Berufsrückkehr – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
Die meisten Mütter und Väter wollen Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit vereinbaren. Stellt sich Nachwuchs ein, wird insbesondere von Frauen die Erwerbsarbeit zugunsten der Familie unterbrochen. Immer häufiger nehmen auch Männer Elternzeit in Anspruch. Wie gelingt der Wiedereinstieg von Eltern in den Beruf? Welche familienbewussten Maßnahmen greifen?
Die Infoplattform bietet Literatur zu arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitischen Erfolgsfaktoren und Handlungsbedarfen der beruflichen Reintegration.
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Literaturhinweis
Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven (2023)
Juncke, David; Plünnecke, Axel;Zitatform
Juncke, David & Axel Plünnecke (2023): Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven. (Policy paper / Prognos AG), Berlin, 8 S.
Abstract
"Wie wirkt sich das Elterngeld auf die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf aus? Wie auf das Arbeitskräfteangebot und wo kann es weiterentwickelt werden? Diesen Fragen widmeten sich Prognos und das Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (IW) in ihrem gemeinsamen Papier „Das Elterngeld: Ziele, Wirkungen und Perspektiven“. Es zeigt: Mit dem Elterngeld gehen eine steigende Müttererwerbstätigkeit und eine vermehrte Beteiligung der Väter an der Kinderbetreuung einher. Reformen des Elterngeldes sollten auf dessen Weiterentwicklung ausgerichtet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
"Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern" (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann) (2023)
Zitatform
Keitel, Christiane; Andreas Filser, Ann-Christin Bächmann & Corinna Frodermann (interviewte Person) (2023): "Die Aufteilung von Care- und Erwerbsarbeit ist eine Richtungsentscheidung für die Erwerbsverläufe beider Eltern" (Interview mit Andreas Filser, Corinna Frodermann und Ann-Christin Bächmann). In: IAB-Forum H. 07.02.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230207.01
Abstract
"Seit der Einführung des Elterngeldes im Jahr 2007 steigt der Anteil von Vätern, die nach der Geburt eines Kindes ihre Erwerbstätigkeit zugunsten von Kinderbetreuung unterbrechen. Der IAB-Kurzbericht 1/2023 zeigt nun unter anderem auf, wie sich eine Erwerbsunterbrechung der Väter auf die Arbeitsmarktrückkehr der Mütter auswirkt. Die Redaktion des IAB-Forum hat dazu bei Corinna Frodermann, Ann-Christin Bächmann und Andreas Filser nachgefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Keitel, Christiane; Filser, Andreas ; Bächmann, Ann-Christin ; Frodermann, Corinna ; -
Literaturhinweis
Maternal health, well-being, and employment transitions: A longitudinal comparison of partnered and single mothers in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Kühn, Mine, Christian Dudel & Martin Werding (2023): Maternal health, well-being, and employment transitions. A longitudinal comparison of partnered and single mothers in Germany. In: Social science research, Jg. 114. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102906
Abstract
"Balancing parenthood and employment can be challenging and distressing, particularly for single mothers. At the same time, transitioning to employment can improve the financial situations of single mothers and provide them with access to social networks, which can have beneficial effects on their health and well-being. Currently, however, it is not well understood whether the overall impact of employment on single mothers is positive or negative, and to what extent it differs from the impact of employment on partnered mothers. Building on the literature on work-family conflict, we investigate the differential effects of employment transitions on the health and well-being of single mothers and partnered mothers. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992–2016), we apply panel regression techniques that address the potential endogeneity of maternal employment, as well as the dynamic nature of the relationship between employment transitions and maternal health and well-being. We find that employment has a positive impact on single mothers, and that single mothers benefit from employment significantly more than partnered mothers. Surprisingly, income does not appear to be an important driver of these results. Overall, our findings suggest that employment plays a key role in the well-being of single mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers? (2023)
Zitatform
Paek, Eunjeong (2023): Does Overwork Attenuate the Motherhood Earnings Penalty among Full-Time Workers? In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 1, S. 78-96. DOI:10.1177/09500170211041293
Abstract
"This study examines whether working long hours alters the motherhood earnings penalty in the context of the United States. The author uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979–2014) to model the annual earnings penalty mothers incur per child in the United States. The results support that working long hours (50+ hours per week) reduces the negative effect of motherhood on earnings for white women. Once we control for human capital and labour supply, however, there is no difference in the effect of children on earnings between full-time workers and over workers. For Black full-time workers and over workers, having an additional child has little effect on earnings. The findings suggest that although overwork appears to attenuate the earnings penalty for white mothers, white mothers who work long hours exhibit a smaller penalty because they already have high levels of human capital and supply a great amount of labour." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Motherhood and the Cost of Job Search (2023)
Philippe, Arnaud; Skandalis, Daphné;Zitatform
Philippe, Arnaud & Daphné Skandalis (2023): Motherhood and the Cost of Job Search. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16669), Bonn, 43 S.
