Soziale Netzwerke und Arbeitsmarkt
Bei der Personalsuche und der Suche nach freien Arbeitsplätzen werden von Betrieben und Arbeitsuchenden auch soziale Netzwerke genutzt. Darunter sind nicht nur die persönlichen Beziehungen über Verwandte und den Freundeskreis etc. zu verstehen, sondern auch "technisch vermittelte" Kontakte über Facebook, Xing etc. Soziale Netzwerke liefern oftmals Informationen über den Betrieb bzw. die Person, die über herkömmliche Rekrutierungs- und Suchkanäle (z.B. Stellenanzeige, Bewerbungsunterlagen) nicht oder nur schwer zugänglich sind.
In der Infoplattform ist die aktuelle wissenschaftliche Literatur zur Bedeutung und zum Nutzen sozialer Netzwerke bei der Personal- und Arbeitsplatzsuche zusammengestellt.
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Literaturhinweis
Social media and hiring: a survey experiment on discrimination based on online social class cues (2024)
Zitatform
Galos, Diana Roxana (2024): Social media and hiring: a survey experiment on discrimination based on online social class cues. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 116-128. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad012
Abstract
"Discrimination based on social class is challenging to study, and therefore likely to be underappreciated due to its subtle nature. Social class is often difficult to gauge from traditional resumes, yet, the expansion of social networking platforms provides employers with an additional source of information. Given that many individuals have a social media presence today, employers can increasingly rely on additional information gleaned from such online platforms (e.g., Twitter, Instagram), which may alter hiring decisions. To study the role of social networking platforms vis-à-vis potential discrimination based on social class cues, I leverage an original online survey experiment in the United States. The aim of the investigation is (i) to measure the effect of cultural markers of social class expressed on social media profiles in a hypothetical hiring situation and (ii) to analyse potential channels that might explain class-based discrimination. I show that subjects favour the upper-class-signalling candidate over the lower-class-signalling candidate and that perceived competence and perceived warmth are two channels through which class-based discrimination may occur. The individual’s online presence might not be part of the formal application process, yet it seems to shape inferences about individuals’ employability, competence, and warmth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social capital exchanges in voluntary associations and work organizations: A network perspective (2023)
Zitatform
Au, Anson (2023): Social capital exchanges in voluntary associations and work organizations: A network perspective. In: Sociology Compass, Jg. 17, H. 1. DOI:10.1111/soc4.13031
Abstract
"Organizations have been an important setting in which social capital exchanges (SCEs) occur, but little work has been done to distinguish two predominant species of organizations in the social network literature: voluntary associations and formal work organizations. Addressing this lacuna, this article comparatively examines how the two organizational species differ in (1) how two prominent types of SCEs operate (restricted and generalized exchange), as well as (2) the analytical approaches and methodological tools for studying SCEs (boundary-specification, sampling, network designs, tie-recording methods) and their adherent implications for network structure (networking conditions and homophily). This article concludes by identifying methodological and theoretical challenges for studying SCEs in organizations (conceptualizing organizations as units, underappreciating meaning-making and methodological triangulation, and examining contagion in organizational networks in an age of digitalization) and developing recommendations for overcoming them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks (2023)
Zitatform
Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, Zoltán Elekes & Rikard Eriksson (2023): Escaping from low-wage employment: The role of co-worker networks. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 83. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2022.100747
Abstract
"Low-wage jobs are often regarded as dead ends in the labour market careers of young people. Previous research focused on disentangling to what degree the association between a low-wage job at the start of working life and limited chances of transitioning to better-paid employment is causal or spurious. Less attention has been paid to the factors that may facilitate the upward wage mobility of low-wage workers. We focus on such mechanisms, and we scrutinize the impact of social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Due to knowledge spillovers, job referrals, as well as firm-level productivity gains, having higher-educated co-workers may improve an individual's chances of transitioning to a better-paid job. We use linked employer-employee data from longitudinal Swedish registers and panel data models that incorporate measures of low-wage workers' social ties to higher-educated co-workers. Our results confirm that having social ties to higher-educated co-workers increases individual chances of transitioning to better-paid employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap (2023)
Cullen, Zoë; Perez-Truglia, Ricardo;Zitatform
Cullen, Zoë & Ricardo Perez-Truglia (2023): The Old Boys' Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap. In: The American economic review, Jg. 113, H. 7, S. 1703-1740. DOI:10.1257/aer.20210863
Abstract
"Offices are social places. Employees and managers take breaks together and talk about family and hobbies. In this study, we show that employees' social interactions with their managers can be advantageous for their careers, and that this phenomenon contributes to the gender pay gap. We use administrative and survey data from a large financial institution and exploit quasi-random variation induced by the rotation of managers. We provide evidence that when employees have more face-to-face interactions with their managers, they are promoted at a higher rate. This mechanism could explain a third of the gender gap in promotions at this firm." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Young people's job-search strategies in the German apprenticeship market: Who relies on referrals by strong ties and why? (2023)
Zitatform
Flohr, Matthias & Paula Protsch (2023): Young people's job-search strategies in the German apprenticeship market: Who relies on referrals by strong ties and why? In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 66, H. 2, S. 191-209. DOI:10.1177/00016993221115544
Abstract
"Social capital is often regarded as an important resource when searching for a job. However, unlike in the general labor market, in youth labor markets, leveraging network contacts does not necessarily enhance young people’s chances compared to formal job-search methods. Who then uses referrals by strong ties to support their school-to-work transitions? Drawing on the German National Educational Panel Study, we focus on noncollege-bound students searching for apprenticeship places. We investigate whether parental referrals are more likely to be used as a compensation strategy for limited opportunities due to regional conditions and lower levels of schooling and whether this search strategy entails a trade-off in terms of higher dropout risks. Our results indicate that in regions with poor regional labor market conditions, young people use parental referrals more often and also increasingly find apprenticeship places via referrals. Moreover, using referrals does not result in higher dropout risks. Lower-educated school leavers are also more likely to use referrals but they do not benefit from this search channel more than higher-educated youth. We conclude that social contacts can at least partly compensate for poor opportunities due to regional market conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Coworker networks and the labor market outcomes of displaced workers: Evidence from Portugal (2023)
Zitatform
Garcia-Louzao, Jose & Marta Silva (2023): Coworker networks and the labor market outcomes of displaced workers: Evidence from Portugal. In: Industrial Relations online erschienen am 20.10.2023. DOI:10.1111/irel.12348
Abstract
"The use of social contacts in the labor market is widespread. This paper investigates the association between personal connections and hiring probabilities as well as re-employment outcomes of displaced workers in Portugal. The hiring analysis indicates that displaced workers with a direct link to a firm through a former coworker are three times more likely to be hired compared to workers displaced from the same closing event who lack such a tie. Moreover, we show that successful displaced workers with a connection in the hiring firm have higher entry-level wages and enjoy greater job security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
University peers and career prospects: The impact of university ties on early labor market outcomes (2023)
Zitatform
Ilyés, Virág & Anna Sebők (2023): University peers and career prospects: The impact of university ties on early labor market outcomes. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 96. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2023.102456
Abstract
"By using extensive Hungarian administrative data, this study aims to provide empirical evidence that former university ties strongly influence the labour market outcomes of individuals, even early in their careers. The estimates focus on the early career paths of graduates who obtained a master's degree between 2010 and 2017. As direct information on social contacts is not available in the dataset, we proxy university peers as students who started and finished the same university programmes (bachelor's or master's) in the same semester. Our results suggest that individuals are more likely to get hired by given firms if their former peers work there. The measured effects are considered significant and quite robust, even after controlling for the important sources of potential bias. Although we cannot present exact proof of the direct help of contacts, we provide suggestive evidence that seems to confirm the existence of such assistance. Our findings also revealed that the measured benefits are mainly attributable to connections from bachelor's studies. The effect of master's peers is mostly driven by the selection of individuals alongside prevalent study track-firm pathways. By comparing entries into new firms with and without peers, we also show that graduates with links have better labor market outcomes after hiring: they earn higher wages, obtain better and more prestigious positions, and stay longer at their new firm. The results draw attention to the importance of university peers in the labour market and contribute to the discussions about the determinants of early labour market success." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Raus aus der (gefühlten) Ohnmacht? Geflüchtete erleben ihr Ankommen in Deutschland als eine immense Herausforderung (2023)
Landauer, Philipp;Zitatform
Landauer, Philipp (2023): Raus aus der (gefühlten) Ohnmacht? Geflüchtete erleben ihr Ankommen in Deutschland als eine immense Herausforderung. In: IAB-Forum H. 05.01.2023 Nürnberg. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20230105.01
Abstract
"Ob es Geflüchteten gelingt, in einer neuen Gesellschaft anzukommen, hängt sowohl von ihnen selbst als auch von den Einheimischen ab. Anhand von Erzählungen Geflüchteter verdeutlicht eine IAB-Studie, dass diese den schwierigen Prozess des Ankommens vor allem als ein stetes Ringen um Handlungsfähigkeit erleben – mit individuell höchst unterschiedlichem Erfolg." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Why Personal Ties (Still) Matter: Referrals and Congestion (2023)
Mylius, F.;Zitatform
Mylius, F. (2023): Why Personal Ties (Still) Matter: Referrals and Congestion. (Cambridge working papers in economics 2356), Cambridge, 21 S.
