Brain Drain? Brain Gain? Folgen der internationalen Wanderung
Arbeitskräftemobilität über Staatsgrenzen hinweg ist ein mit Hoffnungen und Ängsten verbundenes Phänomen. In der politischen Debatte konkurrieren auf Begrenzung zielende Reaktionsmuster mit Vorschlägen, die auf eine aktive Steuerung der Migration in den heimischen Arbeitsmarkt zielen.
Was bedeutet internationale Wanderung für die Herkunfts-, was für die Aufnahmeländer? Insbesondere die Migration gut ausgebildeter Menschen wurde oft unter dem Schlagwort des "Brain Drain" als schädlich für Wohlfahrt und Entwicklung ihrer Heimatländer betrachtet. Die Forschung zeichnet inzwischen jedoch ein differenzierteres Bild. Dieses Themendossier stellt eine Auswahl der theoretischen und empirischen Literatur vor.
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Literaturhinweis
Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals (2024)
Goštautaitė, Bernadeta; Mayrhofer, Wolfgang; Jankauskienė, Danguolė; Bučiūnienė, Ilona;Zitatform
Goštautaitė, Bernadeta, Wolfgang Mayrhofer, Ilona Bučiūnienė & Danguolė Jankauskienė (2024): Mitigating medical brain drain: the role of developmental HRM and the focus on opportunities in reducing the self-initiated expatriation of young professionals. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 367-393. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2023.2241815
Abstract
"Although 'brain drain' from emerging economies is a well-documented problem, research on how Human Resource Management (HRM) can potentially address it is still scarce. Based on Signaling Theory, we argue that developmental HRM practices in home countries reduce self-initiated expatriation (SIE) of young healthcare professionals by increasing their focus on opportunities in their home country. Additionally, we hypothesize that individual financial stability as a personal resource constitutes an important boundary condition, as developmental HRM's positive effect on the focus on opportunities and its indirect negative effect on SIE intention may be even stronger for individuals with lower financial resources. We tested and found support for our hypotheses using a sample of 184 junior doctors in Lithuania in a time-lagged study. By bridging the HRM and SIE literature, our study extends the existing knowledge about the outcomes of HRM and highlights the importance of home country HRM in explaining SIE intention above and beyond its traditionally considered antecedents. In this way, our study has major theoretical and practical implications for decision-makers at organizational and national levels in managing brain drain from emerging economies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can Tax Incentives Bring Brains Back? Returnees Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Migration in Italy (2023)
Bassetto, Jacopo; Ippedico, Giuseppe;Zitatform
Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Can Tax Incentives Bring Brains Back? Returnees Tax Schemes and High-Skilled Migration in Italy. (CESifo working paper 10271), München, 66 S.
Abstract
"Brain drain is a growing concern for many countries experiencing large emigration rates of their highly educated citizens. While several European countries have designed preferential tax schemes to attract high-skilled individuals, there is limited empirical evidence on the effectiveness of fiscal incentives in a context of brain drain, and on migration responses beyond top earners. In this paper we investigate the effects of the Italian 2010 tax scheme “Controesodo”, which granted a generous income tax exemption to young high-skilled expatriates who relocate to Italy. Eligibility requires a college degree as well as being born in 1969 or later, which creates suitable quasi-experimental conditions to identify the effect of tax incentives. Using a Triple Difference design and administrative data on return migration, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to move back to Italy post-reform. Additionally, using social security data from the main origin country of Italian returnees (Germany), we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, suggesting that mobility in response to tax incentives is a broad phenomenon not limited to top earners. A cost-benefit analysis reveals that the direct fiscal impact of the reform – a lower bound of the total effect in the presence of human capital externalities – is marginally positive, by virtue of the tax scheme targeting young high-skilled individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country (2023)
Bassetto, Jacopo; Ippedico, Giuseppe;Zitatform
Bassetto, Jacopo & Giuseppe Ippedico (2023): Easy come, easy go: Return migration increases with tax incentives in the home country. In: IAB-Forum H. 28.11.2023. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20231128.01
Abstract
"For many years, Germany has been facing an increasing skills shortage in key occupations and has sought to attract a growing number of highly-skilled immigrants. In striving for this goal, Germany is competing not only with other countries with similar skills⎼demands but also with more traditional immigrant-sending countries. Some of these try to counterbalance the outflow of highly⎼skilled nationals by introducing large tax discounts for emigrants who eventually return. One example is the Italian returnees’ tax scheme “Legge Controesodo” (2010), which attracted back a sizeable proportion of highly-skilled young Italians who had been working in Germany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany (2023)
