Zitatform

Adermon, Adrian, Gunnar Brandén & Martin Nybom (2025): The Relationship Between Intergenerational Mobility and Equality of Opportunity. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17792), Bonn, 30 S.

Abstract

"Among economists, empirical analysis of social mobility and the role of parental background is largely carried out in two separate strands of research. The intergenerational mobility literature estimates parent-child persistence in a certain outcome of interest, such as income. In contrast, the equality of opportunity literature is rooted in a normative framework, and has only more recently started generating empirical evidence. Intergenerational regressions are relatively straightforward to estimate, but their normative implications are less obvious. In contrast, measures of equality of opportunity have a policy-relelvant interpretation, but are demanding in terms of data, requiring the researcher to observe a large set of determinants of socioeconomic status for large samples. But maybe they capture similar underlying dynamics? We compare the two approaches by estimating equality of opportunity and intergenerational mobility measures — as well as sibling correlations — across 16 cohorts within 126 Swedish local labor markets. We then test to what extent the different measures correlate, resulting in insights on the plausibility of interpreting intergenerational mobility measures as informative about equality of opportunity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hotz, V. Joseph, Anna Ziff & Emily Wiemers (2025): The Association between the Volatility of Income and Life Expectancy in the U.S. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 43, H. S1, S. S153-S178. DOI:10.1086/732668

Abstract

"We examine the relationship between income volatility and life expectancy in mid-sized U.S. commuting zones between 2006 and 2014. We use a commercial dataset, Info USA, to measure income volatility which we link to estimates of life expectancy by gender, county,race, and income. We find that higher income volatility in a county is associated with lower life expectancy, but only at the bottom of the income distribution and primarily for non-HispanicWhites. Though we cannot extrapolate our findings to individual-level relationships, we dolink them to existing literatures on place-based differences in mortality and the relationship between volatility and health." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wolf, Fridolin (2025): What if it is not just an additional income? Poverty risks of non-standard employment histories in Germany. In: International Journal of Social Welfare, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. e12676. DOI:10.1111/ijsw.12676

Abstract

"While the poverty risks associated with transitions to and from different forms of non-standard employment (NSE) have been studied extensively, poverty research on NSE histories remains fuzzy. Therefore, this study focuses on persons with NSE histories whose earnings contribute significantly to the household income, asking to what extent they are exposed to income poverty risks during their main career phase and examining the role of employment, family and sociodemographic characteristics. Employment histories were observed over 10 years using German Socio-Economic Panel data from 2001 to 2020. A sequence cluster analysis identified four NSE clusters with increased poverty risks, namely, those with increasing and permanent low-part-time work, those who were mainly temporary agency-employed or had long episodes of fixed-term employment. Multivariate regressions considering employment-specific, care-related and sociodemographic characteristics revealed a network of cumulative disadvantages related to gender, occupational position, care obligations and structural disadvantages for those clusters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Allmendinger, Jutta & Michelle Boden (2024): Vom Gender Gap zum Gender Gain: Wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse und Anregungen zur Politikgestaltung. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 77, H. 8, S. 7-10.

Abstract

"Die finanzielle Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern sei noch lange nicht erreicht, erklären Jutta Allmendinger und Michelle Boden, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Insbesondere die immensen Unterschiede in den Lebenseinkommen zeigen dies deutlich. Aus ihrer Sicht wird es noch einige Zeit dauern, bis die ökonomische Gleichstellung tatsächlich Realität sei. Dies liege nicht nur an langwierigen politischen Entscheidungsprozessen, sondern auch an hartnäckigen Vorurteilen und Stereotypen, die Frauen und Männer in verschiedene Rollen zwängen und Entscheidungen beeinflussen. Ein Teufelskreis aus Strukturen und Kulturen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Audoly, Richard, Rory McGee, Sergio Ocampo Díaz & Gonzalo Paz Pardo (2024): The life-cycle dynamics of wealth mobility. (CLEF working paper series / Canadian Labour Economics Forum 68), Waterloo, ON, 77 S.

Abstract

"We use 25 years of tax records for the Norwegian population to study the mobility of wealth over people's lifetimes. We find considerable wealth mobility over the life cycle. To understand the underlying mobility patterns, we group individuals with similar wealth rank histories using agglomerative hierarchical clustering, a tool from statistical learning. The mobility patterns we elicit provide evidence of segmented mobility. Over 60 percent of the population remains at the top or bottom of the wealth distribution throughout their lives. Mobility is driven by the remaining 40 percent, who move only within the middle of the distribution. Movements are tied to differential income trajectories and business activities across groups. We show parental wealth is the key predictor of who is persistently rich or poor, while human capital is the main predictor of those who rise and fall through the middle of the distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bick, Alexander, Adam Blandin & Richard Rogerson (2024): After 40 Years, How Representative Are Labor Market Outcomes in the NLSY79? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32361), Cambridge, Mass, 58 S.

