Corona und Care – zur Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit in den Familien
Welche Auswirkungen hat die Corona-Krise auf die Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit in Deutschland? Ist in den Familien mit einer Rückkehr zu alten Rollenmustern zwischen den Geschlechtern zu rechnen? Die sogenannte "Retraditionalisierungsthese" von Jutta Allmendinger wird seit Beginn der Corona-Krise diskutiert. Mittlerweile zeigen zahlreiche Studien bezüglich der Rollenverteilung ein differenziertes Bild.
Die Infoplattform bietet einen Überblick zu den Studien und deren Ergebnissen.
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Literaturhinweis
Do carer tasks predict carer employment? Evidence from the Survey of Adult Carers in England (2024)
Zitatform
Candon, David, Michael Hewitt, Yu-Ling Liu-Smith & Peter Murphy (2024): Do carer tasks predict carer employment? Evidence from the Survey of Adult Carers in England. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 122-140. DOI:10.1111/spol.12948
Abstract
"Due to the large number of unpaid carers in England, there is an extensive body of research which examines the determinants of carers' employment. Despite this, little is known about the relationship between the specific tasks that carers perform and their labour supply. Using data from the Survey of Adult Carers in England, we examine the relationship between carer tasks and carer employment outcomes. We find that carers who perform tasks that are time-bound have a lower probability of working compared to carers who do not perform these tasks. Similarly, carers who perform shiftable tasks have a higher probability of working compared to carers who do not perform these tasks. If future social policy is to be designed to allow carers to also maintain their employment, then targeting services at the carer tasks which have the largest impact on employment needs to be taken into account." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Shifting Stress of Working Parents: An Examination of Dual Pandemic Disruptions—Remote Work and Remote Schooling (2024)
Zitatform
Fan, Wen & Phyllis Moen (2024): The Shifting Stress of Working Parents: An Examination of Dual Pandemic Disruptions—Remote Work and Remote Schooling. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 13, H. 1. DOI:10.3390/socsci13010036
Abstract
"Working remotely at least some of the time has long been seen as promoting a better integration of work and care obligations, even though prepandemic research is mixed as to the extent to which parents benefit emotionally from remote work. We exploit dual social experiments in schooling and work spawned by the COVID-19 pandemic to understand any stress-reducing effects of working from home under different school-closing state policy contexts. The pandemic led to an unprecedented shift to (and subsequent away from) remote and hybrid work but also to the implementation of various containment policies, most notably school closures driving a shift to remote learning that were put into effect to different degrees across U.S. states. Drawing on parents’ data from a U.S. nationally representative panel survey of workers who spent at least some time working from home since the pandemic onset, we use mixed-effects models to examine whether and in what ways cross-state and over-time variations in school closure policies shape any stress-reducing impacts of remote/hybrid work. Results show that when schools were not mandated to close, remote/hybrid work largely reduces parents’—especially mothers’—stress. However, an opposite pattern emerges in the face of closing mandates. These patterns are especially pronounced among white mothers and are not observed among nonparents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effect of COVID-19 on the gender gap in remote work (2024)
Zitatform
Marcén, Miriam & Marina Morales (2024): The effect of COVID-19 on the gender gap in remote work. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1379), Essen, 55 S.
Abstract
"We examine changes in the gender gap in working from home (WFH) in response to the unanticipated first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, we find a non-negligible widening of the gender gap with WFH being more prevalent among women than among men. Respondents' job traits played a significant role in the gender gap variations, those working in the private sector being the most affected. Young individuals, those more educated, and those living with a dependent person increased the gender gap more in terms of the proportion of time devoted to WFH. We further show evidence suggesting the mitigating effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the first wave of the pandemic, positively affecting the WFH tendency for men but not for women. Overall, the gender gap change proves robust to identification checks. In addition, the gender gap response has had a long-lasting impact on the gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Neither backlash nor convergence: dynamics of intra-couple childcare division during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Dana Müller & Simone Schüller (2023): Neither backlash nor convergence: dynamics of intra-couple childcare division during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00353-8
Abstract
"Using unique (bi)monthly panel data (IAB-HOPP) covering the immediate postlockdown period from June to August 2020, as well as the subsequent period up until the second lockdown in January/February 2021, we investigate opposing claims of widening/closing the gender gap in parental childcare during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany. We consider prepandemic division as a reference point and provide dynamics rather than snapshots. Our results suggest a slight initial shift toward a more egalitarian division that, however, faded out in subsequent months. Starting from a fairly “traditional” prepandemic childcare division, the lockdown stimulus was not nearly strong enough to level the playing field. Subgroup analysis differentiating between individual lockdown-specific work arrangements shows that the drivers of the observed shift were mothers with relatively intense labor market participation who cannot work from home. Fathers’ work arrangement instead did not play a significant role. We conclude that the shift emerged out of necessity rather than opportunity, which makes it likely to fade once the necessity vanishes. Further, a shift is observed only if fathers were to some extent involved in childcare prepandemic, which points to the crucial role of initial conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Müller, Dana;Ähnliche Treffer
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen u.d.T. "Neither Backlash nor Convergence: Dynamics of Intracouple Childcare Division after the First Covid-19 Lockdown and Subsequent Reopening in Germany" als: IAB-Discussion Paper, 12/2021
- frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen u.d.T. "Neither backlash nor convergence: Dynamics of intra-couple childcare division after the first COVID-19 lockdown and subsequent reopening in Germany" in: Covid economics, (2021), 81, 19-49
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Literaturhinweis
Kids back to school - parents back to work? School and daycare opening and parents’ employment in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (2023)
Zitatform
Fervers, Lukas, Lina Tobler, Veronika Knize, Bernhard Christoph & Marita Jacob (2023): Kids back to school - parents back to work? School and daycare opening and parents’ employment in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 373-387., 2023-01-19. DOI:10.1177/09589287231176775
Abstract
"Around the globe, the coronavirus pandemic has triggered various reactions of governments designed to contain the pandemic. Among other things, the pandemic led to an unforeseen and unprecedented closure of schools and daycare facilities. In turn, these closures might have forced parents to stay at home to care for their children who could not attend schools or kindergartens. From a social policy perspective, this raises the question of the extent to which parents’ employment has been affected, as time spent on childcare might make parents reduce their working hours. To answer this question, we exploit within-country variations in school and childcare policies across the federal states of Germany to analyse their effect on parents’ working time. In specific, we compare the working time of parents who live in different federal states with different restrictions regarding childcare in a difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-differences framework. Our results reveal a non-negligible positive effect of an earlier and more far-reaching reopening of schools and daycare facilities on parents’ employment. Our results indicate that prolonged closure goes along with negative employment effects for parents. Hence, containment and closure policies to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have substantial economic and social side effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © SAGE) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Supplemental material -
Literaturhinweis
Kids back to school – parents back to work? School and daycare opening and parents' employment in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (2023)
Zitatform
Fervers, Lukas, Lina Tobler, Veronika Knize, Bernhard Christoph & Marita Jacob (2023): Kids back to school – parents back to work? School and daycare opening and parents' employment in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 373-387. DOI:10.1177/09589287231176775
Abstract
"Around the globe, the coronavirus pandemic has triggered various reactions of governments designed to contain the pandemic. Among other things, the pandemic led to an unforeseen and unprecedented closure of schools and daycare facilities. In turn, these closures might have forced parents to stay at home to care for their children who could not attend schools or kindergartens. From a social policy perspective, this raises the question of the extent to which parents? employment has been affected, as time spent on childcare might make parents reduce their working hours. To answer this question, we exploit within-country variations in school and childcare policies across the federal states of Germany to analyse their effect on parents? working time. In specific, we compare the working time of parents who live in different federal states with different restrictions regarding childcare in a difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-differences framework. Our results reveal a non-negligible positive effect of an earlier and more far-reaching reopening of schools and daycare facilities on parents? employment. Our results indicate that prolonged closure goes along with negative employment effects for parents. Hence, containment and closure policies to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have substantial economic and social side effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Less Work, More Labor: School Closures and Work Hours During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria (2023)