Zitatform
Becker, Regina (2023): Does It Pay Off? Understanding Subjective Employment Mobility of European Physicians in Germany. In: International migration review, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 1099-1131. DOI:10.1177/01979183221111398
Abstract
"This article investigates the subjective employment mobility, defined as migrants' evaluation of their employment situation before and after migration, of European physicians in Germany. Analyzing different dimensions of occupation (e.g., income, working conditions, use of skills, career opportunities) of physicians who migrated to Germany from within the European Union (i.e., EU physicians), it examines which factors influence physicians' perception of whether migration worsened or improved their employment situation. I argue that the original reasons to migrate (e.g., economic, career-related, or family reasons) and other migration-related factors (e.g., language skills), as well as characteristics of the occupation (e.g., the hierarchical structure), must be considered to understand subjective employment mobility. The analyses are based on original survey data collected among EU physicians in Germany (N = 1,058). Results from OLS regressions show that physicians' original reasons for migration largely matched their subjective employment mobility, suggesting that migration for career reasons and a perceived improvement of use of skills and career opportunities are positively linked while migration for economic reasons positively affected physicians' perception of income and working conditions. Physicians aiming for the highest position perceived their overall employment situation as worse compared to before migration, and the origin region mattered, particularly for physicians from EU Eastern member-states, who were more likely to perceive an improvement in their employment situation. Results further inform understandings of labor-related migration of high-skilled professionals by identifying obstacles and conducive conditions at migration for a group that is often assumed not to face barriers in using migration for professional advancement." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor economics (2023)
Borjas, George J.;Zitatform
Borjas, George J. (2023): Labor economics. New York: MacGraw-Hill, 494 S.
Abstract
"Labor Economics, ninth edition by George J. Borjas provides a modern introduction to labor economics, surveying the field with an emphasis on both theory and facts. Labor Economics is thoroughly integrated with the adaptive digital tools available in McGraw-Hill’s Connect, proven to increase student engagement and success in the course. All new Data Explorer questions using data simulation to help students grasp concepts Materials are fresh and up to date by introducing and discussing the latest research studies where conceptual or empirical contributions have increased our understanding of the labor market. The book has undergone Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion reviews to implement content around topics including generalizations and stereotypes, gender, abilities/disabilities, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, diversity of names, and age." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Potenziale entfalten und organisationale Routinen gestalten: Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen und interkulturelle Aushandlung in verschiedenen Organisationskontexten (2023)
Grosskopf, Sina;Zitatform
Grosskopf, Sina (2023): Potenziale entfalten und organisationale Routinen gestalten. Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen und interkulturelle Aushandlung in verschiedenen Organisationskontexten. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, XXV, 451 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-42975-1
Abstract
"Dieses Buch beschäftigt sich mit Migranten als multikulturelle Individuen, die durch die Sozialisierung in verschiedenen Ländern ein erweitertes kulturelles Repertoire aufweisen. Dieses Repertoire stellt Potenziale im Arbeitskontext, die von Organisationen selten erkannt und deshalb auch nicht in strategische Ressourcen umgewandelt werden können. Anhand von vier qualitativen Fallstudien der Luft- und Raumfahrt und Unternehmensberatung in Deutschland zeigt das Buch, dass multikulturelle Individuen organisationale Routinen aufbrechen und in interkulturellen Aushandlungen mit Teamkollegen kreativ Veränderung und Innovation herbeiführen. Dabei beeinflusst der organisationale Kontext die Veränderungsspielräume und -funktionen. So wird ein theoretischer Beitrag zu Kompetenzen multikultureller Individuen geleistet, sowie ein praktischer Beitrag für die Personal- und Organisationsentwicklung, ebenso wie ein methodischer Beitrag durch die Reflexion des induktiv-abduktiven Forschungsprozesses und die Erkenntnisse zur Verbindung von Grounded Theory und Fallstudien." (Verlagsangaben)
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Literaturhinweis
The Macroeconomics of Skills Mismatch in the Presence of Emigration (2023)
Liontos, George; Vella, Eugenia; Mavrigiannakis, Konstantinos;Zitatform
Liontos, George, Konstantinos Mavrigiannakis & Eugenia Vella (2023): The Macroeconomics of Skills Mismatch in the Presence of Emigration. (Working paper series / Athens University of Economics and Business, Department of International and European Economic Studies 2023-14), Athen, 52 S.