Abstract

"In 1979, the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) began following a group of US residents born between 1957 and 1964. It has continued to re-interview these same individuals for more than four decades. Despite this long sampling period, attrition remains modest. This paper shows that after 40 years of data collection, the remaining NLYS79 sample continues to be broadly representative of their national cohorts with regard to key labor market outcomes. For NLSY79 age cohorts, life-cycle profiles of employment, hours worked, and earnings are comparable to those in the Current Population Survey. Moreover, average lifetime earnings over the age range 25 to 55 closely align with the same measure in Social Security Administration data. Our results suggest that the NLSY79 can continue to provide useful data for economists and other social scientists studying life-cycle and lifetime labor market outcomes, including earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brydsten, Anna, Caroline Hasselgren, Mikael Stattin & Daniel Larsson (2024): The Road to Retirement: A Life Course Perspective on Labor Market Trajectories and Retirement Behaviors. In: Work, Aging and Retirement, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1093/workar/waad024

Abstract

"While a prolonged working life has been mainly feasible for people with the most advantageous working careers, knowledge about the barriers for those with vulnerable occupational paths is still scarce. This study explores the conditions for prolonged working life from a perspective on labor market trajectories. Drawing from a gendered life course perspective and that (dis)advantageous tends to accumulate over time, we investigate the opportunity structure for the most disadvantaged workers and which characteristics of labor market trajectories can explain the decision to work longer. To this end, a Swedish longitudinal survey and register data from the Panel Survey of Ageing and the Elderly (PSAE) were used, following people across a substantial part of their working life. With sequence analysis, we identified 5 trajectories that represent typical labor market trajectories from mid-life until retirement age. Our findings showed that labor market precarity in mid-life remained a key characteristic until the expected retirement age, showing both early signs of early labor market exit and a precarity trap into a prolonged working life. These findings emphasize the need to identify at-risk groups early in their careers and that mid-life interventions are needed to prevent involuntary labor market exits and to ensure a sustainable working life. In particular, the need to protect older workers with turbulent or precarious labor market trajectories against labor market risks and retirement schemes that could inadvertently contribute to increased social and economic inequality in later life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Collischon, Matthias, Anja Wunder & Florian Zimmermann (2024): Migrant*innen der ersten Generation gelingt der Aufstieg in die Einkommenselite deutlich seltener als Deutschen. In: IAB-Forum H. 24.10.2024. DOI:10.48720/IAB.FOO.20241024.01

Abstract

"Im obersten Prozent der Einkommensverteilung sind neben Frauen auch Migrant*innen deutlich unterrepräsentiert, insbesondere solche aus Nicht-EU-Staaten. Der Rückstand gegenüber der einheimischen Bevölkerung hat sich in den letzten Jahren noch vergrößert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dieckhoff, Martina & Johannes Giesecke (2024): Growing or declining penalties? A cross-temporal analysis of unemployment scars in the German labor market. In: Social science research, Jg. 121. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2023.102960

Abstract

"We know that unemployment leaves scars. Unemployment scars are the penalties in terms of employment outcomes that workers experience due to past unemployment. To date we lack a long-term longitudinal account which examines how unemployment scarring has developed over time. The aim of this article is to fill this gap. We draw on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel spanning a period of more than 30 years, from 1985 to 2020, and investigate long-term time trends of unemployment scarring. The German labor market has experienced profound structural and institutional change over the past decades. These changes have been associated with increased inequalities in the labor market. We examine whether the substantial transformation of the German labor market also had repercussions for the extent of postunemployment penalties. We focus on employment probabilities and wages, and consider both short-term (two years after the unemployment incidence) and mid-term outcomes (four years after the unemployment incidence). Changes in the amount of unemployment scarring over time can also occur due to changes in the composition of the unemployed. Our analyses therefore do not only investigate how macro-economic and institutional change are associated with varying amounts of unemployment scarring, but also control for and examine the role of compositional change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Eisnecker, Philipp Simon & Jule Adriaans (2024): How do my earnings compare? Pay referents and just earnings. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 129-142. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad002