Zitatform
Hanzl, Lisa & Miriam Rehm (2023): Less Work, More Labor: School Closures and Work Hours During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Austria. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 252-284. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2023.2251972
Abstract
"This article explores the gendered impact of school closures on paid work hours during the COVID-19 pandemic in Austria. Using data from the Austrian Corona Panel Project (ACPP) covering generalized school closures from March 2020 to April 2021, the study examines adjustments in work hours by gender and parental status. The descriptive data show general reductions in work time, especially in the first months. From July 2020 onward, however, mothers reduced work hours more than fathers when schools were closed - and they increased time spent on childcare, while fathers reduced theirs. Using OLS and fixed effects models, the study confirms that mothers reduced their work hours during school closures more than any other group. In contrast, fathers reduced their work hours the least - even less than individuals without children. Finally, there is some evidence that school closures capture policy stringency in high-incidence phases of the COVID-19 pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labour Market Shocks and Parental Investments during the Covid-19 Pandemic (2023)
Hupkau, Claudia; Ruiz-Valenzuela, Jenifer; Isphording, Ingo E.; Machin, Stephen;Zitatform
Hupkau, Claudia, Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela, Ingo E. Isphording & Stephen Machin (2023): Labour Market Shocks and Parental Investments during the Covid-19 Pandemic. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 82. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102341
Abstract
"This paper studies spill-over effects of parental labour market shocks at two time points in the Covid-19 crisis: right after its onset in April 2020, and in January 2021. We use rich data from the UK to look at the consequences of immediate and persistent shocks that hit parents' economic livelihoods. These negative labour market shocks have substantially larger impacts when suffered by fathers than by mothers. Children of fathers that suffered the most severe shocks - earnings dropping to zero - are the ones that are consistently impacted. In April 2020, they were 10 percentage points less likely to have received additional paid learning resources, but their fathers were spending about 30 more minutes per day helping them with school work. However, by January 2021, this latter association switches sign, as the negative spill-over onto children's education occurred for those fathers facing more persistent, negative labour market shocks as the crisis progressed. The paper discusses potential mechanisms driving these results, finding a sustained deterioration of household finances and a worsening of father's mental health to be factors at play." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vergeschlechtlichte Arbeitsteilung in der Corona-Krise als „Backlash“?: Was in der Diskurskoalition zwischen Sozialwissenschaften und Politik thematisiert wird – und was ausgeblendet bleibt (2023)
Krucsay, Brita;Zitatform
Krucsay, Brita (2023): Vergeschlechtlichte Arbeitsteilung in der Corona-Krise als „Backlash“? Was in der Diskurskoalition zwischen Sozialwissenschaften und Politik thematisiert wird – und was ausgeblendet bleibt. In: Momentum Quarterly, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 84-146. DOI:10.15203/momentumquarterly.vol12.no2.p84-99
Abstract
"Als Folge der Lockdown-Regelungen zur Eindämmung der Corona-Pandemie rückte im Jahr 2020 in Österreich die Familie erstmals als Produzentin „systemrelevanter Leistungen“ ins Licht der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung: Sozialwissenschaftliche und massenmediale Beiträge problematisierten den Widerspruch zwischen der Notwendigkeit und der gesellschaftlichen Bewertung und Sichtbarkeit „privat“ geleisteter und vergeschlechtlichter Reproduktionsarbeit. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert anhand der Karriere des soziologisch geprägten Terminus der „traditionellen Rollenbilder“, wie das potenzielle Konfliktfeld, das sich aus den getroffenen Maßnahmen und der empirisch dokumentierten Überforderung der Betroffenen ergab, diskursiv neutralisiert wurde, indem dessen kritische Stoßrichtung in gängige individualisierende und kapitalismuskompatible Bearbeitungsstrategien eingepasst wurde. Unter Bezug auf Erkenntnisse feministischer Ökonomie und Ideologiekritik wird rekonstruiert, wie unter Krisenbedingungen herrschende Mythen verfestigt werden, und danach gefragt, welche Rolle sozialwissenschaftliche Kritik dabei einnehmen kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of Covid-19 on couples’ job tenures: Mothers have it worse (2023)
Zitatform
Lafuente, Cristina, Astrid Ruland, Raül Santaeulàlia-Llopis & Ludo Visschers (2023): The effects of Covid-19 on couples’ job tenures: Mothers have it worse. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102404
Abstract
"We study the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the employment contracts and job tenures of couples, and how these are shaped by gender and the presence of children. Using the Spanish Labor Force Survey, we find that women with children have suffered relatively larger losses of higher-duration, permanent jobs since the pandemic than men or women without children. These losses emerge approximately one year after the onset of the pandemic and persist, even though the aggregate male and female employment rate has recovered. Our results point to potential labor market scars, in particular, for mothers, that hide behind standard aggregate employment measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Family care during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: longitudinal evidence on consequences for the well-being of caregivers (2023)
Zitatform
Möhring, Katja, Sabine Zinn & Ulrike Ehrlich (2023): Family care during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Germany: longitudinal evidence on consequences for the well-being of caregivers. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 20, H. 1. DOI:10.1007/s10433-023-00761-2
Abstract
"We examine changes in the well-being of family caregivers during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and the SOEP-CoV study. The COVID-19 pandemic posed an extraordinary challenge for family caregivers, as care recipients are a high-risk group requiring special protection, and professional care services were severely cut back. The specific situation of the COVID-19 pandemic allows us to re-examine the caregiver stress process model. Using first difference regression models, we analyse changes in general life satisfaction and depressive symptoms (PHQ-4 score) among family caregivers between 2019 and spring 2020, differentiating by care intensity and duration of the care episode. Caregivers show similar changes in well-being as non-caregivers: a simultaneous increase in depressive symptoms and life satisfaction between 2019 and 2020. However, our results reveal heterogeneity within the group of family caregivers as we find differences according to caregiving dynamics and intensity. Among the group of continuing caregivers, high-intensity caregivers experience a larger increase in life satisfaction, and low-intensity caregivers a smaller increase in life satisfaction, compared to non-caregivers. Our results therefore provide some support for the role enhancement hypothesis for continuing caregivers with high time commitment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die Situation pflegender Angehöriger im erwerbsfähigen Alter in der COVID-19-Pandemie – Ergebnisse einer Onlinebefragung in Deutschland (2023)
Wiegelmann, Henrik; Wolf-Ostermann, Karin; Seibert, Kathrin; Rothgang, Heinz ; Domhoff, Dominik; Hess, Moritz ; Stolle, Claudia; Preuß, Benedikt; Schmidt, Annika; Heinze, Franziska;Zitatform
Wiegelmann, Henrik, Moritz Hess, Dominik Domhoff, Franziska Heinze, Annika Schmidt, Kathrin Seibert, Claudia Stolle, Benedikt Preuß, Heinz Rothgang & Karin Wolf-Ostermann (2023): Die Situation pflegender Angehöriger im erwerbsfähigen Alter in der COVID-19-Pandemie – Ergebnisse einer Onlinebefragung in Deutschland. In: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz, Jg. 66, H. 3, S. 265-274. DOI:10.1007/s00103-023-03659-7
Abstract
"Die Folgen der COVID-19-Pandemie haben verschiedene Personengruppen vor große Herausforderungen gestellt; eine dieser Gruppen sind pflegende Angehörige. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht, welche Veränderungen die Pandemie für pflegende Angehörige mit sich gebracht hat und in welchem Ausmaß sich Lebensqualität und Pflegebelastung subgruppenspezifisch verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Working from home, work-family conflict, and the role of gender and gender role attitudes (2023)
Zitatform
Yucel, Deniz & Heejung Chung (2023): Working from home, work-family conflict, and the role of gender and gender role attitudes. In: Community, work & family, Jg. 26, H. 2, S. 190-221. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2021.1993138
Abstract
"Previous studies have shown that societal norms around gender roles can shape gender-based outcomes of working from home. This paper extends these findings to see how individuals’ gender role attitudes can moderate the relationship between working from home and work–family conflict, but again with varying outcomes for men and women. We use data from around 3150 employees who participated in wave 10 (2017–2018) of the German Family Panel Survey (pairfam). Results suggest that compared to employees with fixed work locations, those who work from home report higher levels of family-to-work conflict, but not higher work-to-family conflict. Positive associations between working from home and both types of work – family conflict are found only for women, not for men. Specifically, the positive association between working from home and family-to-work conflict is mainly present among women with traditional gender role attitudes, while the positive association between working from home and work-to-family conflict is mainly present among women with egalitarian gender role attitudes. No such variation, however, was found for men. This study highlights the importance of taking gender and gender role attitudes into account when examining the consequences of working from home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeit-Familie-Konflikt und psychische Beanspruchung im Homeoffice während der COVID-19-Pandemie: Die moderierende Rolle der Resilienz (2023)