Abstract
"The internet has reduced search costs significantly, making it much easier to apply for a large number of jobs. In spite of that, the share of jobs found through personal contacts has remained stable over the past decades. My theoretical framework explores a new channel that makes referred candidates favorable for firms: a higher likelihood to accept a job offer. This trait becomes particularly advantageous whenever firms face large uncertainty over whether their candidates would accept their job offer. As we see, if search barriers vanish and workers apply to more firms, a referred candidate expects to face more competitors. On the other hand, with more applications being sent out, workers are, on average, less interested in each firm they apply to, which makes referred candidates stand out more. This means the chances of getting a job offer through a referral can increase if competing workers send out more applications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The weakness of common job contacts (2023)
Zitatform
Ruiz-Palazuelos, Sofía, María Paz Espinosa & Jaromír Kovářík (2023): The weakness of common job contacts. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 160. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2023.104594
Abstract
"Many people obtain job information from friends and acquaintances. However, one factor influencing labor-market outcomes that is ignored in the literature is the presence of overlapping friendship circles in social networks. We find that overlapping friendship networks produce correlated information flows, resulting in an increased probability of two events: either receiving redundant job offers or receiving no job offers at all. Consequently, people with common contact networks exhibit worse employment prospects even if they have the same number of information providers and compete with the same number of people for vacancies. In quantitative terms, the impact of overlapping friendship circles rivals that of the number of direct contacts and contacts’ contacts. This implies that the results in Calvó-Armengol (2004) only apply for networks where people’s friends are neither connected nor have common contacts. Because overlapping friendship circles are a crucial aspect of strong relationships, our findings uncover an alternative mechanism behind “The Strength of Weak Ties” (Granovetter, 1973): their ability to maintain independence in job information flows. We further show that people with common job contacts earn lower incomes on average. However, conditional on being employed, their expected wage is higher because they can take advantage of the multiple job offers received by selecting the one with the highest pay." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring Income Inequality in Social Networks (2023)
Stark, Oded; Bielawski, Jakub; Falniowski, Fryderyk;Zitatform
Stark, Oded, Jakub Bielawski & Fryderyk Falniowski (2023): Measuring Income Inequality in Social Networks. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16666), Bonn, 33 S.
Abstract
"We present a new index for measuring income inequality in networks. The index is based on income comparisons made by the members of a network who are linked with each other by direct social connections. To model the comparisons, we compose a measure of relative deprivation for networks. We base our new index on this measure. The index takes the form of a ratio: the network's aggregate level of relative deprivation divided by the aggregate level of the relative deprivation of a hypothetical network in which one member of the network receives all the income, and it is with this member that the other members of the network compare their incomes. We discuss the merits of this representation. We inquire how changes in the composition of a network affect the index. In addition, we show how the index accommodates specific network characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pre-existing company contacts and premature termination of apprenticeship training in Germany (2023)
Weißmann, Markus; Roth, Tobias;Zitatform
Weißmann, Markus & Tobias Roth (2023): Pre-existing company contacts and premature termination of apprenticeship training in Germany. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 87. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2023.100839
Abstract
"Using longitudinal data from Starting Cohort 4 of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), we examined whether pre-existing strong ties and weak ties in the training company are associated with the risk of premature termination of apprenticeship training in Germany. This is highly relevant for the literature on social capital in the labor market since so far little is known about the role of social contacts for the turnover propensity of labor market entrants. By examining a potentially important factor for a successful labor market integration, our research also adds to both the school-to-work and the social stratification literature. Our empirical results are only partly consistent with our theoretically derived expectations. While contrary to our expectations, we found no association between strong ties and termination probability, weak ties were, as expected, associated with a lower probability of premature training termination among those apprentices who were trained in their desired occupation. Our main results, combined with several robustness checks, let us assume that this is due to better matched training situations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ressourcen von beruflich erfolgreichen Frauen: eine qualitative Studie zu Frauen mit und ohne Behinderung (2022)
Ehrig, Heike; Krumpholz, Doris;Zitatform
Ehrig, Heike & Doris Krumpholz (2022): Ressourcen von beruflich erfolgreichen Frauen. Eine qualitative Studie zu Frauen mit und ohne Behinderung. Münster: Waxmann Verlag, 356 S.