Abstract

"Comparisons are crucial in shaping evaluations of one’s own position. Following this notion, we investigated the role of historical, financial, partner, occupational, and regional pay referents in predicting the just gross hourly earnings in a representative sample of German workers. Looking at this broad range of pay referents, we find that higher reference earnings were generally associated with higher just earnings. In particular, controlling for actual gross hourly earnings, higher occupational, regional, and partners’ hourly earnings were associated with higher just gross hourly earnings. One’s own pay history, in form of average hourly earnings over the past 10 years, did not shape just earnings. Financial needs on the household level, however, mapped on to higher just earnings and this association was particularly pronounced among men. Overall, occupational and financial referents showed the strongest association with just earnings followed by partner earnings. These findings underscore that, while referents closely related to one’s job (e.g., occupational referents) are important, referents that extend beyond the sphere of work (e.g., regional, financial, and partner referents) are also relevant in shaping ideas of the just reward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fasang, Anette Eva, Stefan Bastholm Andrade, Selçuk Bedük, Zafer Buyukkececi & Aleksi Karhula (2024): Lives in Welfare States: Life Courses, Earnings Accumulation, and Relative Living Standards in Five European Countries. In: American journal of sociology, Jg. 130, H. 2, S. 384-438. DOI:10.1086/730851

Abstract

"How do work and family life courses differ in welfare states with varying emphasis on the state, market, and family for welfare provision? The authors compare life courses until midlife in Denmark, Finland, the United Kingdom, former West Germany, and reunified Germany. Longitudinal life course analyses using administrative and survey data support three main conclusions. First, young adults who accumulate high earnings experience similar life courses in all countries. In contrast, typical life courses of low earners, particularly their family lives, differ widely between European welfare states. Second, constellations of decommodifying, familizing, and defamilizing policies shape cross-national differences in typical low-earning life courses, their primary sources of economic support, and relative living standards. Third, women are most likely to experience low-earning life courses in familizing welfare states (Germany, United Kingdom) compared to relative gender equality among low-earning life course types in welfare states that combine high defamilization and decommodification (Denmark, Finland)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fitzenberger, Bernd, Anna Houštecká & Alexander Patt (2024): Unterschiede in den Jahresverdiensten zwischen Männern und Frauen: Der Gender Pay Gap wurde in der Coronakrise kleiner - außer bei niedrigen Verdiensten. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2401

Abstract

"Die Geschlechterunterschiede in den Jahresverdiensten (Gender Pay Gap) spiegeln Unterschiede sowohl im Stundenlohn als auch in der Arbeitszeit und der Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit wider. Je nach Verdienstniveau vor der Coronakrise waren Männer und Frauen von der Krise unterschiedlich betroffen: Während die Frauen mit mittleren und hohen Jahresverdiensten im Vergleich zu den Männern zwischen 2019 und 2021 aufholten, erfuhren die Frauen mit den niedrigsten Verdiensten deutlich stärkere Verluste als die Männer. In dem Kurzbericht wird untersucht, wie sich die Coronakrise auf die Jahresverdienste der Frauen und Männer insgesamt ausgewirkt hat und wie sich der Gender Pay Gap je nach Höhe der Verdienste und nach Beschäftigungsform (Vollzeit, Teilzeit, Minijob) entwickelt hat. Außerdem werden Übergangsraten zwischen den verschiedenen Beschäftigungsformen betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Glaubitz, Rick, Astrid Harnack-Eber & Miriam Wetter (2024): The gender gap in lifetime earnings: A microsimulation approach. In: Labour, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 425-474. DOI:10.1111/labr.12274

Abstract

"To obtain a more complete understanding of the persisting gender earnings gap in Germany, this paper investigates both the cross-sectional and lifetime dimension of gender inequalities. Based on a dynamic microsimulation model, we analyse how gender differences accumulate over work lives to examine the lifetime dimension of the gender gap. We estimate an average gender gap in lifetime earnings of 51.5 per cent for birth cohorts 1964–72. We show that this unadjusted gender lifetime earnings gap increases strongly with the number of children, ranging from 17.3 per cent for childless women to 68.0 per cent for women with three or more children. Results from a counterfactual analysis approach show an adjusted gender gap in lifetime earnings of around 10 per cent, suggesting that the gender gap in lifetime earnings is rather driven by gender differences in observable characteristics than by differences in rewards." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Guvenen, Fatih, Serdar Ozkan & Rocio Madera (2024): Consumption Dynamics and Welfare Under Non-Gaussian Earnings Risk. (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 32298), Cambridge, Mass, 54 S.

