Zitatform

Henning, Georg, Boo Johansson, Magnus Lindwall & Oliver Huxhold (2022): Retirement Adjustment in Germany From 1996 to 2014. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 8, H. 3, S. 304-321. DOI:10.1093/workar/waab027

Abstract

"The context of retirement has changed over the last decades, but there is little knowledge on whether the quality of retirement adjustment has changed as well. Changes in retirement regulations and historical differences in resources may affect the quality of adjustment and increase inequalities between different socioeconomic groups. In the present study, we investigated historical differences in retirement adjustment by comparing cross-sectional samples of retirees from 1996, 2002, 2008, and 2014, based on the population-based German Ageing Survey. Adjustment was measured with three different indicators (perceived change in life after retirement, retirement satisfaction, adjustment difficulties). Retirement satisfaction was higher in later samples, but for the other two outcomes, there was no evidence for systematic increases or decreases in levels of retirement adjustment with historical time over the studied period. White-collar workers reported better adjustment than blue-collar workers did, and for two of three outcomes, this effect was stable over time. The white-collar workers’ advantage concerning retirement satisfaction, however, increased. We conclude that in Germany, at least for those who retire within the usual time window, adjustment quality has not changed systematically over the examined 18-year period. We only found mixed evidence for a growing social inequality in the retirement adjustment. However, as individual agency in choosing one’s retirement timing and pathway is increasingly restricted, social inequalities in well-being before retirement may increase." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lorenz, Svenja, Thomas Zwick & Mona Bruns (2022): Beware of the employer: Financial incentives for employees may fail to prolong old-age employment. In: The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Jg. 21. DOI:10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100363

Abstract

"We show that a stepwise increase in the normal retirement age (NRA) by up to five years and the introduction of actuarial pension deductions for retirement before NRA was ineffective in prolonging employment of older men after early retirement age. We argue that the ineffectiveness of the German pension reform resulted from a change in employer behavior that was mainly induced by a recession during the implementation period of the pension reform. Employers seem to have nudged their employees to use a bridge option that was introduced with the pension reform (partial retirement) or a traditional bridge option (unemployment). These bridge options allowed an early retirement age (ERA) of 60 instead of the only alternative early retirement option with an ERA of 63. Bridge options therefore offered employers an opportunity to terminate employment considerably earlier and exert more influence over the employment exit age. We argue that without a change in employer behavior, neither using one of the bridge options nor the earlier employment exit would have been utility maximizing for the individuals affected by the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

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Myllyntausta, Saana, Marianna Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, Mika Kivimäki, Jussi Vahtera & Sari Stenholm (2022): Why do men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women? a cohort study. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 599-608. DOI:10.1007/s10433-021-00663-1

Abstract

"Men extend their employment beyond pensionable age more often than women, but the factors that contribute to this sex difference are unknown. This study aimed to examine sex differences in extending employment and the contribution of sociodemographic, work- and health-related factors to these differences. Participants of this prospective cohort study were 4,263 public sector employees from Finland who reached their individual pensionable date between 2014 and 2019 and responded to a survey on work- and non-work-related issues before that date. Extended employment was defined as continuing working for over six months beyond the individual pensionable date. We used mediation analysis to examine the contribution of explanatory factors to the association between sex and extended employment. Of the participants, 29% extended employment beyond the pensionable date. Men had a 1.29-fold (95% confidence interval 1.11–1.49) higher probability of extending employment compared with women. Men had a higher prevalence of factors that increase the likelihood of extended employment than women (such as spouse working full-time, no part-time retirement, low job strain, high work time control, and lack of pain) and this mediated the association of sex with extended employment by up to 83%. In conclusion, men were more likely to extend their employment beyond pensionable age than women. This difference was largely explained by men being more likely to have a full-time working spouse, low job strain, high work time control, no pain, and not being on part-time retirement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Toczek, Lisa, Hans Bosma & Richard Peter (2022): Early retirement intentions: the impact of employment biographies, work stress and health among a baby-boomer generation. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 19, H. 4, S. 1479-1491. DOI:10.1007/s10433-022-00731-0