Abstract
"Die Unterrepräsentanz von berufstätigen Frauen in ranghohen Positionen ist nach wie vor ein Thema in Gesellschaft und Politik. In Wissenschaft und Forschung war der Fokus bisher eher darauf gerichtet, was Frauen an beruflichem Erfolg hindert, wo etwa strukturelle Barrieren oder persönliche Faktoren einen Einfluss haben. Dieser bislang eher defizitorientierte Blick auf gut qualifizierte und erfolgsmotivierte Frauen vernachlässigte die Frage nach den Ressourcen und Kompetenzen von Frauen, die beruflich erfolgreich geworden sind. Dabei wurde die Frage nach Erfolgsfaktoren von Frauen mit Behinderung überhaupt nicht gestellt. In dieser Untersuchung mit qualitativen Interviews wird nach den Ressourcen von Frauen mit und ohne Behinderung gefragt und ihre Kompetenzen, Strategien und die Relevanz von sozialen Beziehungen werden ermittelt. Was bedeutet es für Frauen mit und ohne Behinderung, beruflich erfolgreich zu sein? Über welche Kompetenzen verfügen sie? Wie gestalten sie soziale Beziehungen und welche Strategien wenden sie an? Welche Empfehlungen geben sie anderen Frauen und Arbeitgeber*innen bzw. Organisationen? Dieses Buch will neben dem Beitrag zur Forschung auch hilfreiche Anregungen geben für Interessenvertretungen wie Gleichstellungsbeauftragte, Diversity-Beauftragte, Schwerbehindertenvertrauensleute und Personalrätinnen. Darüber hinaus können auch Führungskräfte, Erwachsenenbildner*innen und Pädagog*innen profitieren." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Co-ethnic Social Capital on Immigrants' Labor Market Integration: A Natural Experiment (2022)
Zitatform
Gërxhani, Klarita & Yuliya Kosyakova (2022): The Effect of Co-ethnic Social Capital on Immigrants' Labor Market Integration: A Natural Experiment. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 10, 2022-03-15. DOI:10.1186/s40878-022-00289-x
Abstract
"Empirically identifying the causal effect of social capital on immigrants’ economic prospects is a challenging task due to the non-random residential sorting of immigrants into locations with greater opportunities for prior or co-ethnic connections. Our study addresses this selection-bias issue by using a natural-experimental dataset of refugees and other immigrants who were exogenously allocated to their first place of residence by German authorities. This unique opportunity allows us to make an important methodological contribution to the predominantly observational knowledge about immigration and co-ethnic social capital. Although a growing body of migration studies in economics and sociology stresses the importance of social networks for migrants’ labor market integration, our results show little evidence of a causal effect of social networks themselves. Being part of a larger co-ethnic community per se does not accelerate immigrants’ labor market success except for the migrants who use the resources embedded in their social contacts when looking for a job. We conclude that further methodological advancements can be achieved by embracing recent technological developments and by combining different methods to increase both internal and external validity of findings in migration studies." (Author's abstract, © Springer Nature) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ethnic enclaves and immigrant economic integration: High-quality enclave networks encourage labor market success for newly arriving immigrants (2022)
Zitatform
Schüller, Simone & Tanika Chakraborty (2022): Ethnic enclaves and immigrant economic integration. High-quality enclave networks encourage labor market success for newly arriving immigrants. (IZA world of labor 287), Bonn, 10 S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.287.v2
Abstract
"Aus theoretischer Sicht ist offen, ob ethnische Enklaven die ökonomischen Eingliederungschancen limitieren oder aber Migranten dabei helfen, sich dank eines besseren Zugangs zu Informationen und Arbeitsplätzen erfolgreicher zu integrieren. Empirische Belege deuten darauf hin, dass Zuwanderer, die sich in ethnischen Enklaven niederlassen, ein höheres Einkommen erzielen können – primär hängt dies von der Qualität des ethnischen Netzwerks ab. Eine Politik, die Anreize für Neuzuwanderer schafft, sich in Regionen mit relativ hohen Beschäftigungsquoten und hohem Bildungsniveau innerhalb der eigenen ethnischen Gruppe niederzulassen, kann ihre Integration in den Gesamtarbeitsmarkt fördern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Deutsche Kurzfassung -
Literaturhinweis
Network explanations of the gender gap in migrants' employment patterns: Use of online and offline networks in the Netherlands (2021)
Zitatform
Bilecen, Başak & Verena Seibel (2021): Network explanations of the gender gap in migrants' employment patterns: Use of online and offline networks in the Netherlands. In: Journal of Family Research, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 541-565. DOI:10.20377/jfr-484
Abstract
"Objective: We investigate the relation between having online and offline personal networks and employment for male and female migrants in the Netherlands. Background: Previous research diagnoses an alarming gender gap for migrants in their employment patterns. Although social networks are identified as being crucial for migrants' labor market participation, we know very little about how migrant men and women differ in their social networks and how these differences translate into varying employment opportunities. Method: Drawing on the Dutch Immigrant Panel of LISS (Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences) dataset, we examined migrants' employment patters who have arrived to the Netherlands under different migration streams by conducting logistic regression models. Results: We identify two major findings. While contrary to our expectations, migrant women tend to be connected with those who are employed and with a Dutch background, less connected to men and have a rather dense network structure. Nonetheless, women's personal networks do not significantly account for their unemployment, but rather their less use of LinkedIn than migrant men. Conclusion: Our findings have implications in understanding network inequalities for female migrants in their labor market participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hiring Your Friends: Evidence from the Market for Financial Economists (2021)
Zitatform
Hadlock, Charles J. & Joshua R. Pierce (2021): Hiring Your Friends: Evidence from the Market for Financial Economists. In: ILR review, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 977-1007. DOI:10.1177/0019793919896755
Abstract
"The authors study connections in academic hiring in a sample of finance doctoral graduates. Departments hire PhD graduates with school connections to other recently hired faculty at a significantly greater rate than models predict. Similarly, schools exhibit an elevated propensity to hire individuals with names that indicate a similar ethnic background to incumbent department members. School-connected hires tend to publish at significantly elevated rates, a finding that is robust to a large number of model modifications and is stronger in more research-intensive departments. The evidence on school connections appears highly consistent with an employer information benefit from hiring based on school connections. Ethnic-connected hires tend to publish at lower-than-predicted rates when controlling for hiring-school characteristics, but this finding is not robust to the inclusion of hiring-school fixed effects. This evidence suggests that the possible information benefits of school-connected hiring do not immediately extend to other types of connections." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Whom do you know? Recruiters' motives for assessing jobseekers' online networks (2021)
Hedenus, Anna; Håkansson, Peter; Backman, Christel;Zitatform
Hedenus, Anna, Christel Backman & Peter Håkansson (2021): Whom do you know? Recruiters' motives for assessing jobseekers' online networks. In: The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 32, H. 8, S. 1754-1777. DOI:10.1080/09585192.2019.1579245
Abstract
"Network recruitment has become an essential part of the modern labour market. However, there are significant research gaps: 1) the development of social media has been crucial to the growth of social networks, yet we know little about its influence on network recruitment; 2) studies on network recruitment generally focus on employees' rather than employers' perspectives; 3) the context of most research is the US labour market, which then identifies a need for contributions relating to other countries. The aim of this study is to analyse and discuss recruiters' use of SNS to evaluate the networks of potential candidates. To understand how and why recruiters assess online networks, we used qualitative data from a Swedish study. Our analysis showed that recruiters search the internet either to find information that helps them ascertain the candidate as trustworthy, or to evaluate the candidate's social capital through the size and composition of their networks. For certain job positions especially, active management of one's online networks thus becomes crucial. Finally, this study illustrates how network connections may undermine rather than build trust, and thereby challenges a belief in the positive impact of networks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social Capital and Its Effect on Labour Market (Mis)match: Migrants' Overqualification in Germany (2021)
Kracke, Nancy; Klug, Christina;Zitatform
Kracke, Nancy & Christina Klug (2021): Social Capital and Its Effect on Labour Market (Mis)match: Migrants' Overqualification in Germany. In: Journal of International Migration and Integration, Jg. 22, H. 4, S. 1573-1598. DOI:10.1007/s12134-021-00817-1
Abstract
"If a person is overqualified in the sense that an employee's level of training exceeds the job requirements, then some human capital lies idle and cannot be converted into appropriate (monetary and non-monetary) returns. Migrants are particularly at risk of being overqualified in their employment; however, this phenomenon cannot be fully explained by differences in human capital or socio-economic characteristics. This paper examines whether social capital plays a decisive role in migrants' risk of overqualification in Germany. Using data from the German IAB-SOEP Migration Sample, we analyse the job search process of migrants to determine whether social networks influence their risk of being employed below their acquired educational level. We estimate logistic regression models and find that social capital influences the adequacy of migrants' jobs: We show that migrants are at a greater risk of overqualification if they use only informal job search strategies such as relying on friends or family members. Moreover, we find that homophilous migrant networks and jobs in employment niches are risk factors for overqualification. We conclude that the combination of informal job search modes and homophilous migrant networks leads to a comparably high risk for migrants of being overqualified in their employment in the German labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dann eben mithilfe meiner Leute: Wie Netzwerke helfen, ethnische Diskriminierung bei der Jobsuche zu umgehen (2021)
Schulz, Benjamin;Zitatform
Schulz, Benjamin (2021): Dann eben mithilfe meiner Leute. Wie Netzwerke helfen, ethnische Diskriminierung bei der Jobsuche zu umgehen. In: WZB-Mitteilungen, Jg. 173, S. 9-11.
