Aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik im internationalen Vergleich
"Aktivierung" als zentrales Prinzip der Leistungsgewährung für Langzeitarbeitslose bzw. erwerbsfähige Sozialhilfeempfänger wurde in Deutschland mit der sogenannten "Hartz IV-Reform" eingeführt. Dänemark, Schweden, die Niederlande und Großbritannien haben diesen Schritt bereits früher vollzogen. Dieses Themendossier bietet Literatur zur Ausgestaltung dieser Programme, zu den Zugängen und ihren Effekten auf die Erwerbsintegration und den Abgang aus dem Leistungsbezug.
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Literaturhinweis
What do NEETs need? The overall effect of active and passive labor market policies (2025)
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Filippucci, Francesco (2025): What do NEETs need? The overall effect of active and passive labor market policies. (Paris-Jourdan Science Economiques. Working paper 2022-04), Paris, 35 S.
Abstract
"The overall effect of active and passive labor market policies is pivotal to motivate programs combining the two components. This paper evaluates a flagship French program for disadvantaged youth Not in Employment Education or Training (NEETs) that combines a year of cash transfers and activation policies. The results show a positive total effect of the program on employment (+21 percentage points, +64% relative to control in LATE terms) emerging after program termination. The analysis of mechanisms suggests a negative effect of the cash transfer component on employment and lock-in from training, compensated by a positive effect of activation policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Work inclusion of marginalized groups in a troubled city district - How can active labor market policies improve? (2025)
Frøyland, Kjetil ; Bull, Helen ; Lystad, June Ullevoldsæter ; Spjelkavik, Øystein ; Skarpaas, Lisebet Skeie ; Berget, Gerd ;Zitatform
Frøyland, Kjetil, Helen Bull, Lisebet Skeie Skarpaas, Gerd Berget, Øystein Spjelkavik & June Ullevoldsæter Lystad (2025): Work inclusion of marginalized groups in a troubled city district - How can active labor market policies improve? In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 588-601. DOI:10.1111/spol.13058
Abstract
"Active labor market policies (ALMP) have faced challenges in integrating marginalised groups into the workforce. This study explores perceptions among managers and frontline workers on enhancing work inclusion for neurodiverse citizens, marginalized youth, and individuals suffering from mental health or substance use disorders in a troubled city district. An examination of dialogue conferences and group interviews uncovers problems with current practises, attitudes, and service organisation. The proposed local solutions primarily include improved coordination of support and services, as well as enhanced competence within these services. Our results indicate that co-creation at the system, organization, and individual levels, coupled with expanded knowledge translation, can mobilise local actors to create new or adopt existing knowledge-based strategies. Therefore, local co-creation presents a potential for developing local inclusion strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(in) Accuracy in Algorithmic Profiling of the Unemployed – An Exploratory Review of Reporting Standards (2025)
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Gallagher, Patrick & Ray Griffin (2025): (in) Accuracy in Algorithmic Profiling of the Unemployed – An Exploratory Review of Reporting Standards. In: Social Policy and Society, Jg. 24, H. 3, S. 401-414. DOI:10.1017/S1474746423000428
Abstract
"Public Employment Services (PES) increasingly use automated statistical profiling algorithms (ASPAs) to ration expensive active labour market policy (ALMP) interventions to those they predict at risk of becoming long-term unemployed (LTU). Strikingly, despite the critical role played by ASPAs in the operation of public policy, we know very little about how the technology works, particularly how accurate predictions from ASPAs are. As a vital first step in assessing the operational effectiveness and social impact of ASPAs, we review the method of reporting accuracy. We demonstrate that the current method of reporting a single measure for accuracy (usually a percentage) inflates the capabilities of the technology in a peculiar way. ASPAs tend towards high false positive rates, and so falsely identify those who prove to be frictionally unemployed as likely to be LTU. This has important implications for the effectiveness of spending on ALMPs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The post-socialist neoliberal agenda through the prism of Europeanization in social and labour market policy (2025)
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Guardiancich, Igor & Eugenio Borgognoni (2025): The post-socialist neoliberal agenda through the prism of Europeanization in social and labour market policy. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 471-485. DOI:10.1177/09589287251331577
Abstract