Abstract

"In recent years, early retirement decisions have become more frequent in the European Union despite political efforts to prevent early retirement. This is a growing problem for the social security system. The study focuses on a life course approach using employment biographies and investigates the influence of work stress and health on early retirement intentions. Data of employees who were born in either 1959 or 1965 of the German cohort study on work, age, health and work participation are analysed (n = 3338). By linking survey and register data from 1993 to 2011, a sequence analysis is conducted to identify employment biographies. To analyse the relationship between the employment biographies and intended early retirement, a longitudinal path analysis is computed and includes work stress, measured through effort-reward imbalance, and self-rated health. The statistical analyses identify three adverse employment biographies, i.e. part-time work, episodes of unemployment or marginal employment. In addition, two favourable employment biographies are determined, characterised by full-time work and few episodes of unemployment. The results of the path analysis show that employment biographies with high work-related stress have early retirement intentions. Among adverse employment biographies, indirect effects of poor health on the association between work stress and early retirement intentions are found. Unexpectedly, among full-time workers, work stress is also associated with early retirement intentions with an additional mediation through health. The findings of this study highlight the importance of the life course perspective when analysing retirement decisions. In addition to health-promoting interventions in the labour market, effects of psychosocial factors should be focussed on in order to reduce early exits from the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zwick, Thomas, Mona Bruns, Johannes Geyer & Svenja Lorenz (2022): Early retirement of employees in demanding jobs: Evidence from a German pension reform. In: The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, Jg. 22. DOI:10.1016/j.jeoa.2022.100387

Abstract

"Early retirement options are usually targeted at employees at risk of not reaching their regular retirement age in employment. An important at-risk group comprises older employees who have worked in demanding jobs for many years. This group may be particularly negatively affected by the abolition of early retirement options. To measure differences in labor market reactions of employees in low- and high-demand jobs, we exploit the quasinatural experiment of a cohort-specific pension reform that increased the early retirement age for women from 60 to 63 years. Based on a large administrative dataset, we use a regression-discontinuity approach to estimate the labor market reactions. Surprisingly, we find the same relative employment increase of about 25% for treated women who were exposed to low and to high job demand. For older women in demanding jobs, we also do not find substitution effects into unemployment, partial retirement, disability pension, or inactivity. Eligibility for the abolished early retirement option required high labor market attachment. Thus, we argue that this eligibility rule induced a positive selection of healthy workers into early retirement. We propose alternative policies that protect workers exposed to high job demand better against the negative consequences of being unable to reach their statutory retirement age in employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Elsevier) ((en))

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Schmidthuber, Lisa, Charlotte Fechter, Heike Schröder & Moritz Hess (2021): Active ageing policies and delaying retirement: comparing work-retirement transitions in Austria and Germany. In: Journal of international and comparative social policy, Jg. 37, H. 2, S. 176-193. DOI:10.1017/ics.2021.1

Abstract

"We investigate how labour market and pension measures associated with active ageing influence retirement behaviour in Austria and Germany. We focus on two conservative welfare states and evaluate how individuals respond to comparable pension scheme changes. Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, findings point to increasing average actual retirement ages in both countries. Early retirement becomes less important while working until pension age has gained in significance. In particular, findings point towards greater de-standardisation of retirement transitions, though to a different extent across the two countries. Whereas gender differences are still prevalent in Austria, in line with traditional conservative welfare state characteristics, we find that Germany exhibits lower gender differences, but instead displays stronger inequalities between education groups. We argue that social risks emerge in Germany that are usually found in liberal welfare states. We suggest that this trend is reinforced by retirement policies that focus on “pushing” individuals out of employment. This study contributes to the understanding of how individuals respond to national policy incentives when making retirement transitions." (Author's abstract, © Cambridge University Press) ((en))

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Schrader, Rebecca (2021): The causal effect of partial retirement on older workers' labor force participation. (BGPE discussion paper 215), Nürnberg, 54 S.