Abstract
"Auch in Deutschland geht die ethnische Herkunft mit erheblichen Nachteilen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt einher. Neben beruflichen Qualifikationen und Deutschkenntnis en bestimmen auch die soziale Einbettung und ethnische Diskriminierung die Arbeitsmarktintegration. Längsschnittliche Analysen von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels zeigen, dass Zugewanderte stärker von der Nutzung ihrer sozialen Ressourcen profitieren als Deutsche ohne Migrationshintergrund, vor allem Menschen aus ehemaligen Anwerbeländern wie der Türkei. Ihnen kann die Nutzung persönlicher Netzwerke helfen, um (erwartete) Diskriminierung zu umgehen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Coworker Networks and the Labor Market Outcomes of Displaced Workers: Evidence from Portugal (2021)
Zitatform
Silva, Marta & Jose Garcia-Louzao (2021): Coworker Networks and the Labor Market Outcomes of Displaced Workers: Evidence from Portugal. (Working paper series / Lietuvos Bankas 95), Vilnius, 36 S.
Abstract
"The use of social contacts in the labor market is widespread. This paper investigates the impact of personal connections on hiring probabilities and re-employment outcomes of displaced workers in Portugal. We rely on rich matched employer-employee data to define personal connections that arise from interactions at the workplace. Our empirical strategy exploits firm closures to select workers who are exogenously forced to search for a new job and leverages variation across displaced workers with direct connections to prospective employers. The hiring analysis indicates that displaced workers with a direct link to a firm through a former coworker are roughly three times more likely to be hired compared to workers displaced from the same closing event who lack such a tie. However, we find that the effect varies according to the type of connection as well as firms' similarity. Finally, we show that successful displaced workers with a connection in the hiring firm have higher entry-level wages and enjoy greater job security although these advantages disappear over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How much do network support and managerial skills affect women's entrepreneurial success? The overlooked role of country economic development (2021)
Welsh, Dianne H. B.; Alonso-Dos-Santos, Manuel; Llanos-Contreras, Orlando; Kaciak, Eugene;Zitatform
Welsh, Dianne H. B., Orlando Llanos-Contreras, Manuel Alonso-Dos-Santos & Eugene Kaciak (2021): How much do network support and managerial skills affect women's entrepreneurial success? The overlooked role of country economic development. In: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Jg. 33, H. 3/4, S. 287-308. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2021.1872939
Abstract
"The success of women-owned businesses with regard to the stages of economic development of countries is under-examined on a global basis. This study explores the relationship between country economic and political contexts and assesses the importance of entrepreneurs’ networks and managerial skills on women’s entrepreneurial success. The research uses data from 22 countries chosen from multi-dimensional country context constructs (i.e., select economic and political factors) and measures both family and external moral and financial support and managerial skills. The results show that stock (managerial skill) and flow (family and non-family support) differentially influence women’s entrepreneurial success in countries at varying levels of competitive development. In particular, the results confirm the positive influence of managerial skills and family moral and financial support on women’s entrepreneurial success (based on annual income) in countries at a higher level of competitive development and confirm their negative influence in countries at a lower level of competitive growth. Moreover, the results reveal influences of non-family financial support (positive for highly competitive countries) on income but not non-family moral support. Public policy implications are discussed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The gender gap in job authority: Do social network resources matter? (2020)
Zitatform
Blommaert, Lieselotte, Roza Meuleman, Stefan Leenheer & Anete Butkevica (2020): The gender gap in job authority: Do social network resources matter? In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 63, H. 4, S. 381-399. DOI:10.1177/0001699319847504
Abstract
"Women generally have less job authority than men. Previous research has shown that human capital, family features and contextual factors cannot fully explain this gender authority gap. Another popular explanation holds that women's career opportunities are limited because their social networks comprise less beneficial contacts and resources than men's. Yet, the role of social networks has received little attention in empirical research seeking to explain the gender gap in job authority. This study examines to what extent gender differences in social networks exist and are related to the gender authority gap. Drawing on two strands of social network theory, we develop hypotheses about the role of network diversity and network status. We test these hypotheses using representative longitudinal data from the Netherlands Longitudinal Lifecourse Study (2009 - 2013). Results reveal that women generally had less diverse occupational networks in terms of contacts' occupations and were less likely to know managers than men, network features which are found to be significantly related to job authority. Controlling for these gender differences in networks leads to a reduction of the observed gender authority gap that is statistically significant but modest in substantive terms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unemployment services for newly arrived migrants in Sweden: The privatization and rebureaucratization of the introduction programme (2020)
Zitatform
Ennerberg, Elin (2020): Unemployment services for newly arrived migrants in Sweden. The privatization and rebureaucratization of the introduction programme. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 54, H. 5, S. 719-732. DOI:10.1111/spol.12571
Abstract
"A recent policy reform in Sweden reorganized the management of newly arrived migrants' entrance into the labour market, which resulted in the Swedish Public Employment Service being given coordinating responsibility and introducing private service providers. Building on qualitative interviews with public employment officers and private actors, this study focuses on how the political contradictions in the new 2-year introduction programme are managed at the organizational level. In the article, it is argued that although both public employment officers and private actors experience difficulty separating unemployed migrants' need for social support from the workfare ambitions of the programme, aspects of privatization?such as freedom of choice and the service specification?further complicate this situation. Thus, the individualization aspects of the policy should be viewed as countering some of the more controlling aspects of the reform, thus, in effect, neutralizing its liberalizing tendencies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Lebenswelten und soziale Netzwerke von jungen Geflüchteten und Zugewanderten am Übergang in Ausbildung und Beruf (2020)
Heisler, Dietmar; Schemmer, Susanne;Zitatform
Heisler, Dietmar & Susanne Schemmer (2020): Lebenswelten und soziale Netzwerke von jungen Geflüchteten und Zugewanderten am Übergang in Ausbildung und Beruf. In: Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik - online H. 38, S. 1-23.