Abstract

"Recent empirical studies document that the distribution of earnings changes displays substantial deviations from lognormality: in particular, earnings changes are negatively skewed with extremely high kurtosis (long and thick tails), and these non-Gaussian features vary substantially both over the life cycle and with the earnings level of individuals. Furthermore, earnings changes display nonlinear (asymmetric) mean reversion. In this paper, we embed a very rich “benchmark earnings process” that captures these non-Gaussian and nonlinear features into a lifecycle consumption-saving model and study its implications for consumption dynamics, consumption insurance, and welfare. We show four main results. First, the benchmark process essentially matches the empirical lifetime earnings inequality—a first-order proxy for consumption inequality—whereas the canonical Gaussian (persistent-plus-transitory) process understates it by a factor of five to ten. Second, the welfare cost of idiosyncratic risk implied by the benchmark process is between two-to-four times higher than the canonical Gaussian one. Third, the standard method in the literature for measuring the pass-through of income shocks to consumption—can significantly overstate the degree of consumption smoothing possible under non-Gaussian shocks. Fourth, the marginal propensity to consume out of transitory income (e.g., from a stimulus check) is higher under non-Gaussian earnings risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Illing, Hannah, Johannes F. Schmieder & Simon Trenkle (2024): The Gender Gap in Earnings Losses After Job Displacement. In: Journal of the European Economic Association, Jg. 22, H. 5, S. 2108-2147., 2023-10-07. DOI:10.1093/jeea/jvae019

Abstract

"We compare men and women who are displaced from similar jobs by applying an event study design combined with propensity score matching and reweighting to administrative data from Germany. After a mass layoff, women’ s earnings losses are about 35% higher than men’ s, with the gap persisting five years after displacement. This is partly explained by women taking up more part-time employment, but even women’ s full-time wage losses are almost 50% higher than men’ s. Parenthood magnifies the gender gap sharply. Finally, displaced women spend less time on job search and apply for lower-paid jobs, highlighting the importance of labor supply decisions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford Academic) ((en))

Zitatform

Jacobsen, Joyce P., Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2024): Demography, Human Capital Investment, and Lifetime Earnings for Women and Men. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 16936), Bonn, 32 S.

Abstract

"Can the demographic trends of increased life expectancy and decreasing birth rates, along with the labor market patterns of returns to human capital investment and changes in real hourly earnings, account for changes in women's and men's lifetime earnings? Using a Vector Error Correction Model to analyze annual US CPS data from 1964 to 2019, we find patterns linking these factors and demonstrating that they have significant roles to women's lifetime earnings but not to men's. These findings are consistent with the convergence of gender earning gap has occurred mainly due to women's responses to changing demographic and socioeconomic factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jędrzychowska, Anna, Ilona Kwiecień, Ewa Poprawska, Ewa Cichowicz & Ewa Galecka-Burdziak (2024): How do lifecycle, employment and childcare support contribute to the gender pension gap in Europe? The clustering methods analysis. In: Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 1862-1889. DOI:10.3846/tede.2024.21887

Abstract

"Despite ongoing efforts in Europe to tackle discrimination against women in the labor market and societal roles, gender inequality remains entrenched. This study shifts focus from the design of pension systems to explore other key factors impacting women’s careers. By examining life cycle demographics, career paths, and childcare support systems, we utilize clustering to categorize European countries based on factors influencing women’s pension capital accumulation, excluding pension design. Our innovative approach highlights the significance of these factors in the gender pension gap. Findings suggest demographic and social similarities across countries do not necessarily equate to equitable retirement scenarios for women compared to men, underscoring the potential of pension system design to mitigate disparities. Using Ward’s method and the silhouette index for country classification on 10 variables, our analysis reveals distinct differences in gender pension gaps across Southern, Northern, Western, and Eastern Europe. This divergence, alongside observed differences in retirement outcomes for women affected by prior pension regulations, points to increasing challenges for younger European women in achieving pension parity with past generations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, @ 2024 The Author(s). Published by Vilnius GediminasTechnical University) ((en))

Zitatform

Taber, Christopher, Ananth Seshadri & Xiaodong Fan (2024): Estimation of a Life-Cycle Model with Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Retirement. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 132, H. 1, S. 48-95. DOI:10.1086/726232

Abstract

"We estimate a life-cycle model of consumption, human capital investment, and labor supply. The interaction between human capital and labor supply towards the end of the life cycle is most novel. The estimates replicate the main features of the data, in particular the large increase in wages and small increase in labor supply at the beginning of the life cycle and the small decrease in wages but large decrease in labor supply towards the end. We show that incorporating human capital is critical when analyzing changes to Social Security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blesch, Maximilian, Philipp Eisenhauer, Peter Haan, Boryana Ilieva, Annekatrin Schrenker & Georg Weizsäcker (2023): Biased Wage Expectations and Female Labor Supply. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 411), München ; Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"Wage growth occurs almost exclusively in full-time work, whereas it is close to zero in part-time work. German women, when asked to predict their own potential wage outcomes, show severely biased expectations with strong over-optimism about the returns to part-time experience. We estimate a structural life-cycle model to quantify how beliefs influence labor supply, earnings and welfare over the life cycle. The bias increases part-time employment strongly, induces flatter long-run wage profiles, and substantially influences the employment effects of a widely discussed policy reform, the introduction of joint taxation. The most significant impact of the bias appears for college-educated women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Campanale, Claudio & Rocío Fernández-Bastidas (2023): Top earners: A labor productivity process. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 229. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111195

Abstract

"In the present paper we compare standard wage processes used in the quantitative literature on the optimal tax progressivity and a process with heterogeneous life-cycle profiles (HIP hereafter) that we propose against the data. We find that the former fail to capture several features of the earnings dynamics at the very top of the distribution while our proposed model improves along some of these dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Deming, David J. (2023): Why Do Wages Grow Faster for Educated Workers? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31373), Cambridge, Mass, 44 S.