Abstract
"Employment in mismatch (low-skill) jobs is a potential factor in the emigration of highly qualified workers. At the same time, high-skilled emigration and emigration of mismatch workers can free up positions for stayers. In bad times, it could also amplify demand losses and the unemployment spell, which in turn affects the mismatch rate. In this paper, we investigate the link between vertical skills mismatch and emigration of both non-mismatch and mismatch workers in a DSGE model. The model features also skill and wealth heterogeneous households, capital-skill complementarity (CSC) and labor frictions. We find that an adverse productivity shock reduces investment and primarily hurts the high-skilled who react by turning to both jobs abroad and mismatch jobs in the domestic labor market. A negative shock to government spending crowds-in investment and primarily hurts the low-skilled who thus turn to jobs abroad. Following the fiscal cut, the high-skilled instead reduce their search for mismatch employment and later they also reduce their search for jobs abroad." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Motivation in the dynamics of European youth migration (2023)
Zitatform
Tufiș, Paula A. & Dumitru Sandu (2023): Motivation in the dynamics of European youth migration. In: European Societies, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 829-858. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2023.2183231
Abstract
"In this article, we explore the complexities of the relationships between motivations in the migration process of young Europeans who have returned to their country of origin. We analyze a unique database of over 3,000 returnees, a sub-sample from a larger survey of about 30,000 young people in nine European countries. The findings suggest that there is a link between the motivations for the first migration and those for future migration among this group. Generally, past migration motivations tend to reinforce future migration motivations of a similar nature. By controlling for variables related to geographic space (countries of residence, development profiles of NUTS2 regions, urban profiles of local communities of residence), as well as for several socio-demographic variables and life satisfaction, we can better understand the influence of motivations for past migration on motivations for future migrations. This article extends the internal dynamics of migration approach by combining the idea of individual chains of migration motivations that are extending over-time with the idea of cumulative causation operating at the meso level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Akademische Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland - Verbleibquoten von internationalen Studierenden und Personen mit Blue Card (2023)
Weißmann, Sarah; Eberle, Jan;Zitatform
Weißmann, Sarah & Jan Eberle (2023): Akademische Fachkräfte aus dem Ausland - Verbleibquoten von internationalen Studierenden und Personen mit Blue Card. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik, Jg. 75, H. 4, S. 74-87.
Abstract
"Der demografische Wandel und der zunehmende Fachkräftemangel haben Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in Deutschland. Aus diesem Grund stehen internationale Studierende und akademische Fachkräfte aus Nicht-EU-Staaten im Fokus der deutschen Migrations- und Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Dieser Beitrag stellt eine Methodik zur Berechnung von Verbleibquoten für internationale Studierende und für akademische Fachkräfte mit Blue Card anhand der Daten des Ausländerzentralregisters vor. Die damit möglichen Analysen zeigen unter anderem, wie viele der internationalen Studierenden nach fünf beziehungsweise zehn Jahren weiterhin in Deutschland leben. Für akademische Fachkräfte mit Blue Card wird ein Zeitraum von fünf Jahren betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Statistisches Bundesamt, Wiesbaden)
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers in Germany – Developments and New Legislations (2022)
Albrecht, Clara; Rude, Britta; Giesing, Yvonne;Zitatform
Albrecht, Clara, Yvonne Giesing & Britta Rude (2022): Posted Workers in Germany – Developments and New Legislations. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 8-14.
