleichheit zwar ab, aber nur sehr langsam und in sehr kleinen Schritten. Bei der Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und der vertikalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes stagniert die Geschlechterungleichheit jedoch auf hohem Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Parents' Work Arrangements and Time Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)

    Lyttelton, Thomas ; Zang, Emma ; Musick, Kelly ;

    Zitatform

    Lyttelton, Thomas, Emma Zang & Kelly Musick (2022): Parents' Work Arrangements and Time Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic. (SocArXiv papers), 28 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/xc9mw

    Abstract

    "Objective: This study uses time diaries to examine how work arrangements shaped mothers’ and fathers’ time use at home and work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: The pandemic transformed home and work life for parents, disrupting employment and childcare. The shift to work from home offered more flexibility than the workplace to manage increased care burdens, but the lack of separation between work and family also likely contributed to more challenging work environments, especially among mothers. Method: This study relies on representative data from the 2017-2020 American Time Use Survey and matching to estimate changes in time use among parents working from home and the workplace in the pandemic relative to equivalent pre-pandemic parents. Results: Data showed no increase among working parents in activities in which childcare was the primary focus. Parents working from home during the pandemic, however, spent substantially more time on supervisory childcare, particularly in combination with paid work, and housework. Mothers working from home also changed their paid work schedules. Conclusion: Parents working from home responded to childcare demands through multitasking and schedule changes, especially mothers, with potential negative effects on work quality and stress. Parents in the workplace during the pandemic experienced smaller changes in time use, suggesting little flexibility to accommodate changes in family life. Implications: The pandemic has generated new inequalities between those with and without the flexibility to work from home, and potentially exacerbated gender inequalities among those working from home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The significance of occupations, family responsibilities, and gender for working from home: Lessons from COVID-19 (2022)

    Minkus, Lara ; Drobnic, Sonja ; Groepler, Nicolai ;

    Zitatform

    Minkus, Lara, Nicolai Groepler & Sonja Drobnic (2022): The significance of occupations, family responsibilities, and gender for working from home: Lessons from COVID-19. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 17, H. 6. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0266393

    Abstract

    "Before the pandemic, many employers were hesitant to offer their employees the option of working from home. However, remote working has been widely adopted during the pandemic as one of the key methods of controlling the spread of the virus. The measure encountered a widespread acceptance and it is likely that the demand for work from home as a flexible work arrangement will persist also after the pandemic has ended. Although numerous studies have addressed the role of remote work during this crisis, as of yet we lack thorough research jointly addressing the question on how occupations/job characteristics on the one hand and family/household responsibilities on the other are associated with the propensity of working from home, and how gender cuts across those aspects. Using the COVID-19 survey of the German Family Panel (pairfam), covering the peak of the first wave of the pandemic in 2020, together with information from pairfam panel waves conducted before the pandemic, as well as a special evaluation of the 2019 German Labor Force Survey, we are able to address this gap. Employing linear probability models on a sample of 1,414 men (N = 641) and women (N = 773), our results show that occupational traits, especially the gender composition of an occupation, are an important predictor for working from home. Women employed in female-dominated occupations are less often in a position to work from home. Furthermore, our study confirms that it is particularly the highly educated, as well as those who work in high-prestige occupations, who are able to work from home. Family configurations and care obligations are less influential upon the transition to homeworking, even in times of an unprecedented situation of school and daycare closures and increased parental responsibilities for children's (early) education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Children, care time, career priority - What matters for junior scientists’ productivity and career perspective during the COVID-19 pandemic? (2022)

    Muschalla, Beate ; Wrobel, Ulrike; Sondhof, Anke;

    Zitatform

    Muschalla, Beate, Anke Sondhof & Ulrike Wrobel (2022): Children, care time, career priority - What matters for junior scientists’ productivity and career perspective during the COVID-19 pandemic? In: Work. A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. 391-397. DOI:10.3233/WOR-211230

