Unternehmensgründungen durch Frauen
Unternehmensgründungen gelten als wichtiger Wachstumsfaktor der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung. Seit Jahren ist jedoch zu beobachten, dass mehr Männer als Frauen den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit wagen. Auch wenn die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen unter den Gründenden kein spezifisch deutsches, sondern ein internationales Phänomen ist, verweist sie doch auf - volkswirtschaftlich gesehen - ungenutzte Potenziale.
Die Infoplattform dokumentiert die wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zu den Geschlechterdifferenzen im Gründungsgeschehen, deren Ausprägungen und Ursachen.
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Literaturhinweis
Reshaping gendered norms in entrepreneurship: Incorporating gender identity and entrepreneurial practice (2024)
Zitatform
Boddington, Monique Ingrid (2024): Reshaping gendered norms in entrepreneurship: Incorporating gender identity and entrepreneurial practice. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 31, H. 2, S. 378-398. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13075
Abstract
"This paper presents a practice theoretical conception of gender in entrepreneurship, emphasizing the potential of reflexivity and collective agency to reshape gendered norms. While the literature recognizes the fluidity of gender and its intersectional nature, it often overlooks how social phenomena are produced and relate to each other. The main aim of this is to show, not just how, gendered norms of entrepreneurial practice inhibit practice (which has been extensively covered) but how identity and the individualized practice of entrepreneurship, can shift gendered norms of entrepreneurial practice. Drawing upon the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and Margaret Archer, this paper proposes a more integrative approach to identity and gendered norms, embedded within a social realist approach. The author highlights the need for structural renegotiation in entrepreneurship through reflexivity. Given how norms self‐naturalize, individual practice of diverse gendered practices in entrepreneurship is not enough to create long‐term sustainable change and support for diversegendered practices. Instead, this paper proposes an integrative approach to identity and gendered norms, emphasizing the potential of individuals to shift structural norms, through collective action. This study suggests that a more balanced understanding of the interplay between context and identity can assist in the design of support for non‐traditional gendered practices and provide new insights into how gendered norms impact entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The distinct nature of U.S. based female immigrant entrepreneurs (2024)
Gomez, Claudia; Engelhardt, Lucas M.; Perera, B. Yasanthi;Zitatform
Gomez, Claudia, B. Yasanthi Perera & Lucas M. Engelhardt (2024): The distinct nature of U.S. based female immigrant entrepreneurs. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 36, H. 3-4, S. 312-340. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2023.2264803
Abstract
"Despite contributing to host country economies, there is limited examination of self-employed female immigrants in the literature. While human, social, and financial capital are important for entrepreneurship in general, given immigrant women's intersectional identities, the potential exists for these factors to affect them differently. This study uses US data obtained from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to empirically test the relationship of human, social, and financial capital on female immigrants self-employment and compares these relationships with US-born women and male immigrants. While the results are mixed, overall, the findings suggest that female immigrants odds of being self-employed, in relation to their levels of human, social, and financial capital, are influenced to a greater extent by their immigrant identity than their gender identity. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The well-being of women entrepreneurs: the role of gender inequality and gender roles (2024)
Zitatform
Love, Inessa, Boris Nikolaev & Chandra Dhakal (2024): The well-being of women entrepreneurs: the role of gender inequality and gender roles. In: Small business economics, Jg. 62, H. 1, S. 325-352. DOI:10.1007/s11187-023-00769-z
Abstract
"The current study presents new evidence on the well-being of women entrepreneurs using data from the World Values Survey for 80 countries. Results indicate that in low- and middle-income countries, female entrepreneurs have lower well-being than male entrepreneurs, while in high-income countries, they have higher well-being. Several macro and micro-level mechanisms– institutional context, gender roles, and individual characteristics–that potentially moderate this relationship are explored. The gender gap in well-being is larger in countries with higher gender inequality, lower level of financial development, and stricter adherence to sexist gender roles. Additionally, women entrepreneurs with lower education, more children, and risk-averse preferences are more likely to report lower well-being. The results suggest several policy mechanisms that can be used to enhance the well-being of women entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does education enhance entrepreneurship? (2023)
Zitatform
Ahn, Kunwon & John V. Winters (2023): Does education enhance entrepreneurship? In: Small business economics, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 717-743. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00701-x
Abstract
"Formal education is correlated with entrepreneurial activity and success, but correlation does not indicate causation. Education and entrepreneurship are both influenced by other related factors. The current study estimates the causal effects of formal education on entrepreneurship outcomes by instrumenting for an individual's years of schooling using cohort mean years of maternal schooling observed decades prior. We differentiate self-employment by industry employment growth and firm incorporation status. Policymakers are especially interested in entrepreneurship with the potential to create substantial employment growth. We find that an additional year of schooling increases self-employment in high-growth industries by 1.12 percentage points for women and by 0.88 percentage points for men. Education reduces the probability of male self-employment in shrinking industries. Education also increases incorporated self-employment for women and men and reduces unincorporated self-employment among men but not women. The overall probability of self-employment increases with education for women but is unaffected by education for men. The results suggest that formal education enhances entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender wage gap and its effect on women's entrepreneurship (2023)
Zitatform
Bonaparte, Yosef, Frank J. Fabozzi, David Koslowsky & Madhavan Parthasarathy (2023): The gender wage gap and its effect on women's entrepreneurship. In: Applied Economics online erschienen am 22.05.2023, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2023.2212968
Abstract
"We demonstrate an inverse relationship between women’s financial equality status with men (as proxied by gender wage gap), and women’s entrepreneurship participation at the U.S. state level. Gender wage gap affects women’s opportunity cost of the entrepreneurship decision. In states where women’s status is lower, women’s opportunity cost of becoming an entrepreneur is lower because their wages are lower, increasing women’s entrepreneurship participation. We also demonstrate that states’ demographics are important factors, but only education is specific to women. Collectively, we find that women choose to be entrepreneurial when their status is lower, which reflects women’s economic resiliency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female corporate owners and female CEOs (2023)
Zitatform
Charpin, Agnès, Ariane Szafarz & Ilan Tojerow (2023): Female corporate owners and female CEOs. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 232. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111285
Abstract
"“Old boys’ club” ownership structures can hamper the empowerment of female talent. We use African data to show that the CEOs of firms with female shareholders are more likely to be women, regardless of the size of female shareholdings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aus welchen Gründen wagen Hochschulabsolventinnen seltener den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit als Hochschulabsolventen?: Eine Analyse auf Basis des DZHW-Absolventenpanels (2023)