"In post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), the European Commission acted as an advocate of social and labour market policy change, promoting an almost ideal-typical neoliberal agenda, whose central tenets were fiscal sustainability in pensions and internal devaluation in wage setting. Related country-specific recommendations and their routine reviews, however, show not only the Commission’s preferences in the two policy fields, but also its perception of the liberal credentials of the targeted countries. Exploiting such a methodological innovation, the article investigates the extent and reasons for the variation in the EU’s recommendations and evaluations. These reveal that whereas in wage setting deregulation and decentralization predominate, CEE pension systems, despite rounds of avantgardist reforms, are replete with inherited path-dependent elements; the divergence possibly explained by the power resources of those interest groups defending the socialist or early transition status quo. The considerable consistency across countries at the level of individual policy fields, coupled with variation in the adherence to neoliberal principles, neatly dovetails with the literature that emphasizes capitalist and/or welfare regime diversity within a circumscribed liberal-oriented range." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Dichotomous Analysis of Unemployment Benefits (2025)
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Hu, Xingwei (2025): A Dichotomous Analysis of Unemployment Benefits. In: Games, Jg. 16, H. 6. DOI:10.3390/g16060066
Abstract
"This paper introduces a novel framework for designing fair and sustainable unemployment benefits, grounded in cooperative game theory and real-time fiscal policy. The labor market is modeled as a coalitional game, where a random subset of participants is employed, generating stochastic economic output. To ensure fairness, we adopt equal employment opportunity as a normative benchmark and propose a dichotomous valuation rule that assigns value to both employed and unemployed participants. Within a continuous-time, balanced budget framework, we derive a closed-form payroll tax rate that is fair, debt-free, and asymptotically risk-free. This tax rule is robust across alternative objectives and promotes employment, productivity, and equality of outcome. The framework naturally extends to other domains involving random bipartitions and shared payoffs, such as voting rights, health insurance, road tolling, and feature selection in machine learning. Our approach offers a transparent, theoretically grounded policy tool for reducing poverty and economic inequality while maintaining fiscal discipline." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Profiles Among Women Without a Paid Job and Social Benefits: An Intersectional Perspective Using Dutch Population Register Data (2025)
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Kröner, Lea, Deni Mazrekaj, Tanja van der Lippe & Anne‐Rigt Poortman (2025): Profiles Among Women Without a Paid Job and Social Benefits: An Intersectional Perspective Using Dutch Population Register Data. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 5, S. 717-728. DOI:10.1111/spol.13080
Abstract
"Despite their potential vulnerability and untapped work potential, research on the group of women without a paid job and social benefits is limited. This study is the first to identify profiles among women in this group based on their intersecting economic, sociodemographic and contextual characteristics. A cluster analysis conducted on Dutch population register data from 2019 challenges previous research that lumped women without a paid job and social benefits into a single group. Rather, we reveal three distinct profiles: ‘Dutch empty nesters (i.e., mothers with adult children) in affluent households’, ‘Migrant women in urban living areas’ and ‘Dutch, educated mothers with affluent partners’. The identification of these three profiles can mark a significant step in developing tailored active labour market policies for women without a paid job and social benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Monetary work-incentives within the Austrian tax and benefit system (2025)
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Kucsera, Dénes, Hanno Lorenz & Wolfgang Nagl (2025): Monetary work-incentives within the Austrian tax and benefit system. In: Empirica, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 39-62. DOI:10.1007/s10663-024-09632-0
Abstract
"This paper analyses incentives to take up work or to increase working hours within the Austrian tax and benefit system. We analyze the monetary work incentives for a variety of family constellations (singles, single parents, families with children) with different incomes from dependent employment, when receiving unemployment benefits, and in the system of means-tested minimum income. Moreover, the effect of different earning ceilings (childcare and unemployment) and childcare costs is additionally investigated. Insufficient and, therefore, privately provided childcare is viewed as a missing component of the benefit system. The Austrian tax and benefit system is designed to be incentive-compatible for singles. Only marginal employment without deductions in the event of unemployment creates a negative incentive to expand employment beyond this extent. However, raising children creates negative monetary incentives. On the one hand, through the upper limits on additional earnings during times of childcare allowance, but especially when childcare costs arise." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do Financial Incentives for Training and Caseworker Meetings Enhance Re-employment? (2025)
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Kyyrä, Tomi & Jouko Verho (2025): Do Financial Incentives for Training and Caseworker Meetings Enhance Re-employment? (VATT working papers / Valtion Taloudellinen Tutkimuskeskus (Helsinki) 175), Helsinki, 39 S.