    Abstract

    "Background: The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic brought about restrictions, additional workload, insecurity, or need for inventing new routines for professionals worldwide. The pandemic and its restrictions have been discussed as a career shock. OBJECTIVE: Adding knowledge to this, our study investigated the academic and family (care) situation of young scientists in a German technical university. METHODS: We conducted an online survey including young scientists from a technical university in Germany in April 2021. 346 participants (mean age 33 years, 37% women) gave self-ratings on academic and life situation during the pandemic year, care work, preferences for scientific career and family life. RESULTS: Family and career were independent priorities (r = 0.021, p = 0.676). Two thirds (68%) of the young scientists reported no deterioration in scientific outcome during the pandefmic year. But, care times and number of children impacted negatively on scientific productivity in terms of publications. This was true for both women and men. CONCLUSIONS: Young scientists need individual support for their career perspective, according to their concrete career level and life situation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    The division of child care during the coronavirus crisis in Germany: How did short-time work affect fathers' engagement? (2022)

    Naujoks, Tabea ; Dummert, Sandra ; Kreyenfeld, Michaela ;

    Zitatform

    Naujoks, Tabea, Michaela Kreyenfeld & Sandra Dummert (2022): The division of child care during the coronavirus crisis in Germany: How did short-time work affect fathers' engagement? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 67-98., 2021-08-16. DOI:10.20377/jfr-717

    Abstract

    "Objective: This paper examines how participation in the short-time work scheme affected the gendered division of child care during the COVID-19 crisis in Germany. Background: Short-time work (Kurzarbeit) has been one of the main policies used to combat the economic and labour market repercussions of the coronavirus pandemic in Germany. We examine whether and, if so, how the growing prevalence of short-time work has affected care patterns. Method: We use data from the IAB-HOPP, a longitudinal study monitored by the German Institute for Employment Research (IAB). The analytical sample includes couples with children aged 12 and younger. We employ multinomial logistic regressions in which the outcome variable is the change in the division of care work from a period before to a period during the coronavirus crisis (June to October 2020). Results: We find that among men, receiving short-time work benefits resulted in more gender-equal care patterns. The positive effect of short-time work on the division of child care is moderated by the level of education. Fathers with low or medium education are more likely to increase their child care share when receiving short-time work benefits compared to fathers with high education. However, we also find that participating in the short-time work programme had no strong or significant effects on the gendered division of care among women. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that men’s working time is a major vehicle to change the gendered division of care in couple households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Dummert, Sandra ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and unpaid care work on informal workers' livelihoods (2022)

    Ogando, Ana Carolina; Moussié, Rachel; Rogan, Michael ;

    Zitatform

    Ogando, Ana Carolina, Michael Rogan & Rachel Moussié (2022): Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and unpaid care work on informal workers' livelihoods. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 161, H. 2, S. 171-194. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12332

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a health, economic and care crisis affecting all workers, including those in the informal economy. This article uses data from the first round of a mixed-methods longitudinal study conducted in June/July 2020 by Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing in partnership with informal workers' organizations in 12 cities. It assesses the impacts of the multidimensional crisis on care responsibilities and the resulting effects on livelihoods and food security. A gendered analysis of paid work and unpaid care work sheds light on the unique features of the impacts of the current “pandemic recession” on the world's informal labour force." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Who Is Doing the Chores and Childcare in Dual-Earner Couples during the COVID-19 Era of Working from Home? (2022)

    Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff ; Vernon, Victoria ;

    Zitatform

    Pabilonia, Sabrina Wulff & Victoria Vernon (2022): Who Is Doing the Chores and Childcare in Dual-Earner Couples during the COVID-19 Era of Working from Home? (IZA discussion paper 15118), Bonn, 61 S.

