Unternehmensgründungen durch Frauen
Unternehmensgründungen gelten als wichtiger Wachstumsfaktor der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Seit Jahren ist jedoch zu beobachten, dass mehr Männer als Frauen den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit wagen. Auch wenn die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen unter den Gründenden kein spezifisch deutsches, sondern ein internationales Phänomen ist, verweist sie doch auf - volkswirtschaftlich gesehen - ungenutzte Potenziale.
Die Infoplattform dokumentiert die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen im Gründungsgeschehen, deren Ausprägungen und Ursachen.
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Literaturhinweis
Being a self-employed older woman: from discrimination to activism (2019)
Zitatform
Meliou, Elina, Oliver Mallett & Shoshanna Rosenberg (2019): Being a self-employed older woman. From discrimination to activism. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 529-538. DOI:10.1177/0950017018800235
Abstract
"This article presents an autobiographical account of an older woman's lived experience of self-employment. Little is known about women who experience ongoing self-employment into their 50s and beyond. Shoshanna's personal narrative describes her experiences and the challenges she has faced as she reflects upon her attempts to grow and sustain her business and the implications of ageism and gender inequality in laying a claim to entrepreneurship. The narrative proceeds to reflect on her activist work, as it is constructed through the creation of a social enterprise to support older people. Shoshanna's narrative provides valuable insights into the intersection of age and gender in self-employment moving from discrimination to active support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries (2019)
Zitatform
Ribes-Giner, G., I. Moya-Clemente, R. Cervelló-Royo & M. R. Perello-Marin (2019): Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries. In: Quality & quantity, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 915-933. DOI:10.1007/s11135-018-0796-4
Abstract
"The objective of this research is to know which wellbeing indicators, such as work-life balance, educational level, income or job security, are related to the rate of female entrepreneurship in 29 OECD countries. In addition, these countries have been classified according to the motivation of the entrepreneur either by necessity or by opportunity. The empiric study is focused on 29 OECD countries covering the different geographic areas (Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East, etc.) Due to the fact that the sample is relatively small, it is essential to use a selective approach when selecting the causal conditions. To this end, fsQCA is the most appropriate methodology for such a small data set. A total of 5 variables have been used: an independent variable (female TEA ratio), and four dependent variables (work life balance, educational level, sustainable household income and job security). Data measuring female TEA ratio have been obtained from Global Entrepreneur Monitor (GEM in Global report, 2015) data base, while data measuring wellbeing dimensions were taken from the Better Life Index (OECD in How's life? Measuring wellbeing, 2015. https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org). The results of this piece of research show that countries with high sustainable household income together with high level of education achieves high female entrepreneurship ratio with both, a good work-life balance (despite of a high unemployment probability), or a high labour-personal imbalance (in this latter, with a low probability of unemployment)." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is personal initiative training a substitute or complement to the existing human capital of women?: results from a randomized trial in Togo (2018)
Campos, Francisco; Frese, Michael; Goldstein, Markus; Johnson, Hillary C.; Mensmann, Mona; McKenzie, David; Iacovone, Leonardo;Zitatform
Campos, Francisco, Michael Frese, Markus Goldstein, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary C. Johnson, David McKenzie & Mona Mensmann (2018): Is personal initiative training a substitute or complement to the existing human capital of women? Results from a randomized trial in Togo. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 256-261. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181026
Abstract
"Personal initiative training - a psychology-based mindset training program - delivers lasting improvements for female business owners in Togo. Which types of women benefit most? Theories of dynamic complementarity would suggest training should work better for those with higher pre-existing human capital, but there are also reasons why existing human capital might inhibit training participation or substitute for its effects. We examine the heterogeneity in treatment impact according to different types of human capital. We find little evidence of either complementarities or substitutability, suggesting this new business training approach can work for a wide range of human capital levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Enabling women entrepreneurs: exploring factors that mitigate the negative impact of fertility rates on female entrepreneurship (2018)
Dutta, Nabamita; Mallick, Sushanta;Zitatform
Dutta, Nabamita & Sushanta Mallick (2018): Enabling women entrepreneurs. Exploring factors that mitigate the negative impact of fertility rates on female entrepreneurship. In: Kyklos, Jg. 71, H. 3, S. 402-432. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12175
Abstract
"In the wake of the global financial crisis that resulted in many business closures and given the long-term problem of population aging in advanced countries and poverty in low-income countries, it has become important to investigate whether new business formation by women entrepreneurs is a path to prosperity even when countries experience low fertility rates. Existing country studies suggest that female entrepreneurship can have favorable development outcomes through the channels of employment, innovation and welfare, but this paper undertakes a holistic cross-country analysis on the determinants of female entrepreneurship, exploring the role of fertility rates in affecting female entrepreneurial outcomes. We find that the impact of fertility rate is negative and significant in influencing entrepreneurship. But factors like greater tertiary enrollment of females and higher ratios of female to male labor force participation rates can offset the negative impact of fertility rate and in fact can make the impact positive. Additionally, greater access to informal finance makes female enrollment more effective in mitigating the negative impact of fertility rate." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Junge Unternehmen im Aufbruch zur digitalen Ökonomie (2018)
Egeln, Jürgen; Lubczyk, Moritz; Gottschalk, Sandra;Zitatform
Egeln, Jürgen, Sandra Gottschalk & Moritz Lubczyk (2018): Junge Unternehmen im Aufbruch zur digitalen Ökonomie. (IAB/ZEW-Gründungspanel 2018), Nürnberg, 9 S.