Abstract
"In 2005, displaced workers in Finland with at least three years of work history were given the option to enroll in a Re-employment Program. Participants met with a caseworker at the beginning of their unemployment and drafted an employment plan. In return, they became eligible for higher benefits for four weeks, as well as for the duration of individually targeted training programs specified in their plan. The program aimed to provide early counseling, encourage participation in labor market training, and improve matches between training programs and job seekers. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we show that the program increased caseworker meetings and participation in training programs but had no effect on unemployment duration in the short run or employment in the longer run. The effect on training participation was particularly strong for men, older workers and low-skilled workers, yet unemployment and employment effects were equally disappointing across all subgroups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Iterations of work inclusion beyond the standard service: Personalized welfare services in the era of activation and innovation (2025)
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Lundberg, Kjetil G., Suzan M. Skjold, Arnhild Melve & Astrid O. Sundsbø (2025): Iterations of work inclusion beyond the standard service. Personalized welfare services in the era of activation and innovation. In: Journal of Comparative Social Work, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 63-88. DOI:10.31265/jcsw.v19i2.663
Abstract
"Employment services are repeatedly criticised for building barriers to service user participation and decent employment due to combinations of conditionality, bureaucratic logics, high caseloads and scarce resources. However, a range of newer service approaches recognise some of these shortcomings, and aim for personalization, service coordination, and/or increased connection to employers. In this article, we compare four programmes and their key worker roles, implemented in Norwegian postreform welfare and employment services (NAV) in the 2010s, as iterations of work inclusion beyond the standard follow-up service. These approaches are sensitive to gaps in the current service system, and they invest in the relationship between the professional worker and the service user, working both within and beyond social work approaches. Situated in the broader research literature on activation, personalisation and street-level organizations, we provide an analysis of how these approaches go beyond “business as usual” through strengthened key worker roles. We argue that the relational work approach adopted in these measures has the potential to foster the participation of service users, and to smoothen and sometimes tone down the conditional aspects of services, but that different organisational demands and accountability mechanisms produce a different space of action for key workers and users to shape the path towards labour and social inclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Two faces of activation attitudes. Explaining citizens' diverging views on demanding versus enabling activation policies (2025)
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Meuleman, Bart, Arno Van Hootegem, Federica Rossetti & Koen Abts (2025): Two faces of activation attitudes. Explaining citizens' diverging views on demanding versus enabling activation policies. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 174-191. DOI:10.1111/spol.13055
Abstract
"This study examines public attitudes towards two types of ALMPs: enabling activation, which prioritises training, skill formation, and human capital improvement; and demanding activation, which involves leading people towards employment through sanctions and benefit cuts. While previous research has predominantly focused on demanding activation, this study is the first to compare public support for the two distinct faces of activation. Analyzing data from the 2020 Belgian National Elections Study, we examine the role of self-interest, political ideology, social justice preferences, and stereotypical images towards the unemployed in explaining both types of activation attitudes. We find that attitudes towards enabling and demanding activation policies are clearly distinct in their measurement and driving forces. While the enabling type appeals especially to the principle of equality and positive attitudes towards the unemployed, support for demanding ALMPs is based on the principle of equity and stereotypical views about the jobless." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Comparative assessment of activation requirements for unemployment and minimum income benefit recipients (2025)
Mroczka, Joanna; Chen, Eddie; Pacifico, Daniele;Zitatform
Mroczka, Joanna, Daniele Pacifico & Eddie Chen (2025): Comparative assessment of activation requirements for unemployment and minimum income benefit recipients. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 329), Paris, 68 S. DOI:10.1787/86ec18af-en
Abstract
