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Chodavadia, Saheel A., Sari Pekkala Kerr, William R. Kerr & Louis J. Maiden (2024): Immigrant Entrepreneurship: New Estimates and a Research Agenda. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32400), Cambridge, Mass, 34 S. DOI:10.3386/w32400

Abstract

"Immigrants contribute disproportionately to entrepreneurship in many countries, accounting for a quarter of new employer businesses in the US. We review recent research on the measurement of immigrant entrepreneurship, the traits of immigrant founders, their economic impact, and policy levers. We provide updated statistics on the share of US entrepreneurs who are immigrants. We utilize the Annual Business Survey to quantify the greater rates of patenting and innovation in immigrant-founded firms. This higher propensity towards innovation is only partly explained by differences in education levels and fields of study. We conclude with avenues for future research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gaweł, Aleksandra & Timo Toikko (2024): Female immigrant entrepreneurship – predicted by women's empowerment in host country. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 44, H. 5/6, S. 586-606. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-12-2023-0334

Abstract

"Purpose: The social inclusion of immigrants has been a central public policy issue in European countries, and entrepreneurship is often promoted as a form of integration. Female immigrants face double discrimination of gender and ethnicity while becoming entrepreneurs. The aim of the paper is to investigate the female empowerment in the host country as a predictor of immigrant women engagement in entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Based on panel data for European Union countries for years 2006–2021, female immigrant entrepreneurship was modelled by the impact of variables showing the empowerment of women in host countries. Data availability was the determinant regarding the inclusion of 22 countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden were all in the research sample. Findings Although immigrant entrepreneurship is highly context-oriented and locale-specific (as in the physical setting for relationships among people), some universal patterns for a group of countries are found. A stronger political and managerial position of power for the women in host countries encourages female immigrant entrepreneurship, while the gender pay gap is statistically insignificant. Originality/value The originality of the paper is due to the multi-country level and female-focused research perspectives in immigrant entrepreneurship. The study refers to the intersectionality of gender and ethnicity, arguing that the empowerment of women in host countries affects female immigrant entrepreneurship at the macro-level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Newman, Alexander, Luke Macaulay & Karen Dunwoodie (2024): Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review of Prior Research and Agenda for Future Research. In: International migration review, Jg. 58, H. 3, S. 1140-1171. DOI:10.1177/01979183231182669

Abstract

"Over the last two decades, ever-increasing numbers of refugees have left their home countries. As of 2022, around 27 million people were registered as refugees with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). While some consider refugees to be a burden on their host countries, there is growing evidence that they make significant contributions to host countries' economies, with rates of entrepreneurship higher than other migrant groups and host country nationals. To take stock of what is known about refugee entrepreneurship, this article undertakes a systematic review of the refugee entrepreneurship empirical literature. The systematic review provides insights into the factors which shape refugees' initiation of, engagement in, and performance of entrepreneurial endeavors and identifies gaps and inconsistencies in the current refugee entrepreneurship literature. Based on these gaps and inconsistencies, a future research agenda is proposed. By taking stock of what is known and proposing a future research agenda, this review has scholarly implications for the academic advancement of refugee entrepreneurship. Additionally, this review has policy implications. By better understanding the field of refugee entrepreneurship and its social and economic benefits, government policy-makers will be better positioned to design responsive policies to support refugee entrepreneurs in establishing their entrepreneurial endeavors. Finally, the findings of this review have practical implications for refugee entrepreneurs themselves, for example, by highlighting the resources that will assist entrepreneurs in pursuing entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zalkat, Ghazal, Henrik Barth & Lubna Rashid (2024): Refugee entrepreneurship motivations in Sweden and Germany: a comparative case study. In: Small business economics, Jg. 63, H. 1, S. 477-499. DOI:10.1007/s11187-023-00830-x