Abstract
"Why do women experience a persistent drop in labor earnings upon becoming mothers, i.e. a "child penalty"? We study a new mechanism: search frictions. We analyze data on job applications sent on a popular online platform linked with administrative data for 350,000 involuntarily unemployed workers in France. First, we highlight differences in job search behavior between mothers and similar women with no children. Mothers send 12.2% fewer job applications and are more selective regarding wage and non-wage amenities. Consistently, they have a lower job finding rate. Second, we analyze the exact time when applications are sent and highlight differences in the timing of job search. We find that mothers' rate of applications decreases by 20.3% in the hours and days when there is no school. We also show that mothers responded to a reform that introduced school on Wednesday by smoothing their search across weekdays and narrowing their search timing gap with other women. In a simple search model, we show that our results imply that mothers both face lower incentives and higher costs to search. We conclude that search frictions disproportionately prevent mothers from improving their labor market situation and contribute to the child penalty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familien- und Vereinbarkeitspolitik in Deutschland: Eine Einführung (2022)
Ahrens, Regina;Zitatform
Ahrens, Regina (2022): Familien- und Vereinbarkeitspolitik in Deutschland. Eine Einführung. (Elemente der Politik), Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer VS, XIX, 199 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-37149-4
Abstract
"Dieses Lehrbuch gibt einen fundierten Einblick in das Politikfeld Familienpolitik. Es zeichnet die historischen Entwicklungen in Deutschland nach und zeigt politikfeldanalytische Erklärungen auf. Das Lehrbuch ermöglicht damit auch ein Verständnis der aktuellen familienpolitischen Diskurse. Es richtet sich vornehmlich an Studierende im Bachelor und Master, aber auch an Praktikerinnen und Praktiker, die sich aufgrund von neuen beruflichen Aufgaben in die Grundzüge der Familienpolitik in Deutschland einlesen möchten. Das Buch enthält ergänzendes Online-Material. Die Autorin Dr. Regina Ahrens ist Politikwissenschaftlerin und vertritt an der Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt die Professur „Betriebswirtschaftslehre mit Schwerpunkt Personal und Marketing“. Daneben ist sie Lehrbeauftragte am Institut für Politikwissenschaft der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster und berät Unternehmen und Privatpersonen zum Thema Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie." (Verlagsangaben)
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Literaturhinweis
Corporeal generosity: Breastfeeding bodies and female-dominated workplaces (2022)
Zitatform
Burns, Elaine, Susanne Gannon, Heather Pierce & Sky Hugman (2022): Corporeal generosity: Breastfeeding bodies and female-dominated workplaces. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 3, S. 778-799. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12821
Abstract
"While gender equality at work and the gendered parameters of workplace conditions are of interest to feminist researchers, this paper brings together sociological and public health perspectives to interrogate factors impacting women who return to work (RTW) while maintaining breastfeeding. Our inquiry is focused on female-dominated professions, teaching, nursing, and midwifery, and our findings suggest that breastfeeding obstacles exist even when gender-inclusive policies appear to support women. Workplaces generate both overt and subtle barriers to breastfeeding, which force many women to stop earlier than they intended or create ongoing worry about maintaining breastmilk supply. Interviews with participants who maintained breastfeeding after RTW generated three overarching themes: women's determination to get back into the workforce, not wanting to “rock the boat”, and the difficulty in keeping their “head above water”. Despite workplace policies that appeared to support breastfeeding, the workplace catered to a supposedly gender-neutral worker and policies did not translate into practice. Given the many sacrifices that women make to maintain breastfeeding, the level of workplace apathy was surprising, especially in female dominated professions. Our research foregrounds breastfeeding corporeality, not as excess but as an inevitable and essential feature of workplaces, which needs to be acknowledged and accommodated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Der Einfluss von Familien- und Berufsverläufen auf das Wohlbefinden von Frauen und Männern in der Schweiz (2022)
Zitatform
Comolli, Chiara Ludovica, Laura Bernardi & Marieke Voorpostel (2022): Der Einfluss von Familien- und Berufsverläufen auf das Wohlbefinden von Frauen und Männern in der Schweiz. (Social Change in Switzerland 29), Lausanne, 15 S. DOI:10.22019/SC-2022-00002
Abstract
"Die familiären und beruflichen Lebensverläufe in der Schweiz sind von einer immer grösseren Vielfalt geprägt, geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bleiben jedoch bestehen. Basierend auf den Daten des Schweizer Haushalt-Panels (SHP) kehren Frauen der Jahrgänge 1952 bis 1966 nach dem Übergang zur Elternschaft meistens in Teilzeit an den Arbeitsmarkt zurück, wobei ihre Lebenszufriedenheit verglichen mit anderen Lebensverläufen geringer ausfällt. Eine Minderheit der Frauen ist durchgehend in Vollzeit beschäftigt und verfolgt eine traditionelle familiäre Laufbahn – feste eheliche Beziehung mit Kindern. Diese Gruppe geniesst nach dem Erreichen des 50. Lebensjahrs ein höheres subjektives und finanzielles Wohlbefinden. Die beruflichen Laufbahnen von Männern unterliegen deutlich weniger Variationen als jene der Frauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Expansions in Paid Parental Leave and Mothers' Economic Progress (2022)
Zitatform
Corekcioglu, Gozde, Marco Francesconi & Astrid Kunze (2022): Expansions in Paid Parental Leave and Mothers' Economic Progress. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15585), Bonn, 89 S.