Zitatform
Köpke, Ulrike & Eva Schmitt-Rodermund (2023): Aus welchen Gründen wagen Hochschulabsolventinnen seltener den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit als Hochschulabsolventen? Eine Analyse auf Basis des DZHW-Absolventenpanels. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 289-318. DOI:10.1007/s11577-023-00909-z
Abstract
"Warum wagen Frauen seltener den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit als Männer? Die vorliegende Untersuchung fokussiert auf die Umsetzung einer Selbstständigkeit durch Hochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen und untersucht, welche Faktoren mit der Geschlechterlücke einhergehen. Die Auswahl der Prädiktoren basiert auf dem theoretischen Modell von Eccles et al. (1983), welches in der Tradition eines „Erwartung × Wert-Modells“ unter Einbeziehung sozialer, psychologischer, demografischer und ökonomischer Einflüsse die berufliche Wahlentscheidung beleuchtet. Sowohl über die Zeit hinweg stabile Merkmale, wie die Selbstständigkeit der Eltern, der fachspezifische Studienabschluss und das Big Five-Persönlichkeitsprofil, als auch dynamische und durch Lebensumstände beeinflusste Faktoren, wie Arbeits- und Lebensziele, wurden untersucht. Die Datengrundlage bildete die zweite Welle des DZHW (Deutsches Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung) Absolventenpanel 2009 (
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Literaturhinweis
Are women-owned enterprises better for employees? (2023)
Zitatform
Machokoto, Michael & Eugene Bempong Nyantakyi (2023): Are women-owned enterprises better for employees? In: Economics Letters, Jg. 232. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111368
Abstract
"This study provides novel survey-based insights from an under-researched developing market perspective into whether women-owned enterprises offer better working environments despite being resource-constrained and subject to engendered restrictions. Using a hand-collected survey-based dataset from Kenya and Tanzania, we find that women-owned enterprises provide more training programs, pension coverage, health insurance, female and youth employment opportunities, and are more innovative. We attribute these findings to the fact that female participation leads to a more empathic and socially responsible approach to decision-making, resulting in better employee welfare outcomes. Our findings echo the need to spur equitable and sustained economic growth by eliminating engendered restrictions and providing more resources to female entrepreneurs in developing markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
KfW-Gründungsmonitor 2023: Gründungstätigkeit in Deutschland: im Spannungsfeld zwischen Fachkräftemangel und Corona-Blues (2023)
Metzger, Georg;Zitatform
Metzger, Georg (2023): KfW-Gründungsmonitor 2023: Gründungstätigkeit in Deutschland: im Spannungsfeld zwischen Fachkräftemangel und Corona-Blues. (KfW-Gründungsmonitor), Frankfurt am Main, 10 S.
Abstract
"Die Gründungstätigkeit in Deutschland ist im Jahr 2022 auf 550.000 Existenzgründungen zurückgegangen. Davon waren 222.000 Vollerwerbsgründungen (40%), und 328.000 Nebenerwerbsgründungen. Bei jeder fünften Nebenerwerbsgründung besteht allerdings die Absicht, die Selbstständigkeit zum Vollerwerb auszuweiten. Die anhaltend gute Arbeitsmarktentwicklung hat maßgeblich zu diesem Rückgang beigetragen. Der Fachkräftemangel bleibt auch in Zukunft eine große Herausforderung für die Gründungstätigkeit. Insgesamt ist vor allem die Zahl der Gründerinnen gesunken, während sich die Zahl der Gründer kaum veränderte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Female entrepreneurs managing from home (2023)
Zitatform
Oladipo, Oluwasheyi, Katarzyna Platt & Hyoung Suk Shim (2023): Female entrepreneurs managing from home. In: Small business economics, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 447-464. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00713-7
Abstract
"Gender roles demand that women devote more time to non-market labor such as childcare and household responsibilities. Therefore, the labor market hinders women's ability to compete with their male counterparts, whose time is less subject to the demands of non-market work. The result is a performance gap between men and women. To obtain the flexibility to more efficiently perform both their market and non-market work, many women choose to be self-employed and operate their businesses from home. Using a large sample of US firms, we find that women who choose to operate their own businesses from home are able to narrow the performance gap between men and women entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The value of entrepreneurship by gender on regional behaviour (2022)
Zitatform
Crecente, Fernando, María Sarabia & María Teresa del Val (2022): The value of entrepreneurship by gender on regional behaviour. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 435-453. DOI:10.1007/s11365-021-00777-z
Abstract
"This paper examines how the value of entrepreneurship by gender is related to regional behaviour. Researchers have traditionally defined entrepreneurial organization as separate to gender and to economic growth. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) we complete a dataset of 50 countries using variables such as total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity (OPP). The methodology used proposes an analysis of regional convergence, comparing the evolution over time of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity and the ratios of opportunity-driven and need-driven entrepreneurial activity, distinguishing by gender. On the other hand, a regression model is proposed that explains the greater presence of female entrepreneurship. The results show that entrepreneurship by gender is an important factor to define different cluster of countries according to how men and women entrepreneurs create new economic opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Male and female entrepreneurs' employment growth ambitions: the contingent role of regulatory efficiency (2022)
Darnihamedani, Pourya; Terjesen, Siri;Zitatform
Darnihamedani, Pourya & Siri Terjesen (2022): Male and female entrepreneurs' employment growth ambitions: the contingent role of regulatory efficiency. In: Small business economics, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 185-204. DOI:10.1007/s11187-020-00405-0
Abstract
"Entrepreneurs start and grow their ventures in a widely varying set of institutional contexts. One differentiator is a country's regulatory efficiency which encompasses the freedom to start and to run a business without excessive government interventions around registering, hiring, and firing employees, and price controls on currency. The efficiency of regulations varies substantially among countries and imposes additional costs and risks on entrepreneurs' activities. We integrate insights from institutional theory and recent literature on gender and entrepreneurship to better understand how a country's regulatory efficiency affects male and female entrepreneurs' employment growth ambitions. We explore three aspects of regulatory efficiency: business freedom (e.g., to start, operate, and close a venture), labor freedom (e.g., laws around minimum wage, layoffs, severance), and monetary freedom (e.g., price stability) using data from over 47,000 entrepreneurs in 68 countries. We find that entrepreneurs' growth ambitions are higher in countries with more efficient regulations, particularly those countries characterized by fewer labor law restrictions and greater monetary freedoms. These findings are further exacerbated by gender by such that, relative to their female counterparts, male entrepreneurs have significantly greater venture growth ambitions. Our paper contributes to the discussion on how formal institutions influence women and men entrepreneurs in distinct ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
GEM 2021/22 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report: From Crisis to Opportunity (2022)
Elam, Amanda; Samsami, Mahsa; Dwivedi, Amit Kumar ; Baumer, Benjamin S.; Baldegger, Rico ; Hughes, Karen D.; Guerrero, Maribel ; Schott, Thomas; Boutaleb, Fatima;Zitatform
Elam, Amanda, Benjamin S. Baumer, Thomas Schott, Mahsa Samsami, Amit Kumar Dwivedi, Rico Baldegger, Maribel Guerrero, Fatima Boutaleb & Karen D. Hughes (2022): GEM 2021/22 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report: From Crisis to Opportunity. (GEM ... women's entrepreneurship report / Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022), London, 183 S.