Zimber, Andreas;Zitatform
Zimber, Andreas (2023): Arbeit-Familie-Konflikt und psychische Beanspruchung im Homeoffice während der COVID-19-Pandemie. Die moderierende Rolle der Resilienz. In: Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie, Jg. 67, H. 4, S. 188-200. DOI:10.1026/0932-4089/a000409
Abstract
"Aus früheren Studien ist bekannt, dass die Arbeit im Homeoffice zu einem Arbeit-Familie-Konflikt mit negativen Beanspruchungsfolgen beitragen kann. Nach den Annahmen des Job-Demands-Resources-Modells können persönliche Ressourcen das individuelle Beanspruchungsrisiko abschwächen. Diese Annahme wurde am Beispiel der Resilienz in einer online-Querschnittserhebung während der 3. Corona-Welle in Deutschland bei N=142 Beschäftigten im Zusammenhang mit der Arbeit im Homeoffice überprüft. Untersucht wurden Irritation und Vitalität als abhängige Variablen, Arbeit-Familie-Konflikt als unabhängige Variable und Resilienz als potenzieller Moderator. Es wurde angenommen, dass resilientere Personen weniger Irritation infolge von Arbeit-Familie-Konflikten im Homeoffice erleben. Eine Moderatoranalyse bestätigte den postulierten Interaktionseffekt. Die Resilienz stellt beim Umgang mit Arbeit-Familie-Konflikten im Homeoffice somit eine relevante persönliche Ressource dar. Praktische Implikationen für die Personalentwicklung und betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung werden diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Hogrefe Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed gender- and parental-status-specific differences in working from home? Panel evidence from Germany (2022)
Abendroth, Anja-Kristin ; Müller, Dana; Carstensen, Tanja; Hipp, Lena ; Sauermann, Armin; Lott, Yvonne ;Zitatform
Abendroth, Anja-Kristin, Yvonne Lott, Lena Hipp, Dana Müller, Armin Sauermann & Tanja Carstensen (2022): Has the COVID-19 pandemic changed gender- and parental-status-specific differences in working from home? Panel evidence from Germany. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 6, S. 1991-2011., 2022-03-12. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12836
Abstract
"Has COVID-19 changed gender- and parental-status-specific differences in working from home? To answer this question, we used data from the Institute for Employment Research High-Frequency Online Personal Panel collected in Germany in the early stages of the pandemic (May - August 2020). Regression analyses revealed changes in pre-pandemic gender- and parental-status-specific differences in remote working - not only when strict social distancing measures were in place, but also after they were lifted: Fathers were no longer more likely than childless men and women to work remotely, and women were no longer more likely than men to work more hours from home when using this arrangement. Further, the results suggest that cultural barriers in organizations to working from home - which were especially prevalent for mothers before the pandemic - have decreased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Müller, Dana; -
Literaturhinweis
Transitions to parenthood, flexible working and time-based work-to-family conflicts: A gendered life course and organisational change perspective (2022)
Zitatform
Abendroth, Anja-Kristin (2022): Transitions to parenthood, flexible working and time-based work-to-family conflicts: A gendered life course and organisational change perspective. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1033-1055. DOI:10.20377/jfr-730
Abstract
"Objective: This study investigates how flexitime and flexiplace moderate the consequences of transitions to parenthood for time-based work-to-family conflicts for women and men, and whether the normalisation of their use in organisations additionally contributes to reducing work-to-family conflicts. Background: Although flexible working has been described as a resource for better aligning demands in the domains of work and family, the findings of previous - mainly cross-sectional – research on its consequences for work–family conflict are inconsistent. Method: Individual fixed effects analyses were conducted using linked employer-employee panel data for 1,973 partnered men and 1575 partnered women in 132 large work organisations in Germany. Results: Time-based work-to-family conflicts after transition to parenthood increased for men but decreased for women. This can be explained by women reducing their working hours. However, work-to-family conflicts remained rather stable despite of the transition to parenthood among women who used flexitime. This can partly be explained by their weaker work-to-family conflicts already before the transition as well as to adjustments in work investments being less common among them. There is some evidence that the normalisation of flexitime and flexiplace in the organisation is associated with fewer work-to-family conflicts among women and men. Conclusion: Flexitime seems to be not an additional but an alternative resource to decrease the likelihood of more frequent time-based work-to-family conflicts after transition to parenthood among women. The normalization of flexible working depicts organizational change towards more family-friendliness." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Homeoffice während der Corona-Pandemie und darüber hinaus – Potenziale für erwerbstätige Eltern (2022)
Alberg, Ivonne; Zöll, Madita; Opolony, Steffen; Yilmaz, Beyza; Oppers, Jacqueline Désirée; Kirsten, Julia; Schorr, Sabrina; Klammer, Ute; Brunoni, Cecilia; Shishkova, Mirena;Zitatform
Alberg, Ivonne, Cecilia Brunoni, Julia Kirsten, Ute Klammer, Steffen Opolony, Jacqueline Désirée Oppers, Sabrina Schorr, Mirena Shishkova, Beyza Yilmaz & Madita Zöll (2022): Homeoffice während der Corona-Pandemie und darüber hinaus – Potenziale für erwerbstätige Eltern. (IAQ-Report 2022-04), Duisburg ; Essen, 24 S. DOI:10.17185/duepublico/75860
Abstract
"Die Verlagerung der Arbeit ins Homeoffice traf auf sehr unterschiedliche Ausgangsbedingungen mit entsprechend unterschiedlichen Entwicklungspfaden. Hindernisse und Vorbehalte bezüglich der Arbeit im Homeoffice konnten auf Seiten der Unternehmen wie auch der Arbeitnehmer*innen abgebaut werden. Viele der befragten erwerbstätigen Eltern wünschen sich, auch in Zukunft einen Teil ihrer Erwerbsarbeit im Homeoffice erbringen zu können. Voraussetzungen für gelingendes Homeoffice sind die technische Unterstützung unter Berücksichtigung des Gesundheitsschutzes, Schulungen sowie klare Absprachen bezüglich der Arbeitsaufgaben im Homeoffice." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Childcare and housework during the first lockdown in Austria: Traditional division or new roles? (2022)
Zitatform
Berghammer, Caroline (2022): Childcare and housework during the first lockdown in Austria: Traditional division or new roles? In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 99-133. DOI:10.20377/jfr-701
Abstract
"Objective: This study analyses how much time mothers and fathers spent on childcare and housework during and after the first COVID-19 lockdown in Austria (starting in mid-March 2020) and how they distributed that time between themselves. Background: Parents needed to reallocate care work between themselves as, on the one hand, kindergartens and schools closed for two months and, on the other hand, employment-related changes arose, e.g., working from home. The results are discussed in light of major theories that address the division of care work: the time availability approach and gender role theory. Method: This study employs data from the Austrian Corona Panel Project 2020/21, a web-based survey using quota sampling, which started in the second week of the first lockdown (n=372 for respondents in couples with children below age 15). Altogether, seven waves contain information about time spent on childcare and housework; three were conducted during or right after the first lockdown (April and May 2020) and four between June 2020 and February 2021. Linear and logistic regression models were used. Results: Within the whole study period, parents’ total workload (care work and employment) was highest during the first lockdown. The workload was greatest—an average of 15 hours on weekdays—among mothers with children below age six. While mothers shouldered more care work in most families, partners shared tasks equally in around one third of them. Care time depended on employment hours, especially for fathers. Yet, it was higher for mothers with the same level of employment as fathers. Conclusion: The COVID-19-related employment changes led to a rise in arrangements that rarely existed before in Austria, e.g., fathers working part-time. Consequently, some fathers took on new roles, especially when they worked from home (mostly among the higher educated), were non-employed (mostly among the lower educated) or worked part-time. The paper concludes by discussing whether those experiences may permanently result in more egalitarian gender roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Protected through Part-time Employment? Labor Market Status, Domestic Responsibilities, and the Life Satisfaction of German Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
Zitatform
Bertogg, Ariane, Nevena Kulic & Susanne Strauss (2022): Protected through Part-time Employment? Labor Market Status, Domestic Responsibilities, and the Life Satisfaction of German Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic. In: Social Politics, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 1236-1260. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxab048
Abstract
"The COVID-19 lockdown measures have challenged individuals to reconcile employment, childcare, and housework. This article addresses whether these challenges have reduced life satisfaction among German women by focusing on their labor market status and drawing upon a topical online survey (Kantar) collected in Germany at two points in time: May 2020 and November 2020. We find that part-time employed women were better protected against a decline in life satisfaction, but only during the first lockdown. Economically inactive women were most likely to experience a decline in life satisfaction during the first lockdown, but least likely during the second lockdown. Life satisfaction has further decreased between the first and the second lockdown, and the likelihood of a decrease has converged for full-time, part-time, and economically inactive women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie eine Korrektur. -
Literaturhinweis
The Impact Of Covid-19 Lockdown On The Gender Gap In The Italian Labour Market (2022)
Bettin, Giulia; Staffolani, Stefano; Giorgetti, Isabella;Zitatform
Bettin, Giulia, Isabella Giorgetti & Stefano Staffolani (2022): The Impact Of Covid-19 Lockdown On The Gender Gap In The Italian Labour Market. (Quaderno di ricerca / Università Politecnica delle Marche, Dipartimento di scienze economiche e sociali 460), Ancona, 69 S.