Abstract

"The U.S. college wage premium doubles over the life cycle, from 27 percent at age 25 to 60 percent at age 55. Using a panel survey of workers followed through age 60, I show that growth in the college wage premium is primarily explained by occupational sorting. Shortly after graduating, workers with college degrees shift into professional, nonroutine occupations with much greater returns to tenure. Nearly 90 percent of life cycle wage growth occurs within rather than between jobs. To understand these patterns, I develop a model of human capital investment where workers differ in learning ability and jobs vary in complexity. Faster learners complete more education and sort into complex jobs with greater returns to investment. College acts as a gateway to professional occupations, which offer more opportunity for wage growth through on-the-job learning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fackler, Daniel, Jens Stegmaier & Richard Upward (2023): Safety Net or Helping Hand? The Effect of Job Search Assistance and Compensation on Displaced Workers. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere / Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle 2023,18), Halle, 37 S.

Abstract

"We provide the first systematic evidence on the effectiveness of a contested policy in Germany to help displaced workers. So-called “transfer companies” (Transfergesellschaften) employ displaced workers for a fixed period, during which time workers are provided with job-search assistance and are paid a wage which is a substantial fraction of their pre-displacement wage. Using rich and accurate data on workers’ employment patterns before and after displacement, we compare the earnings and employment outcomes of displaced workers who entered transfer companies with those that did not. Workers can choose whether or not to accept a position in a transfer company, and therefore we use the availability of a transfer company at the establishment level as an IV in a model of one-sided compliance. Using an event study, we find that workers who enter a transfer company have significantly worse post-displacement outcomes, but we show that this is likely to be the result of negative selection: workers who lack good outside opportunities are more likely to choose to enter the transfer company. In contrast, ITT and IV estimates indicate that the use of a transfer company has a positive and significant effect on employment rates five years after job loss, but no significant effect on earnings. In addition, the transfer company provides significant additional compensation to displaced workers in the first 12 months after job loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Loisiel, Tristan & Michaël Sicsic (2023): Income mobility in France between 2003 and 2020. (INSEE documents de travail / Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques 2023-19), Paris, 51 S.

Abstract

"How do individual positions in the income distribution change over life? So far, it has proven difficult to answer this question in the absence of a long-term income panel, but new longitudinal income tax records from 2003 to 2020 now enable to analyze the long-term income mobility, as well as its impact on inequality measurement over the whole period. We find a high rank-rank correlation of 0.71 between 2003-2004 and 2019-2020 for those age 25-49 in 2003. Inertia is particularly strong at the top and the bottom of the distribution: among the top 20% and the bottom 20% of the income distribution, almost two-thirds remain in the same quintile 16 years later. Mobility appears to be lower in France than in the United States. However, mobility is higher for the self-employed than for employees, and the young are also more mobile. Inhabitants of the largest areas persist more at the top of the distribution and experience more upward mobility. These results are robust to the income definition considered. Moreover, taking individual mobility into account when measuring income inequality hardly differs from income inequality as conventionally measured: a Gini index based on average individual income over the period is 7% lower than the Gini index based on annual income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ozkan, Serdar, Jae Song & Fatih Karahan (2023): Anatomy of Lifetime Earnings Inequality: Heterogeneity in Job Ladder Risk vs. Human Capital. In: Journal of Political Economy Macroeconomics, Jg. 1, H. 3, S. 506-550. DOI:10.1086/725790

Abstract

"We study the determinants of lifetime earnings (LE) inequality in the U.S. by focusing on latent heterogeneity in job ladder dynamics and on-the-job learning as sources of wage growth differentials. Using administrative data, we finde (i) more frequent job switches among lower LE workers, mainly driven by nonemployment spells, (II) little heterogeneity in average annual earnings growth of job stayers in the bottom two-thirds of the LE distribution, and (iii) an earnings growth for job switchers that rises strongly with LE. We estimate a structural model featuring a rich set of worker types and firm heterogeneity. We find vast differences in ex-ante job ladder risk - job loss, job finding, and contact rates - across workers. These differences account for 75% of the lifetime wage growth differential among the bottom half of the LE distritubtion. Above the median, almost all lifetime wage growth differences are a result of Pareto-distributed learning ability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Barbieri, Paolo & Filippo Gioachin (2022): Social origin and secondary labour market entry. Ascriptive and institutional inequalities over the early career in Italy and Germany. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 77. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100670