Abstract
"The GEM 2021/22 Women's Entrepreneurship Report offers a trend analysis of women’s entrepreneurship in 50 countries, five global regions and three national income levels. We focus on four key themes in the first half of the report, followed by a closer analysis of region- and country-specific patterns in the second half. The four themes are (1) gender differences in rates at various points in the entrepreneurial lifecycle, from intentions through to startup activity, new business, established business and business exit; (2) gender differences in COVID impacts, both positive and negative; (3) structural inequalities and women’s participation in high-potential startups; and (4) factors in the enabling environment that likely influence gender differences in entrepreneurial activity. Our findings offer insights to a diverse audience of researchers, policymakers, educators and practitioners. Our goal is to highlight areas where women entrepreneurs have made significant progress, where the COVID-19 pandemic impacted their business outcomes, and where there are still gaps, challenges and opportunities that can be better addressed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female Solo Self-Employment in Germany: The Role of Transitions and Learning From a Life Course Perspective (2022)
Haasler, Simone R.; Hokema, Anna;Zitatform
Haasler, Simone R. & Anna Hokema (2022): Female Solo Self-Employment in Germany: The Role of Transitions and Learning From a Life Course Perspective. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 150-160. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i4.5743
Abstract
"Based on a qualitative analysis of 12 solo self-employed women's work biographies, this article investigates the (re)structuring effects of solo self-employment on the professional and private lives of women in Germany in their mid- and late-career stages. While solo self-employment has been gaining significance in the German labour market in the last two decades, it is largely an underresearched subject from the perspective of female labour market participation. Our study shows that the transition to working solo self-employed constitutes a marked break in female work biographies with lasting restructuring effects on their life courses. Constituting a deviation from the female standard life course, this move can be understood as a coping strategy of biographical discontinuities, which translates into specific patterns against the background that women (still) assume most of the care and housework responsibilities. How the transition to solo self-employment is being prepared and managed and what role learning and risk management play in the transition process is the focus of our article. Our aim is to better understand the underlining rationalisation logics of female solo self-employment in terms of labour market participation, reconciling work and family life, and professional self-realisation. While in the German welfare system solo self-employed bear higher risks of precarity and financial old age insecurity, solo self-employment is functional as an individual strategy for action, giving women the opportunity to do justice to their (mid) life courses and intrinsic needs to pursue both professional work and freedom of choice when and how to work. This may act as a corrective for gender inequalities in the world of work, especially when it comes to working in a self-determined way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Frauen als Gründerinnen: Die Covid-Pandemie vergrößert den bestehenden Gender Gap (2022)
Herold, Elena; Krolage, Carla; Menkhoff, Manuel; Schüle, Paul; Oberhuber, Annika;Zitatform
Herold, Elena, Carla Krolage, Manuel Menkhoff, Annika Oberhuber & Paul Schüle (2022): Frauen als Gründerinnen: Die Covid-Pandemie vergrößert den bestehenden Gender Gap. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 36-40.
Abstract
"Der Anteil der Frauen unter den Unternehmensgründer*innen in Deutschland ist von je her niedrig. Im Zuge der Covid-19-Pandemie ist der Frauenanteil an den Einzelgründungen in den letzten Jahren sogar noch einmal deutlich gesunken. Diese Entwicklung ließ sich insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen beobachten. Insgesamt ist die Frauenquote an Neugründungen in den Großstädten und einigen ostdeutschen Kreisen am höchsten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Does gender still matter? An examination of small business performance (2022)
Zitatform
Kiefer, Kip, Mark Heileman & Timothy L. Pett (2022): Does gender still matter? An examination of small business performance. In: Small business economics, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 141-167. DOI:10.1007/s11187-020-00403-2
Abstract
"This study provides novel insights into gender differences in small business outcomes. We analyze the first publicly available microdata from the 2007 US Census Bureau PUMS dataset, in a manner similar to (Fairlie and Robb's in Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395 2009) analysis of the 1992 CBO dataset, and explore differences in female-led versus male-led firms' business performances over a 15-year period. Findings indicate that gender differences persist and that female-led businesses continue to trail male-led businesses in survival rates, profits, employment (i.e., firm size), and sales. We also extend the work by (Fairlie and Robb in Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395 2009), by examining new performance and predictor measures, including payroll firm and longevity. We find that female-led businesses trail male-led businesses in these variables as well. However, the news is not all bad. Our findings also reveal that, although female-led businesses continue to trail male-led businesses in performance outcomes, both female- and male-led businesses are improving and in some cases performance improvements by female-led businesses are out-pacing their male-led counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe (2022)
Martínez-Rodríguez, Isabel ; Gento, Pedro; Quintana-Rojo, Consolación; Callejas-Albiñana, Fernando-Evaristo ;Zitatform
Martínez-Rodríguez, Isabel, Consolación Quintana-Rojo, Pedro Gento & Fernando-Evaristo Callejas-Albiñana (2022): Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 1235-1262. DOI:10.1007/s11365-021-00751-9
Abstract
"From 2021 onwards, female entrepreneurship is expected to grow very substantially as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The introduction of teleworking and staggered hours in many countries at national or workplace level will make possible the conciliation between labour and family life. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential explanatory factors in the behaviour of female entrepreneurship in Europe so as to subsequently propose efficient economic policy measures to promote it. The distinction between opportunity and necessity female entrepreneurs have been considered since both motivation and factors are different in each case. 15 econometric models using the panel data method for a sample of 20 previously selected European countries (grouped by their GDP level) during the period 2001 to 2018 have been estimated to determine which explanatory factors affect female entrepreneurship and necessity-based female entrepreneurship. The empirical analysis used demonstrates that more women enter into entrepreneurship due to necessity rather than in pursuit of opportunity for European countries both with higher levels of GDP and for countries with lower levels of GDP. In this context, the following policy measures should be implemented to promote female entrepreneurship in Europe: the optimization of government spending (training courses and mentoring, public procurement, stronger networks, support in reconciling business and family life, etc.), the government incentives for subsidizing high interest rates to support women in accessing financing, and the improvement of entrepreneurship education to increase the confidence of women in themselves in their own entrepreneurial capabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship (2022)
Zitatform
Oggero, Noemi, Francesco Devicienti, Mariacristina Rossi & Davide Vannoni (2022): You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 675), Turin, 33 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we investigate how the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship varies between sons and daughters, and whether such a process depends on living in a country characterized by a high gender gap. Using the SHARE dataset, we find that the effect on daughters’ entrepreneurial choices of having an entrepreneur as father is lower than the one on sons only in countries with a high gender gap. Moreover, it is just in countries with high gender inequality that the effect of having an entrepreneurial mother is different between sons and daughters, with the impact being positive for daughters only. We also develop an individual-level indicator of gender gap within countries that corroborates our findings, which we interpret as evidence of the presence of a role modeling mechanism. However, we find evidence of convergence across time of the intergenerational transmission process to the gender-independent transfer typical of more gender equal countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand (2022)
Oladipo, Oluwasheyi S.; Shim, Hyoung Suk;Zitatform
Oladipo, Oluwasheyi S. & Hyoung Suk Shim (2022): Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15690), Bonn, 49 S.