Abstract
"We study the gendered impact of the nationwide lockdown (March-May 2020) due to the Covid-19 pandemic on the Italian labour market. By using Labour Force Survey data on the first three quarters of 2020, we define a Triple Difference-in-Differences (DDD) strategy by exploiting the exact timing of the lockdown implementation. We found that in non essential sectors (treated group) the lockdown enlarged pre-existent gender inequalities in the extensive margin of labour force participation: the probability of job loss got 0.7 p.p. higher among female workers compared to their male counterparts, and this difference was mainly detected during the reopening period rather than in the strict lockdown phase. The probability to benefit from the wage guarantee fund (CIG) was also higher for female compared to male treated workers (3.6 p.p.), both during the lockdown and in the reopening phase. This is a great change with respect to the past, when men had always been more likely to benefit from this measure due to the fact that CIG application was traditionally restricted to male-dominated sectors of employment. On the other hand, no significant gender differences emerged among the treated group either on the intensive margin, in terms of working hours, or in terms of remote working, at least in the medium-term." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zementiertes Rollenverhalten in der Fürsorge für Kinder, trotz Pandemie – Eine Herausforderung für die Familien- und Gleichstellungspolitik (2022)
Zitatform
Boll, Christina, Dana Müller & Simone Schüller (2022): Zementiertes Rollenverhalten in der Fürsorge für Kinder, trotz Pandemie – Eine Herausforderung für die Familien- und Gleichstellungspolitik. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 28-33., 2022-09-26.
Abstract
"In der Pandemie wurde deutlich offenbar, wie ungleich familiale Sorgearbeit in Deutschland noch immer verteilt ist. Die familienpolitischen Reformanstrengungen der letzten Jahrzehnte konnten Ungleichheiten nicht in ausreichendem Maße abbauen, und so trugen und tragen vor allem Mütter die zusätzlichen Lasten der Sorgearbeit, die aufgrund der Kita- und Schulschließungen und der krisenhaften Folgezeit entstanden sind. Sie tun dies oftmals zusätzlich zu ihrer Erwerbstätigkeit und mit negativen Folgen für ihre eigenen Karrierechancen, ihre ökonomische Unabhängigkeit und ihre mentale Gesundheit. Moderne Familien- und Gleichstellungspolitik muss die Förderung partnerschaftlicher Aufteilung von Fürsorgearbeit für Kinder mit klugen Instrumenten jetzt dringend voranbringen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Müller, Dana; -
Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsangebot in der COVID-19-Krise und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich (2022)
Böheim, Rene; Fink, Marian; Zulehner, Christine;Zitatform
Böheim, Rene, Marian Fink & Christine Zulehner (2022): Arbeitsangebot in der COVID-19-Krise und Lohnunterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern in Österreich. (WIFO Research Briefs 2022,05), Wien, 12 S.
Abstract
"Schätzungen zeigen, dass der geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschied mit 12,1% des mittleren Frauenlohnes 2020 niedriger als in den Vorjahren war. Der bereinigte Lohnunterschied blieb mit 6,1% des mittleren Frauenlohnes im Vergleich zum Vorjahr stabil. Im privaten Sektor ist der bereinigte Lohnunterschied von 5,8% auf 6,6% des mittleren Frauenlohnes gestiegen. Ein maßgeblicher Faktor für die beobachteten Lohnunterschiede ist die geringere Berufserfahrung von Frauen. Ein weiterer Faktor sind in den Daten nicht beobachtbare Merkmale wie beispielsweise Unterschiede bei Lohnverhandlungen. Eine detaillierte Untersuchung zeigt negative Effekte der Krise auf das Arbeitsangebot von Frauen und Männern, jedoch keine zusätzlichen Effekte für Eltern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
How can we become more equal? Public policies and parents' work–family preferences in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Bünning, Mareike & Lena Hipp (2022): How can we become more equal? Public policies and parents' work–family preferences in Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 182-196. DOI:10.1177/09589287211035701
Abstract
"This study examines how public policies affect parents’ preferences for a more egalitarian division of paid and unpaid work. Based on the assumption that individuals develop their preferences within a specific policy context, we examine how changes in three policies affect mothers’ and fathers’ work–family preferences: the availability of high-quality, affordable childcare; the right to return to a full-time job after having reduced hours to part-time and an increase in the number of ‘partner months’ in parental leave schemes. Analysing a unique probability sample of parents with young children in Germany from 2015 (N = 1756), we find that fathers would want to work slightly fewer hours if they had the right to return to a full-time position after working part-time, and mothers would want to work slightly more hours if childcare opportunities were improved. Full-time working parents, moreover, are found to prefer fewer hours independent of the policy setting, while non-employed parents would like to work at least some hours. Last but not least, our analyses show that increasing the number of partner months in the parental leave scheme considerably increases fathers’ preferences for longer and mothers’ preferences for shorter leave. Increasing the number of partner months in parental schemes hence has the greatest potential to increase gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Plight of Female Employment in Germany under School-Related COVID-19 Control Measures (2022)
Caki, Ezgi;Zitatform
Caki, Ezgi (2022): The Plight of Female Employment in Germany under School-Related COVID-19 Control Measures. (The CoronaNet researchers working paper series 2022,3), München, 28 S.
Abstract
"This study empirically assesses the impact of school closures on women's employment in Germany during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study's objective is to determine whether school closures have adversely and disproportionately affected women's careers. It tests the argument that the longer schools remain closed during the pandemic, the more women than men are forced to reduce their working hours, opt for part-time jobs, or ask for paid or unpaid leave, or otherwise lose their jobs. The case study reveals that, even though the German federal state has been granting financial incentives for employment during the pandemic, women remain disproportionately affected by the pandemic-related containment measures, notably school closures. This study's finding that more men were unemployed than women at the apex of the pandemic in Germany can be explained by the already higher number of employed men. Overall, the relationship between the demand for women's part-time work and women not returning to work is stronger and more significant than that of men's part-time work and men not returning to work, meaning that there is a growing demand for non-standard forms of employment, such as part-time work, for women compared to men. Childcare responsibilities, which are increasing due to the pandemic, are threatening women's significant gains for gender equality. Although the empirical assessments present varying results, gender inequality subsists and requires carefully formulated policies with a focus on enhancing gender equality and women's labor force participation during and after the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19 and a 'Crisis of Care': A Feminist Analysis of Public Policy Responses to Paid and Unpaid Care and Domestic work (2022)
Camilletti, Elena; Nesbitt-Ahmed, Zahrah;Zitatform
Camilletti, Elena & Zahrah Nesbitt-Ahmed (2022): COVID-19 and a 'Crisis of Care': A Feminist Analysis of Public Policy Responses to Paid and Unpaid Care and Domestic work. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 161, H. 2, S. 195-218. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12354
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a light on gender inequalities, including increased time women and girls spend caring for household members, and vulnerabilities faced by paid care workers, often women working informally. Using a global database on social protection responses to COVID-19, focusing on social assistance, social insurance and labour market programmes, this paper asks if and how these responses have integrated care considerations. We found that while many countries addressed at least one aspect of care (paid or unpaid), primarily through social assistance measures, very few address both types of care. Implications for the current policy response to COVID-19 (and beyond) from a care lens are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entgrenzte Flexibilität im Homeoffice: Neuordnungen der alltäglichen Arbeitspraxis, der Geschlechterarrangements und der Betriebsratsarbeit in der Corona-Krise (2022)
Carstensen, Tanja; Krause, Christoph; Matuschek, Ingo; Mierich, Sandra; Kleemann, Frank;Zitatform
Carstensen, Tanja, Christoph Krause, Ingo Matuschek, Frank Kleemann & Sandra Mierich (2022): Entgrenzte Flexibilität im Homeoffice. Neuordnungen der alltäglichen Arbeitspraxis, der Geschlechterarrangements und der Betriebsratsarbeit in der Corona-Krise. In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 31, H. 1/2, S. 195-213. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2022-0011
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Situation von Beschäftigten und Mitbestimmungsgremien im Homeoffice jenseits und in der Corona-Krise. Adressiert wird die Frage, inwiefern das Ausweichen ins Homeoffice als gesteigerte Qualität einer ohnehin flexibilisierten betrieblichen Arbeit zu deuten ist und welche Folgen damit einhergehen. Die Analyse basiert auf 47 Interviews, die seit Januar 2020 im Rahmen von zehn Betriebsfallstudien in den Bereichen Chemie/Pharmazeutik, Metall/Elektro, Nahrungsmittelindustrie und Dienstleistungen erhoben wurden. Die empirischen Befunde verweisen dabei insbesondere auf Herausforderungen in drei Bereichen: alltägliche Arbeitspraxis und Kollegialität, Geschlechterarrangements und Arbeit der betrieblichen Interessenvertretung. Zunächst skizziert der Beitrag die bisherige betriebliche Regelungspraxis orts- und zeitflexibler Arbeit; im Weiteren werden die empirischen Erkenntnisse zu den drei genannten Themenbereichen vorgestellt. Abschließend diskutiert der Beitrag die neue Qualität des Arbeitens als „entgrenzte Flexibilität“." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19, Gender and Labour (2022)
Corsi, Marcella; Ilkkaracan, Ipek;Zitatform
Corsi, Marcella & Ipek Ilkkaracan (2022): COVID-19, Gender and Labour. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1012), Essen, 15 S.