    Abstract

    "In 2020, parents' work-from-home days increased fourfold following the initial COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period compared to 2015–2019. At the same time, many daycares closed, and the majority of public schools offered virtual or hybrid classrooms, increasing the demand for household-provided childcare. Using time diaries from American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and looking at parents in dual-earner couples, we examine parents' weekday workday time allocated to paid work, chores, and childcare in the COVID-19 era by the couple's joint work location arrangements. We determine the work location of the ATUS respondent directly from their diary and proxy the partner's work-from-home status using the share of workers reporting work from home in their occupation. When their partners worked on-site, mothers and fathers working from home spent more time on childcare, especially mothers, compared to those on-site; fathers spent more time on household chores. However, only mothers' total unpaid and paid work burden was higher. In the fall, fathers working from home worked substantially fewer paid hours and spent even more time on household production. When both parents worked from home compared to both worked on-site, mothers and fathers working from home worked roughly equally fewer paid hours and did more secondary childcare, though fathers did more household production, suggesting they shared the increased work burden resulting from the pandemic more equally. However, in the fall, only mothers did more childcare when both worked from home. We also find that mothers spread their work throughout the day when working from home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit im Homeoffice? Innerfamiliale Arbeitsteilung in der Corona-Krise auf dem Prüfstand (2022)

    Peukert, Almut ; Beblo, Miriam; Zimmermann, Katharina ; Lüth, Laura ;

    Zitatform

    Peukert, Almut, Miriam Beblo, Laura Lüth & Katharina Zimmermann (2022): Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit im Homeoffice? Innerfamiliale Arbeitsteilung in der Corona-Krise auf dem Prüfstand. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 29-51. DOI:10.3790/sfo.71.1.29

    Abstract

    "Mit der COVID-19-Pandemie scheinen sich soziale Ungleichheiten zu verschärfen, sowohl weltweit als auch zwischen den Geschlechtern. In Bezug auf die innerfamiliale Arbeitsteilung werden unterschiedliche Thesen diskutiert – das Risiko der Retraditionalisierung auf der einen und die Chance der Modernisierung auf der anderen Seite. In diesem Beitrag verbinden und systematisieren wir die verschiedenen Stränge des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses und die heterogene empirische Studienlage zu innerfamilialer Arbeitsteilung und Geschlechter(un)gleichheiten. Vor dem Hintergrund orts- und zeitflexiblen Arbeitens im digitalen Homeoffice und sozialstaatlicher Interventionen schlussfolgern wir v. a. ein Sichtbarwerden vorhandener Ungleichheiten in der innerfamilialen Arbeitsteilung sowie eine Gleichzeitigkeit beider Entwicklungen – nämlich Modernisierungsstreben im Großen, trotz einiger Verharrungskräfte im Kleinen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Managing uncertainty: Lone parents' time horizons and agency in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic (2022)

    Sánchez-Mira, Núria ; Moles-Kalt, Benjamin ; Bernardi, Laura ;

    Zitatform

    Sánchez-Mira, Núria, Benjamin Moles-Kalt & Laura Bernardi (2022): Managing uncertainty: Lone parents' time horizons and agency in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 458-487. DOI:10.20377/jfr-696

    Abstract

    "Objective: This article shows the analytical value of an approach that integrates theoretical elaborations about the temporal orientations of different types of agency (pragmatic, identity, and life course) and uncertainty management, to analyse how families dealt with the challenges emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: The pandemic has been a major shock that has seriously challenged families' ability to adapt to sudden changes affecting multiple domains of life. Switzerland established a low-intensity lockdown in the spring of 2020, with social-distancing measures based on official recommendations. Changes in employment situations and school closures resulted in significant alterations to family life. This study examines how individuals with a trajectory of lone parenthood dealt with the increased uncertainties generated by this novel context. Method: Empirical data stems from the fourth wave of fieldwork of the longitudinal project "The multiple paths of lone parenthood", ongoing in French-speaking Switzerland since 2012–2013. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 participants between April and June 2020. Results: The emergence of novel situations, the ambiguity of social-distancing measures, and the breakdown of routines accentuated pragmatic agency for most families. With the chronification of uncertainty, parents sought to regain identity agency by restabilising everyday routines. Uncertainty about future developments diminished life course agency, especially for parents in more insecure situations. Conclusion: The study offers an original perspective on the challenges of living through increased uncertainty and changing environments triggered by the pandemic, by highlighting the relevance of temporalities for understanding agency within life course processes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany? (2022)