Abstract
"We examine the impact of government-funded universal paid parental leave extensions on the likelihood that mothers reach top-pay jobs and executive positions, using eight Norwegian reforms. Up to a quarter of a century after childbirth, such reforms neither helped nor hurt mothers' chances to be at the top of their companies' pay ranking or in leadership positions. We detect no differential effect across many characteristics, and no impact on other outcomes, such as hours worked and promotions. No reform affected fathers' pay or the gender pay gaps between mothers and their male colleagues and between mothers and their partners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental leave, (in)formal childcare and long-term child outcomes (2022)
Zitatform
Danzer, Natalia, Martin Halla, Nicole Schneeweis & Martina Zweimüller (2022): Parental leave, (in)formal childcare and long-term child outcomes. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 57, H. 6, S. 1826-1884. DOI:10.3368/jhr.58.2.0619-10257R1
Abstract
"We evaluate the effect of an Austrian parental leave extension from the child’s first to its second birthday on long-term child outcomes. Exploiting a sharp birthday cutoff-based discontinuity in the eligibility for extended leave, we find that longer parental leave improves on average child health outcomes, but has no effect on the child’s labor market outcomes. When accounting for the counterfactual mode of care, we find significant gains in all outcomes for children for whom the reform most likely induced a replacement of informal childcare with maternal care. This highlights the importance of the counterfactual scenario in such evaluations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vocational Training for Female Job Returners - Effects on Employment, Earnings and Job Quality (2022)
Zitatform
Doerr, Annabelle (2022): Vocational Training for Female Job Returners - Effects on Employment, Earnings and Job Quality. (WWZ discussion papers 2022,02), Basel, 44 S.
Abstract
"This paper studies how training vouchers increase the employment prospects of women with interrupted employment histories. Using the population of female job returners who receive a training voucher to participate in training programs and a randomly selected control group from German administrative data, I analyze the effectiveness of training on various labor market outcomes. The results suggest that receiving a training voucher translates into substantial gains in employment and earnings and increases job quality and stability. Analyzing the heterogeneity effects reveals that the effectiveness of training increases with the provided human capital. Several robustness checks support a causal interpretation of the results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vocational Training for Female Job Returners - Effects on Employment, Earnings and Job Quality (2022)
Zitatform
Doerr, Annabelle (2022): Vocational Training for Female Job Returners - Effects on Employment, Earnings and Job Quality. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 75. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102139
Abstract
"This paper studies how training vouchers increase the employment prospects of women with interrupted employment histories. Using the population of female job returners who receive a training voucher to participate in training programs and a randomly selected control group from German administrative data, I analyze the effectiveness of training on various labor market outcomes. The analysis reveals that the receipt of a training voucher translates into substantial gains in employment and earnings. It reduces the gap between pre- and post-interruption earnings by as much as 77%. Moreover, training vouchers improve job quality, and increases job stability. Low skilled women benefit most." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor Market Tightness in Advanced Economies (2022)
Duval, Romain ; Oikonomou, Myrto; Tavares, Marina M. ; Pizzinelli, Carlo; Li, Longji; Shibata, Ippei ; Ji, Yi; Sozzi, Alessandra;Zitatform
Duval, Romain, Yi Ji, Longji Li, Myrto Oikonomou, Carlo Pizzinelli, Ippei Shibata, Alessandra Sozzi & Marina M. Tavares (2022): Labor Market Tightness in Advanced Economies. (IMF staff discussion note 2022,001), Washington, DC, 43 S.