Abstract
"Das IAB/ZEW Gründungspanel ist eine für Deutschland repräsentative Stichprobe, die Informationen über Gründungen und junge Unternehmen in Deutschland beinhaltet. Die Daten sind geeignet, um Struktur und Entwicklung junger Unternehmen zu beschreiben und zu analysieren. Durch seinen Umfang und dem Detailgrad an Informationen stellt das IAB/ZEW Gründungspanel eine einzigartige Datenquelle dar und es wurde bereits in einer Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen und Projekten eingesetzt, um Hintergrundinformationen zur Geschäftssituation und Dynamik junger Unternehmen und für die Entwicklung von Förderinstrumenten für Gründungen in Deutschland bereitzustellen. In diesem Report wird zunächst die aktuelle wirtschaftliche Situation junger Unternehmen beschrieben und danach werden Auswertungen zur Gründungsbeteiligung von Frauen, insbesondere der strategischen Ausrichtung ihrer Unternehmen, und Anwendungen von Digitalisierung in jungen Unternehmen vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Technischer Anhang zur Befragung 2017 -
Literaturhinweis
More than words: Do gendered linguistic structures widen the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity? (2018)
Hechavarría, Diana M.; Terjesen, Siri A.; Stenholm, Pekka; Brännback, Malin; Lång, Stefan;Zitatform
Hechavarría, Diana M., Siri A. Terjesen, Pekka Stenholm, Malin Brännback & Stefan Lång (2018): More than words: Do gendered linguistic structures widen the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity? In: Entrepreneurship, theory and practice, Jg. 42, H. 5, S. 797-817. DOI:10.1111/etap.12278
Abstract
"Leveraging linguistic relativity theory which suggests that language systems structure thought and action, we investigate the relationship between gendered linguistic structures and the persistent gender gap in early-stage entrepreneurial activity. We use country-level data from 105 countries in 2001 - 2015 with 55 different languages, and incorporate 32 controls covering a broad range of factors previously associated with entrepreneurial activity. We find that in countries where the dominant language's structure incorporates sex-based systems and gender-differentiated pronouns, there is a greater gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. Our results suggest that gendered linguistic structures reinforce gender stereotypes and discourage women's entry into entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kick-starting female careers: attracting women to entrepreneurship programs (2018)
Hentschel, Tanja; Peus, Claudia; Horvarth, Lisa Kristina; Sczesny, Sabine;Zitatform
Hentschel, Tanja, Lisa Kristina Horvarth, Claudia Peus & Sabine Sczesny (2018): Kick-starting female careers. Attracting women to entrepreneurship programs. In: Journal of personnel psychology, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 193-203. DOI:10.1027/1866-5888/a000209
Abstract
"Entrepreneurship programs often aim at increasing women's lower entrepreneurial activities. We investigate how advertisements for entrepreneurship programs can be designed to increase women's application intentions. Results of an experiment with 156 women showed that women indicate (1) lower self-ascribed fit to and interest in the program after viewing a male-typed image (compared to a gender-neutral or female-typed image) in the advertisement; and (2) lower self-ascribed fit to and interest in the program as well as lower application intentions if the German masculine linguistic form of the term 'entrepreneur' (compared to the gender-fair word pair 'female and male entrepreneur') is used in the recruitment advertisement. Women's reactions are most negative when both a male-typed image and the masculine linguistic form appear in the advertisement. Self-ascribed fit and program interest mediate the relationship of advertisement characteristics on application intentions." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Hogrefe Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program (2018)
Iacovone, Leonardo; Calderón, Gabriela; MacGregor, Cristina;Zitatform
Iacovone, Leonardo, Gabriela Calderón & Cristina MacGregor (2018): Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 246-251. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181023
Abstract
"Who are the female entrepreneurs who end up starting and completing entrepreneurial training programs? In this paper, relying on a large set of baseline characteristics collected before the entrepreneurs are selected into an entrepreneurial training program in Mexico, we analyze how the women entrepreneurs who complete the training program differ from those who do not take it up, as well as how those who take it up but drop off before completing differ from those who do not even start. We uncover large differences in performance and non-cognitive skills but no differences in inputs used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research? (2018)