    Vicari, Basha ; Zoch, Gundula ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ;

    Zitatform

    Vicari, Basha, Gundula Zoch & Ann-Christin Bächmann (2022): Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 310-332., 2021-12-10. DOI:10.20377/jfr-707

    Abstract

    "We examine how care arrangements, general and altered working conditions, and worries influenced subjective well-being at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic for working parents in Germany. Prior research suggests several reasons for declines in subjective well-being, particularly for working mothers. We employ Pearlin's (1989) stress process model to explore the role of parental childcare, altered working conditions and amplified worries of working parents in terms of increased stressors and modified resources to cope with the extraordinary situation. We use data from two starting cohorts from the National Educational Panel Study and its supplementary COVID-19 web survey from spring 2020 to examine possible heterogeneities in contextual factors for individual-level changes in the well-being of working mothers and fathers. We confirm a more pronounced decline in well-being for working mothers than fathers. Part-time work and access to emergency care reduce the gender gap in decreased well-being. Conversely, young children in the household and personal worries are associated with lower well-being for both parents. However, we cannot explain the more significant decrease in mothers’ well-being by increased childcare responsibilities or altered working conditions. A greater decline in well-being indicates a particular burden among working mothers. However, it cannot be linked solely to gendered inequalities in the changes of paid and unpaid work during the first months of the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Vicari, Basha ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Krankheits- und quarantänebedingte Arbeitsausfälle legen in der vierten und fünften Welle der Pandemie deutlich zu (Serie "Corona-Krise: Folgen für den Arbeitsmarkt") (2022)

    Wanger, Susanne ; Weber, Enzo ;

    Zitatform

    Wanger, Susanne & Enzo Weber (2022): Krankheits- und quarantänebedingte Arbeitsausfälle legen in der vierten und fünften Welle der Pandemie deutlich zu (Serie "Corona-Krise: Folgen für den Arbeitsmarkt"). In: IAB-Forum H. 21.03.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-03-14. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220321.01

    Abstract

    "Bereits die ersten Wellen der Covid-19-Pandemie führten nicht nur zu erheblichen nachfragebedingten Arbeitsausfällen aufgrund von Kurzarbeit, sondern auch zu Arbeitsausfällen bei den Beschäftigten durch Schul- und Kitaschließungen, einen erhöhten Krankenstand und Quarantänemaßnahmen. Auch die vierte und fünfte Welle der Pandemie hat mit immer neuen Höchstständen an Inzidenzen beträchtliche Arbeitsausfälle zur Folge. Hauptgrund sind Quarantäneanordnungen und ein erhöhter Krankenstand." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Wanger, Susanne ; Weber, Enzo ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    For better or worse: How more flexibility in working time arrangements and parental leave experiences affect fathers' working and childcare hours in Germany (2022)

    Wanger, Susanne ; Zapf, Ines ;

    Zitatform

    Wanger, Susanne & Ines Zapf (2022): For better or worse: How more flexibility in working time arrangements and parental leave experiences affect fathers' working and childcare hours in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 582-614., 2021-10-21. DOI:10.20377/jfr-644