Zitatform

Bennett, Patrick, Aline Bütikofer, Kjell G. Salvanes & Darina Steskal (2022): Changes in Urban Wages, Jobs, and Workers from 1958-2017. (CESifo working paper 9766), München, 42 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the change in the urban wage premium over the last 60 years. We focus on differences by gender and skill levels, with an emphasis on changes throughout the earnings distribution. We assess the importance of both changing selection into urban areas, as well as the importance of shifts in demand for skills. Both forces explain the dramatic drop in urban premium. Event study analysis reveals that the positive selection into urban mobility declines over time. Among men at the bottom of the distribution, changes in selection are key in accounting for the collapse of the urban wage premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Rick Glaubitz (2022): Wer gewinnt? Wer verliert? : Die Absicherung von Lebenseinkommen durch Familie und Staat. Gütersloh, 40 S. DOI:10.11586/2022033

Abstract

"Frauen können sich, auf das gesamte Erwerbsleben gerechnet, nur etwas mehr als halb so viel Bruttoeinkommen erarbeiten wie Männer. Dieser sogenannte Gender Lifetime Earnings Gap ist für Mütter noch größer. Die Studie zeigt, dass sich diese Lücke mit Blick auf die verfügbaren Einkommen und damit den tatsächlichen Lebensstandard vor allem dann schließt, wenn Frauen sich innerhalb des traditionellen Familienbilds bewegen. Werden beide Einkommen im Haushalt zwischen den Eheleuten gleichmäßig aufgeteilt, fängt das Partnereinkommen Einkommensausfälle von Müttern infolge von Erwerbsunterbrechungen, beispielsweise durch Kindererziehungszeiten, auf. Fällt diese Absicherung im Haushalt jedoch weg, kann der Staat Einkommensausfälle in der Lebensperspektive nur unzureichend kompensieren: Heute Mitte-30-jährige verheiratete Mütter und Väter haben in ihrem Haupterwerbsalter, das heißt zwischen 20 und 55 Jahren, nach Steuern und Abgaben zuzüglich Transfers und Familienleistungen jeweils rund 700.000 Euro zur Verfügung. Frauen, die überwiegend alleinerziehend sind (mehr als die Hälfte der Erziehungszeit) kommen lediglich auf rund 520.000 Euro und müssen im Vergleich zu verheirateten Müttern damit durchschnittlich Einbußen von rund 25 Prozent hinnehmen. Der tatsächliche Lebensstandard hängt also stark von der Familienkonstellation und den wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Leistungen ab. Die Studie bildet die dritte und damit letzte Publikation der Reihe „Wer gewinnt? Wer verliert?“, die langfristige Arbeitsmarkt- und (Lebens-)Einkommensentwicklungen von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland zum Gegenstand hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Glaubitz, Rick, Astrid Harnack-Eber & Miriam Wetter (2022): The gender gap in lifetime earnings: The role of parenthood. (Economics. Diskussionsbeiträge des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin 2022,03), Berlin, 65 S.

Abstract

"To obtain a more complete understanding of the persisting gender earnings gap in Germany, this paper investigates both the cross-sectional and biographical dimension of gender inequalities. Using an Oaxaca Blinder decomposition, we show that the gender gap in annual earnings is largely driven by women's lower work experience and intensive margin of labor supply. Based on a dynamic microsimulation model, we then estimate how gender differences accumulate over work lives to account for the biographical dimension of the gender gap. We observe an average gender lifetime earnings gap of 51.5 percent for birth cohorts 1964-1972. We show that this unadjusted gender lifetime earnings gap increases strongly with the number of children, ranging from 17.8 percent for childless women to 68.0 percent for women with three or more children. However, using a counterfactual analysis we find that the adjusted gender lifetime earnings gap of 10 percent differs only slightly by women's family background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jensen, Bjarne S., Peder J. Pedersen & Ross Guest (2022): Demographic Changes, Labor Supplies, Labor Complementarities, Calendar Annual Wages of Age Groups, and Cohort Life Wage Incomes. (IZA discussion paper 15127), Bonn, 68 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the impact on age group wage differentials in a setting of imperfect labor substitution at different ages (years) of working life. We examine the wage prospect of assuming medium, high, and low levels of fertility during the population projection period (2020-2090). Main focus is on comparisons of selected Calendar year Age wage profiles and the comparisons of selected Cohort Lifetime wage profiles. The analytical results come from applying a CRESH Labor Aggregator to Age-group Labor supplies with a parametric calibration to register based micro data for Denmark. The results show Calendar year wage effects and Cohort wage effects from ageing that will not exist without non-zero Labor Complementarity elasticities, and are new contributions demonstrating the economic effects of large/small generations and cohort sizes. The impact of cohort size on the lifetime wage profile of its own cohort does depend on sizes of other cohorts, which are affected by the fertility rates underlying many cohorts. Hence, economic advantages of being a small cohort depend on fertilities and the sizes of many other existing cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mahajan, Parag, Dhiren Patki & Heiko Stüber (2022): Bad Times, Bad Jobs? How Recessions Affect Early Career Trajectories. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department 22-12), Boston, 21 S. DOI:10.29412/res.wp.2022.12