Abstract
"Jugend wird als eine eigenständige Lebens- und Entwicklungsphase betrachtet. Für junge Geflüchtete stellt sie eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Für sie geht es nicht nur um die Bewältigung alterstypischer Entwicklungsaufgaben, sondern auch um eine gelingende Integration in die Aufnahmegesellschaft. Dazu gehören u. a. das Kennenlernen und die Aneignung von Sprache, Kultur und Werten, genauso die Erschließung von Alltagsräumen und Lebenswelten, z. B. von Freizeitmöglichkeiten, Bildung und von beruflichen Erfahrungsräumen. Die Frage zur gelingenden Integration und Gestaltung von Lebenswelten junger Geflüchteter wurde im Kontext der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung des Projekts „angekommen in Deiner Stadt“ der Walter Blüchert Stiftung genauer untersucht. Der Beitrag referiert u. a. die Ergebnisse einer in diesem Kontext durchgeführten egozentrierten Netzwerkanalyse. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Angebote den Rahmen für den Aufbau und die Erweiterung kommunikativer, sozialer Netzwerke darstellen und lebensweltliche Zugänge öffnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of social segregation on the labor market outcomes of low-skilled workers (2020)
Horváth, Gergely;Zitatform
Horváth, Gergely (2020): The impact of social segregation on the labor market outcomes of low-skilled workers. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 122, H. 1, S. 3-37. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12324
Abstract
"We study the impact of network homophily on labor market outcomes in a search and matching model with two job search channels: the formal market and social contacts. There are two worker types: low-skilled and high-skilled workers. The homophily level determines whether the referral networks of the two types are mixed or segregated from each other. We show that there exists an intermediate homophily level that minimizes the unemployment rate and maximizes the wages of low-skilled workers. Complete integration does not maximize the welfare of low-skilled workers, unless it improves their productivity. We argue that our model can explain the empirical findings on the labor market effects of the Moving-to-Opportunity experiment and the integration of immigrants." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do neighbors help finding a job?: social networks and labor market outcomes after plant closures (2020)
Zitatform
Jahn, Elke & Michael Neugart (2020): Do neighbors help finding a job? Social networks and labor market outcomes after plant closures. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 65, S. 1-15., 2020-04-01. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101825
Abstract
"Social networks may affect workers’ labor market outcomes. Using rich spatial data from administrative records, we analyze whether the employment status of neighbors influences the employment probability of a worker who lost his job due to a plant closure and the channels through which this occurs. Our findings suggest that a ten percentage point higher neighborhood employment rate increases the probability of having a job six months after displacement by 0.9 percentage points. The neighborhood effect seems to be driven not by social norms but by information transmission at the neighborhood level, and additionally by networks of former co-workers who also lost their jobs due to plant closure." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The weakness of strong (and weak) ties: obtaining a government job (2020)
Zitatform
Kong, Fanyi & Xuhong Su (2020): The weakness of strong (and weak) ties: obtaining a government job. In: International Journal of Public Administration, Jg. 43, H. 9, S. 790-803. DOI:10.1080/01900692.2019.1659816
Abstract
"Between merit principles and social contacts, how they facilitate individuals to obtain a government job in the United States remains unsettled. Based on a survey administered via Amazon Mturk, this study finds that merit-based selection constitutes the most significant means to obtain public jobs, particularly so in state and local governments despite of sizeable respondents claiming other venues. The use of social contacts, including both strong and weak ties, shows little advantage on obtaining public employment but proves significant in private organizations. Controlling individuals' previous job obtaining experience, the study contends that variations on job obtaining methods can be reasonably attributable to institutional distinctiveness that features different rules, procedures and regulations. Merit principles are kept alive in governments, though challenges persist, particularly so in federal government. The study ends up with a discussion of research findings and their implications in HR practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Rolle des sozialen Netzwerkes von Langzeitarbeitslosen: Mitgliedschaften in Vereinen und Hilfe bei Alltagsproblemen können Jobchancen erhöhen (2020)
Zitatform
Krug, Gerhard, Mark Trappmann & Christof Wolf (2020): Rolle des sozialen Netzwerkes von Langzeitarbeitslosen: Mitgliedschaften in Vereinen und Hilfe bei Alltagsproblemen können Jobchancen erhöhen. (IAB-Kurzbericht 22/2020), Nürnberg, 8 S.
Abstract
"Soziale Kontakte können eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Re-Integration von Langzeitarbeitslosen in den Arbeitsmarkt spielen. Sie können etwa Informationen über freie Stellen weitergeben, mitunter Einfluss auf Einstellungen nehmen oder bei der Bewältigung der Folgen anhaltender Arbeitslosigkeit helfen. Die Autoren untersuchen die sozialen Kontakte Langzeitarbeitsloser und prüfen, ob und welche dieser Beziehungen bei der Arbeitsaufnahme hilfreich sind. Haben Langzeitarbeitslose etwa einen Freundes- und Bekanntenkreis, der bereit ist, sie bei der Stellensuche zu unterstützen, verbessert dies entgegen der Erwartung ihre Beschäftigungschancen nicht. Freunde und Bekannte, die bei der Bewältigung von Alltagsproblemen helfen können, erhöhen dagegen die Beschäftigungschancen von Langzeitarbeitslosen ebenso wie aktive Mitgliedschaften in freiwilligen Vereinigungen wie Sportvereinen, Gewerkschaften oder Kirchen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Connecting employers and workers: Can recommendations from the Public Employment Service Act as a substitute for social contacts? (2020)
Zitatform
Liechti, Fabienne (2020): Connecting employers and workers: Can recommendations from the Public Employment Service Act as a substitute for social contacts? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 587-604. DOI:10.1177/0950017019836888
Abstract
"This article investigates how employers value recommendations from the public employment service (PES) compared to recommendations from a social contact for their hiring decision. The importance of social contacts in the labour market creates inequality by putting those with a weak social network at a disadvantage. It is therefore important to know if public agencies acting as labour market intermediaries (LMI) can compensate for this disadvantage. This question is investigated by means of a factorial survey experiment conducted among Swiss human resources professionals. The results demonstrate that employers value recommendations from social contacts as well as the PES. However, the latter is not able to fully substitute for the effect of social networks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of co-national networks on asylum seekers' employment: Quasi-experimental evidence from Germany (2020)
Zitatform
Stips, Felix & Krisztina Kis-Katos (2020): The impact of co-national networks on asylum seekers' employment: Quasi-experimental evidence from Germany. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 15, H. 8. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0236996
Abstract
"Using novel registry data on persons receiving asylum welfare benefits in Germany for the period from 2010 to 2016, and quasi-experimental variation induced by German allocation policies, we identify the role that the size and composition of local co-national networks of asylum seekers play for formal labor market access within the same group. While the individual employment probability is not linked to network size, it increases with the number of employed local co-national asylum seekers and decreases with the number of non-employed network members, thereby underlining the central importance of network quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ethnic networks and the employment of asylum seekers: Evidence from Germany (2020)
Zitatform
Stips, Felix & Krisztina Kis-Katos (2020): Ethnic networks and the employment of asylum seekers. Evidence from Germany. (IZA discussion paper 12903), Bonn, 23 S.
Abstract
"Using novel registry data on the population of asylum seekers in Germany for the period from 2010 to 2016, and quasi-experimental variation induced by German allocation policies, we identify causal effects of the size and composition of local co-national networks on formal labor market access of asylum seekers. While the individual employment probability is not linked to network size, it increases with the number of employed local co-national asylum seekers and decreases with the number of non-employed network members, thereby underlining the central importance of network quality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Immigration, social networks, and occupational mismatch (2019)
Zitatform
Alaverdyan, Sevak & Anna Zaharieva (2019): Immigration, social networks, and occupational mismatch. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 1033), Berlin, 48 S.