Abstract

"Refugee entrepreneurs can make a significant contribution to sustainable growth and development in host countries. However, comprehensive comparative studies of refugee entrepreneurial motivations are scarce, particularly in the absence of a theoretical framework on entrepreneurship motivation that is suitable for such contexts. This is a research topic that is increasingly of interest to scholars and policymakers working with refugee workforce integration, particularly in light of forecasted increases in global forced displacement over the next years. This paper tests and extends newly constructed entrepreneurship motivation measures, comparing person-related factors and the perceptions of environmental-related factors for Syrian refugee entrepreneurs in Sweden and Germany. The results indicate that their motivations differ between the two countries with respect to market conditions, the educational environment, dissatisfaction, and know-how. However, refugee entrepreneurs in both countries have similar levels of entrepreneurial ambition and attitude and are motivated by similar perceptions of social environments and cultural norms. This paper identifies how entrepreneurship motivation differences could be considered by governments to better shape and inform host countries’ programs and policies to improve refugee entrepreneurship and subsequent integration." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Cuadros, Ana, Juan Carlos Cuestas & Estefania Mourelle (2023): Clusters in foreign-born vs. native self-employment in Europe: do we look alike? In: Applied Economics Letters, Jg. 30, H. 1, S. 92-96. DOI:10.1080/13504851.2022.2130861

Abstract

"In this paper, we analyse the existence of clusters in self-employment rates, segregating by place of birth, i.e. native vs foreign-born, in a group of 17 European countries. The analysis suggests that natives behave differently in peripheral and core countries, whereas their foreign-born self-employed counterparts show a similar behaviour irrespective of the characteristics of the recipient economy. These findings augment the scant available evidence about this topic in Europe (as most previous studies have focused on the United States) and confirm the existence of important differences in the entrepreneurial skills and mindset of native and migrant populations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jahn, Vera & Max Friedrich Steinhardt (2023): Immigration and New Firm Formation – Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Setting in Germany. In: International migration review, S. 1-33. DOI:10.1177/01979183231165496

Abstract

"This paper provides new insights into the economic impact of international migration by analyzing how immigration can affect business formation in the host country. For this purpose, we exploit a placement policy in Germany in the 1990s for immigrants of German descent from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union (Aussiedler). Our empirical results at the regional level suggest that immigration had a positive impact on firm formation. The most likely mechanism driving this result is a positive implication of population diversity, while entrepreneurial activities of ethnic Germans and supply-side aspects seem to be of minor importance for our findings. Our results demonstrate that immigration under certain conditions – among others, equal legal treatment to natives – can stimulate business creation. Our findings enrich the political debate about the economic effects of immigration frequently discussed in receiving countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Refai, Deema & Gerard McElwee (2023): Refugee Subentrepreneurship: The Emergence of a Liquid Cage. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 37, H. 4, S. 1032-1051. DOI:10.1177/09500170211062817

Abstract

"This article conceptualises refugees’ endeavours for upward social mobility through subentrepreneurship. Subentrepreneurship refers to various self-employment forms that are undeclared to relevant authorities to escape superimposed historical, temporal, spatial, institutional and social contexts, which constrain actors’ entrepreneurial activities. Using a mixed theoretical underpinning combining Mixed Embeddedness (ME) with Weber’s Iron Cage of Rationality (ICR), we signify liquidity of refugee subentrepreneurship, which is neither linear nor long-term rational. A liquid cage is envisaged to allow more freedom as refugees become embedded within intersections between transformative journeys and Constrained Institutional Contexts (CICs). This new theorising signifies a pronounced emphasis on agency whereby refugees cleverly contemplate implicit skills (i.e. unrecognised or downgraded skills), opportunities and processes to escape CICs. The article adds clarity as to how contexts become part of the production of entrepreneurial actions through two-way interactions that promote liquidity, enabling a strong foundation for future research exploring subentrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Rinaldi, Riccardo, Alessandro Arrighetti, Andrea Lasagni & Jacopo Canello (2023): Immigrant entrepreneurship in Europe. A comparative empirical approach. (EconStor Preprints 270873), Kiel, [30 S.].