Abstract

"In this study, I investigate the effect of partial retirement at the firm level on older workers' labor participation. Thereby, I contribute to the controversial debate about the effects of partial retirement. Using detailed administrative employer-employee data from Germany, I exploit the introduction of partial retirement options in Germany related to the law on PR of 1996 within a difference-in-differences framework. My results show that older workers' labor participation responds to the introduction of partial retirement and reveals substantial effect heterogeneities with regard to the specific partial retirement arrangement. Overall, I find evidence that partial retirement has the potential to extend older Workers' labor participation and thereby to serve as an instrument to lower the financial burden of governments struggling with the economic costs of demographic aging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Naegele, Gerhard & Moritz Hess (Hrsg.) (2020): Alte und neue soziale Ungleichheiten bei Berufsaufgabe und Rentenübergang. Ergebnisse des EXTEND-Projektes. (Dortmunder Beiträge zur Sozialforschung), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 253 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-31663-1

Abstract

"In diesem Sammelband befassen sich die Autor*innen mit sozialen Ungleichheiten im Verrentungsgeschehen in 5 Ländern mit besonderem Fokus auf Deutschland. Berichtet werden eigene, z.T. empirische Forschungsergebnisse aus dem EXTEND-Projekt (Social inequalities in extending working lives) zu institutionellen Veränderungen in den Arbeitsmarkt- und Rentenpolitiken und Auswirkungen auf Verrentungsentscheidungen und -praktiken, Beschäftigungssituationen älterer Arbeitnehmer*innen, Einfluss von Gesundheit auf Lebensqualität in der vor- und nachberuflichen Lebensphase, Vereinbarkeit von Arbeit und Pflege, Arbeitsbedingungen im professionellen Altenpflegesektor, Good Practices und Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen, Empfehlungen für Politik und betriebliche Praxis." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zanasi, Francesca, Inge Sieben & Wilfred Uunk (2020): Work history, economic resources, and women's labour market withdrawal after the birth of the first grandchild. In: European Journal of Ageing, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 109-118. DOI:10.1007/s10433-019-00525-x

Abstract

"Typically, grandmothers are actively involved in the lives of their grandchildren, most frequently as care providers. At the same time, these individuals become grandparents while still employed. These two roles - of active grandparent and worker - might conflict, since both demand time and energy. This study examines whether the birth of the first grandchild leads to labour market withdrawal for women, and whether there are differences between grandmothers according to their work history and household economic resources. We considered the work history of women both as a measure of work–family preferences and a source of opportunities and constraints to labour market behaviour later in life. Our analyses of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) 2002–2017 using hybrid logistic models show that the probability of labour market withdrawal increases after the birth of the first grandchild. Women who had continuous working careers, or short employment interruptions, were more likely to withdraw from the labour market after the birth of the first grandchild than their counterparts with non-continuous careers, as well as women living in wealthy households. The explanation lies in the lower opportunity cost these women encounter in withdrawing from the labour market. Our findings relate to policies aimed at increasing retirement ages all over Europe, advocating that these measures could conflict with grandmothers' involvement in their grandchildren's lives." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geyer, Johannes, Hermann Buslei, Patricia Gallego-Granados & Peter Haan (2019): Anstieg der Altersarmut in Deutschland. Wie wirken verschiedene Rentenreformen? Gütersloh, 146 S. DOI:10.11586/2019050

Abstract

"Wie wird sich die Altersarmut bis 2050 entwickeln? Welche Gruppen werden besonders stark betroffen sein? Wie könnten aktuell diskutierte Reformkonzepte wie die Altersvorsorgepflicht für Selbstständige, eine längerfristige Untergrenze für das Rentenniveau in Höhe von 48 Prozent bis 2050, das Reformkonzept zur Grundrente aus dem Koalitionsvertrag von 2018 oder in der Fassung von Bundesarbeitsminister Hubertus Heil und eine erweiterte Grundsicherung diese Entwicklung beeinflussen? Welche zukünftige Kosten verursachen diese Reformmaßnahmen? Diese Fragen hat ein Forscherteam um Dr. Johannes Geyer vom DIW Berlin anhand von Simulationsrechnungen auf Basis repräsentativer Haushaltsdaten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels im Auftrag der Bertelsmann Stiftung näher untersucht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lakomý, Martin (2019): The effects of prolonged working life on subjective quality of life across Europe. In: Social science research, Jg. 82, H. August, S. 33-44. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.04.011