Abstract
"The Covid-19 pandemic has triggered simultaneously a global health crisis and a global economic crisis which have further deepened existing inequalities along several dimensions, including gender. Increasing gender inequalities in paid and unpaid work has been a primary outcome of the pandemic and the associated economic crisis. Given the disproportionate gender division of labor, women were foremost in bearing the brunt of the increased demands on unpaid care work under the lockdown conditions. At the same time, women were also overrepresented in informal employment and service sectors hard-hit by the pandemic resulting in more severe job loss for female workers overall. In many labor markets, women constituted the majority of so-called essential workers, who were protected from job loss yet exposed to increased health risks and prolonged work hours under distressed work conditions. The increasing demand for household production and the unpaid work burden contributed to weakening women's labor market attachment resulting in higher declines in female labor force participation than male. The increased prevalence of teleworking under the pandemic has the potential to provide improved work-life balance conditions, yet at the risk of widening the gender inequalities in the labor market. While these outcomes point to the threat that Covid-19 poses at rolling back the gains achieved in gender equality, the experiences under the pandemic conditions have also contributed to increased awareness around the Globe of the importance of caring labor and care workers, establishing a solid basis for advocacy of gender equal care policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Public School Access or Stay-at-Home Partner: Factors Mitigating the Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Parents (2022)
Deryugina, Tatyana; Shurchkov, Olga; Stearns, Jenna E.;Zitatform
Deryugina, Tatyana, Olga Shurchkov & Jenna E. Stearns (2022): Public School Access or Stay-at-Home Partner: Factors Mitigating the Adverse Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Academic Parents. (NBER working paper 29668), Cambridge, Mass, 20 S. DOI:10.3386/w29668
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic created unexpected and prolonged disruptions to childcare access. Using survey evidence on time use by academic researchers before and after the pandemic, we analyze the extent to which greater access to either school-based or partner-provided childcare mitigated the severe disruptions to research observed among parents during COVID-19. We find that access to public schools offset the research time loss to a greater extent among mothers of young children relative to fathers, narrowing the emerging post-pandemic gender gap. Having a stay-at-home partner reduced the disruptions to research time equally for both genders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Impact of School and Childcare Closures on Labor Market Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
Garcia, Kairon Shayne D.; Cowan, Benjamin W.;Zitatform
Garcia, Kairon Shayne D. & Benjamin W. Cowan (2022): The Impact of School and Childcare Closures on Labor Market Outcomes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. (NBER working paper 29641), Cambridge, Mass, 27 S. DOI:10.3386/w29641
Abstract
"A substantial fraction of schools and childcare facilities in the United States closed their in-person operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. These closures may carry substantial costs to the families of affected children. In this paper, we examine the impact of school and childcare closures on parental labor market outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, we test whether COVID-19 school closures have a disproportionate impact on parents of school-age children (age 5-17 years old) and whether childcare closures affect parents of young children (age" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Exploring the domestic division of labor when both parents are involuntarily working from home: The effects of the UK COVID pandemic (2022)
Zitatform
Garcia, Reece (2022): Exploring the domestic division of labor when both parents are involuntarily working from home: The effects of the UK COVID pandemic. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 1065-1081. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12796
Abstract
"As part of the UK's response to the COVID pandemic many co-habiting parents simultaneously began working from home, often involuntarily, potentially disrupting established divisions of domestic labor. Through 30 qualitative interviews with 15 heterosexual dual-earning parents, this article explores the extent and nature of changes in respective labor allocations following the transition to home working. The data reveals that both women and men increased their time spent on domestic labor, though typically men's changes were insufficient to overturn pre-existing unequal divisions, and women were more likely to reduce their employment hours to “better” balance caring and housework responsibilities. Men were also likely to see their increased domestic contributions as temporary during these exceptional circumstances with evidence of couples “doing” gender. Where partners did transition toward greater egalitarianism, men were actively taking ownership of new unpaid tasks and adapting their (gendered) familial identities as their work and family roles changed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aufteilung der Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern: In der Pandemie ändern sich Geschlechterrollen kaum (2022)
Globisch, Claudia; Volkert, Marieke ; Abendroth, Anja; Anger, Silke ; Dummert, Sandra ; Danneck, Viktoria; Christoph, Bernhard ; Fuchs, Michaela ; Boll, Christina ; Schüller, Simone ; Müller, Dana; Knize, Veronika ; Jacob, Marita ; Kreyenfeld, Michaela ; Lott, Yvonne ; Tobler, Lina ; Hipp, Lena ; Sauermann, Armin; Carstensen, Tanja; Naujoks, Tabea ; Fervers, Lukas ;Zitatform
Globisch, Claudia, Dana Müller, Michaela Fuchs, Bernhard Christoph, Viktoria Danneck, Sandra Dummert, Marieke Volkert, Anja Abendroth, Silke Anger, Christina Boll, Tanja Carstensen, Lukas Fervers, Lena Hipp, Marita Jacob, Veronika Knize, Michaela Kreyenfeld, Yvonne Lott, Tabea Naujoks, Armin Sauermann, Simone Schüller & Lina Tobler (2022): Aufteilung der Sorge- und Erwerbsarbeit zwischen Frauen und Männern: In der Pandemie ändern sich Geschlechterrollen kaum. (IAB-Kurzbericht 05/2022), Nürnberg, 12 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2205
Abstract
"Die Folgen der Covid-19-Pandemie verschärfen bereits existierende Ungleichheiten in vielen gesellschaftlichen Bereichen sowie in Wirtschaft und Arbeitsmarkt. Ob und in welchem Ausmaß dies auch in Bezug auf die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern zutrifft, wird anhand einer Online-Panelbefragung des IAB untersucht. Im Fokus stehen die Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern hinsichtlich des Umfangs der Arbeitszeiten in der Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit sowie der Homeoffice-Nutzung. Außerdem gehen die Autorinnen und Autoren der Frage nach, ob sich die Sorgearbeit weiter hin zu den Müttern verlagert hat oder ob Väter einen höheren Anteil daran übernommen haben als vor der Krise." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Globisch, Claudia; Volkert, Marieke ; Anger, Silke ; Dummert, Sandra ; Christoph, Bernhard ; Fuchs, Michaela ; Müller, Dana; Knize, Veronika ;Weiterführende Informationen
- Kinderbetreuung von Müttern und Vätern mit Kindern unter 12 Jahren in Paarhaushalten
- Ein Interview mit den Autorinnen und Autoren finden sie im IAB-Forum.
- Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit nach Geschlecht, Alter der Kinder und Art der Kinderbetreuung
- Veränderung der Beteiligung von Vätern an der Kinderbetreuung
- Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit nach Geschlecht und Kindern im Haushalt
- Veränderung der Beteiligung von Vätern an der Kinderbetreuung nach Bildungsniveau
- Sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigte Frauen und Männer nach Wirtschaftsbereichen in Deutschland
- Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung nach Lockdown-spezifischen Arbeitsarrangements von Vätern und Müttern
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Literaturhinweis
Shared leave, happier parent couples? Parental leave and relationship satisfaction in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Goldacker, Kristina, Janna Wilhelm, Susanne Wirag, Pia Dahl, Tanja Riotte & Pia S. Schober (2022): Shared leave, happier parent couples? Parental leave and relationship satisfaction in Germany. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 197-211. DOI:10.1177/09589287211056187
Abstract
"This study investigates how parental leave policies and uptake may impact heterosexual couples’ relationship satisfaction. It focuses on Germany as an example of a country with a history of familialist policies and long maternal leaves that has recently undergone a significant policy shift. We extend the literature by examining the effects of maternal and paternal leave duration on both partners’ relationship satisfaction while distinguishing between the length of solo, joint and overall leave. The study applies two different methods on data from the Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam). First, the study applies fixed-effects regression models (n = 1046 couples) to investigate the impact of parental leave duration on the change in mothers’ and fathers’ satisfaction over the child’s early years. Second, drawing on exogenous variation as a result of the parental leave reform of 2007, which shortened paid leave for mothers and incentivised fathers’ leave take-up, difference-in-difference analyses (n = 1403 couples) analyse reform effects on relationship satisfaction of parents with 3-year-old children. The fixed-effects models indicated a consistent negative impact of maternal – especially solo – leave duration on both mothers’ and fathers’ relationship satisfaction. No significant effects of paternal leave length were found. The difference-in-difference approach revealed a positive reform effect on mothers’ relationship satisfaction. In combination, these results suggest that the reduction in maternal leave as part of the reform has had a greater impact on couples’ relationship quality than the relatively short duration of leave taken by most fathers after the introduction of the individual leave entitlement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Understanding the Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women (2022)
Goldin, Claudia;Zitatform
Goldin, Claudia (2022): Understanding the Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Women. (NBER working paper 29974), Cambridge, Mass, 59 S. DOI:10.3386/w29974
Abstract
"The impact of the pandemic on the employment, labor supply, and caregiving of women is assessed. Compared with previous recessions, that induced by COVID-19 impacted women's employment and labor force participation more relative to men. But the big divide was less between men and women than it was between the more- and the less-educated. Contrary to many accounts, women did not exit the labor force in large numbers, and they did not greatly decrease their hours of work. The aggregate female labor force participation rate did not plummet. The ability to balance caregiving and work differed greatly by education, occupation, and race. The more educated could work from home. Those who began the period employed in various in-person “service” occupations and establishments experienced large reductions in employment. Black women were more negatively impacted beyond other factors considered and the health impact of COVID-19 is a probable reason. The estimation of the pandemic's impact depends on the counterfactual used. The real story of women during the pandemic concerns the fact that employed women who were educating their children, and working adult daughters who were caring for their parents, were stressed because they were in the labor force, not because they left." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
Zitatform
Hansen, Benjamin, Joseph J. Sabia & Jessamyn Schaller (2022): Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic. (NBER working paper 29660), Cambridge, Mass, 33 S. DOI:10.3386/w29660
Abstract
"This study explores the effect of school reopenings during the COVID-19 pandemic on married women's labor supply. We proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours, and remote work using the Current Population Survey. Difference-in-differences estimates show that K-12 reopenings are associated with significant increases in employment and hours among married women with school-aged children, with no measurable effects on labor supply in comparison groups. Employment effects of school reopenings are concentrated among mothers of older school-aged children, while remote work may mitigate effects for mothers of younger children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of partnership and parenthood status in growing disparities between types of families (2022)
Zitatform
Hiekel, Nicole & Mine Kühn (2022): Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of partnership and parenthood status in growing disparities between types of families. In: Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Jg. 63, H. 4, S. 594-609. DOI:10.1177/00221465221109195
Abstract
"This study investigates mental health inequalities by family type and gender during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Using data from the German Family Panel, we compared three dimensions of mental health (i.e., self-reported stress, exhaustion, and loneliness) one year before the pandemic and in spring 2020. First, two-parent families emerged as a vulnerable group, as the levels of stress and exhaustion they reported during the pandemic converged with those experienced by single parents. Second, a gender gap emerged during this global health crisis, with women, and particularly mothers, reporting significantly worse mental health compared to men in the same family type. Our findings underline the substantive value of studying mental health inequality from a multidimensional perspective and over time. Based on these findings, we urge policy makers to consider more seriously the disproportionate burdens that families, and women in particular, have been carrying due to the pandemic both directly and indirectly." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? Cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers (2022)
Zitatform
Hipp, Lena & Markus Konrad (2022): Has Covid-19 increased gender inequalities in professional advancement? Cross-country evidence on productivity differences between male and female software developers. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 134-160. DOI:10.20377/jfr-697
Abstract
"Objective: This article analyzed gender differences in professional advancement following the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic based on data from open-source software developers in 37 countries. Background: Men and women may have been affected differently from the social distancing measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 pandemic. Given that men and women tend to work in different jobs and that they have been unequally involved in childcare duties, school and workplace closings may have impacted men’s and women’s professional lives unequally. Method: We analyzed original data from the world’s largest social coding community, GitHub. We first estimated a Holt-Winters forecast model to compare the predicted and the observed average weekly productivity of a random sample of male and female developers (N=177,480) during the first lockdown period in 2020. To explain the cross-country variation in the gendered effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on software developers’ productivity, we estimated two-way fixed effects models with different lockdown measures as predictors – school and workplace closures, in particular. Results: In most countries, both male and female developers were, on average, more productive than predicted, and productivity increased for both genders with increasing lockdown stringency. When examining the effects of the most relevant types of lockdown measures separately, we found that stay-at-home restrictions increased both men’s and women’s productivity and that workplace closures also increased the number of weekly contributions on average – but for women, only when schools were open. Conclusion: Having found gender differences in the effect of workplace closures contingent on school and daycare closures within a population that is relatively young and unlikely to have children (software developers), we conclude that the Covid-19 pandemic may indeed have contributed to increased gender inequalities in professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Corona - Chance für einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Arbeitswelt?: Wie sich die Arbeitsbedingungen von Frauen (und Männern) in der Pandemie verändert haben : Eine Beschäftigtenumfrage (2022)
Holler, Markus; Richter, Mareike; Weusthoff, Anja;Zitatform
(2022): Corona - Chance für einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Arbeitswelt? Wie sich die Arbeitsbedingungen von Frauen (und Männern) in der Pandemie verändert haben : Eine Beschäftigtenumfrage. Berlin, 38 S.
Abstract
"Auf den Schultern von Frauen lasten hohe Gesundheitsrisiken, sie stemmen große Belastungen, schlagen sich mit schlechten Arbeitsbedingungen herum und kämpfen mit finanziellen Einbußen. Zu diesen Ergebnissen kommt die vorliegende Sonderauswertung des DGB Index „Gute Arbeit“. Das unterstreicht noch einmal: Frauen dürfen nicht zu kurz kommen, wenn es darum geht, gute politische und betriebliche Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen – beim Einkommen, beim Infektionsschutz, im Home-Office oder im Rahmen der Digitalisierung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Der Vertrauensverlust der Mütter in der Pandemie: Befunde eines repräsentativen Bevölkerungspanels (2022)
Zitatform
Hövermann, Andreas & Bettina Kohlrausch (2022): Der Vertrauensverlust der Mütter in der Pandemie. Befunde eines repräsentativen Bevölkerungspanels. (WSI-Report 73), Düsseldorf, 19 S.
Abstract
"Zahlreiche Studien zeigten, dass Eltern – und hier insbesondere Mütter – besonders häufig und in vielfältiger Weise bereits früh zu den Hauptleidtragenden der Pandemie gehörten. Auch zwei Jahre nach Ausbruch der Corona-Pandemie können wir dies anhand der vorliegenden Auswertungen der jüngsten Befragungsdaten aus dem Januar 2022 der HBS-Panel-Erwerbspersonenbefragung bestätigen. Mütter tragen weiterhin deutlich stärker die Hauptbetreuungslast als Väter und berichten zuletzt verstärkt wieder von Arbeitszeitreduktionen, die sich so bei Vätern nicht zeigen. Mütter äußern zudem in besonderem Ausmaß sozio-emotionale Belastungen und gesellschaftliche Sorgen, die zuletzt wieder anstiegen. Zudem scheint diese Situation auch erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Zufriedenheit mit dem Krisenmanagement der Bundesregierung zu haben, da diese unter Müttern zuletzt nur noch sehr gering ausfällt. Detailliertere Analysen der Perspektiven auf die Pandemie unter Müttern zeigen darüber hinaus eine starke Polarisierung, die sicherlich auch z.T. die große Sorge unter Müttern über den gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhalt erklären kann. Zusammengenommen zeichnen die Befunde ein besorgniserregendes Bild großer Belastungen und politischen Vertrauensverlusts, die zudem mit Prozessen der Retraditionalisierung bei der Betreuungsübernahme einhergehen. Diese Folgen unzureichender politischer Berücksichtigung und Absicherung von Sorgearbeit in der Pandemie und der daraus folgenden weitreichenden Individualisierung der Sorgearbeit sollten politisch unbedingt ernst genommen werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktwirkung der Covid-19-Pandemie: Ähnlicher Arbeitszeitausfall, aber bei Müttern höhere zusätzliche Belastung durch Kinderbetreuung (2022)
Zitatform
Illing, Hannah, Michael Oberfichtner, Nico Pestel, Johannes Schmieder & Simon Trenkle (2022): Geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsmarktwirkung der Covid-19-Pandemie: Ähnlicher Arbeitszeitausfall, aber bei Müttern höhere zusätzliche Belastung durch Kinderbetreuung. (IAB-Kurzbericht 03/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2203
Abstract
"Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat im Frühjahr 2020 eine Rezession ausgelöst, von der - anders als in früheren Rezessionen - Frauen ähnlich stark betroffen waren wie Männer. Die Kita- und Schulschließungen führten außerdem zu sehr starken zusätzlichen Belastungen für Eltern. Mütter haben dabei deutlich mehr zusätzliche Zeit für Kinderbetreuung übernommen als Väter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
- Veränderung des Arbeitsausfalls und der wöchentlichen Arbeitsstunden von Frauen und Männern
- Entwicklung des Arbeitsausfalls und der wöchentlichen Arbeitsstunden nach Branchen
- Veränderung der zeitlichen Gesamtbelastung und der Lebenszufriedenheit von Frauen und Männern im Vergleich zu Februar 2020
- Monatliches Ausmaß von Kurzarbeit und Arbeitslosigkeit sowie Anteil von Frauen an den Beschäftigten in Kurzarbeit
- Der Kurzbericht wird zeitgleich in der Reihe IZA Standpunkte Nr. 102 publiziert.