"This paper updates previous OECD work on the strictness of activation requirements for benefit recipients, a topic central to the mutual obligations framework that underpins modern social safety nets. It covers multiple tiers of income support for jobseekers, including unemployment insurance, unemployment assistance, and minimum income benefits where relevant. By incorporating new data for 2024, it presents detailed information on jobsearch reporting procedures, monitoring mechanisms, definitions of suitable work, and sanction rules across OECD and EU countries. The paper also updates the OECD indicator of strictness of activation requirements. This composite indicator summarises complex national rules into a single, standardised measure that enables consistent monitoring and benchmarking across countries. Together with related OECD databases on benefit levels, work incentives for benefit recipients, and spending on active labour market policies, the updated database and strictness indicator support in-depth, evidence-based assessments of recent changes in income support and activation policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What the street level can teach us about the social investment state – Insights from encounters between caseworkers and vulnerable unemployed clients in Denmark (2025)
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Nielsen, Mathias Herup (2025): What the street level can teach us about the social investment state – Insights from encounters between caseworkers and vulnerable unemployed clients in Denmark. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 542-553. DOI:10.1177/00016993251349015
Abstract
"This article offers a street-level perspective to the ongoing scholarly discussions over the social investment state. Hitherto, the social investment state literature has been dominated by macro-level studies, while evidence from street-level caseworker–client encounters is very rare. As one of few to provide such evidence, this article analyses how frontline public officials adapt to social investment thinking as they process the cases of some of the most vulnerable people in the Danish society: hard-to-employ unemployed persons in job centres. Based on focus group discussions with 78 public officials of Danish job centers, this article examines what challenges street-level workers face in practice as they are expected to conduct their work in accordance with social investment thinking. It concludes (a) that adding a street-level component to the social investment literature is needed, because it emphasizes the importance of studying ‘how’ social investment policies are delivered; (b) that caseworkers under the canopy of social investment logics face a distinct set of challenges; and (c) that a street-level perspective can shed new light on some of the main assumptions of the social investment literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
"I feel good here": A qualitative study on subsidised employment in a Swedish municipal labour market programme (2025)
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Parsland, Ellen & Gabriella Scaramuzzino (2025): "I feel good here". A qualitative study on subsidised employment in a Swedish municipal labour market programme. In: Journal of Comparative Social Work, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 38-62. DOI:10.31265/jcsw.v19i2.657
Abstract
"The aim of this article is to understand how a group of subsidized employees constructed a collective identity and symbolic community, and the role the municipal labor market programme played in that process. Further, it explores whether and how a shared collective identity and symbolic community may provide an explanation for how the ‘successful intervention/lock-in effect paradox’ occurs when using subsidized employment as an activation intervention. The article is based on a qualitative interview study with eight social workers and 11 subsidized employees from a Swedish municipal labour market program that offered subsidised employment as its main intervention. The interviews were analysed using the concepts of social identity and symbolic community. The article shows that subsidized employment plays a crucial role in subsidised employees constructing their identity as ‘persons with a job’, as distinct from the activation interventions usually associated with social assistance. The labor market programme serves as a transformative space where receiving a salary becomes a symbol of distinction, marking a significant departure from past experiences of receiving social assistance. The article also highlights the role of social workers in subsidised employees’ identity processes. The social workers perceived the subsidised employees as participants with special needs, and subsidiszd employment as an intervention which could influence the planning and support provided during the subsidized employment. The collective identity developed by the participants fostered a sense of community, but also led to reluctance to leave the program, driven by the fear of reverting to social assistance, and once again being excluded from the labor market. The article concludes that the subsidized employees risked getting stuck in a borderland between work exclusion and work inclusion and, therefore, that subsidised employment can potentially place participants in a state of ‘marginalised inclusion’ in the labor market, instead of supporting participants into regular employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing the impact of labour market spendings on unemployment dynamics across demographics in OECD countries (2025)