Abstract
"Two years after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a puzzle has emerged in several advanced economies: unfilled job vacancies have increased sharply even though employment has yet to fully recover. This note sheds light on three contributing factors, namely barriers to returning to work, changing worker preferences away from certain types of jobs, and sectoral and occupational job mismatch. The note also assesses the impact of labor market tightness on wage growth, showing that it has been large for low-pay jobs but milder overall. Bringing disadvantaged groups of workers into the labor force, including by controlling the pandemic itself, would ease labor market pressures while amplifying the recovery and making it more inclusive." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Making it work: How women negotiate labor market participation after the transition to motherhood (2022)
Zitatform
Díaz, Martina Yopo (2022): Making it work: How women negotiate labor market participation after the transition to motherhood. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 53. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100500
Abstract
"The increasing participation of women in the labor market coexists with traditional gender roles and a social division of labor that reproduces the feminization of childcare and housework. Reconciling the contradictions between work and family life has become one of the greatest challenges of the contemporary female life course. In this article, I analyze the strategies through which women in Santiago de Chile negotiate their participation in the labor market after the transition to motherhood using qualitative data produced through 28 in-depth life story interviews. The findings confirm that married women from older age cohorts and middle socioeconomic status scale down paid work by working part-time, reducing their working hours, and finding more flexible and less demanding jobs that are closer to home. However, the findings also reveal that single women from younger age cohorts and lower socioeconomic status scale up on paid work by working full-time and finding jobs that are more demanding, involve longer workdays and provide better salaries and social benefits. These findings advance knowledge on the strategies through which women from different age cohorts and family and socioeconomic status negotiate paid work after becoming mothers and highlight the importance of taking a situated and intersectional approach to account for the particular ways in which women reconcile work and family life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Home care allowance and labor market participation of immigrant and native-born mothers (2022)
Zitatform
Fendel, Tanja & Beate Jochimsen (2022): Home care allowance and labor market participation of immigrant and native-born mothers. In: SN Social Sciences, Jg. 2, 2022-04-26. DOI:10.1007/s43545-022-00393-w
Abstract
"Most countries still have a significant gender gap in labor force participation, and this gap is especially large for immigrants. Despite this gap, Germany introduced various forms of home care allowances in the last decade. Parallel to the extension of early child care and the inclusion of a legal claim for it, from 2013 to 2015, a nationwide home care allowance existed for parents who did not use public child care for children aged one or two years. After 2015, home care allowances continued to exist in several German federal states. Some politicians strongly criticized this transfer for allegedly decreasing work incentives, particularly for mothers with lower labor market integration, such as immigrant mothers. Using federal state differentiated data obtained from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we investigate the impact of a home care allowance on the labor market participation of mothers. For both native-born and especially immigrant mothers, the effects are significantly negative. We conclude that a home care allowance has negative effects on the labor force participation of mothers of young children, irrespective of the legal claim for and the extension of public child care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Job Satisfaction and Women's Timing of Return to Work after Childbirth in the UK (2022)
Zitatform
Gumy, Julia M., Anke C. Plagnol & Agnieszka Piasna (2022): Job Satisfaction and Women's Timing of Return to Work after Childbirth in the UK. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 345-375. DOI:10.1177/07308884221087988
Abstract
"This article examines to what extent multiple facets of pre-childbirth job satisfaction affect women's labor market outcomes after first childbirth in the UK. Using the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) we find that higher levels of overall job satisfaction increase the probability of returning to work sooner, and to the same job, during the sample period. Satisfaction with job security, work hours and the work content - but not with pay – are important determinants of mothers’ employment choices. We discuss the role of job satisfaction on women's ability to combine work and family responsibilities, and related aspects of job quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic (2022)
Zitatform