Abstract

"The aim of this paper is to use a multi-country approach to assess the role played by individual characteristics and local labor market conditions in influencing migrants' self-employment decisions. The empirical investigation exploits data from the EU Labor Force Survey for the 2005-2016 period and focuses on two countries (Italy and the UK) characterized by significantly different labor market dynamics. Our findings suggest that the impact of individual characteristics is similar across countries, whereas the role of the local economic environment changes significantly, resulting in different migrant entrepreneurship patterns. These findings appear to be consistent with the most recent strand of literature, suggesting that while individual characteristics of self-employed migrants are similar across countries, national and regional differences play a key role in determining migrants' entrepreneurial propensity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Terstriep, Judith & Alexandra David (2023): Und wo bleibt der Kontext? Unternehmerische Ökosysteme als Umfeld des Unternehmertums von Geflüchteten. (Forschung aktuell / Institut Arbeit und Technik 2023-06), Gelsenkirchen, 22 S. DOI:10.53190/fa/202306

Abstract

"Mit der seit 2015 steigenden Fluchtmigration nach Deutschland, die mit dem Krieg in der Ukraine ihren bisherigen Höhepunkt erreicht hat, rückt die unternehmerische Tätigkeit von Flüchtlingen wieder in den Fokus der öffentlichen Debatte. Während die strukturellen Vor- und Nachteile von Flüchtlingsunternehmen breit diskutiert werden, finden der sozioökonomische und räumliche Kontext kaum Beachtung. Das regionale unternehmerische Ökosystem ist jedoch ein wichtiger Einflussfaktor für die Gründungstätigkeit und das Wachstum von Flüchtlingsunternehmen. Unsere vergleichende Studie von vier Ländern in Europa zeigt, dass es neben "harten" insbesondere "weiche" Faktoren sind, die Geflüchteten den Zugang zum unternehmerischen Ökosystem erst ermöglichen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Yasin, Naveed & Khalid Hafeez (2023): Three waves of immigrant entrepreneurship: a cross-national comparative study. In: Small business economics, Jg. 60, H. 3, S. 1281-1306. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00656-z

Abstract

"This paper makes a seminal contribution to the ethnic entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the journeys of a single migrant community across three ethnic enclaves in three host-nation contexts. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 52 immigrant Punjabi-Pakistani entrepreneurs who started businesses in immigrant enclaves in the UK, Denmark, and Norway. “Three waves” of migrant entrepreneurs were identified based on their demographics, periods of migration, levels of education, access to social and financial resources, and the impact of the host country's social and institutional structures. The typology presented distinguishes the first wave, the older generation, as “pushed-displaced,” the second wave of the mid-aged generation as “pulled-transnational,” and the third wave of recent graduates and mid-career professionals as “pushed-frustraters.” The findings revealed the raison d'être for cross-national embeddedness variation in the host country's economic, social, and institutional contexts, and individuals' experiences of racial discrimination and exclusion. The results highlight that adopting an ethnic enclave strategy by lending the social capital and access to an “acquainted mentor,” usually from the first-wave entrepreneurs, has been the key success factor for the start-up, survival, and growth of the second- and third-wave immigrant businesses. The paper provide guidelines to make the appropriate social and regulatory interventions needed to eradicate racial discrimination and institutional barriers to stimulate immigrant entrepreneurship in these countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Abstract

"Migrant Founders, also Gründer und Gründerinnen mit Migrationshintergrund, sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Startup-Ökosystems. Um sie und ihre Erfahrungen und Beiträge besser zu verstehen, führen der Bundesverband Deutsche Start-Ups und die Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung für die Freiheit seit 2021 eine Befragung durch. Die Ergebnisse werden im Migrant Founders Monitor dokumentiert und zeigen, dass gerade Migrant Founders der ersten Generation Wachstumsimpulse geben und überdurchschnittlich gut gebildet sind. Sie stehen aber auch vor besonderen Hürden mit Blick auf Bürokratie und Finanzierung, die adressiert werden müssen." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina, Magnus Lofstrom & Chunbei Wang (2022): Immigration Policy and the Rise of Self-Employment among Mexican Immigrants. In: ILR review, Jg. 75, H. 5, S. 1189-1214. DOI:10.1177/00197939211057765