Zitatform
Marlow, Susan & Angela Martinez Dy (2018): Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research? In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 3-22. DOI:10.1177/0266242617738321
Abstract
"This article develops a critique of contemporary approaches to analysing the impact of gender upon entrepreneurial propensity and activity. Since the 1990s, increasing attention has been afforded to the influence of gender on women's entrepreneurial behaviour; such analyses have highlighted an embedded masculinity within the entrepreneurial discourse which privileges men as normative entrepreneurial actors. While invaluable in revealing a prevailing masculine bias within entrepreneurship, this critique is bounded by positioning women as a proxy for the gendered subject. This is a potentially limiting analysis that does not fully recognise gender as a human property with myriad articulations enacted throughout entrepreneurial activity. To progress debate, we engage more deeply with the notion of gender as a multiplicity, exploring the implications of such for future studies of entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Relational practices and reflexivity: Exploring the responses of women entrepreneurs to changing household dynamics (2018)
Zitatform
Meliou, Elina & Tim Edwards (2018): Relational practices and reflexivity: Exploring the responses of women entrepreneurs to changing household dynamics. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 149-168. DOI:10.1177/0266242617724858
Abstract
"This qualitative study explores how and why women, positioned as mothers, wives, or carers, navigate changing household dynamics, related to care and reproductive resources, and become entrepreneurial. Drawing on relational reflexivity, we show how women's embodied, intimate relations with important others in the household form the focal point for entrepreneurial activities and offer evidence of their entrepreneurial agency. Our analysis reveals the emergence of three relational practices that result in a new venture as the entrepreneurial response of women. We critically evaluate normative analyses on gender, entrepreneurship, and household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's entrepreneurship and internationalization: patterns and trends (2018)
Ratten, Vanessa; Tajeddini, Kayhan;Zitatform
Ratten, Vanessa & Kayhan Tajeddini (2018): Women's entrepreneurship and internationalization: patterns and trends. In: The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Jg. 38, H. 9/10, S. 780-793. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-01-2018-0001
Abstract
"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to review the literature on women's entrepreneurship and internationalization in order to build an understanding about future trends. There is increasing interest in the role of women in entrepreneurship yet little research has been conducted about the link to internationalization patterns.
Design/methodology/approach
The literature is reviewed based on a systematic analysis of the words women, female, gender and internationalization.
Findings
Three main schools of thought around women's entrepreneurship and internationalization (philosophy, management and motivations) are then discussed. The analysis of literature and classification into main theories enables the building of new research around women's entrepreneurship and internationalization.
Originality/value
There is a pipeline of women intending to become entrepreneurs so this paper helps to understand how women entrepreneurs influence internationalization patterns and how to help support women in their business endeavors." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Mumpreneurship in New Zealand: an exploratory investigation (2018)
Saud Khan, Mohammad; Rowlands, Chelsea;Zitatform
Saud Khan, Mohammad & Chelsea Rowlands (2018): Mumpreneurship in New Zealand. An exploratory investigation. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 38, H. 5/6, S. 459-473. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2017-0106
Abstract
"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to understand the challenges facing Mumpreneurs in New Zealand, a sub-group of female entrepreneurs. Research in this area will help to alleviate the challenges these individuals face on a daily basis, providing insights into the support systems, resources and policy initiatives these women may require to overcome various barriers.