Abstract
"In this study we investigate the link between the job search channels that workers use to find employment and the probability of occupational mismatch in the new job. Our specific focus is on differences between native and immigrant workers. We use data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) over the period 2000-2014. First, we document that referral hiring via social networks is the most frequent single channel of generating jobs in Germany; in relative terms referrals are used more frequently by immigrant workers compared to natives. Second, our data reveals that referral hiring is associated with the highest rate of occupational mismatch among all channels in Germany. We combine these findings and use them to develop a theoretical search and matching model with two ethnic groups of workers (natives and immigrants), two search channels (formal and referral hiring) and two occupations. When modeling social networks we take into account ethnic and professional homophily in the link formation. Our model predicts that immigrant workers face stronger risk of unemployment and often rely on recommendations from their friends and relatives as a channel of last resort. Furthermore, higher rates of referral hiring produce more frequent occupational mismatch of the immigrant population compared to natives. We test this prediction empirically and confirm that more intensive network hiring contributes significantly to higher rates of occupational mismatch among immigrants. Finally, we document that the gaps in the incidence of referrals and mismatch rates are reduced among second generation immigrants indicating some degree of integration in the German labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Hiring through referrals in a labor market with adverse selection (2019)
Dariel, Aurelie; Siegenthaler, Simon; Riedl, Arno;Zitatform
Dariel, Aurelie, Arno Riedl & Simon Siegenthaler (2019): Hiring through referrals in a labor market with adverse selection. (CESifo working paper 7610), München, 30 S.
Abstract
"Information asymmetries can prevent markets from operating efficiently. An important example is the labor market, where employers face uncertainty about the productivity of job candidates. We examine theoretically and with laboratory experiments three key questions related to hiring via referrals when employees have private information about their productivity. First, do firms use employee referrals when there are social ties between a current employee and a future employee? Second, does the existence of social ties and hiring through employee referrals indeed alleviate adverse selection relative to when social ties do not exist? Third, does the existence of social ties have spill-over effects on wages and hiring in competitive labor markets? The answers to all three questions are affirmative. However, despite the identified positive effect of employee referrals, hiring decisions fall short of the (second-best) efficient outcome. We identify risk aversion as a potential reason for this." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Social connections and the sorting of workers to firms (2019)
Zitatform
Eliason, Marcus, Lena Hensvik, Francis Kramarz & Oskar Nordström Skans (2019): Social connections and the sorting of workers to firms. (IZA discussion paper 12323), Bonn, 54 S2.
Abstract
"The literature on social networks often presumes that job search through (strong) social ties leads to increased inequality by providing privileged individuals with access to more attractive labor market opportunities. We assess this presumption in the context of sorting between AKM-style person and establishment fixed effects. Our rich Swedish register data allow us to measure connections between agents - workers to workers and workers to firms - through parents, children, siblings, spouses, former co-workers and classmates from high school/college, and current neighbors. In clear contrast with the above presumption, there is less sorting inequality among the workers hired through social networks. This outcome results from opposing factors. On the one hand, reinforcing positive sorting, high-wage job seekers are shown to have social connections to high-wage workers, and therefore to high-wage firms (because of sorting of workers over firms). Furthermore, connections have a causal impact on the allocation of workers across workplaces - employers are much more likely to hire displaced workers to whom they are connected through their employees, in particular if their social ties are strong. On the other hand, attenuating positive sorting, the (causal) impact is much stronger for low-wage firms than it is for high-wage firms, irrespective of the type of worker involved, even conditional on worker fixed effects. The lower degree of sorting among connected hires thus arises because low-wage firms use their (relatively few) connections to high-wage workers to hire workers of a type that they are unable to attract through market channels." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Pathways to the power elite: The organizational landscape of elite careers (2019)
Ellersgaard, Christoph Houman; Lunding, Jacob Aagaard; Larsen, Anton Grau; Henriksen, Lasse Folke;Zitatform
Ellersgaard, Christoph Houman, Jacob Aagaard Lunding, Lasse Folke Henriksen & Anton Grau Larsen (2019): Pathways to the power elite: The organizational landscape of elite careers. In: The sociological review, Jg. 67, H. 5, S. 1170-1192. DOI:10.1177/0038026119852301
Abstract
"To capture elites, we must map out the organizational landscape through which they pass during their careers. This organizational landscape moulds the character of elites, tells us about the prestige of organizations that are elite incubators and provides valuable indicators about how different sectoral experiences serve to accumulate capital for the elite. Unpacking the organizational experience challenges theoretical and methodological understandings of the elite character, calling for a renewed focus on the organizational embedding of elites after school. By analysing the occupational history of 416 highly central individuals in a Danish elite network, what we term 'the power elite', a very distinct set of career trajectories, running through a subset of large, well-established, interconnected organizations, is mapped and analysed. To understand the different ways in which the members of this power elite accumulate 'organizational capital' in different fields, sequence analysis on six distinct channels, sector, subsector, size, level, rhythm and geography, is applied. Through this multi-channel sequence analysis, 10 distinct clusters of career trajectories are identified, distinguishing primarily between four private sector clusters: corporate ambassadors, industrial inner circle, bankers and landed gentry; and six public sector clusters: state nobility, professional politicians, lobbyists, scientists, unionists, and education and local politics. Analysing the careers, private sector careers are shown to be more homogeneous than public sector careers, while careers based on positions with a democratic mandate, mainly politicians and union leaders, are more turbulent and unpredictable. We link pathways to social backgrounds, showing preference for pathways for the natives in the upper class." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, social networks, and microenterprise: Differences in network effects on business performance (2019)
Kim, Seon Mi;Zitatform
Kim, Seon Mi (2019): Gender, social networks, and microenterprise: Differences in network effects on business performance. In: Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Jg. 46, H. 3, S. 1-35.
Abstract
"This article aims to find if female micro-entrepreneurs have different social networks that affect their business performance from males. This article uses the longitudinal Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamic (PSED) II data set (2005-2011) in the U.S. The key finding is that even in cases where female micro-entrepreneurs gained the same number of weak ties and resources from their networks as their male counterparts, their weak ties and gained resources did not help them to improve their business performance unlike their male counterparts. Implications for Microenterprise Development Programs and future studies are informed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Soziale Ressourcen und die Wahl von Ausbildungsberufen (2019)
Kropp, Per;Zitatform
Kropp, Per (2019): Soziale Ressourcen und die Wahl von Ausbildungsberufen. In: N. Burzan (Hrsg.) (2019): Komplexe Dynamiken globaler und lokaler Entwicklungen, Göttingen, S. 1-7.