Abstract
"Germany is the main receiving country of posted workers in the European Union. In 2020, 16.9 percent of all postings from EU countries (around 0.4 out of 2.4 million) had Germany as a destination country (European Commission 2022). Figure 1 shows that the number of registered postings in Germany increased significantly over time, by 51 percent between 2012 and 2019, even though other EU countries recorded a much larger increase during the same period (e.g., Austria by 319 percent, Spain by 284 percent).1 There could be several reasons for this, related to a stricter enforcement of the rules, an increase in the awareness of the rules, the increasing digitalization, or an actual increase in postings across the European Union due to an increase in the import of services. There was a drop in the number of postings to Germany from 2019 to 2020. While there were 505,737 postings in 2019, this number decreased to 410,908 in 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic. To assess the magnitude of postings to Germany, a comparison of the overall work force seems informative (Figure 2). Postings to Germany with 410,908 represented 0.99 percent of the overall German work force (41.17 million) in 2020.2 Interestingly, compared to other EU countries workers posted to Germany do not loom large, considering the size of the German labor force. The shares of posted workers compared to the country’s labor force are significantly higher, e. g., in Austria, Belgium and Switzerland with shares as high as around 4 percent. Due * We thank Frederic De Wispelaere for helpful comments and revisions and Jennifer Steigmeier for her valuable assistance. 1 Mainly due to the high increase of the number of PDs A1 issued under Art. 12 by Germany. 2 Though, it must be noted that some workers are posted several times per year which could lead to an overestimation of the share. to the Covid-19 pandemic and the related restrictions on cross-border travel, shares for 2020 dropped in most countries." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Wanderlust to wonderland?: Exploring key issues in expatriate careers: Individual, organizational, and societal insights (2022)
Andresen, Maike ; Brücker, Herbert ; Zølner, Mette; Dickmann, Michael; Al Ariss, Akram; Suutari, Vesa; Mäkelä, Liisa; Anger, Silke ; Muhr, Sara Louise; Barzantny, Cordula; Saalfeld, Thomas;Zitatform
Andresen, Maike, Silke Anger, Akram Al Ariss, Cordula Barzantny, Herbert Brücker, Michael Dickmann, Liisa Mäkelä, Sara Louise Muhr, Thomas Saalfeld, Vesa Suutari & Mette Zølner (Hrsg.) (2022): Wanderlust to wonderland? Exploring key issues in expatriate careers: Individual, organizational, and societal insights. (Personalmanagement und Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 2), Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press, 292 S. DOI:10.20378/irb-55344
Abstract
"Expatriation has been a topic of much research recently. The important role expatriates play in the internationalisation of an organisation and the resultant effects of such a work experience on the expatriates themselves, have fuelled the interest in this domain. This edited volume serves to provide fresh and timely insights into four areas, covering the individual, over the organisational, to the macro-level. First, the career paths of the expatriates, which not only garners them the career capital they may be able to utilise later in their career but also, the impacts of such an experience on their longer-term career success are in focus. The second block concerns the expatriation phase itself. A critical look is taken into the expatriates’ identity and how it changes over time. Moreover, it discusses factors influencing the expatriates’ well-being, embeddedness, and sociocultural integration during their time abroad. Third, some key global mobility management challenges that organisations face, when managing expatriation, are introduced — such as flexible language management and how to become an international employer. Finally, insights are provided into the role of the host country policies – more specifically hostile environment and migration policies – on expatriate attitudes and behaviour, which has received less attention in previous research. All four areas are finally brought together to present a rich overview of future research questions that shall stimulate researchers and practitioners in their further deliberations. The chapters are based on selected results from the respective research subprojects of the Early Stage Researchers of the Horizon 2020 Global Mobility of Employees (GLOMO) project. This project was funded under the European Union’s Research and Innovation Programme H2020 in the framework of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 765355." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © University of Bamberg Press) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung (2022)
Becker, Eugenie; Graf, Johannes;Zitatform
Becker, Eugenie & Johannes Graf (2022): Das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz – Rechtliche Änderungen und erste Erkenntnisse zur quantitativen Entwicklung. In: Zeitschrift für Berufsbildungsforschung, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 16-18.