- Veränderung der wöchentlichen Kinderbetreuungszeit von Frauen und Männern im Vergleich zu Februar 2020
- Zusammenhang von dem durchschnittlichen prozentualen Arbeitsausfall (von Februar bis Oktober 2020) und dem Frauenanteil (im Dezember 2019)
- Ein Interview mit den Autorinnen und Autoren finden sie im IAB-Forum.
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Literaturhinweis
'You Can't Eat Soap': Reimagining COVID-19, Work, Family and Employment from the Global South (2022)
Zitatform
Jaga, Ameeta & Ariane Ollier-Malaterre (2022): 'You Can't Eat Soap': Reimagining COVID-19, Work, Family and Employment from the Global South. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 769-780. DOI:10.1177/09500170211069806
Abstract
"This article problematises the assumptions regarding work, family and employment that underlie the World Health Organization (WHO)’s COVID-19 guidelines. The scientific evidence grounding sanitary and social distancing recommendations is embedded in conceptualisations of work as skilled jobs in the formal economy and of family as urban and nuclear. These are Global North rather than universal paradigms. We build on theories from the South and an intersectional analysis of gender and class inequalities to highlight contextual complexities currently neglected in responses to COVID-19. We argue that building on both science and local knowledge can help democratise workable solutions for a range of different work, family and employment realities in the Global South. Finally, we propose a research agenda calling for strengthened North–South dialogue to provincialise knowledge, account for differences in histories, locality and resource-availability, and foster greater local participation in policy formulation regarding sanitary measures and vaccination campaigns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender division of unpaid care work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Jessen, Jonas, C. Katharina Spieß, Sevrin Waights & Katharina Wrohlich (2022): The gender division of unpaid care work throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 641-667. DOI:10.1515/ger-2022-0003
Abstract
"The COVID-19 pandemic and related closures of day care centres and schools significantly increased the amount of care work done by parents. There has been much speculation over whether the pandemic increased or decreased gender equality in parental care work. Based on representative data for Germany from spring 2020 and winter 2021 we present an empirical analysis that shows that although gender inequality in the division of care work increased to some extent in the beginning of the pandemic, it returned to the pre-pandemic level in the second lockdown almost nine months later. These results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic neither aggravated nor lessened inequality in the division of unpaid care work among mothers and fathers in any persistent way in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women deserve better: A discussion on COVID-19 and the gendered organization in the new economy (2022)
Zitatform
Johnson, Simisola (2022): Women deserve better: A discussion on COVID-19 and the gendered organization in the new economy. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 639-649. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12785
Abstract
"It is often thought that large-scale shocks to society (e.g., war, epidemics, financial collapses etc) equalize societal inequalities, however, we have witnessed a one-in-century pandemic (and the economic downturn it has triggered), widen rather than narrow an enduring global injustice: gendered organizations. With women bearing the brunt of school closures, mass lay-offs and increase in care duties due to lockdowns, racialized women at increased risk of COVID exposure due to essential worker status, and men reaping the benefits of rapid, technological transformations of the economy—largely amplified by pandemic disruptions—it appears that white, masculine bodies and abilities in the workforce are inoculated from the perils of disaster. Equality matters, especially in times of crisis. Following this idea, the author draws on Joan Acker's “ideal worker” concept to demonstrate how pandemic disparities in the workforce are challenging organizational practices, expectations, and experiences worldwide to evolve. This article concludes with a call for workplace policy reforms as a means to advance gender parity goals, as it is critical to achieving organizational inclusivity, and overall, a thriving society and economy post-pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeit und Familie im Lockdown: Rolle rückwärts für Frauen? (Interview) (2022)
Zitatform
Keitel, Christiane, Jutta Winters, Claudia Globisch & Michael Oberfichtner; Claudia Globisch & Michael Oberfichtner (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2022): Arbeit und Familie im Lockdown: Rolle rückwärts für Frauen? (Interview). In: IAB-Forum H. 08.03.2022 Nürnberg, 2022-03-02. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20220308.01
Abstract
"Die Covid-19-Pandemie legte im Frühjahr 2020 das öffentliche Leben lahm. Schulen und Kitas schlossen. Viele Frauen und Männer verlagerten ihre Arbeit ins Homeoffice oder wechselten in Kurzarbeit. Um die Auswirkungen dieser nie dagewesenen Ausnahmesituation wissenschaftlich zu begleiten, rief das IAB mehrere Befragungen ins Leben. Zwei hieraus entstandene IAB-Kurzberichte beleuchten die Folgen des ersten Lockdowns für Familien mit Kindern unter zwölf Jahren. Aus Anlass des internationalen Frauentages fragt die Forum-Redaktion bei Claudia Globisch und Michael Oberfichtner nach der Rollenverteilung zwischen Müttern und Vätern in der Pandemie." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Keitel, Christiane; Globisch, Claudia; Winters, Jutta; Oberfichtner, Michael ;Ähnliche Treffer
also released in English -
Literaturhinweis
Führung neu denken – Das Corona-Homeoffice als Gelegenheitsstruktur für (Führungs-)Karrieren von Frauen (2022)
Kneip, Veronika; Graml, Regine; Voigt, Martina;Zitatform
Kneip, Veronika, Regine Graml & Martina Voigt (2022): Führung neu denken – Das Corona-Homeoffice als Gelegenheitsstruktur für (Führungs-)Karrieren von Frauen. In: Zeitschrift für Diversitätsforschung und -management, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 220-233. DOI:10.3224/zdfm.v7i2.11
Abstract
"Das Corona-Homeoffice kann als Gelegenheitsstruktur für Karriere und Führungsbeteiligung von Frauen angesehen werden, die durch neue materielle (Aufbau digitaler Infrastruktur) und soziale (gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz) Rahmenbedingungen gekennzeichnet ist. Es ermöglicht Flexibilisierung, was insbesondere Menschen mit Sorgeverpflichtungen erweiterte Optionen für Rollenvielfalt eröffnet. Führen aus dem Homeoffice erfordert außerdem neue Führungsarchitekturen und -kommunikation. Inwieweit die hierdurch entstehenden Chancen genutzt werden können, wird von einem entsprechenden Wandel in der Unternehmenskultur sowie einer neuen Verteilung der Sorgearbeit im privaten Bereich abhängen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Workin' moms ain' t doing so bad: Evidence on the gender gap in working hours during COVID-19 (2022)
Zitatform
Knize, Veronika, Lina Tobler, Bernhard Christoph, Lukas Fervers & Marita Jacob (2022): Workin' moms ain' t doing so bad. Evidence on the gender gap in working hours during COVID-19. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 161-192., 2021-07-21. DOI:10.20377/jfr-714
Abstract
"Fragestellung: Wir analysieren die Entwicklung der Arbeitszeit von Männern und Frauen mit und ohne Kinder in der Anfangsphase der COVID-19 Krise in Deutschland. Dabei vergleichen wir Arbeitsstunden vor und nach dem Lockdown im Frühjahr 2020. Hintergrund: Der Ausbruch von COVID-19 in Europa führte zu einem erheblichen Rückgang ökonomischer Aktivitäten, der mit einer temporären Schließung von Schulen und Kindertagesstätten einherging. Die in der Folge eingetretenen Arbeitszeitveränderungen in der Anfangsphase der Pandemie und während des Sommers 2020 könnten dabei zu den Ungleichheiten zwischen Männern und Frauen bzw. Vätern und Müttern beitragen. Methode: Wir verwenden einen Paneldatensatz des IAB mit monatlich erhobenen Befragungswellen (das IAB-HOPP) dessen Befragungsdaten mit Registerdaten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit verknüpft wurden. Wir schätzen Regressionsmodelle mit der Arbeitszeitdifferenz (vor der Krise vs. jeweiliger Erhebungszeitpunkten) als abhängiger Variable und mit Geschlecht, Elternschaft, und der Art der Kinderbetreuung als unabhängigen Variablen. Ergebnisse: Während des Lockdowns im Frühjahr beobachten wir eine vergleichbare Reduktion der Arbeitsstunden für Männer und Frauen. Bis zum Sommer 2020 kehrt allerdings nur die Arbeitszeit der Frauen zu ihrem Vorkrisenniveau zurück. Besonders überraschend ist, dass für Mütter die Elternschaft die Rückkehr zur ursprünglichen Arbeitszeit beschleunigt, für Väter hingegen nicht. Entsprechend hat sich der Arbeitszeitumfang der Väter am Ende unseres Beobachtungszeitraums nicht im gleichen Umfang erholt wie derjenige der Mütter. Schlussfolgerung: Unsere Ergebnisse stellen Befürchtungen hinsichtlich einer im Zuge der COVID-19 Krise erfolgten zeitweisen oder möglicherweise sogar dauerhaften Re-Traditionalisierung der Geschlechterrollen in Frage" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf informell Pflegende in Europa. Ergebnisse einer Befragung (2022)