    Abstract

    "In dieser Studie untersuchen wir den Einfluss von flexiblen Arbeitszeitregelungen und Elternzeiterfahrungen auf die tatsächlichen Arbeits- und Kinderbetreuungszeiten von Männern. Viele Väter möchten mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern verbringen und aktiv am Familienleben teilnehmen, aber die meisten arbeiten nach der Geburt eines Kindes noch mehr Stunden als zuvor. Zur besseren Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie könnte die Möglichkeit flexibler Arbeitszeitregelungen für Väter eine entscheidende Rolle spielen, auch um sich stärker in die Kinderbetreuung einzubringen. Anhand von Längsschnittdaten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) untersuchen wir den Zusammenhang zwischen flexiblen Arbeitszeitregelungen, Elternzeiterfahrungen, Arbeitszeiten und Kinderbetreuungszeiten. Basierend auf Daten zwischen 2013 und 2019 wurden Panel-Regressionsmodelle geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Wechsel von festen zu flexiblen Arbeitszeitregelungen zu einer Erhöhung der Arbeitszeit bei Männern und Vätern führt. Diese längeren Arbeitszeiten gehen bei Vätern mit einer Verkürzung des Zeitaufwands für Kinderbetreuungsaktivitäten einher, wenn auf flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen umgestellt wird. Väter mit Elternzeiterfahrung zeigen jedoch eine veränderte Zeitnutzung, wenn sie zu flexiblen Arbeitszeiten wechseln. Flexible Arbeitszeitregelungen erweisen sich für Väter als ambivalent: Einerseits bieten sie Vätern neue Spielräume, andererseits führen sie aufgrund traditioneller Rollenmodelle zu längeren Arbeitszeiten und damit weniger Beteiligung an der Kinderbetreuung; aber Elternzeiterfahrungen machen einen Unterschied, was die Bedeutung dieser Regelungen für Väter betont." (Autorenreferat, © University of Bamberg Press)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Wanger, Susanne ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Mothering and Stress during COVID-19: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Employment (2022)

    Yan, Xu; Buck, Clayton; Doan, Long ; Sayer, Liana C. ; Drotning, Kelsey J. ; Rinderknecht, R. Gordon ; Negraia, Daniela Veronica ; Fish, Jessica N. ;

    Zitatform

    Yan, Xu, Liana C. Sayer, Daniela Veronica Negraia, R. Gordon Rinderknecht, Long Doan, Kelsey J. Drotning, Jessica N. Fish & Clayton Buck (2022): Mothering and Stress during COVID-19: Exploring the Moderating Effects of Employment. In: Socius, Jg. 8, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1177/23780231221103056

    Abstract

    "Using primary data from the Assessing the Social Consequences of COVID-19 study, the authors examined how the pandemic affected the stress levels of women with and without coresiding minor children (mothers vs. nonmothers), paying special attention to the moderating role of employment status. The ordinary least squares regression results show that following the pandemic outbreak, among full-time working women, mothers reported smaller stress increases than nonmothers. In contrast, among part-time and nonemployed women, mothers and nonmothers experienced similar stress increases. Also, full-time working mothers reported smaller stress increases than women with most other mothering and employment statuses. Changes in women’s employment status, following pandemic onset, had limited impacts on the patterns of stress change. This study contributes to research on parenting and health by showing that during times of crisis, full-time employment may be protective of mothers’ mental health but may not buffer the mental health deterioration of women not raising children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Reduced well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic - The role of working conditions (2022)

    Zoch, Gundula ; Vicari, Basha ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ;

    Zitatform

    Zoch, Gundula, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Basha Vicari (2022): Reduced well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic - The role of working conditions. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 1969-1990., 2021-11-03. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12777

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has had diverse impacts on the employment conditions and family responsibilities of men and women. Thus, women and men were exposed to very different roles and associated challenges, which may have affected their well-being very differently. Using data from the National Educational Panel Study and its supplementary COVID-19 web survey for Germany (May–June 2020), we investigate gender differences in the relationship between working conditions and within-changes in subjective well-being. We systematically consider the household context by distinguishing between adults with and without younger children in the household. The results from multivariate change-score regressions reveal a decline in all respondents' life satisfaction, particularly among women with and without younger children. However, the greater reduction in women's well-being cannot be linked to systematic differences in working conditions throughout the pandemic. Kitagawa–Oaxaca–Blinder counterfactual decompositions confirm this conclusion. Further analyses suggest that women's caregiving role, societal concerns, and greater loneliness partly explain the remaining gender differences in altered satisfaction. From a general perspective, our results suggest important gender differences in social life and psychological distress at the beginning of the pandemic, which are likely to become more pronounced as the crisis has unfolded." (Author's abstract, © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Vicari, Basha ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    Thematic review 2022: Gender equality and work-life balance policies during and after the COVID-19 crisis: synthesis (2022)