Design/methodology/approach
A phenomenological qualitative approach guided the collection and analysis of the data. Eight semi-structured interviews were carried out with Mumpreneurs from New Zealand. An interpretivist approach was adopted to understand the challenges facing Mumpreneurs, creating an insightful understanding of the participants' experiences.
Findings
Findings reveal that the key challenges facing Mumpreneurs are time, growth, finance, stigma and achieving a family balance.
Research limitations/implications
Mumpreneurs in this study had all been in business for less than four years, so the results may not reflect the challenges facing Mumpreneurs at different stages of business ownership.
Originality/value
This study provides valuable insights into the nature of being a Mumpreneur, information that is often difficult to obtain, assisting mothers who are contemplating business ownership as well as existing Mumpreneurs, who may feel alone in their struggles for success." (Author's abstract, 䗏 Emerald Group) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Entrepreneurship and gender: differential access to finance and divergent business value (2018)
Sauer, Robert M.; Wiesemeyer, Katharina H.;Zitatform
Sauer, Robert M. & Katharina H. Wiesemeyer (2018): Entrepreneurship and gender. Differential access to finance and divergent business value. In: Oxford review of economic policy, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 584-596. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/gry017
Abstract
"In this paper we examine differences in access to finance and business value by gender. Using recent data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, instrumented linear probability models show that an increase in personal wealth substantially affects the probability of being a business owner only among females. This is indicative of differential access to finance by gender. Among business owners, fixed-effects regressions reveal that obtaining a bank loan increases mean total business value more for females than for males. Thus, possession of a bank loan appears to be a critical factor in explaining the business value gender gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Entrepreneurial intentions and start-ups: Are women or men more likely to enact their intentions? (2018)
Shinnar, Rachel S; Zhou, Haibo; Hsu, Dan K; Powell, Benjamin C;Zitatform
Shinnar, Rachel S, Dan K Hsu, Benjamin C Powell & Haibo Zhou (2018): Entrepreneurial intentions and start-ups. Are women or men more likely to enact their intentions? In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 60-80. DOI:10.1177/0266242617704277
Abstract
"While empirical data clearly show that women are underrepresented among entrepreneurs, the causes of this gap are entirely not clear. This article explores one potential cause: that women might be less likely to act on their entrepreneurial intentions. Building on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour, we propose that intentions predict start-up behaviours, that is, that there is an intention - behaviour link. We then apply social role theory to propose that the intention - behaviour link is moderated by sex. Analysing data drawn from a sample of US-based management students during their first session in an introductory entrepreneurship course, at the end of the course, on their graduation and at a point up to three years after graduation, we find support for the intention - behaviour link and moderation of this link by sex. We identify additional contributions from our study and implications of our findings for addressing the sex gap in entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's entrepreneurship: A model of business-family interface and performance (2018)
Welsh, Dianne H.B.; Kaciak, Eugene;Zitatform
Welsh, Dianne H.B. & Eugene Kaciak (2018): Women's entrepreneurship: A model of business-family interface and performance. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 14, H. 3, S. 627-637. DOI:10.1007/s11365-018-0507-6
Abstract
"Recently, there are renewed calls to develop new models addressing the intricacies of women-owned businesses and the women that head them. A new conceptual model of women's entrepreneurship that involves relationships between business-family-interface and firm performance is introduced in our paper. We test the model based on data from countries around the world and show that the model's links depend on the country context. As a result, we identify new boundary conditions to the domain of female entrepreneurship. Implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship: an empirical analysis (2017)
Zitatform
Adachi, Takanori & Takanori Hisada (2017): Gender differences in entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship. An empirical analysis. In: Small business economics, Jg. 48, H. 3, S. 447-486. DOI:10.1007/s11187-016-9793-y
Abstract
"This study examines the gender gap in start-up activities to determine whether it is family status or employment status that is responsible for the observed gender gap. We consider independent entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship as two different start-up modes: While intrapreneurship is conducted within an established organization, independent entrepreneurship is solely an independent activity. This study focuses on this fundamental distinction to identify the parameters of our empirical model. Using nationally representative US data, we find that the effects of being a part-time worker on the likelihood of becoming an independent entrepreneur differ across genders. The obtained results suggest similar findings for intrapreneurship, but in opposite directions. Furthermore, our decomposition results suggest that for both entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship, the gender differences in the employment-related variables are more significant than those in the family-related variables in affecting the observed gender gap negatively (for entrepreneurship) or positively (for intrapreneurship)." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are mothers of young children more likely to be self-employed?: the case of Sweden (2017)