Abstract

"The recent dramatic growth in self-employment among Mexican immigrants in the United States in the past two decades is a puzzling trend, in stark contrast to the stagnant growth or even decline among other demographic groups. The authors propose that the expansion of interior immigration enforcement, a characteristic of the US immigration policy during that time span, contributed to this unique trend by pushing Mexican immigrants into self-employment as an alternative livelihood. Exploiting temporal and geographic variation in immigration enforcement measures from 2005 to 2017, the authors show that tougher enforcement has been responsible for approximately 15% of the rise in Mexican self-employment in the United States." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin Jones, J. Daniel Kim & Javier Miranda (2022): Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the United States. In: The American economic review. Insights, Jg. 4, H. 1, S. 71-88. DOI:10.1257/aeri.20200588

Abstract

"Immigrants can expand labor supply and compete for jobs with native-born workers. But immigrants may also start new firms, expanding labor demand. This paper uses US administrative data and other data sources to study the role of immigrants in entrepreneurship. We ask how often immigrants start companies, how many jobs these firms create, and how firms founded by native-born individuals compare. A simple model provides a measurement framework for addressing the dual roles of immigrants as founders and workers. The findings suggest that immigrants act more as "job creators" than "job takers" and play outsized roles in US high-growth entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berntsen, Lisa, Tesseltje de Lange, Ivana Kalaš & Romy Hanoeman (2022): Migrant Entrepreneurship Enablers: From Chance Encounters to Community Development. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 36, H. 2, S. 271-289. DOI:10.1177/09500170211031441

Abstract

"This article explores the underexamined role of personal enablers in migrant entrepreneurship. Drawing on timeline interviews, the study relays the importance of entrepreneur enablers in migrants’ business endeavours over time, ranging from coincidental and ephemeral encounters to the development of supportive communities. In the absence of accessible business support structures, the role of chance in migrants’ entrepreneurial trajectories increases, leading migrants to become self-employed, often against the grain of their own expectations or those of their inner circle of contacts or the wider society. The timeline interviews are a helpful method to capture how particular people, in conjunction with broader societal and smaller personal developments, influence entrepreneurial choices and progression over time. The study adds a dynamic and agentic perspective to migrant entrepreneurship literature underlining the importance of personal enablers to support migrant entrepreneurial developments over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Birnbauer, Robert (2022): "Doing market" - unternehmerische Praxis und der Diskurs um »ethnische Ökonomie« im Markt für muslimische Mode in Berlin. (Kultur und soziale Praxis), Bielefeld: Transcript GbR, 330 S. DOI:10.14361/9783839460818

Abstract

"Unter dem Schlagwort »ethnische Ökonomie« wird die berufliche Selbstständigkeit von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in Politik und Wissenschaft diskutiert. Indem die Selbstständigen ihren »Markt machen«, positionieren sie sich mit dem und gegen diesen Diskurs. Robert Birnbauer zeigt aus einer wirtschaftsanthropologischen Perspektive, wie die Unternehmer*innen dabei ihre gesellschaftlichen Positionen und etablierte ökonomische Wissensbestände gleichermaßen verhandeln. Dazu folgt er dem Diskurs um »ethnische Ökonomie« von der politischen in die unternehmerische Praxis und zeigt: Geschäfte im Markt für muslimische Mode werden zum Resultat gesellschaftlicher Diskurse und der Markt zum Effekt beschreibbarer unternehmerischer Praxis – weit jenseits einer »unsichtbaren Hand«." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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David, Alexandra, Judith Terstriep, Kristina Stoewe, Alexander Ruthemeier, Maria Elo & Armando García Schmidt (2022): Migrantisches Unternehmer:innentum in Deutschland. Vorschlag einer Differenzierung. Gütersloh, 37 S. DOI:10.11586/2022002