Abstract

"Studies find that if a worker enters the labor market during an economic downturn versus a period of expansion, they likely will have more difficulty finding a high-paying job, because the availability of such jobs is strongly procyclical. The earnings penalty for starting a career during bad times is both substantial and persistent. Indeed, this paper finds that a typical recession causes entrants to experience a 6 percent loss in earnings cumulated over the first 15 years of their careers. But, the authors ask, to what extent do non-pecuniary characteristics of jobs offset some of those earnings losses? They address this question by relying on population-scale linked employer-employee administrative data from Germany to estimate both the pecuniary and non-pecuniary impact of entering the workforce during a recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Raitano, Michele & Francesca Subioli (2022): School-to-work transition, early career outcomes and income dynamics across cohorts in Italy: does education pay? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 44, H. 6, S. 1000-1027. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0394

Abstract

"Purpose: The work compares across cohorts and different levels of education the early-stage evolution of several labour market outcomes, with the aim of studying whether and to what extent education matters for the level, growth and stability of earnings. Design/methodology/approach By using a rich longitudinal dataset developed from merging survey and administrative data, this article describes the evolution of the early career – five years following the education completion – in Italy comparing differently educated workers born between 1970 and 1984. Findings The authors find evidence of an "education premium” during the first five years after education completion in terms of faster school-to-work transition, higher employability and higher earnings; moreover, education is associated with positive, faster and more volatile earnings growth, while for those experiencing a downward trend education does not appear to play any role. However, no clear-cut changes across cohorts in the association between the various outcomes and the level of education emerge, thus signalling that no continuous rise of skill premia in the first phase of the working career across cohorts characterises the Italian economy. Originality/value The main originality consists in investigating the early career stage by cohort and by the level of education with a focus on many multi-year individual outcomes. Besides investigating the evolution of aggregate outcomes for differently educated individuals born in different cohorts, the authors also focus on individual earnings dynamics along the five years after the education completion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Stüber, Heiko (2022): Berufsspezifische Lebensentgelte: Ein Studium garantiert nicht immer das höchste Lebensentgelt. (IAB-Kurzbericht 18/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2218

Abstract

"„Studium oder Ausbildung?“ – vor der Frage stehen nicht nur betroffene Jugendliche, sie wird auch vielfach in Politik und Presse diskutiert. Gleichzeitig wird das Thema Fachkräftemangel immer präsenter. Abiturientinnen und Abiturienten etwa entscheiden sich, neben anderen Gründen, häufig aufgrund potenzieller Verdienstmöglichkeiten für ein Studium und gegen eine Ausbildung. Bei der Berechnung der Brutto-Lebensentgelte für Vollzeitbeschäftige betrachtet der Autor neben der formalen Qualifikation der Beschäftigten auch das Anforderungsniveau des ausgeübten Berufs. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen: Zwar gilt im Durchschnitt, dass mit einem Studium das höchste Brutto-Lebensentgelt erzielt wird, das ist jedoch nicht immer der Fall." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zühlke, Anne, Philipp Kugler, Armin Hackenberger & Tobias Brändle (2022): Accounting for dropout risk and upgrading in educational choices: new evidence for lifetime returns in Germany. In: Education Economics, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 574-589. DOI:10.1080/09645292.2021.2013446

Abstract

"We analyse the economic returns in lifetime labour income of various educational paths in Germany. Using recent data, we calculate cumulative labour earnings at different ages and for different educational paths while controlling the parental background of individuals. We find that after the age of 55, lifetime labour income is higher for individuals with a university degree compared to individuals with a vocational degree. Considering the risk of dropout and the possibility of educational upgrading, individuals who start with a vocational training after their school degree do not earn less than individuals who start with university studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bartels, Charlotte & Daniel Waldenström (2021): Inequality and top incomes. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 959), Essen, 39 S.