Abstract
"This paper empirically examines firm owners' gender difference in labor demand. We estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) of female ownership on employment of the firm using the 2007 Survey of Business Owners (SBO) Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS), provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Because female microentrepreneurs potentially demand more labor so as to allocate time for household production, we hypothesize a condition under which female microentrepreneurs employ more, and that is, if they are free from financial constraints. We show first that the estimation of the ATE for female ownership can have a downward selection bias that may yield negative ATE estimates, and this downward selection bias comes from male owners being less financially constrained than female owners. We then perform the two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimation using two sets of instrumental variables (IVs), which are indicator variables for i) inheritance; and ii) loans from bank or family/friend. The estimation results present that the female owner effect on labor demand as local average treatment effect (LATE) is identified and consistently estimated by using the IVs. From the main model estimation, we find a positive and statistically significant female owner effect that female owners hire more employees than male owners by about 25.8%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's entrepreneurial subjectivity under scrutiny: Expert knowledge on gender and entrepreneurship (2022)
Serrano-Pascual, Amparo; Carretero-García, Carlota;Zitatform
Serrano-Pascual, Amparo & Carlota Carretero-García (2022): Women's entrepreneurial subjectivity under scrutiny: Expert knowledge on gender and entrepreneurship. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 666-686. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12806
Abstract
"In recent years, entrepreneurship has become a guiding principle of the thinkable, not just in economy, but also justice. Boosting entrepreneurship among women is a manifestation of this project, which a-problematically links the call for equality with the activation of the economy. The standpoint usually taken in scientific and political debates assumes that, in the case of women, there is an incompatibility between gender norms and entrepreneurial subjectivity. Considering the performative nature of knowledge production, this article analyses how gender is (un)done through the problematization of women's entrepreneurial subjectivity by expert knowledge. To do so, it reviews a sample of the scientific literature of the past 10 years focused on the complex relations in place throughout these regulatory spaces. The authors identify three types of approaches (women facing entrepreneurship, the gender of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurship of gender) and discuss the prevailing normative assumptions, as well as the political implications, through a gender and feminist lens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female Solo-Entrepreneurs: Coping Strategies for Handling the Challenges and Double Burden of Business and Private Life (2022)
Stossier, Theresa;Zitatform
Stossier, Theresa (2022): Female Solo-Entrepreneurs. Coping Strategies for Handling the Challenges and Double Burden of Business and Private Life. (BestMasters), Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, XVIII, 178 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-40336-2
Abstract
"Austria's economy is characterized through small and medium sized enterprises. Solo entrepreneurs are considered a special form within SMEs and contribute a major share to Austrian's economy besides being Austria's most popular legal form of organization within the micro firms. In 2020 every second of Carinthia's start-up businesses was established by a female entrepreneur. According to an entrepreneurship study presented by Volksbank in 2019, nearly half of all female entrepreneurs lived with children and juveniles. Two-thirds of women said they were solely responsible for family, childcare, and household and 71 percent of those female entrepreneurs specified that those circumstances caused difficulties for them. This book investigated Carinthian female solo entrepreneurs and aims to find out how these hard-working women manage their business and private life while contributing to such great extent to the (federal) state's economy. The conceptual foundations were found in embeddedness and the contextual framework which supports the importance of numerous influences on different levels placed on the entrepreneur. The empirical section represents a primary research that evaluates self-collected data sets of Carinthian solo-entrepreneurs. About the author Theresa Stossier completed a master's program in business administration at the Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt after education and bachelor studies in the field of tourism." (Provided by publisher)
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Literaturhinweis
Women's entrepreneurship and self-employment, including aspects of gendered Corporate Social Responsibility (2021)
Bastida, Maria;Zitatform
Bastida, Maria (2021): Women's entrepreneurship and self-employment, including aspects of gendered Corporate Social Responsibility. Brüssel, 87 S. DOI:10.2861/284985
Abstract
"This study was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee. It highlights that despite the increasing number of public policies and institutional resources designed to promote women-led business, the entrepreneurship gender gap persists. This study aims to analyse this apparent contradiction, focusing on three main questions: What are the constraints that women face when deciding to become entrepreneurs? What factors attract women’s interest and motivate them to start their own business? And which policies may benefit women’s entrepreneurship?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship (2021)
Chiplunkar, Gaurav; Goldberg, Pinelopi Koujianou;Zitatform
Chiplunkar, Gaurav & Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg (2021): Aggregate Implications of Barriers to Female Entrepreneurship. (NBER working paper 28486), Cambridge, MA, 53 S. DOI:10.3386/w28486
Abstract
"We develop a framework for identifying and quantifying barriers to entry and operation faced by female entrepreneurs in developing countries, and apply it to the Indian economy. We find that despite considerable progress over time, female entrepreneurs still face substantial entry and business registration costs (almost twice their male counterparts'). The costs of expanding a business, conditional on entry, are also substantially higher for women. However, there is one area in which female entrepreneurs have an advantage: hiring female workers is easier for them. We show that this pattern is not driven by the sectoral composition of female employment. Counterfactual simulations indicate that removing all excess barriers faced by women entrepreneurs would: (a) increase the fraction of female-owned firms significantly (nine times); (b) increase the real wages of female relative to male workers; and (c) generate substantial aggregate productivity and welfare gains (ca. 7% and 18% respectively). These large gains are due to reallocation: low productivity male-owned firms previously sheltered from female competition are replaced by higher productivity female-owned firms previously excluded from the economy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unternehmen: Warum gründen Frauen seltener? (2021)
Gather, Claudia; Biermann, Ingrid;Zitatform
Gather, Claudia & Ingrid Biermann (2021): Unternehmen: Warum gründen Frauen seltener? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 101, H. 11, S. 838-838. DOI:10.1007/s10273-021-3036-9
Abstract
"Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass strukturelle Gründe, wie die unterschiedliche Berufswahl, die Geschlechterunterschiede bei den Gründungen zu einem guten Teil erklären können. Hinzu kommt, dass das deutsche soziale Sicherungssystem Gründerinnen mit Kinderwunsch benachteiligt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
COVID-19: A Crisis of the Female Self-Employed (2021)
Zitatform
Graeber, Daniel, Alexander S. Kritikos & Johannes Seebauer (2021): COVID-19: A Crisis of the Female Self-Employed. In: Journal of Population Economics, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 1141-1187. DOI:10.1007/s00148-021-00849-y
Abstract
"We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed — particularly women — in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are about one-third more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
KfW-Start-up-Report 2021: Corona-Krise belastet Zahl der Start-ups - VC-affine Start-ups aber nur wenig betroffen (2021)
Metzger, Georg;Zitatform
Metzger, Georg (2021): KfW-Start-up-Report 2021. Corona-Krise belastet Zahl der Start-ups - VC-affine Start-ups aber nur wenig betroffen. (KfW-Start-up-Report ...), Frankfurt am Main, 7 S.