Abstract

"Wie steht es eigentlich in Deutschland um die Wahrnehmung des Phänomens „migrantischen“ Unternehmer:innentums? Was kann Wissenschaft beitragen zu einer differenzierten Wahrnehmung des wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Beitrags Migrant:innen? Wo kann Politik ansetzen, um Potenziale zielgenau zu heben? Die Autor:innen schildern den aktuellen Forschungsstand zur Selbständigkeit von Menschen mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte und schlagen vor diesem Hintergrund ein differenziertes und aktualisiertes Bild des Phänomens vor. In zukünftiger Forschung aber auch bei zielgerichteten Unterstützungsmaßnahmen schlagen die Autor:innen vor, klarer zu differenzieren zwischen persönlichen Merkmalen des bzw. der Unternehmer:in und den Charakteristika des Unternehmens. Beim Blick auf die Person sind dann etwa Fragen des Zuwanderungsmotivs oder der Zughörigkeit zur ersten oder zweiten Generation relevant. Beim Blick auf das Unternehmen sollten Merkmale wie die Branchenzugehörigkeit aber auch die transnationale Ausrichtung des Geschäftsmodells Beachtung finden. Der Politik empfehlen die Autor:innen, migrantischen Unternehmer:innen in Deutschland endlich den Stellenwert in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung zu geben, den sie aufgrund ihres heute schon immensen Beitrags haben sollten. Darüber hinaus sollten Gründungsförderung und Beratungsinstrumente zielgruppenspezifischer zugeschnitten werden. Besonderes Potenzial sehen die Autor:innen in internationalen Studierenden an deutschen Hochschulen. Sie in Deutschland zu halten und ihnen den Weg zu erfolgreichem Unternehmer:innentum zu öffnen, sei alle Mühe wert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Andersson, Henrik (2021): Ethnic Enclaves, Self-employment, and the Economic Performance of Refugees: Evidence from a Swedish Dispersal Policy. In: International migration review, Jg. 55, H. 1, S. 58-83. DOI:10.1177/0197918320912195

Abstract

"This article estimates the causal effect of residential concentration of co-ethnics (ethnic enclaves) on the probability to start a business among refugees in Sweden. Results indicate that the share of self-employed co-ethnics in the port of entry municipality increases refugees' probability of entry into self-employment, while the actual share of local co-ethnics has no effect or, in some cases, a negative effect. The results support the conclusion that skills and resources within the local ethnic enclave, particularly skills relevant for self-employment, are crucial for generating new entry into self-employment for refugees, while simply more co-ethnics, plausibly increasing an ethnic market's size, are of less importance. Moreover, the results suggest that being placed with a larger share of self-employed co-ethnics is negatively related to refugees' long-term disposable income; however, assuming there is no or little selection of high-ability refugees into self-employment, this negative relationship can be counteracted by the choice of self-employment. The study adds new knowledge on the arguably crucial topic of socio-economic integration of an important group of international migrants — namely, refugees." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cuadros, Ana, Juan Carlos Cuestas & Joan A. Martín-Montaner (2021): Self-employment convergence in Europe. The role of migration. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0250182

Abstract

"This paper attempts to identify patterns of convergence in the rates of self-employment (SE) for both foreign-born and natives in a sample of 17 European countries during the period 1999–2018. A distinction is made between self-employed with and without workers. Our analysis is relevant for policy-making: whether or not there is evidence of convergence in SE rates can be an indication of the homogeneity of self-employed workers among the countries analysed, which in turn may reflect the success of the EU-wide policies to boost SE." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Harima, Aki, Fabrice Periac, Tony Murphy & Salomé Picard (2021): Entrepreneurial Opportunities of Refugees in Germany, France, and Ireland: Multiple Embeddedness Framework. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 625-663. DOI:10.1007/s11365-020-00707-5

