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Bhagwati, Jagdish N. (1985): The brain drain. International resource flow accounting, compensation, taxation and related policy proposals. In: J. N. Bhagwati (Hrsg.) (1985): Dependence and interdependence (Essays in development economics, 02), S. 303-346.

Abstract

"This paper is addressed principally to analysing several major issues relating to, the phenomenon of international migration of skilled people from the 'developing countries (LDCs) to the developed countries (DCs), popularly described as the 'brain drain'. Section 2 places such migration into perspective vis-a-vis migrations that occur among LDCs and among DCs, this analysis serving to highlight the special characteristics of the brain drain from LDCs into DCs that must be borne in mind when we turn to the policy-oriented conceptual and measurement analyses of the later sections. Towards that end, the principal dimensions and patterns of the brain drain are also sketched with extreme brevity, for certain policy suggestions in regard to taxing the brain drain, for example, have inter-LDC distributional consequences which should reflect the shares of the LDCs in the overall brain drain into DCs. Section 3 then discusses the possible arguments and modalities for extension of the present international resource accounting framework to include the flows implied by the brain drain. Section 4 develops the analysis in the direction of examining the reasons why the brain drain 'phenomenon' may also then imply a brain drain 'problem' and, in light thereof, developing the concept of 'loss to the LDCs' from the brain drain - a concept that must be sharply separated from the concept of the 'capital flow' from LDCs to DCs implicit in the brain drain. Section 5 then discusses the alternative policy proposals that have been advanced in relation to the brain drain, either to mitigate such losses to LDCs or, more generally, to tax the brain drain to raise resources for LDCs of origin or LDCs en bloc. Section 6 then focuses directly an alternative proposals to tax the brain drain: distinguishing particularly among the suggestions to tax the DCs for the benefit of the LDCs of emigration to institutionalize an international compensation mechanism' and the suggestion to tax the incomes of the migrants themselves. The rationales of such taxes, and the possible objections that may be levelled against them and their possible rebuttal, will be the subject matter of our discussion here. Section 7 summarizes the major conclusions and recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bhagwati, Jagdish N. (1979): International migration of the highly skilled. Economics, ethics and taxes. In: Third World Quarterly, Jg. 1, H. 3, S. 17-30. DOI:10.1080/01436597908419437

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(1976): The brain drain and taxation. Vol. 2: theory and empirical analysis. Amsterdam [u.a.]: North-Holland Publ., XI, 292 S.

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Bhagwati, Jagdish (1976): The brain drain. In: International social science journal, Jg. XXVIII, H. 4, S. 691-729.

Abstract

"This article reviews the existing evidence on the flow of skilled manpower from less-developed countries (LDCS) to developed countries (DCs), examines the possible consequences of these flows on LDC welfare (defining the latter to include distributional effects as also unemployment levels in the LDCs) and considers at length tax and other proposals advanced in relation to the phenomenon of the brain drain." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bhagwati, Jagdish & Carlos Rodriguez (1975): Welfare-theoretical analyses of the brain drain. In: Journal of Development Economics, Jg. 2, H. 3, S. 195-221. DOI:10.1016/0304-3878(75)90002-4

Abstract

"The paper reviews and synthesises the theoretical analyses of the brain drain in the earlier literature and in the present symposium in the Journal on the subject. Static analysis and dynamic analysis are distinguished, critical issues are raised relating to how welfare changes should be discussed in the context of migration, and possibilities of fruitful future research are outlined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bhagwati, Jagdish & Koichi Hamada (1974): The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment. A theoretical analysis. In: Journal of Development Economics, Jg. 1, H. 1, S. 19-42. DOI:10.1016/0304-3878(74)90020-0

Abstract

"We proceed to the construction such a model (in sect. 2 and then analyse the phenomena of brain drain and increasing international integration of elite groups in its framework in sect. 3. In sect. 4, we discuss a number of variants of this basic model. In sect. 5, we draw together the welfare implications of emigration in the framework of our model and its variants, also examining the effects of taxing emigrants - a policy, that has sometimes been advocated in the literature. 5 In particular, since our model allows for the existence of unemployment for both educated and uneducated labour, our discussion of welfare will involve examination not merely of the (conventional) impact on the domestic availability of goods and services for final use but also of the effect of each policy measure on the level and the degree of unemployment, if any, of each class of labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bhagwati, Jagdish & William Dellalfar (1973): The brain drain and income taxation. In: World Development, Jg. 1, H. 1/2, S. 94-101. DOI:10.1016/0305-750X(73)90224-6

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Berry, R. Albert & Ronald Soligo (1969): Some welfare aspects of international migration. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 77, H. 5, S. 778-794.

Abstract

"This paper attempts to clarify the conditions under which emigration benefits or harms the remaining population of a country under fairly standard classical market assumptions. In both the comparative static case and the stationary dynamic case, the emigration of labor (or any other factor) is found to cause loss to the remaining population as a whole except where (a) the emigrant groups own a relatively large proportion of the capital stock (comparative static case) or have relatively high wealth holding propensities (stationary dynamic case) and (b) they leave some or all of their capital behind them in the country. (There is no loss or gain if labor and capital leave the economy in the same proportion; this is a case of theoretical curiosity only, however.) Other things such as increasing returns to scale for the economy or external economies associated with the emigrants could reverse the general conclusion, but these were not discussed in detail since the direction of their effects on the results is clear." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grubel, H. G. & A. D. Scott (1966): The immigration of scientists and engineers to the United States, 1949-61. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 368-378.

Abstract

"In this paper we will exploit the data which the U.S. National Science Foundation with the help of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, has recently collected and published in three pamphlets (National Science Foundation, 1958, 1962, 1965). In these sources are contained the numbers of scientists and engineers who emigrated to the United States between 1949 and 1961. For the years 1957-61 the data indicate the countries of last residence of these migrants; for 1961-62 the data distinguish the immigrants' countries of birth and of last residence. We have combined this latter information on emigrants by countries with newly available data on the stocks of scientists and engineers and numbers of first degrees in these fields granted by individual countries. In the next section we present time series on total U.S. immigration of scientific manpower, relate them to statistics on the U.S. output of first degrees in the various disciplines and compute the capital value of these migrants to the United States. In Section III we present time series on the losses experienced by some individual countries and relate these to their current output and existing stock of scientists and engineers. In Section IV we examine the emigration of scientists and engineers in the context of general migration." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))