Abstract
"Der Bestand an innovations- oder wachstumsorientierten jungen Unternehmen in Deutschland hat durch die Corona-Krise gelitten. Im Jahr 2020 ging die Zahl der Start-ups auf 47.000 zurück, nach 70.000 im Jahr 2019. Die deutlich geringere Zahl an Gründungen konnte offensichtlich die in diesem Segment typischerweise hohe Zahl der Schließungen nicht kompensieren. Im Vergleich zum Rückgang der Start-ups insgesamt blieb die Zahl der Venture Capital-affinen Start-ups mit 8.600 (2019: 9.400) dagegen erstaunlich stabil. Bei Start-ups sind im langjährigen Durchschnitt 20 % der Gründungspersonen Frauen. Das ist nur etwa halb so häufig wie im Gründungsgeschehen insgesamt. Davon ausgehend sinkt der Anteil von Gründerinnen sukzessive, je mehr Start-up-Merkmale in die Betrachtung einbezogen werden. Hierfür spielen geschlechterstereotype Verhaltensweisen eine Rolle. Die Weichenstellung hin zu mehr Start-up-Gründerinnen liegt also bereits weit vor der Gründung. Es braucht aber auch mehr erfolgreiche Rollenvorbilder. Hier hilft mehr Diversität im Venture Capital-Ökosystem, die den Zugang von Gründerinnen zu Venture Capital (VC) verbessert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers (2021)
Zitatform
Naldi, Lucia, Massimo Baù, Helene Ahl & Magdalena Markowska (2021): Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers. In: Small business economics, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 903-918. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00275-1
Abstract
"Using data on all businesses started by mothers of young children in Sweden between 2000 and 2014, we explore which factors are associated with entrepreneurship among mothers. We find that being unemployed or being an immigrant is positively associated with business start-up by mothers; however, our findings show that what matters more is the paternity leave taken by the mothers' partners. These findings suggest that in institutional contexts such as Sweden, gender inequality is not a persistent feature of most households and that women can make career choices by negotiating with their partners who will make use of the parental benefits offered by the government." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Regional Differences in Women Entrepreneurship (2021)
Türko, Esra Sena;Zitatform
Türko, Esra Sena (Hrsg.) (2021): Regional Differences in Women Entrepreneurship. Berlin: Peter Lang, 223 S.
Abstract
"In women entrepreneurship studies, the regional emphasis generally remained limited to the studies carried out within the scope of regional development. Regional differences were detected in many studies. However, unless the research was conducted within the theoretical framework of the regional economy, they were not discussed within this context. This book aims to represent the findings of studies on women entrepreneurship from various theoretical frameworks, which address differences and similarities at the regional level together and reveal the big picture. In addition, the factors causing differences in women entrepreneurship at the regional level and the topics, in which differences were observed, have been examined. The research involves conceptual and applied studies." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis vom Verlag -
Literaturhinweis
Entrepreneurship Policies through a Gender Lens (2021)
Zitatform
OECD (2021): Entrepreneurship Policies through a Gender Lens. (OECD studies on SMEs and entrepreneurship), Paris, 165 S. DOI:10.1787/71c8f9c9-en
Abstract
"This publication examines how to strengthen the scope and effectiveness of entrepreneurship policies for women. It examines both dedicated measures for women and ensuring that mainstream policies for all entrepreneurs are appropriate for women. Evidence is offered on the gender gap in entrepreneurship and its causes. At the heart of the report are 27 policy insight notes by leading international experts on the role of public policy in facilitating entrepreneurship by women and how policies can be strengthened. They highlight many long‑standing issues related to the scope and effectiveness of women’s entrepreneurship policies – many of which have been exacerbated by the COVID‑19 pandemic – and point the way to more effective policy. Issues addressed include fostering a gender‑sensitive entrepreneurship culture, building entrepreneurship skills for women, improving women’s access to financial capital, supporting networks for women entrepreneurs and creating supportive regulatory environments. Issues in the design and delivery of policy support are also addressed. The report was prepared by the OECD in collaboration with members of the Global Women’s Entrepreneurship Policy Research Project (Global WEP), a network of established researchers from over 30 counties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female entrepreneurship: Public and private funding: industrial relations (2020)
Demetriades, Stavroula; Cerf, Catherine;Zitatform
Demetriades, Stavroula (2020): Female entrepreneurship: Public and private funding. Industrial relations. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 46 S. DOI:10.2806/17117
Abstract
"Female entrepreneurs represent just a small proportion of the total number of entrepreneurs in the European Union today. Some of the hurdles facing female entrepreneurs – or would-be entrepreneurs – are related to getting adequate funding, access to the right networks, and finding the right information and advice. In the last few years, some private funds have realised that female founders are not always well served and there is a market gap when it comes to investing in women-led enterprises. This report examines the use of private funds to invest in female entrepreneurs in the European Union and Norway. In addition, it investigates the prevalence of public finance tools and public support schemes that effectively remove barriers and enable women to become competent entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Krisen von KMU: Herausforderung, Verlauf und Resilienz von frauen- und migrantengeführter Unternehmen (2020)
Zitatform
Dienes, Christian & Susanne Schlepphorst (2020): Krisen von KMU: Herausforderung, Verlauf und Resilienz von frauen- und migrantengeführter Unternehmen. Bonn, IV, 58 S.