Abstract
"Die vorgestellte Studie hat als inhaltliches Ziel, die Wirkung sozialer Ressourcen über einfache Indikatoren wie die Berufsangaben von Verwandten und Freunden auf die Platzierung im Ausbildungssystem zu untersuchen. Sie verfolgte zugleich das methodische Ziel, diese Platzierung über unterschiedliche „Attraktivitäts“merkmale für (Ausbildungs-)Berufe zu erfassen. Inhaltlich zeigt sich in dieser Studie, die auf einer schriftlichen Befragung von Auszubildenden am Ende des ersten Ausbildungsjahrs in über 70 Berufsschulklassen in Regionen Sachsen-Anhalts und Thüringens beruht, dass Jugendlichen mit günstiger Ressourcenausstattung der Zugang zu attraktiven Ausbildungen besser gelingt als Jugendlichen mit weniger günstigen Netzwerken oder schlechteren schulischen Voraussetzungen. Es wirken also ähnliche Matching-Prozesse wie auf dem Arbeitsmarkt allgemein. Die Ergebnisse bieten eine gute Erklärung, wie sich Auszubildenden in die Hierarchie der Ausbildungsberufe einordnen, wenn man ihre Tariflöhne, die Übernahmechancen, das Lösungsrisikos und die Abschlusszuversicht betrachtet. Dabei liefern Netzwerkvariablen einen wichtigen Erklärungsbeitrag hinsichtlich der Tariflöhne und des Berufsprestiges. Als methodisch problematisch wird die Verwendung von der SIOPS-Werte als Prestigeskalen für die Klassifizierung der Berufe eingeschätzt. Sie tragen den Besonderheiten und dem Stellenwert der dualen Berufsausbildung eher unzureichend Rechnung. Jedoch fehlten Alternativen, die für die aktuelle Klassifikation der Berufe genutzt werden könnten. Zu prüfen ist auch, ob das Konzept der Berufsähnlichkeit in der vorliegenden Operationalisierung (Prüfung ob die Berufsgattungen identisch sind) zu vereinfacht umgesetzt ist. Alternativen könnten der Vergleich der weniger aggregierten Berufs(unter)gruppen oder der im ersten Abschnitt erwähnten „Berufswechselfelder“ sein. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass schon die Nutzung einfacher Indikatoren für soziale Ressourcen ein besseres Verständnis von Arbeitsmarktprozessen erlaubt. Die Verwendung unterschiedlicher „Attraktivitäts“-Indikatoren erlaubt einen facettenreichen Blick auf den Berufswahlprozess." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kropp, Per;Weiterführende Informationen
Hier finden Sie sämtliche Beiträge des Kongressbandes. -
Literaturhinweis
Holland/Leinhardt (1976): Local Structure in Social Networks (2019)
Kropp, Per;Zitatform
Kropp, Per (2019): Holland/Leinhardt (1976): Local Structure in Social Networks. In: B. Holzer & C. Stegbauer (Hrsg.) (2019): Schlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung, S. 271-274, 2018-06-04. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-21742-6_62
Abstract
"Die siebziger Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts gehörten zur Formierungsphase der Netzwerkforschung, in der Forschungsgruppen aus verschiedenen Disziplinen und von verschiedenen Universitäten zueinander fanden. Ein wichtiger Beitrag waren die Arbeiten zur Triadenstatistik und zur statistischen Modellierung von sozialen Netzwerken, die von Paul W. Holland, Samuel Leinhardt und James A. Davis in den 1970er Jahren und Anfang der 1980er geleistet wurden, und deren Modelle auch als DHLModelle in die Netzwerkliteratur eingegangen sind. Davis arbeitete nach seiner Promotion in Harvard an der Universität in Chicago, wo Leinhardt einer seiner Studenten wurde (Davis und Leinhardt 1967), bevor dieser seine Laufbahn an der Carnegie Mellon University fortsetzte. Holland, 1966 in Stanford promoviert, lehrte in Michigan und Harvard, ehe er 1975 zum Educational Testing Services (ETS) wechselte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kropp, Per; -
Literaturhinweis
Barabási (2002): Linked (2019)
Kropp, Per;Zitatform
Kropp, Per (2019): Barabási (2002): Linked. In: B. Holzer & C. Stegbauer (Hrsg.) (2019): Schlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung, S. 23-26, 2018-06-04. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-21742-6_5
Abstract
"Ziel des Buches ist, das Denken in Netzwerkbegriffen zu vermitteln, so wie der Autor es aus der Perspektive der Physik und im Wesentlichen unbeeinflusst von der sozialwissenschaftlichen Netzwerkforschung entdeckt hat. Konsequenterweise ist das Buch nicht in Kapitel eingeteilt, sondern in vierzehn und einen letzten 'Link', und seit einer späteren Ausgabe einen weiteren 'Afterlink'." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Beteiligte aus dem IAB
Kropp, Per; -
Literaturhinweis
Soziale Netzwerke Langzeitarbeitsloser und die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit (2019)
Zitatform
Krug, Gerhard, Christof Wolf & Mark Trappmann (2019): Soziale Netzwerke Langzeitarbeitsloser und die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 48, H. 5-6, S. 349-365., 2019-10-15. DOI:10.1515/zfsoz-2019-0025
Abstract
"Dieser Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob die sozialen Netzwerke von Arbeitslosen deren Chancen zur Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit positiv beeinflussen. Ausgehend von in der aktuellen Literatur diskutierten Wirkmechanismen werden mehrere Hypothesen zu unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Netzwerks aufgestellt. Es wird angenommen, dass Arbeitslose umso eher in Arbeit kommen, je größer der Umfang ihrer (starken und schwachen) sozialen Beziehungen ist, je mehr Kontakt zu Erwerbstätigen sie haben und je mehr Ressourcen ihr Netzwerk enthält. Auf Basis des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' mit dem Schwerpunktmodul zu sozialem Kapital werden diese Hypothesen anhand einer Fixed-Effects Panelregression getestet. Wird für alle zeitkonstanten sowie für einschlägige zeitvariante Variablen kontrolliert, erweisen sich schwache Beziehungen, gemessen als aktive Mitgliedschaften in freiwilligen Vereinigungen, sowie der Umfang nicht unmittelbar auf die Stellensuche bezogener sozialer Ressourcen als bedeutsam für die Arbeitsmarktchancen. Der Beitrag endet mit einer Diskussion dieser Befunde." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)
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Literaturhinweis
Informal job search through social networks and vacancy creation (2019)
Zitatform
Merlino, Luca Paolo (2019): Informal job search through social networks and vacancy creation. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 178, H. May, S. 82-85. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2019.03.006
Abstract
"In this paper I study the interaction between firms' decisions to open vacancies and workers' investment in social networks to find jobs. The transmission of information in the network generates positive search externalities so that in equilibrium vacancy creation and socialization are strategic complements. Despite this, there is a unique interior stable equilibrium." (Author's abstract, © 2019 Elsevier) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The strong, the weak and the meaningful: Do friends or acquaintances help us get "any" job, or "meaningful" work? (2019)
Zitatform
Patulny, Roger, Gaby Gamia, Zhuqin Feng, Michelle Peterie & Greg Marston (2019): The strong, the weak and the meaningful: Do friends or acquaintances help us get "any" job, or "meaningful" work? In: The International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Jg. 39, H. 5/6, S. 376-394. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-11-2018-0193
Abstract
"Governments increasingly promote employment through social networks (whether via formal job networks or informal personal networks). However, they rarely account for how weak-tie 'bridging' networks and strong-tie 'bonding' networks differentially affect employment outcomes. Given criticism that (usually weak-tie bridging-focussed) formal job networks are overly focussed on finding entry-level (i.e. any) jobs, it is imperative to understand the impact of strong and weak ties on securing work with good conditions, or of meaning to the worker. Such links are poorly understood in the present literature. The paper aims to discuss this issue." (Autorenreferat, © Emerald Group)
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Literaturhinweis
Social isolation as stigma-management: Explaining long-term unemployed people's 'failure' to network (2019)
Zitatform
Peterie, Michelle, Gaby Ramia, Greg Marston & Roger Patulny (2019): Social isolation as stigma-management: Explaining long-term unemployed people's 'failure' to network. In: Sociology, Jg. 53, H. 6, S. 1043-1060. DOI:10.1177/0038038519856813
Abstract
"Social networks play an important role in helping people find employment, yet extant studies have argued that unemployed 'job-seekers' rarely engage in 'networking' behaviours. Previous explanations of this inactivity have typically focused on individual factors such as personality, knowledge and attitude, or suggested that isolation occurs because individuals lose access to the latent benefits of employment. Social stigma has been obscured in these debates, even as they have perpetuated stereotypes regarding individual responsibility for unemployment and the inherent value of paid work. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 80 unemployed Australians, this article argues that stigma-related shame is an important factor in networking decisions. First, it demonstrates that stigma is ubiquitous in the lives of the unemployed. Second, it identifies withdrawal from social networks and disassociation from 'the unemployed' as two key strategies that unemployed people use to manage stigma-related shame, and shows how these strategies reduce networking activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Employers' search: are employee referrals effective? (2019)
Rebien, Martina;Zitatform
Rebien, Martina (2019): Employers' search: are employee referrals effective? In: Economics Bulletin, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 2499-2506., 2019-10-13.