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Messe, Pierre-Jean & François-Charles Wolff (2019): Healthier when retiring earlier? Evidence from France. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 51, H. 47, S. 5122-5143. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2019.1610710

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Phillipson, Chris (2019): 'Fuller' or 'extended' working lives? Critical perspectives on changing transitions from work to retirement. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 629-650. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X18000016

Abstract

"Research on older workers and retirement has yet to adjust fully to an environment influenced by a combination of demographic change, technological developments and economic recession. A key dimension to the changing relationship between ageing and work is the tension between policies to extend working life and the increasingly fragmented nature of late working life, with the emergence of varied transitions, including: bridge employment, second/third careers, part-time working, early retirement and other variations. These developments indicate both the challenge of conceptualising new forms of work-ending, and - in policy terms - the extent to which these can successfully accommodate longer working lives. The paper provides a critical perspective to the policy of extending working life and the narrative which underpins this approach. The paper argues that retirement has become a 'contested' institution in the 21st century, fragmented across different pathways and transitions affecting people in their fifties and sixties. The paper argues the case for improving work quality and security as a precondition for supporting policies for encouraging working in later life. An essential requirement for this will include linking debates on extending working life with technological developments and changes affecting the workplace, creating differentiated paths to retirement and labour force exit, enhancing the provision of training and continuing education, and re-thinking the idea of the 'older worker'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pöschko, Heidemarie & Katharina Wurzer (2019): Kurzbericht: Zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Pension. In: WISO, Jg. 42, H. 2, S. 91-100.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt Einblick in Ergebnisse der Forschungsarbeit 'Frauen zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Pension - Perspektiven von Frauen für den dritten Lebensabschnitt' (2017). Die Autorinnen gehen zuerst auf die Erwerbsquote älterer Frauen in der EU ein und beleuchten anschließend Praxisbeispiele wie die Altersteilzeit in Österreich sowie das Konzept 'Age Diversity' in Deutschland. Motive für die Erwerbsarbeit im Alter und das Modell des Pensionssplittings folgen. Eine Zusammenfassung und ein Ausblick schließen den Beitrag ab." (Textauszug, © ISW-Linz)

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Bellmann, Lutz, Sebastian Brandl, Sandra Dummert, Peter Guggemos, Ute Leber & Ingo Matuschek (2018): Altern in Betrieb. Alterung und Alter(n)smanagement in kleineren und mittleren Unternehmen. Vom Einzelfall zur professionalisierten Systematik. (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Study 393), Düsseldorf, 376 S.

Abstract

"Debatte und empirische Erkenntnisse zum betrieblichen Umgang mit der alternden Erwerbsbevölkerung sind disparat. Die Ergebnisse des Projekts 'Einstellung und (Weiter)Beschäftigung Älterer in der Chemischen Industrie' zeigen, das einzelfallorientierte Problemlösungen vor systemisch-professionalisierten Ansätzen (noch) dominieren. Professionalisierung verläuft durchaus unstet. Positiv wirken Informationen, Vernetzung, Weiterbildung zu Demografie-Instrumenten und eine systemisch-proaktive Personalentwicklung. Demografie- bzw. Lebensphasentarifverträge rahmen, brauchen aber eigene Bottom-up-Prozesse in den Betrieben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Brinch, Christian N., Dennis Fredriksen & Ola L. Vestad (2018): Life expectancy and claiming behavior in a flexible pension system. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 4, S. 979-1010. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12271

Abstract

"We study the relationship between early claiming of pensions and incentives in the highly flexible Norwegian public pension system, measuring incentives to claim based on an estimated model for expected longevity. Despite a strong correlation between incentives and claiming decisions, the additional costs to public budgets arising from this selection turn out to be modest. Based on analyses exploiting only variation in expected pensions generated by variation in parental longevities and only claiming of pensions not in conjunction with retirement, we conclude that part of the selection is active: some individuals claim pensions early because they gain from doing so." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Brussig, Martin (2018): Verlängerte Erwerbsbiografien: Triebkräfte, Grenzen, soziale Ungleichheiten. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 12-19. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2018-1-12