Lamura, Giovanni; Socci, Marco; Quattrini, Sabrina; Santini, Sara; Yghemonos, Stecy; Rosa, Mirko Di;Zitatform
Lamura, Giovanni, Sabrina Quattrini, Sara Santini, Mirko Di Rosa, Stecy Yghemonos & Marco Socci (2022): Auswirkungen der Covid-19-Pandemie auf informell Pflegende in Europa. Ergebnisse einer Befragung. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 75, H. 5, S. 394-400. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2022-5-394
Abstract
"In dem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Online-Umfrage informeller Pflegepersonen in Europa vorgestellt. Ziel dieser Studie, die von Eurocarers in Zusammenarbeit mit dem italienischen National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing (INRCA IRCCS) gefördert wurde, war es zu analysieren, wie sich der Covid-19-Ausbruch auf die Bedingungen informeller Pflegekräfte auswirkte, und die Wünsche dieser Pflegepersonen hinsichtlich einer besseren Unterstützung in Pandemiezeiten zu erheben. Die Gelegenheitsstichprobe umfasste 2468 Betreuer aus 17 Ländern, wobei die meisten Befragten aus Tschechien, Estland, Finnland, Deutschland, Italien, Portugal und Schweden antworteten. Aus den Ergebnissen können Handlungsempfehlungen in verschiedenen Bereichen abgeleitet werden: ein ausgewogener Zugang von pflegenden Angehörigen zum Arbeitsmarkt (z. B. durch Anerkennung ihrer Betreuungskompetenzen) ; Stärkung der Strategien zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Privatleben ; Sicherstellung von Rentengutschriften auf der Grundlage von Pflegezeiten ; Förderung integrierter Dienste und Informationen ; Einbindung informeller Pflegekräfte als Mitgestalter von Fördermaßnahmen, auch durch nutzerfreundliche digitale Lösungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Resources of families adapting the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: A mixed-method study of coping strategies and family and child outcomes (2022)
Langmeyer, Alexandra N. ; Pötter, Ulrich; Guglhör-Rudan, Angelika ; Winklhofer, Ursula ; Naab, Thorsten ; Chabursky, Sophia ;Zitatform
Langmeyer, Alexandra N., Angelika Guglhör-Rudan, Ursula Winklhofer, Sophia Chabursky, Thorsten Naab & Ulrich Pötter (2022): Resources of families adapting the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: A mixed-method study of coping strategies and family and child outcomes. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 333-366. DOI:10.20377/jfr-708
Abstract
"Objective: The aim of the present work is to analyse families’ coping with the COVID-19 pandemic depending on available resources by examining the family as a cohesive system. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected families in several ways, with many studies reporting a decreased well-being of children and parents. How families cope with the new situation is dependent on family resources and personal resources. Method: A mixed-method approach combines data from an online survey (N = 11,512) and complementary qualitative interviews. The study was conducted in spring 2020 during the initial COVID-19 lockdown in Germany. The study analyses how familial and individual resources affect the family climate and child well-being. Results: The study uncovered that although structural conditions, processes within the family, and individual ressources, especially the mothers working situation, are relevant for the COVID-19 experience. Family processes are the essential factor for positive family well-being. However, these processes meet their limits if the pre-existing conditions in the families are unfavorable. Nonetheless, children are also capable of developing their coping strategies. Conclusion: Future studies should examine families and their available resources as a whole system and include the children’s perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Who suffered most? Parental stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany (2022)
Zitatform
Li, Jianghong, Mareike Bünning, Till Kaiser & Lena Hipp (2022): Who suffered most? Parental stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 281-309. DOI:10.20377/jfr-704
Abstract
"Objective: This study examines gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parental psychological wellbeing (parenting stress and psychological distress) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Background: The dramatic shift of childcare and schooling responsibility from formal institutions to private households during the pandemic has put families under enormous stress and raised concerns about caregivers' health and wellbeing. Despite the overwhelming media attention to families’ wellbeing, to date limited research has examined parenting stress and parental psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Germany. Method: We analyzed four waves of panel data (N= 1,771) from an opt-in online survey, which was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable OLS regressions were used to estimate variations in the pandemic's effects on parenting stress and psychological distress by various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results: Overall, levels of parenting stress and psychological distress increased during the pandemic. During the first and third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers, parents with children younger than 11 years, parents with two or more children, parents working from home as well as parents with financial insecurity experienced higher parenting stress than other sociodemographic groups. Moreover, women, respondents with lower incomes, single parents, and parents with younger children experienced higher levels of psychological distress than other groups. Conclusion: Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parents' psychological wellbeing increased among the study participants during the pandemic." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland (2022)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne, Dietmar Hobler, Svenja Pfahl & Eugen Unrau (2022): Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (WSI-Report 72), Düsseldorf, 49 S.
Abstract
"Wie ist der Stand der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt in Deutschland? Und wie hat sich der Stand der Gleichstellung entwickelt? Anhand zentraler Indikatoren auf Basis des WSI GenderDatenPortals (www.wsi.de/ genderdatenportal) liefert der vorliegende Report eine knappe und zusammenfassende Übersicht über den aktuellen Stand der Geschlechtergleichstellung in Deutschland mit einem Fokus auf den Arbeitsmarkt. Die Analysen zeigen, dass sich positive Trends vor allem bei der Erwerbsbeteiligung und den Einkommen von Frauen fortgesetzt haben. Bei der Mitbestimmung und den Arbeitszeiten baut sich Geschlechterungleichheit zwar ab, aber nur sehr langsam und in sehr kleinen Schritten. Bei der Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuung und der vertikalen Segregation des Arbeitsmarktes stagniert die Geschlechterungleichheit jedoch auf hohem Niveau." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Parents' Work Arrangements and Time Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
Zitatform
Lyttelton, Thomas, Emma Zang & Kelly Musick (2022): Parents' Work Arrangements and Time Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic. (SocArXiv papers), 28 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/xc9mw
Abstract
"Objective: This study uses time diaries to examine how work arrangements shaped mothers’ and fathers’ time use at home and work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Background: The pandemic transformed home and work life for parents, disrupting employment and childcare. The shift to work from home offered more flexibility than the workplace to manage increased care burdens, but the lack of separation between work and family also likely contributed to more challenging work environments, especially among mothers. Method: This study relies on representative data from the 2017-2020 American Time Use Survey and matching to estimate changes in time use among parents working from home and the workplace in the pandemic relative to equivalent pre-pandemic parents. Results: Data showed no increase among working parents in activities in which childcare was the primary focus. Parents working from home during the pandemic, however, spent substantially more time on supervisory childcare, particularly in combination with paid work, and housework. Mothers working from home also changed their paid work schedules. Conclusion: Parents working from home responded to childcare demands through multitasking and schedule changes, especially mothers, with potential negative effects on work quality and stress. Parents in the workplace during the pandemic experienced smaller changes in time use, suggesting little flexibility to accommodate changes in family life. Implications: The pandemic has generated new inequalities between those with and without the flexibility to work from home, and potentially exacerbated gender inequalities among those working from home." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))