Abstract
"This is the first study that utilizes the unplanned delay in recruitment to identify the effectiveness of employee referrals in firms' recruiting processes. I find that the use of referrals reduces the probability of delays in recruitment and the duration of the delay in the case that the firm chooses a small number of parallel search strategies. Therefore, employee referrals do have a beneficial effect on the recruiting process if they are used solely or in addition to very few other search strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do social networks mitigate stigma effects from long-term unemployment? (2019)
Rebien, Martina;Zitatform
Rebien, Martina (2019): Do social networks mitigate stigma effects from long-term unemployment? (IAB-Discussion Paper 16/2019), Nürnberg, 22 S.
Abstract
"Die Suche nach einer neuen Arbeit, bzw. nach neuen Mitarbeitern von betrieblicher Seite zeichnet sich durch einige Besonderheiten aus, wenn es um die Gruppe der Langzeitarbeitslosen geht. Aufgrund eines starken Stigmas das sich aus der Dauer der Arbeitslosigkeit ergibt, erleben diese Personen besondere Schwierigkeiten einen neuen Job zu finden. Dieses Stigma beinhaltet unter anderem negative Annahmen über das Vorhandensein der notwendigen formalen Qualifikation, von Arbeitserfahrung, Belastbarkeit oder auch der Arbeitsmotivation. Des Weiteren kann eine lang andauernde Arbeitslosigkeit zu sozialer Isolation führen, da sich soziale Kontakte wahrscheinlicher zwischen Menschen mit gleichem Erwerbsstatus bilden und Kontakte in die Arbeitswelt dadurch verloren gehen. Allerdings sollten gerade Langzeitarbeitslose von der Empfehlung über soziale Kontakte profitieren können, da diese Empfehlungen die Negativeffekte von Stigmata möglicherweise reduzieren können. Anhand von repräsentativen Betriebsdaten der IAB-Stellenerhebung aus den Jahren 2016 und 2018, wird in diesem Papier untersucht, wie Betriebe die arbeitsrelevanten Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten Langzeitarbeitsloser einschätzen und ob diese Personen davon profitieren, wenn Betriebe für ihre Suche nach neuen Mitarbeitern ihre sozialen Kontakte nutzen. Neben einer großen Zahl betriebsspezifischer Charakteristika, enthält die Befragung auch detaillierte Informationen zum Verlauf von Rekrutierungsprozessen. So wird erfragt ob ein Betrieb Bewerbungen von Langzeitarbeitslosen erhalten hat, ob er Langzeitarbeitslose zum Vorstellungsgespräch eingeladen hat und ob eine langzeitarbeitslose Person eingestellt wurde. Für jeden dieser Schritte ist es möglich zu identifizieren, ob der Betrieb soziale Kontakte für die Suche nach einem Bewerber verwendet hat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Betriebe über die Nutzung sozialer Kontakte weniger Bewerbungen von Langzeitarbeitslosen erhalten. Ist dies jedoch der Fall, so erhöhen sich die Chancen Langzeitarbeitsloser eingeladen und auch eingestellt zu werden. Entsprechend kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass soziale Kontakte ein hilfreicher Weg für Langzeitarbeitslose sein können einen neuen Job zu finden. Bisher scheitert dies jedoch vor allem daran, dass diesen Personen diese hilfreichen Kontakte fehlen um den ersten Schritt zu tun und eine Bewerbung zu schicken." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Social and spatial networks in labour markets (2019)
Topa, Giorgio;Zitatform
Topa, Giorgio (2019): Social and spatial networks in labour markets. In: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 722-745. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grz019
Abstract
"Social connections and referrals are ubiquitous in the labour market, both on the job-seeker side and on the employer side. This article reviews recent developments in the study of referrals, highlighting what we have learned regarding the use and impact of referrals on various labour market outcomes and pointing out the increasingly nuanced picture we are gaining on the effects of referrals. It then discusses directions for future research, emphasizing the importance of using newly available data (and combinations of datasets) and of making tighter connections with the burgeoning macro-labour research that is based on a search and matching framework. Finally, it evaluates the role of referrals from the point of view of policy-makers, discussing their social welfare implications and ways in which they could be explicitly incorporated into various labour market policies. The importance of tighter collaboration between policy-makers, researchers, employers and practitioners is stressed, to conduct more rigorous experimentation and evaluation of potential referral-based policies and programmes." (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Can job search assistance improve the labour market integration of refugees? evidence from a field experiment (2018)
Zitatform
Battisti, Michele, Yvonne Giesing & Nadzeya Laurentsyeva (2018): Can job search assistance improve the labour market integration of refugees? evidence from a field experiment. (CESifo working paper 7292), München, 31 S.
Abstract
"We conducted a field experiment to evaluate the impact of job-search assistance on the employment of recently arrived refugees in Germany. The treatment group received jobmatching support: an NGO identified suitable vacancies and sent the refugees' CVs to employers. Results of follow-up phone surveys show a positive and significant treatment effect of 13 percentage points on employment after twelve months. These effects are concentrated among low-educated refugees and those facing uncertainty about their residence status. These individuals might not search effectively, lack access to alternative support programmes, and may be disregarded by employers due to perceived higher hiring costs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Labour economics, 61 (2019), Art. 101745 -
Literaturhinweis
Networks and migrants' intended destination (2018)
Zitatform
Bertoli, Simone & Ilse Ruyssen (2018): Networks and migrants' intended destination. In: Journal of economic geography, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 705-728. DOI:10.1093/jeg/lby012
Abstract
"Social networks are known to influence migration decisions, but connections between individuals remain usually unobserved. Surveys conducted by Gallup in 147 countries provide information on migration intentions and on distance-one connections in each destination. The distribution of distance-one connections mirrors the one of migrant stocks, and intentions are informative about actual decisions. The estimation of origin-specific conditional logit models reveals that distance-one connections can alter the ranking of most pairs of destinations. We test the validity of the distributional assumptions that underlie identification and perform extensive robustness checks, thus mitigating the concerns about the threats to identification posed by unobservables." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Macroeconomic conditions and well-being: do social interactions matter? (2018)
Colombo, Emilio; Rotondi, Valentina; Stanca, Luca;Zitatform
Colombo, Emilio, Valentina Rotondi & Luca Stanca (2018): Macroeconomic conditions and well-being: do social interactions matter? In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 28, S. 3029-3038. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1414935
Abstract
"We investigate the role played by social interactions in the transmission of the effects of macroeconomic conditions on well-being. Using survey data for a representative sample of Italian individuals, we find that social interactions play a dual role. On the one hand, the well-being of people who spend more time with their friends or go out more often is less sensitive to macroeconomic fluctuations. On the other hand, social interactions are negatively affected by worsening macroeconomic conditions, thus playing a relevant role in the transmission of macroeconomic shocks to subjective well-being. More specifically, the negative impact of downturns on the frequency of going out and active participation in associations significantly contributes to the adverse effects of recessions on satisfaction with life and with individual life domains." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))