Abstract
"Seit März 2020 eröffnet das Fachkräfteeinwanderungsgesetz Fachkräften aus Drittstaaten neue Migrationsperspektiven nach Deutschland. Der Beitrag nimmt dies zum Anlass, die rechtlichen Änderungen insbesondere für nicht akademische Fachkräfte darzustellen und einen ersten quantitativen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Erwerbsmigration anhand von Daten aus dem Ausländerzentralregister zu geben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © W. Bertelsmann Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung (2022)
Brücker, Herbert ; Stepanok, Ignat ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Goßner, Laura ; Kassam, Kamal; Hauptmann, Andreas;Zitatform
Brücker, Herbert, Laura Goßner, Andreas Hauptmann, Philipp Jaschke, Kamal Kassam, Yuliya Kosyakova & Ignat Stepanok (2022): Die Folgen des Ukraine-Kriegs für Migration und Integration: Eine erste Einschätzung. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 02/2022), Nürnberg, 27 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FB.2202
Abstract
"Der Krieg in der Ukraine wird das Migrations- und Integrationsgeschehen in Europa nachhaltig beeinflussen. Seit Ausbruch des Kriegs sind bis zum Redaktionsschluss dieses Berichtes mehr als 500.000 Menschen aus der Ukraine in die Europäische Union und nach Moldawien geflüchtet, d.h. pro Tag rund 100.000 Menschen. Krieg und Vertreibung lösen sehr viel größere Migrationsbewegungen als beispielsweise wirtschaftliche Faktoren aus. Zudem sind die Grenzen der EU weitgehend geöffnet, unter anderem weil für Staatsangehörige aus der Ukraine keine Visumspflicht besteht und die EU mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit die sogenannte Massenzustrom-Richtlinie anwenden wird und damit den Geflüchteten ein vorübergehendes Aufenthaltsrecht einräumen wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist mit einer außergewöhnlich hohen Migration aus der Ukraine zu rechnen, auch wenn der Umfang des Migrationspotenzials beim gegenwärtig Stand der Erkenntnis nicht seriös quantifiziert werden kann. Die Fluchtmigration konzentriert sich gegenwärtig auf die unmittelbaren Nachbarstaaten der EU und Moldawien. Schon in der Vergangenheit war die Migration hier stark konzentriert, während auf Deutschland gemessen an der Bevölkerung nur ein unterdurchschnittlicher Anteil entfiel. Wie vergangene Krisen gezeigt haben, kann sich aber die Regionalstruktur der Zielländer sehr schnell verändern. Auch Deutschland sollte sich deshalb auf einen starken Anstieg der Migration aus der Ukraine einstellen. In der Vergangenheit waren Migrantinnen und Migranten aus der Ukraine mit einem Akademikeranteil von rund der Hälfte überdurchschnittlich gut qualifiziert, 57 Prozent der Migrationsbevölkerung aus der Ukraine sind Frauen. Beschäftigungs-, Arbeitslosen- und Leistungsbezieherquoten von ukrainischen Staatsangehörigen in Deutschland entsprechen dem Durchschnitt der ausländischen Bevölkerung in Deutschland. Die Bevölkerung mit einem Migrationshintergrund aus der Ukraine insgesamt, also unter Berücksichtigung der deutschen Staatsangehörigen, ist deutlich besser in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert. Auch die Geflüchteten aus der Ukraine, die gegenwärtig das Land verlassen, dürften sich durch ein überdurchschnittliches Bildungsniveau und einen hohen Anteil von Frauen und Kindern auszeichnen. Die Integration von Geflüchteten kann stark erleichtert werden, wenn schnell Rechts- und Planungssicherheit u.a. durch längere Aufenthaltserlaubnisse und Perspektiven für einen dauerhaften Aufenthalt in Deutschland hergestellt werden. Zudem sollten bei der Verteilung von Geflüchteten Arbeitsmarktkriterien herangezogen werden. Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen der Integration anderer Geflüchteter sollte die Integration durch Sprach- und Arbeitsmarktprogramme, eine schnelle Arbeitsmarktberatung und -vermittlung, die Anerkennung beruflicher Abschlüsse und den Erwerb weiterer Bildungsabschlüsse unterstützt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund des hohen Frauen- und Kinderanteils sind auch die schnelle Integration von Kindern und Jugendlichen in das Bildungssystem, breite Betreuungsangebote und das gezielte Angebot von Sprach- und Integrationsprogrammen für Frauen zentral." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Brücker, Herbert ; Stepanok, Ignat ; Jaschke, Philipp ; Kosyakova, Yuliya ; Goßner, Laura ; Kassam, Kamal; Hauptmann, Andreas; -
Literaturhinweis
Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility (2022)
Zitatform
Clemens, Michael A. (2022): Migration on the Rise, a Paradigm in Decline: The Last Half-Century of Global Mobility. (CReAM discussion paper 2022,02), London, 15 S.