Andersson Joona, Pernilla;Zitatform
Andersson Joona, Pernilla (2017): Are mothers of young children more likely to be self-employed? The case of Sweden. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 15, H. 1, S. 307-333. DOI:10.1007/s11150-016-9349-6
Abstract
"Previous studies, mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, find a positive correlation between the presence of young children in the household and self-employment probabilities among women. This has been seen as an indication of women with young children choosing self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. This paper studies the relationship between children and female self-employment in a country with family friendly policies and a generous welfare system: Sweden. The initial hypothesis is that we will not find evidence of a positive effect of children on self-employment among Swedish women since there are other institutions in place aiming at facilitating the combination of work and family. Using Swedish register data for the period 2004 - 2008 we do, however, find that the presence of young children increases the probability of choosing self-employment also among Swedish women. The effect is strongest for women with very young children, 0 - 3 years of age. These results also hold in a panel data model that takes individual unobserved heterogeneity into account. We also analyze time-use data and find, contrary to what has been found in many other countries, that self-employed women spend more, or as much, time on market work than wage-earning women. This raises doubts about whether women in Sweden chose self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Articulating the entrepreneurship career: a study of German women entrepreneurs (2017)
Braches, Birgit; Elliott, Carole;Zitatform
Braches, Birgit & Carole Elliott (2017): Articulating the entrepreneurship career. A study of German women entrepreneurs. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 535-557. DOI:10.1177/0266242616651921
Abstract
"This article examines how German women construct accounts of entrepreneurship as a gendered career. While becoming an entrepreneur was deemed preferable to not having a career, the interpretative repertoires emerging around entrepreneurial careers mainly referred to structural barriers. These included 'anti-child anti-woman' attitudes within German society or acceptance of the 'male game' due to gendered role expectations embedded within social institutions. Interpreted from a career perspective, the findings indicate that entrepreneurial careers do not meet women's expectations as they are subject to the same gendered constraints as those faced in waged employment. The article contributes to boundaryless career theory by illustrating how, even within a country of high employment rates and talent shortage, Germany's status as a conservative welfare state builds gender inequality into entrepreneurial women's lives to constrain career choices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women business owners: a source of stability during the great recession? (2017)
Zitatform
Deller, Steven C., Tessa Conroy & Philip Watson (2017): Women business owners. A source of stability during the great recession? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 56, S. 5686-5697. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1332745
Abstract
"During the period of the Great Recession, previous research has found that women-owned firms were less likely to lay-off workers than were firms owned by men. Given that the individual firm behaviour has a cumulative effect on regional economic performance, we expect greater stability across those regions with a larger share of women-owned and managed businesses. We test this hypothesis using US county data during the period from 2007 to 2013 at the US county level. Consistent with the findings of Matsa and Miller, our results suggest that regional economic stability increases with the share of women-owned and managed establishments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does entrepreneurship pay for women and immigrants?: A 30 year assessment of the socioeconomic impact of entrepreneurial activity in Germany (2017)
Hopp, Christian; Martin, Johannes;Zitatform
Hopp, Christian & Johannes Martin (2017): Does entrepreneurship pay for women and immigrants? A 30 year assessment of the socioeconomic impact of entrepreneurial activity in Germany. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 29, H. 5/6, S. 517-543. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2017.1299224
Abstract
"Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 to 2012, we explore income effects of self-employment for females and migrants. Controlling for the selection into self-employment, we differentiate the overall earnings differential between the selfemployed and the wage-employed into an endowment effect (they are equipped with characteristics that positively affect earnings in either occupation) and a treatment effect (the income effect solely due to the decision for self-employment). We find that women exhibit both a lower treatment effect and a lower endowment effect than men. Migrants benefit much more from entrepreneurial activities than Germans, having a significantly higher treatment effect. Among the countries of origin, Turkish migrants benefit the most from their selfemployment decision, while southern Europeans exhibit the lowest income relevant skills." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))