Shaikh, Osama; Ozturk, Selcen;Zitatform
Shaikh, Osama & Selcen Ozturk (2025): Assessing the impact of labour market spendings on unemployment dynamics across demographics in OECD countries. In: Public sector economics, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 527-562. DOI:10.3326/pse.49.4.2
Abstract
"This study investigates the long-run effects of labour market policies on unemployment dynamics in 36 OECD countries from 2004 to 2022. Derived from second-generation panel methods that address cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity, the results indicate that activation policies without providing employment maintenance incentives are associated with higher unemployment. Institutional and public training expenditures mainly reduce youth unemployment, while minimum income benefits and wages contribute to higher adult and total unemployment, reflecting disincentivising effects and wage rigidities. Rising labour force participation increases measured unemployment by re-engaging marginally attached workers. Robustness checks across sub-periods and welfare-regime clusters reveal heterogeneity, showing that policy effects are context-dependent and time-sensitive rather than uniformly stable. Causality tests confirm two-way interactions between unemployment and labour market policies. These findings underscore the need for nuanced, age-specific strategies that integrate activation measures, targeted training, and carefully calibrated income support to promote inclusive and effective labour markets in advanced economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
(In)visible Sanctions: Micro-level Evidence on Compulsory Activation for Young Welfare Recipients (2025)
Zitatform
Smedsvik, Bård & Roberto Iacono (2025): (In)visible Sanctions: Micro-level Evidence on Compulsory Activation for Young Welfare Recipients. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 54, H. 3, S. 751-771. DOI:10.1017/S0047279423000338
Abstract
"Since the early years of activation and workfare in the 1990s, the use of welfare conditionality and benefit sanctions has been proposed among the necessary solutions to ensure the efficiency of welfare policy by reinforcing individual economic incentives. Using rich administrative registers from Norway, we produce micro-level quantitative evidence on compulsory activation for young recipients of social assistance. The empirical challenge is that activation through the threat of benefit sanctions is not a feature that unambiguously emerges from observational data, except for when sanctions indeed take place and benefits are reduced. To overcome this barrier, we introduce a novel methodology to identify individual-level effects of activation on young welfare recipients, exploiting municipal variation in the introduction of compulsory activation. More precisely, we study whether individuals who are residents in municipalities that have introduced compulsory activation display a stronger relationship between their labor market status (activation) and their benefit size (because sanctions being in place) compared to individuals residing in municipalities where activation has not been made compulsory. Our results show that there is no different relationship between social assistance benefits and passive labor market status for individuals living in municipalities that practice activation compared with individuals residing in municipalities in which activation is not yet mandatory. In other words, there is no visible effect of sanctions for passive recipients." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Activation, Work and Well‐Being: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications (2025)
Zitatform
Whitworth, Adam (2025): Activation, Work and Well‐Being: Theory, Evidence and Policy Implications. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 59, H. 7, S. 1204-1213. DOI:10.1111/spol.13120
Abstract
"Despite the centrality of activation, paid work and well-being to advanced welfare systems their inter-relationships remain fragmented and underdeveloped in scholarship and policy. The present article makes original contributions to theory, evidence and policy in this context. Theoretically the article presents the two alternative accounts of these relationships and argues for their integration into a single framework. Empirically, path analyses within multivariate structural equation models examine this novel integrated theorization quantitatively for the first time in the literature using the policy case study of a UK-based voluntary Individual Placement and Support (IPS) activation program for people with substance misuse issues. The findings support our integrated theoretical framework and highlight the direct importance of activation programs to client well-being through programme participation alongside their indirect well-being importance through the well-being effects of resulting paid work transitions. The well-being implications for policy and practice are significant and further research is needed to further develop our understanding of how different activation approaches affect well-being both directly and through its shaping of differing employment types and trajectories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Deemed as ‘Distant’: Categorizing Unemployment in Sweden’s Evolving Welfare Landscape (2025)