Abstract
"The past several decades have witnessed a rebirth of global labor mobility. Workers have begun to move between countries at rates not seen since before World War One. During the same period, economists' study of international migration has been framed by a particular textbook model of location choice. This paper reviews the evidence on the economic causes and effects of global migration during the past half century. That evidence falsifies most of the core predictions of the old model. The economics of migration will regain vitality and relevance by discarding and replacing its outworn paradigm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers to Austria: An Unstoppable Trend? (2022)
Zitatform
Danaj, Sonila & Leonard Geyer (2022): Posted Workers to Austria: An Unstoppable Trend? In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 15-18.
Abstract
"Posting to Austria has become a significant form of temporary cross-border labor supply. In a recent study (Geyer, Premrov and Danaj 2022), we estimated that the pre-pandemic number of postings reached at least 320,480, which represents about 1.7 percent of the work carried out by individuals living in Austria during the same period. Most postings to Austria are from neighboring lower-income countries, such as Poland, Hungary, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, and Germany. In this article, we present the trends of postings to Austria and discuss them in relation to some of the prevalent posting drivers like labor cost differentials between sending and receiving countries, wage and social dumping, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates for the 2011–2021 period suggest an overall increase in the number of postings until 2019, an expected decrease during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by a subsequent increase. We discuss whether the growth trend is likely to continue and identify which factors might influence the number of postings to Austria in the near future." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows (2022)
Dicarlo, Emanuele;Zitatform
Dicarlo, Emanuele (2022): How Do Firms Adjust to Negative Labor Supply Shocks? Evidence from Migration Outflows. (IZA discussion paper 14994), Bonn, 86 S.
Abstract
"The quality of workers in a country positively relates to productivity of firms, adoption of new technologies, and growth. This paper studies adjustments of Italian firms to negative labor supply shocks in the context of workers' outflows from Italy to Switzerland. My diff-in-diff leverages the implementation of a policy in which Switzerland granted free labor market mobility to EU citizens and different treatment intensity of Italian firms based on their distance to the Swiss border. Using detailed social security data on the universe of Italian firms and workers, I document large (12 percentage points higher) outflows of workers and fewer (2.5 percentage points) surviving firms in the treatment group relative to control. Despite replacing workers and becoming more capital intensive, treated firms are less productive and pay lower wages. I investigate this evidence through the lens of a simple production function with high and low-skilled labor within a heterogeneity analysis based on the skill intensity of the industry of each firm. In line with the brain drain literature, I show how adverse effects of large outflows of workers operate through firms that workers leave. I provide suggestive evidence that high-skill intensive firms are the main driver of the negative results on wages and productivity. I also show that low skill intensive firms instead suffer less from losing workers and provide new job opportunities for the workers who do not migrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers from Slovenia: Six out of Ten are Third-Country Nationals (2022)
Jevšnik, Mojca Vah; Toplak, Kristina; Krilić, Sanja Cukut;Zitatform
Jevšnik, Mojca Vah, Kristina Toplak & Sanja Cukut Krilić (2022): Posted Workers from Slovenia: Six out of Ten are Third-Country Nationals. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 25-28.