Abstract

"Die Alterserwerbsbeteiligung in Deutschland hat in den letzten Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Ein wesentlicher Grund hierfür sind Renten- und Arbeitsmarktreformen, die die Möglichkeiten zur Frühverrentung und zum Vorruhestand stark eingeschränkt haben. Doch die Chancen, die Regelaltersgrenze aus einer Beschäftigung zu erreichen, sind ungleich verteilt. Arbeitsbelastungen, Arbeitslosigkeit und Krankheit sind die zentralen Risikofaktoren, die einer Verlängerung der Erwerbsphasen entgegenstehen. Der Wegfall der Frühverrentungsmöglichkeiten lässt diese Risikofaktoren schärfer als bisher sichtbar werden. Der Autor untersucht, welche arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitischen Anforderungen erfüllt werden sollten, um unerwünschten Folgen entgegenzuwirken. Er plädiert für einen Dreiklang von Prävention, Rehabilitation und sozialer Sicherung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bäcker, Gerhard (2018): Wann und Wie in den Ruhestand? Altersübergänge im Umbruch. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 67, H. 11/12, S. 997-1015. DOI:10.3790/sfo.67.11-12.997

Abstract

"Der Beitrag skizziert die zukünftig zu erwartenden Umbrüche bei den Altersübergängen. Im Mittelpunkt der Analyse steht dabei die Debatte um eine weitere Heraufsetzung der Regelaltersgrenze in den Jahren nach 2030, die vor dem Hintergrund der demografisch bedingten Finanzierungsbelastungen der Alterssicherungssysteme geführt wird. Fraglich ist, ob eine pauschale, undifferenzierte Verschiebung der Altersgrenzen sozial verantwortbar ist. Wenn davon auszugehen ist, dass der Anstieg der Lebenserwartung sozial selektiv ausfällt und dass es keinen Gleichschritt mit der Entwicklung der gesundheitlichen und beruflichen Leistungsfähigkeit gibt, dann wird ein relevanter Teil der Beschäftigten nicht bis zum Erreichen der Regelaltersgrenze erwerbstätig sein können. Diskutiert wird, ob andere rentenrechtliche Regelungen wie die Bewilligung von Erwerbsminderungsrenten, flexible und gleitende Altersübergänge zu einer Problemlösung führen können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Börsch-Supan, Axel, Klaus Härtl & Duarte N. Leite (2018): Earnings test, non-actuarial adjustments and flexible retirement. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 173, H. December, S. 78-83. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.09.020

Abstract

"In response to the challenges of increasing longevity, many countries have introduced 'flexibility reforms' for their public pension systems. A key measure of these reforms is the abolishment of earnings tests. It is claimed that these reforms increase labor supply and therefore the financial sustainability of pension systems. We build a simulation model to show that abolishing an earnings test may indeed create more labor supply but simultaneously reduce the average claiming age when adjustments remain less than actuarial, as is the case in most European pension systems. Flexibility reforms may therefore worsen rather than improve the sustainability of public pension systems." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Holtemöller, Oliver, Christoph Schult & Götz Zeddies (2018): Zu den rentenpolitischen Plänen im Koalitionsvertrag 2018 von CDU, CSU und SPD. Konsequenzen, Finanzierungsoptionen und Reformbedarf. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2018,05), Halle, 15 S.

Abstract

"Im Koalitionsvertrag von CDU, CSU und SPD vom 7. Februar 2018 formuliert die neue Bundesregierung ihre rentenpolitischen Ziele. Diese sind vor dem Hintergrund der Bevölkerungsdynamik in Deutschland zu sehen. Ab dem Jahr 2020 wird sich die Altersstruktur der deutschen Bevölkerung deutlich verändern. In diesem Beitrag werden Simulationsrechnungen zu den Konsequenzen der rentenpolitischen Maßnahmen aus dem Koalitionsvertrag für die Finanzierung der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung mit Hilfe eines Simulationsmodells dargestellt. Die im Koalitionsvertrag vorgesehenen Leistungsausweitungen verursachen langfristig Kosten in Höhe von etwa 2 1/2 Prozentpunkten beim Beitragssatz zur gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Es werden ferner Maßnahmen - auch im Vergleich zu den Rentensystemen anderer Länder - diskutiert, mit denen der Anstieg des Beitragssatzes begrenzt werden könnte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)