Abstract
"Diese Studie untersucht den Krisenprozess von kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen im Raum Frankfurt/Main. Dabei stehen vor allem die Herausforderungen migranten- und frauengeführter Unternehmen im Mittelpunkt. Auf Basis von insgesamt 527 befragten Unternehmen wurden 44,1 % als frauengeführt und 26,2 % als migrantengeführt identifiziert. Vier von zehn migrantengeführte Unternehmen haben in den letzten fünf Jahren eine Krise durchlaufen – ein höherer Anteil als nicht-migrantengeführte Unternehmen. Bei frauengeführten Unternehmen trat eine Krise bei drei von zehn Unternehmen auf, genauso häufig wie bei männergeführten Unternehmen. Im Großen und Ganzen bestehen zwischen migranten- und frauengeführten Unternehmen und ihren jeweiligen Pendants nur geringe Unterschiede. Dieser Befund spricht gegen gruppenspezifische Unterstützungsmaßnahmen. Allenfalls sollten Maßnahmen alle Unternehmerinnen und Unternehmer ansprechen, unabhängig von deren Herkunft oder Geschlecht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
An entrepreneurship education and peer mentoring program for women in STEM: mentors’ experiences and perceptions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intent (2020)
Zitatform
Elliott, Catherine, Catherine Mavriplis & Hanan Anis (2020): An entrepreneurship education and peer mentoring program for women in STEM. Mentors’ experiences and perceptions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intent. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 43-67. DOI:10.1007/s11365-019-00624-2
Abstract
"Women are underrepresented in STEM and in entrepreneurship but are rare in STEM entrepreneurship. A gender-sensitive entrepreneurship education and peer mentoring program for women engineering and computer science students was developed to provide classroom instruction, experiential learning, and support to a small group of students. This paper reports on the experiences of student peer mentors in the program, in terms of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and entrepreneurial intent (EI). Qualitative methods were adopted for this study. Student mentors were interviewed about their experiences and reported increased perceptions of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, a greater awareness of diversity and gender issues, and a changed perspective on problem solving and life in general. Student mentors reported a distinct interest in becoming an entrepreneur at “some time” in their lives, although not necessarily immediately upon graduation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Self-employment by gender in the EU: convergence and clusters (2020)
Zitatform
Faria, João Ricardo, Juan Carlos Cuestas, Luis Gil-Alana & Estefania Mourelle (2020): Self-employment by gender in the EU: convergence and clusters. (Working paper / Universität Jaume I. Department of Economics 2020,22), Castellón de la Plana, 39 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies the convergence of self-employment by gender in the European Union, through tests for the order of integration and cluster analysis, in order to investigate the occurrence of two types of convergence: between genders and among European countries. The paper makes two contributions to the literature: 1) theoretically, it provides useful insights into the macroeconomic determinants of self-employment; 2) methodologically, it uses unit roots, fractional integration and cluster analysis to assess convergence. The empirical results point at mixed evidence of convergence, but with clear differences between the core and the periphery of Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
spätere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen in: Empirica -
Literaturhinweis
Women entrepreneurship in STEM fields: literature review and future research avenues (2020)
Zitatform
Poggesi, Sara, Michela Mari, Luisa De Vita & Lene Foss (2020): Women entrepreneurship in STEM fields. Literature review and future research avenues. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 16, H. 1, S. 17-41. DOI:10.1007/s11365-019-00599-0
Abstract
"The aim of the paper is to explore the published management research on women entrepreneurs in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (also known as STEM) fields in order to offer a first, comprehensive state-of-the-art of this research. In doing so, a systematic literature review (SLR) of 32 papers has been undertaken. The results of this SLR show that the literature on this topic is still limited and fragmented. However, seeds have been sown for stimulating the theoretical debate and the empirical knowledge on these issues. Based on our analysis of these selected papers, we offer a vibrant research agenda for future developments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Analyzing the changing education distributions of solo self-employed workers and employer entrepreneurs in Europe (2020)
Zitatform
van Stel, André & Peter van der Zwan (2020): Analyzing the changing education distributions of solo self-employed workers and employer entrepreneurs in Europe. In: Small business economics, Jg. 55, H. 2, S. 429-445. DOI:10.1007/s11187-019-00243-9
Abstract
"Using macro-level data for 32 European countries, the present paper explores developments in the education distributions among solo self-employed workers and employer entrepreneurs in the non-agricultural economy over the period 1997–2014. Our dynamic analysis reveals that over this period, the number of solo self-employed workers, but particularly the high-educated solo self-employed, has increased considerably in Europe. This trend is even more pronounced for female solo self-employment. The education distribution of the solo self-employed is thus shifting quickly towards higher levels of education. Moreover, our static analysis based on 2014 reveals that, for the higher-developed countries within Europe (Western Europe including Scandinavia), solo self-employed and employer entrepreneurs are on average equally highly educated. We also find that the solo self-employed in Western Europe are considerably higher educated than their counterparts in the rest of Europe. In general, our results underline the rapidly increasing importance of, particularly high-educated, solo self-employed workers in modern, highly developed economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Geringe Anzahl weiblicher Gründer in Start-ups: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/21698) (2020)
Zitatform
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2020): Geringe Anzahl weiblicher Gründer in Start-ups. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der FDP (Drucksache 19/21698). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/22015), 10 S.
Abstract
Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der FDP-Fraktion zur Anzahl weiblicher Gründerinnen in Start-ups. (IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Life-course and entry to entrepreneurship: embedded in gender and gender-egalitarianism (2019)
Cheraghi, Maryam; Wickstr øm, Kent Adsb øll; Klyver, Kim;Zitatform
Cheraghi, Maryam, Kent Adsb øll Wickstr øm & Kim Klyver (2019): Life-course and entry to entrepreneurship. Embedded in gender and gender-egalitarianism. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 31, H. 3/4, S. 242-258. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2018.1551791
Abstract
"Prior research has suggested that low gender egalitarianism results in a gender gap in entrepreneurship participation, as it provides men and women with different opportunities and constraints. However, this research has primarily relied on an unrealistic assumption, namely that gender-related opportunities and constraints occur evenly throughout different life stages. This paper details an institutional life-course model that explains gender-related patterns in individuals' propensity to enter entrepreneurship and contingencies related to the level of gender-egalitarianism in society and individuals' life stages. We test our conceptual model on a unique integrated dataset from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the World Value Survey, encompassing a total of 672,781 adults in 71 countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gap in self-employment: The role of risk attitudes (2019)
Hayduk, Iryna; Williams, Donald R.;Zitatform
Hayduk, Iryna & Donald R. Williams (2019): Gender gap in self-employment. The role of risk attitudes. In: Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 673-698. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12209
Abstract
"This paper examines the link between the willingness to take risk and the gender gap in self-employment in the transition economy, where for decades entrepreneurship was considered a crime. Using rich data on risk preferences and entrepreneurial activities, we show that male-female risk tolerance differential is the main determinant of the gender gap in self-employment in Ukraine. The decomposition results indicate that up to 38% of the gap can be attributed to this factor. Robustness tests support the validity of the baseline findings by suggesting that the results are not confounded by such factors as being unemployed before starting a current job, having a self-employed household member, or living in a relatively wealthy household before transitioning to self-employment." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female founders monitor 2019 (2019)
Hirschfeld, Alexander; Mütze, Janina; Gilde, Jannis;Zitatform
Hirschfeld, Alexander, Janina Mütze & Jannis Gilde (2019): Female founders monitor 2019. Berlin, 55 S.