Abstract
"Slovenia is one of the main sending Member States of posted workers in the EU, mainly towards Germany and Austria (De Wispelaere et al. 2022). The upward trend of the posting of workers from Slovenia to other EU Member States continued even in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a 6 percent increase in the number of persons posted compared to 2019. Outgoing posted workers amount to roughly 7 percent of total employment in Slovenia and even to 30 percent of total employment in the Slovenian construction sector. A high number of the posted workers from Slovenia do not have Slovenian nationality but are nationals of several Western Balkan countries, mainly Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and to a lesser extent Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Montenegro. These countries share a strong historical link, as they were once part of the same federation, and are in relatively close geographical proximity to Slovenia. This article provides insight into the vibrant dynamics of posting of third-country nationals from Slovenia by presenting figures on the nationality of posted workers, on the proportion of third-country nationals posted to another Member State, and on the proportion of posted third-country nationals in the total group of third-country nationals residing/working in Slovenia. First, the article discusses the historical and institutional networks between Slovenia and the former Yugoslavian republics, now defined as the Western Balkan countries, and their impact on the establishment of close institutional cooperation shaping the recruitment and employment of workers by Slovenian companies. Also, the legal and policy instruments that enable posting of third-country nationals are briefly described." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers to France: Recent Trends (2022)
Muñoz, Mathilde;Zitatform
Muñoz, Mathilde (2022): Posted Workers to France: Recent Trends. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 19-21.
Abstract
"France is the second-largest receiving Member State of posted workers in the European Union (EU) and the posting of workers is a sensitive topic in French political and public debate. In particular, posting of workers has sometimes been seen as causing pressures on local labor markets due to wage dumping, deteriorated working conditions, or fraudulent practices. To date, the lack of granular and reliable data on posted workers has been an obstacle to the assessment of the impact and profile of incoming posted workers. In a recent study, (Muñoz 2022), granular data on prior posting declarations covering all posting missions performed in France were accessed to provide a very detailed analysis of the impact of posted workers on the French labor market. In this article, we emphasize the recent trends in posting of workers to France, its importance for the French labor market, and the potential abuses related to social dumping and tax arbitrage." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Posted Workers to Belgium with a Focus on the Construction Sector (2022)
Smedt, Lynn De;Zitatform
Smedt, Lynn De (2022): Posted Workers to Belgium with a Focus on the Construction Sector. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 23, H. 3, S. 22-24.
Abstract
"This article analyzes the posting of workers in the Belgian construction sector. The choice for this sector is defendable for several reasons. First, most incoming posted workers in Belgium are active in this sector. Consequently, the impact of posted workers in the total workforce in the construction sector is considerable, which illustrates the high dependency on posted workers in this sector. This has even led to job displacement effects in certain subsectors of the construction sector. Second, specific phenomena which are manifesting themselves in the general posting landscape are exposed even more strongly in the construction sector. It concerns, for instance, the high share of posted self-employed persons and the increasing number of posted third-country nationals (TCNs). Third, in the construction sector, the “dark side” of posting can also be illustrated. Overall, the public and political perception of posting is often negative, with reference being made to social dumping practices, bogus self-employment, and letterbox companies, to name a few. It appears that the construction sector is especially vulnerable to these practices." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Diskurse um EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa (2022)
Trubeta, Sevasti;Zitatform
Trubeta, Sevasti (2022): Diskurse um EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa. In: Zeitschrift für Migrationsforschung, Jg. 2, H. 1. DOI:10.48439/zmf.v2i1.143
Abstract
"In den 2010er Jahren standen die wissenschaftlichen, politischen und öffentlichen Diskurse um die EU-Binnenmigration weitgehend im Zeichen von zwei Prozessen: den Auswirkungen der globalen Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise seit 2008 in den südeuropäischen Mitgliedstaaten und der Freizügigkeit für Bürger*innen Bulgariens und Rumäniens. Das Interesse dieses Aufsatzes gilt der Verflechtung von wissenschaftlichen, politischen und öffentlichen Diskursen über die EU-Binnenmigration aus Süd- und Südosteuropa und insbesondere jenen, in denen die Begriffe ›neue Migration‹, ›Talentabwanderung‹, ›Prekarität mobiler Arbeitnehmer*innen‹ sowie ›Armutsmigration‹ präsent waren. Der Aufsatz setzt sich mit folgenden Fragen auseinander: Welche sozialen und politischen Deutungs- und Handlungszusammenhänge fließen in die diskursiven Auseinandersetzungen um diese Begriffe ein? Welche Deutungsfiguren über Migrant*innen bzw. mobile Unionsbürger*innen generieren sie?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)