Abstract

"Recently, the entrepreneurial potential of refugees has received growing attention from scholars and policymakers. However, the literature on refugee entrepreneurship suffers from the fragmentation of previous research findings, which has been mainly attributed to the fact that refugees have heterogeneous backgrounds. Tackling this challenge, this study conceptualized the framework for the multiple embeddedness of refugee entrepreneurs by applying and extending the concept of mixed embeddedness. Based on 50 semi-structured interviews with refugee entrepreneurs who relocated to Germany, France, and Ireland, we identified six patterns in which refugees' multiple embeddedness and their actions as entrepreneurial agencies interacted to develop entrepreneurial opportunities: (i) value creation with homeland resources, (ii) acting as transnational middleman minorities, (iii) integration facilitation, (iv) qualification transfers, (v) homeland-problem solving, and (vi) creative innovation. This study contributes to the literature on refugee entrepreneurship by considering multiple contexts in which refugees can be embedded in and by elaborating on the interactions between opportunity structure emerging within the multiple embeddedness, actions, and capabilities of refugees as entrepreneurial agencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Leicht, René, Ralf Philipp & Michael Woywode (2021): Migrantische Ökonomie. Berufliche Selbständigkeit und Unternehmen von Migrantinnen und Migranten in Deutschland : Expertise für die Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für Migration, Flüchtlinge und Integration Fachkommission Integrationsfähigkeit. Mannheim, 43 S.

Abstract

"Vorliegende Expertise bietet zunächst einen Überblick zur Entwicklung und Struktur der Migrantenökonomie. Hierdurch wird gleichzeitig die wirtschaftliche Relevanz von selbständigen Migrantinnen und Migranten bzw. die ihrer Unternehmen aufgezeigt. Das zweite Kapitel beschreibt ihre arbeitsmarktpolitische Bedeutung. Dabei interessieren der Einfluss von Arbeitslosigkeit beim Schritt in die Selbständigkeit sowie auch der Beitrag von Migrantenunternehmen zur Gesamtbeschäftigung. Die damit einhergehenden integrationspolitischen Implikationen werden noch deutlicher, wenn im dritten Part die individuellen Ressourcen der Selbständigen bzw. ihre Qualifikationen sowie ihre Einkommen betrachtet werden. Im vierten Kapitel wird erörtert, welchen Einfluss die derzeitige Fachkräftezuwanderung sowie die Fluchtmigration auf Selbständigkeit haben. Insgesamt lassen die Analysen Rückschlüsse zu, inwieweit der Pfad in die Selbständigkeit auch Chancen für sozialen Aufstieg und die Möglichkeit zur gesellschaftlichen Teilhabe bietet. Für die Analysen werden (erstens) Daten der amtlichen Statistik, (zweitens) Daten aus eigenen Erhebungen des ifm der Universität Mannheim sowie (drittens) Wissenschaftsdaten verwendet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen Mikrozensusdaten der Jahre 2005 bis 2019, wobei im Forschungsdatenzentrum des Statistischen Bundesamts detailliertere Analysen auf Basis der Individualdaten von 2017 vorgenommen wurden. Zusätzlich hat das ifm Mannheim zwischen 2009 und 2014 bzw. 2017 in Zusammenarbeit mit anerkannten Befragungsinstituten (ADM) verschiedene Unternehmensbefragungen durchgeführt, aus denen sich ein Pool an Daten über rund 5.400 Unternehmensinhabern mit Migrationshintergrund ergibt (plus einer Kontrollgruppe von rd. 600 Inhabern deutscher Herkunft). Darüber hinaus wurde auf Wissenschaftsdaten, v.a. auf das ZEW-Gründungspanel, zurückgegriffen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)