    Abstract

    "Unpaid care duties are key to gender gaps in the labor market. As illustrated in the report, across the Member States, care responsibilities are equally shared between women and men only in about one-third of families. The interplay between labour market and household conditions may create vicious cycles. The unequal division of unpaid care work between men and women reduces women’s access to and permanency in the labor market, and leads to a concentration of women in sectors and jobs allowing greater working time flexibility at the price of lower wages and career opportunities. Gender gaps in the labor market themselves reinforce the unequal division of unpaid care work in households. Work-life balance policies are therefore key for supporting women’s labor market participation and employment and achieving gender equality in the labour market. Although cultural and social norms on the gender division of unpaid work in the household are still relevant, the availability, affordability and quality of childcare and long-term care services, eligibility criteria, length and compensation level of parental, paternity and carers leaves, and flexible working arrangements all play an important role in promoting equal sharing of care tasks in the household enabling full and equal labor market participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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    Covid-19: Reinforcing Gender Gaps? (2021)

    Albrecht, Clara; Endl-Geyer, Victoria; Stitteneder, Tanja;

    Zitatform

    Albrecht, Clara, Victoria Endl-Geyer & Tanja Stitteneder (2021): Covid-19: Reinforcing Gender Gaps? In: CESifo forum, Jg. 22, H. 5, S. 50-57.

    Abstract

    "The pandemic has had a major impact on our society and reinforces gender gaps in many areas. Looking at unemployment figures, these have been affected, but not always to the high degree one would have expected. One reason for this may have been appropriate policy measures in some countries, especially within the EU. However, women tend to work in sectors that are badly hit by the crisis, putting them at risk of job and income losses. While gender differences are rarely clearly visible in general, they become more apparent among parents. A holistic view, however, shows that the total workload of paid and unpaid work has increased significantly more for women than for men across countries. This is reflected in the fact that women are increasingly taking on care and housework tasks, making greater use of remote work options and shifting their paid working hours into the evening. The extent to which working from home and changes in availability influence career opportunities still needs to be clarified. However, other consequences can already be observed, such as higher susceptibility to psychological problems among women. Also, preliminary data show that women face more prolonged health consequences, due to missed checkups for example, and are more likely to be victims of domestic violence during a lockdown." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions (2021)

    Alon, Titan; Doepke, Matthias ; Koll, David ; Tertilt, Michèle ; Coskun, Sena ;

    Zitatform

    Alon, Titan, Sena Coskun, Matthias Doepke, David Koll & Michèle Tertilt (2021): From Mancession to Shecession: Women's Employment in Regular and Pandemic Recessions. (IZA discussion paper 14223), Bonn, 104 S.

    Abstract

    "We examine the impact of the global recession triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic on women's versus men's employment. Whereas recent recessions in advanced economies usually had a disproportionate impact on men's employment, giving rise to the moniker "mancessions," we show that the pandemic recession of 2020 was a "shecession" in most countries with larger employment declines among women. We examine the causes behind this pattern using micro data from several national labor force surveys, and show that both the composition of women's employment across industries and occupations as well as increased childcare needs during closures of schools and daycare centers made important contributions. While many countries exhibit similar patterns, we also emphasize how policy choices such as furloughing policies and the extent of school closures shape the pandemic's impact on the labor market. Another notable finding is the central role of telecommuting: gender gaps in the employment impact of the pandemic arise almost entirely among workers who are unable to work from home. Nevertheless, among telecommuters a different kind of gender gap arises: women working from home during the pandemic spent more work time also doing childcare and experienced greater productivity reductions than men. We discuss what our findings imply for gender equality in a post-pandemic labor market that will likely continue to be characterized by pervasive telecommuting." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Coskun, Sena ;
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  • Literaturhinweis