Abstract
"Seit 2018 erscheint in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Google for Startups und unserem Startup-Unternehmerinnen-Netzwerk der Female Founders Monitor (FFM): Der FFM bringt die Startup-Forschung voran, indem er die Bedeutung von Gründerinnen und ihre Herausforderungen in den Mittelpunkt rückt. Auf diese Weise werden die spezifischen Motive von Gründerinnen und ihr besonderer Beitrag im Startup-Ökosystem sichtbar. Dabei geht es nicht zuletzt darum, neue Impulse für die Stärkung von Frauen in Wirtschaft und Politik zu setzen. Der nun vorliegende Female Founders Monitor 2019 zeigt uns, wo wir aktuell stehen und was noch zu tun ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Existenzgründungen von Frauen - aktuelle Entwicklungen (2019)
Zitatform
Kay, Rosemarie & Brigitte Günterberg (2019): Existenzgründungen von Frauen - aktuelle Entwicklungen. (Daten und Fakten / Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn 24), Bonn, VI, 33 S.
Abstract
"Frauen sind seit jeher im Gründungsgeschehen in Deutschland unterrepräsentiert. Diese Unterrepräsentanz hat sich in jüngerer Vergangenheit wieder verstärkt. Analysen auf Basis der Gewerbeanzeigenstatistik zeigen, dass dies zum einen darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass die Gründungsneigung von Frauen noch stärker als die der Männer zurückgegangen ist. Zum anderen trägt ein weit überdurchschnittliches Ausmaß an Gründungsaktivitäten von Männern aus den EU-8- und EU-2-Beitrittsstaaten, mit dem ihre Landsfrauen nicht mithalten können, dazu bei. Die von Frauen gegründeten Unternehmen weisen teilweise andere Branchenschwerpunkte als die von Männern gegründeten auf. Sie sind zumeist im Dienstleistungssektor angesiedelt. Im Bereich der freiberuflichen Gründungen sind Frauen sogar leicht überrepräsentiert. Qualitative Unterschiede im Hinblick auf Größe und Innovationspotenzial bestehen zwischen von Frauen und Männern gegründeten gewerblichen Einzelunternehmen kaum (mehr)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Being a self-employed older woman: from discrimination to activism (2019)
Zitatform
Meliou, Elina, Oliver Mallett & Shoshanna Rosenberg (2019): Being a self-employed older woman. From discrimination to activism. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 529-538. DOI:10.1177/0950017018800235
Abstract
"This article presents an autobiographical account of an older woman's lived experience of self-employment. Little is known about women who experience ongoing self-employment into their 50s and beyond. Shoshanna's personal narrative describes her experiences and the challenges she has faced as she reflects upon her attempts to grow and sustain her business and the implications of ageism and gender inequality in laying a claim to entrepreneurship. The narrative proceeds to reflect on her activist work, as it is constructed through the creation of a social enterprise to support older people. Shoshanna's narrative provides valuable insights into the intersection of age and gender in self-employment moving from discrimination to active support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries (2019)
Zitatform
Ribes-Giner, G., I. Moya-Clemente, R. Cervelló-Royo & M. R. Perello-Marin (2019): Wellbeing indicators affecting female entrepreneurship in OECD countries. In: Quality & quantity, Jg. 53, H. 2, S. 915-933. DOI:10.1007/s11135-018-0796-4
Abstract
"The objective of this research is to know which wellbeing indicators, such as work-life balance, educational level, income or job security, are related to the rate of female entrepreneurship in 29 OECD countries. In addition, these countries have been classified according to the motivation of the entrepreneur either by necessity or by opportunity. The empiric study is focused on 29 OECD countries covering the different geographic areas (Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Middle East, etc.) Due to the fact that the sample is relatively small, it is essential to use a selective approach when selecting the causal conditions. To this end, fsQCA is the most appropriate methodology for such a small data set. A total of 5 variables have been used: an independent variable (female TEA ratio), and four dependent variables (work life balance, educational level, sustainable household income and job security). Data measuring female TEA ratio have been obtained from Global Entrepreneur Monitor (GEM in Global report, 2015) data base, while data measuring wellbeing dimensions were taken from the Better Life Index (OECD in How's life? Measuring wellbeing, 2015. https://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org). The results of this piece of research show that countries with high sustainable household income together with high level of education achieves high female entrepreneurship ratio with both, a good work-life balance (despite of a high unemployment probability), or a high labour-personal imbalance (in this latter, with a low probability of unemployment)." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Is personal initiative training a substitute or complement to the existing human capital of women?: results from a randomized trial in Togo (2018)
Campos, Francisco; Frese, Michael; Goldstein, Markus; Johnson, Hillary C.; Mensmann, Mona; McKenzie, David; Iacovone, Leonardo;Zitatform
Campos, Francisco, Michael Frese, Markus Goldstein, Leonardo Iacovone, Hillary C. Johnson, David McKenzie & Mona Mensmann (2018): Is personal initiative training a substitute or complement to the existing human capital of women? Results from a randomized trial in Togo. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 256-261. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181026
Abstract
"Personal initiative training - a psychology-based mindset training program - delivers lasting improvements for female business owners in Togo. Which types of women benefit most? Theories of dynamic complementarity would suggest training should work better for those with higher pre-existing human capital, but there are also reasons why existing human capital might inhibit training participation or substitute for its effects. We examine the heterogeneity in treatment impact according to different types of human capital. We find little evidence of either complementarities or substitutability, suggesting this new business training approach can work for a wide range of human capital levels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Enabling women entrepreneurs: exploring factors that mitigate the negative impact of fertility rates on female entrepreneurship (2018)
Dutta, Nabamita; Mallick, Sushanta;Zitatform
Dutta, Nabamita & Sushanta Mallick (2018): Enabling women entrepreneurs. Exploring factors that mitigate the negative impact of fertility rates on female entrepreneurship. In: Kyklos, Jg. 71, H. 3, S. 402-432. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12175
Abstract
"In the wake of the global financial crisis that resulted in many business closures and given the long-term problem of population aging in advanced countries and poverty in low-income countries, it has become important to investigate whether new business formation by women entrepreneurs is a path to prosperity even when countries experience low fertility rates. Existing country studies suggest that female entrepreneurship can have favorable development outcomes through the channels of employment, innovation and welfare, but this paper undertakes a holistic cross-country analysis on the determinants of female entrepreneurship, exploring the role of fertility rates in affecting female entrepreneurial outcomes. We find that the impact of fertility rate is negative and significant in influencing entrepreneurship. But factors like greater tertiary enrollment of females and higher ratios of female to male labor force participation rates can offset the negative impact of fertility rate and in fact can make the impact positive. Additionally, greater access to informal finance makes female enrollment more effective in mitigating the negative impact of fertility rate." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Junge Unternehmen im Aufbruch zur digitalen Ökonomie (2018)
Egeln, Jürgen; Lubczyk, Moritz; Gottschalk, Sandra;Zitatform
Egeln, Jürgen, Sandra Gottschalk & Moritz Lubczyk (2018): Junge Unternehmen im Aufbruch zur digitalen Ökonomie. (IAB/ZEW-Gründungspanel 2018), Nürnberg, 9 S.