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Östling, Maja (2025): Deemed as ‘Distant’: Categorizing Unemployment in Sweden’s Evolving Welfare Landscape. In: Social Sciences, Jg. 14, H. 3. DOI:10.3390/socsci14030129
Abstract
"Over the past 30 years, Swedish labor market politics has swayed towards stronger workfare tendencies, emphasizing activation requirements for unemployed individuals to access welfare benefits. This process aligns with broader neoliberal reforms, fostering an individualistic view of unemployment characterized by personal responsibility for employability. In 2023, the Swedish Public Employment Service (PES) published a report addressing the needs of and solutions for long-term unemployed individuals ‘distant from the labor market’ (Sw. personer långt från arbetsmarknaden), marking the first formal use of this term as the main adhesive category in a political document. This paper examines the construction of the subject position ‘distant from the labor market’, investigating how it delineates and differentiates subgroups within the unemployed population, how this subgroup is understood in relation to other actors, and how discursive frameworks imbue this category with various meanings. Lastly, the paper discusses the categorization in relation to the current developments in the Swedish welfare system, arguing that the formalization of this category should be understood in relation to parallel political processes, such as proposals for a duty of activity for the unemployed, suggesting how this points to a way forward defined by neoliberal tendencies and welfare conditionality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Active Labour Market Policies: What Works for the Long-term Unemployed? (2024)
Zitatform
Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2024): Active Labour Market Policies: What Works for the Long-term Unemployed? (WIFO working papers 671), Wien, 22 S.
Abstract
"There is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively help the long-term unemployed into employment. We evaluate a wide range of active labor market policies for this target group, using a dynamic matching approach. Measures vary considerably in the extent to which they improve labor market prospects. Human capital-intensive training programmes that substantially enhance vocational skills and employment programs are most effective, short activating job search training the least. Our results suggest that not only wage subsidies in the private sector, but also direct job creation in the public and non-profit sector can work, if properly designed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Active Labor Market Policies: What Works for the Long-Term Unemployed? (2024)
Zitatform
Eppel, Rainer, Ulrike Huemer, Helmut Mahringer & Lukas Schmoigl (2024): Active Labor Market Policies: What Works for the Long-Term Unemployed? In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 24, H. 1, S. 141-185. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2023-0079
Abstract
"There is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively help the long-term unemployed into employment. We evaluate a wide range of active labour market policies for this target group, using a dynamic matching approach. Measures vary considerably in the extent to which they improve labor market prospects. Human capital-intensive training programs that substantially enhance vocational skills and employment programs are most effective, short activating job search training the least. Our results suggest that not only wage subsidies in the private sector, but also direct job creation in the public and non-profit sectors can work, if properly designed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fiscal policy instruments for inclusive labor markets: A review (2024)
Zitatform
Ernst, Ekkehard, Rossana Merola & Jelena Reljic (2024): Fiscal policy instruments for inclusive labor markets: A review. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 1406), Essen, 38 S.
Abstract
"This study provides a critical assessment of various fiscal policy instruments - including direct public job creation, active labor market and care policies, social protection measures and tax reforms - and their effectiveness in supporting the most vulnerable groups in the labor market. Although much of the literature has focused on the quantitative effects of fiscal policy, this article concentrates on the qualitative aspects and examines the role of fiscal instruments in achieving a more inclusive and fair labor market. Our review shows that the empirical literature tends to overemphasise the capacity of individual policies to mitigate inequalities, neglecting the complex interdependencies among various mechanisms and policies in place. We argue, instead, that a systematic approach is necessary to ensure equitable access to good jobs and to address the disparities between different labor market groups. We also identify significant research gaps, such as the need for longitudinal studies on the long-term policy impacts, an exploration of the regional disparities within the policy-inequality nexus and the sector-specific effects of fiscal measures, especially relevant in the context of the green and digital transition." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))