    The Gendered Politics of Pandemic Relief: Labor and Family Policies in Denmark, Germany, and the United States During COVID-19 (2021)

    Bariola, Nino ; Collins, Caitlyn ;

    Zitatform

    Bariola, Nino & Caitlyn Collins (2021): The Gendered Politics of Pandemic Relief: Labor and Family Policies in Denmark, Germany, and the United States During COVID-19. In: American Behavioral Scientist, Jg. 65, H. 12, S. 1671-1697. DOI:10.1177/00027642211003140

    Abstract

    "The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified families’ struggles to reconcile caregiving and employment, especially for working mothers. How have different countries reacted to these troubling circumstances? What policies have been implemented to alleviate the pernicious effects of the pandemic on gender and labor inequalities? We examine the policies offered in Denmark, Germany, and the United States, three countries that represent distinct welfare regimes. We find important differences among the policy solutions provided, but also in the “cultural infrastructures” that allow policies to work as intended, or not. In Denmark, a social-democratic welfare state, robust federal salary guarantee programs supplemented an already strong social safety net. The country was among the first to lock down and reorganize health care—and also among the first to reopen schools and child care facilities, acknowledging that parents’ employment depends on child care provisioning, especially for mothers. Germany, a corporatist regime, substantially expanded existing programs and provided generous subsidies. However, despite an ongoing official commitment to reduce gender inequality, the cultural legacy of a father breadwinner/mother caregiver family model meant that reopening child care facilities was not a first priority, which pushed many mothers out of paid work. In the U.S. liberal regime, private organizations—particularly in privileged economic sectors—are the ones primarily offering supports to working parents. Patchwork efforts at lockdown and reopening have meant a lengthy period of limbo for working families, with disastrous consequences for women, especially the most vulnerable. Among such varied “solutions” to the consequences of the pandemic, those of liberal regimes seem to be worsening inequalities. The unprecedented nature of the current pandemic recession suggests a need for scholars to gender the study of economic crises." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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  • Literaturhinweis

    Datenlage zur Pandemie: Stellungnahme des IAB für das Fachgespräch des Parlamentarischen Begleitgremiums Covid-19-Pandemie des Landtags Nordrhein-Westfalen am 16. November 2021 (2021)

    Bauer, Frank; Sieglen, Georg;

    Zitatform

    Bauer, Frank & Georg Sieglen (2021): Datenlage zur Pandemie. Stellungnahme des IAB für das Fachgespräch des Parlamentarischen Begleitgremiums Covid-19-Pandemie des Landtags Nordrhein-Westfalen am 16. November 2021. (IAB-Stellungnahme 10/2021), Nürnberg, 21 S.

    Abstract

    "Das Begleitgremium Covid-19-Pandemie, ein Unterausschuss des Ausschusses für Arbeit, Gesundheit und Soziales des Landestags Nordrhein-Westfalens, hat den Auftrag, aktuelle sowie künftige gesundheitliche, soziale und wirtschaftliche Folgen der Bewältigung und der Eindämmung der Covid-19-Pandemie zu behandeln. Im Rahmen eines Fachgesprächs am 16. November 2021 wurde das IAB unter dem Titel „Datenlage – Bereich Arbeit – Wirtschaft“ um eine Stellungnahme gebeten. Für Fragen aus dem umfangreichen Fragenkatalog, zu denen relevante Erkenntnisse insbesondere auf der Grundlage von Umfragen und Analysen aus dem IAB vorliegen, geben die folgenden Antworten einen zusammenfassenden Überblick über relevante Studienergebnisse." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

    Beteiligte aus dem IAB

    Bauer, Frank; Sieglen, Georg;
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