Abstract
"Das IAB/ZEW Gründungspanel ist eine für Deutschland repräsentative Stichprobe, die Informationen über Gründungen und junge Unternehmen in Deutschland beinhaltet. Die Daten sind geeignet, um Struktur und Entwicklung junger Unternehmen zu beschreiben und zu analysieren. Durch seinen Umfang und dem Detailgrad an Informationen stellt das IAB/ZEW Gründungspanel eine einzigartige Datenquelle dar und es wurde bereits in einer Vielzahl von Veröffentlichungen und Projekten eingesetzt, um Hintergrundinformationen zur Geschäftssituation und Dynamik junger Unternehmen und für die Entwicklung von Förderinstrumenten für Gründungen in Deutschland bereitzustellen. In diesem Report wird zunächst die aktuelle wirtschaftliche Situation junger Unternehmen beschrieben und danach werden Auswertungen zur Gründungsbeteiligung von Frauen, insbesondere der strategischen Ausrichtung ihrer Unternehmen, und Anwendungen von Digitalisierung in jungen Unternehmen vorgestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Technischer Anhang zur Befragung 2017 -
Literaturhinweis
More than words: Do gendered linguistic structures widen the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity? (2018)
Hechavarría, Diana M.; Terjesen, Siri A.; Stenholm, Pekka; Brännback, Malin; Lång, Stefan;Zitatform
Hechavarría, Diana M., Siri A. Terjesen, Pekka Stenholm, Malin Brännback & Stefan Lång (2018): More than words: Do gendered linguistic structures widen the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity? In: Entrepreneurship, theory and practice, Jg. 42, H. 5, S. 797-817. DOI:10.1111/etap.12278
Abstract
"Leveraging linguistic relativity theory which suggests that language systems structure thought and action, we investigate the relationship between gendered linguistic structures and the persistent gender gap in early-stage entrepreneurial activity. We use country-level data from 105 countries in 2001 - 2015 with 55 different languages, and incorporate 32 controls covering a broad range of factors previously associated with entrepreneurial activity. We find that in countries where the dominant language's structure incorporates sex-based systems and gender-differentiated pronouns, there is a greater gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. Our results suggest that gendered linguistic structures reinforce gender stereotypes and discourage women's entry into entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Kick-starting female careers: attracting women to entrepreneurship programs (2018)
Hentschel, Tanja; Peus, Claudia; Horvarth, Lisa Kristina; Sczesny, Sabine;Zitatform
Hentschel, Tanja, Lisa Kristina Horvarth, Claudia Peus & Sabine Sczesny (2018): Kick-starting female careers. Attracting women to entrepreneurship programs. In: Journal of personnel psychology, Jg. 17, H. 4, S. 193-203. DOI:10.1027/1866-5888/a000209
Abstract
"Entrepreneurship programs often aim at increasing women's lower entrepreneurial activities. We investigate how advertisements for entrepreneurship programs can be designed to increase women's application intentions. Results of an experiment with 156 women showed that women indicate (1) lower self-ascribed fit to and interest in the program after viewing a male-typed image (compared to a gender-neutral or female-typed image) in the advertisement; and (2) lower self-ascribed fit to and interest in the program as well as lower application intentions if the German masculine linguistic form of the term 'entrepreneur' (compared to the gender-fair word pair 'female and male entrepreneur') is used in the recruitment advertisement. Women's reactions are most negative when both a male-typed image and the masculine linguistic form appear in the advertisement. Self-ascribed fit and program interest mediate the relationship of advertisement characteristics on application intentions." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Hogrefe Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program (2018)
Iacovone, Leonardo; Calderón, Gabriela; MacGregor, Cristina;Zitatform
Iacovone, Leonardo, Gabriela Calderón & Cristina MacGregor (2018): Participating or not? Characteristics of female entrepreneurs participating in and completing an entrepreneurial training program. In: AEA papers and proceedings, Jg. 108, S. 246-251. DOI:10.1257/pandp.20181023
Abstract
"Who are the female entrepreneurs who end up starting and completing entrepreneurial training programs? In this paper, relying on a large set of baseline characteristics collected before the entrepreneurs are selected into an entrepreneurial training program in Mexico, we analyze how the women entrepreneurs who complete the training program differ from those who do not take it up, as well as how those who take it up but drop off before completing differ from those who do not even start. We uncover large differences in performance and non-cognitive skills but no differences in inputs used." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research? (2018)
Zitatform
Marlow, Susan & Angela Martinez Dy (2018): Annual review article: Is it time to rethink the gender agenda in entrepreneurship research? In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 3-22. DOI:10.1177/0266242617738321
Abstract
"This article develops a critique of contemporary approaches to analysing the impact of gender upon entrepreneurial propensity and activity. Since the 1990s, increasing attention has been afforded to the influence of gender on women's entrepreneurial behaviour; such analyses have highlighted an embedded masculinity within the entrepreneurial discourse which privileges men as normative entrepreneurial actors. While invaluable in revealing a prevailing masculine bias within entrepreneurship, this critique is bounded by positioning women as a proxy for the gendered subject. This is a potentially limiting analysis that does not fully recognise gender as a human property with myriad articulations enacted throughout entrepreneurial activity. To progress debate, we engage more deeply with the notion of gender as a multiplicity, exploring the implications of such for future studies of entrepreneurial activity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Relational practices and reflexivity: Exploring the responses of women entrepreneurs to changing household dynamics (2018)
Zitatform
Meliou, Elina & Tim Edwards (2018): Relational practices and reflexivity: Exploring the responses of women entrepreneurs to changing household dynamics. In: International Small Business Journal, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 149-168. DOI:10.1177/0266242617724858
Abstract
"This qualitative study explores how and why women, positioned as mothers, wives, or carers, navigate changing household dynamics, related to care and reproductive resources, and become entrepreneurial. Drawing on relational reflexivity, we show how women's embodied, intimate relations with important others in the household form the focal point for entrepreneurial activities and offer evidence of their entrepreneurial agency. Our analysis reveals the emergence of three relational practices that result in a new venture as the entrepreneurial response of women. We critically evaluate normative analyses on gender, entrepreneurship, and household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))