Hansen, Benjamin, Joseph J. Sabia & Jessamyn Schaller (2022): Schools, Job Flexibility, and Married Women's Labor Supply: Evidence From the COVID-19 Pandemic. (NBER working paper 29660), Cambridge, Mass, 33 S. DOI:10.3386/w29660
Abstract
"This study explores the effect of school reopenings during the COVID-19 pandemic on married women's labor supply. We proxy for in-person attendance at US K-12 schools using smartphone data from Safegraph and measure female employment, hours, and remote work using the Current Population Survey. Difference-in-differences estimates show that K-12 reopenings are associated with significant increases in employment and hours among married women with school-aged children, with no measurable effects on labor supply in comparison groups. Employment effects of school reopenings are concentrated among mothers of older school-aged children, while remote work may mitigate effects for mothers of younger children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wiedereinstieg mit Hindernissen – die Teilhabe von Frauen* mit Behinderung oder chronischer Erkrankung an Arbeit (2022)
Zitatform
Jungwirth, Ingrid & Marziyeh Bakhshizadeh (2022): Wiedereinstieg mit Hindernissen – die Teilhabe von Frauen* mit Behinderung oder chronischer Erkrankung an Arbeit. In: Gender, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 118-133. DOI:10.3224/gender.v14i2.09
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag untersucht den Wiedereinstieg von Frauen* mit Behinderung oder chronischer Erkrankung nach einer Unterbrechung als zentralen Übergang in der beruflichen Laufbahn in Zusammenhang mit dem gesamten Berufs- und Lebensverlauf. Die weit unterdurchschnittliche Teilhabe von Frauen* mit Behinderung an Erwerbsarbeit weist auf die Relevanz weitergehender Erkenntnisse hin. Wir verbinden das soziale Modell von Behinderung aus den Disability Studies mit einem geschlechtersoziologischen Ansatz der Soziologie des Lebenslaufs. Mit einem erweiterten Begriff von Arbeit, der Care-Arbeit und Arbeit, die mit einer Behinderung erforderlich wird, einbezieht, analysieren wir, wie sich Familienzyklus und Behinderungszyklus auf die berufliche Laufbahn auswirken. Mit diesem erweiterten Arbeitsbegriff können wir in der Pilotstudie auf der Grundlage von qualitativen Expert*inneninterviews in Beratungsstellen in einer ländlichen Region zeigen, dass u. a. fehlende Kapazitäten und Ressourcen sowie kumulative Benachteiligungen aufgrund von Geschlecht und Behinderung zu Berufsunterbrechungen bei Frauen* mit Behinderung führten. Weitere Forschung zu den Erfahrungen von Frauen* mit Behinderung selbst sollte sich Bildungsungleichheiten sowie Differenzen aufgrund von Behinderung und Alter widmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Parental Leave Benefits and Child Penalties (2022)
Zitatform
Waights, Sevrin (2022): Parental Leave Benefits and Child Penalties. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2016), Berlin, 45 S.
Abstract
"I use the universe of tax returns in Germany and a regression kink design to estimate the impact of the benefit amount available to high-earning women after their first childbirth on subsequent within-couple earnings inequality. Lower benefit amounts result in a reduced earnings gap that persists beyond the benefit period for at least nine years after the birth. The longer-term impacts are driven by couples where the mother earned more than the father pre-birth. Simulations suggest it would take a 50% reduction in the benefit amount to completely eliminate long-run child penalties for sample couples. Lower benefits also reduce take-up of paid leave by mothers, lower the chances of having further children, and have no impact on marital stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Promovieren mit Kind: Welche Rolle spielen Promotionskontexte für eine erfolgreiche Vereinbarkeit von familialen und beruflichen Anforderungen in der Promotionsphase? (2021)
Zitatform
Brandt, Gesche, Kolja Briedis & Ulrike Schwabe (2021): Promovieren mit Kind: Welche Rolle spielen Promotionskontexte für eine erfolgreiche Vereinbarkeit von familialen und beruflichen Anforderungen in der Promotionsphase? In: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 43, H. 3, S. 1-30.
Abstract
"Vor dem Hintergrund der Etablierung von Personalentwicklungsstrategien an Hochschulen ist die Vereinbarkeit von Privat- und Erwerbsleben in den vergangenen Jahren ein wichtiges Thema im Berufsfeld Wissenschaft geworden. Mit Daten der National Academics Panel Study werden erstmals die Bedingungen für Elternschaft während der Promotionsphase in verschiedenen Promotionskontexten in den Blick genommen. Im Zentrum der Analysen steht ein schrittweises Regressionsmodell zu den Determinanten der Zufriedenheit mit der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Arbeit promovierender Eltern. Diese ist bei Müttern geringer als bei Vätern und variiert sowohl zwischen Promotionsfächern als auch -formen. Eine als gut eingeschätzte Promotionsbetreuung in Form von Betreuungsstabilität und emotionaler Unterstützung erweist sich als besonders bedeutsam. Die Analysen zeigen somit Handlungsspielräume auf, in denen hochschulische Maßnahmen zur Förderung von Familienfreundlichkeit verortet werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)