Abstract

"This chapter comprises three main parts. The first part is about data sources, the definitions of income, and the methodologies used to estimate top income shares. Both the standard sources and methods used by the traditional top income studies are described. Further, new developments that employ new sources and estimation approaches are added, a detailed survey of the top-correction methods for surveys including reweighting and replacing top incomes is provided and approaches to align surveys, income tax data, and national accounts are contrasted. The second part of the chapter is a description of the main trends of top income shares that are the result of the previous studies. Different measures discussed in the methods section are presented and compared. The third part of the chapter surveys the literature on the determinants of top income shares. The focus of the third part is on studies that propose new methods to establish links between driving factors and top income shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Braxton, J. Carter, Kyle F. Herkenhoff, Jonathan L. Rothbaum & Lawrence Schmidt (2021): Changing Income Risk across the US Skill Distribution: Evidence from a Generalized Kalman Filter. (NBER working paper 29567), Cambridge, Mass, 106 S. DOI:10.3386/w29567

Abstract

"For whom has earnings risk changed, and why? To answer these questions, we develop a filtering method that estimates parameters of an income process and recovers persistent and temporary earnings for every individual at every point in time. Our estimation flexibly allows for first and second moments of shocks to depend upon observables as well as spells of zero earnings (i.e., unemployment) and easily integrates into theoretical models. We apply our filter to a unique linkage of 23.5m SSA-CPS records. We first demonstrate that our earnings-based filter successfully captures observable shocks in the SSA-CPS data, such as job switching and layoffs. We then show that despite a decline in overall earnings risk since the 1980s, persistent earnings risk has risen for both employed and unemployed workers, while temporary earnings risk declined. Furthermore, the size of persistent earnings losses associated with full year unemployment has increased by 50%. Using geography, education, and occupation information in the SSA-CPS records, we refute hypotheses related to declining employment prospects among routine and low-skill workers as well as spatial theories related to the decline of the Rust-Belt. We show that rising persistent earnings risk is concentrated among high-skill workers and related to technology adoption. Lastly, we find that rising persistent earnings risk while employed (unemployed) leads to welfare losses equivalent to 1.8% (0.7%) of lifetime consumption, and larger persistent earnings losses while unemployed lead to a 3.3% welfare loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dilger, Alexander (2021): Einkommenssteigerung durchs Studium als wichtiges Maß. (Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 2021,9), Münster, 13 S.

Abstract

"Die akademische Qualität der Lehre lässt sich nur schwer messen. Dagegen ist es relativ einfach, die späteren Einkommenszuwächse durch ein Studium zu bestimmen. Das ist für private wie staatliche Allokationsentscheidungen wichtig, etwa ob jemand aus finanziellen Gründen studieren soll, was und wo, während gegebene staatliche Mittel für Studienplätze effizient eingesetzt und zusätzliche Mittel gerechtfertigt werden können, wenn sie mehr bringen als kosten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fernandes, Sofia & Ilan Tojerow (2021): Flexible Wages and the Costs of Job Displacement. (IZA discussion paper 14942), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether flexible pay increases the wage costs of job displacement. We use quasi-exogenous variation in the timing of job loss due to mass layoffs spanning over an institutional reform that restricted single-employer bargaining, the Belgian Wage Norm in 1996. We find that average earnings losses over a ten-year period after displacement are 10 percentage points larger under flexible pay. Workers displaced from jobs with higher employer-specific wage premiums—service sector and white-collar—benefit the most from restricted single-employer bargaining as their earnings fully converge to non-displaced workers' earnings within three years. We show that the differences in earnings losses across wage-setting systems are not driven by fluctuations in the business cycle. Finally, the wage-setting reform had similar effects on female workers, though it did not narrow the gender gap in pre-layoff wages. Our results suggest that reduced pay flexibility may help displaced workers catch up faster to non-displaced workers' pay premium ladder conditional on re-employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jost, Oskar (2021): Unemployment and its scarring effect on wages in Germany: evidence from linked employer-employee data. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 1126-1143., 2021-12-01. DOI:10.1108/IJM-02-2021-0065

Abstract

"Purpose: Assess and compare scarring effects of unemployment in Germany to other countries and to consider firm heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses linked employer-employee data to analyze the effect of unemployment and its duration on future wages in Germany. Using administrative data on workers and firms in Germany and considering registered and unregistered unemployment episodes, the results show long-lasting wage losses caused by unemployment incidences. Furthermore, the estimations indicate that unemployment duration as well as selectivity into firms paying lower wages is of particular relevance for the explanation of wage penalties of re-employed workers. Findings: Unemployment causes massive and persistent wage declines in the future, which depend on the unemployment duration. Furthermore, reduced options of unemployed workers and selectivity in firms contribute to a large part of unemployment scarring. Practical implications: Findings are relevant for current debates on unemployment and can help design measures to avoid huge costs of unemployment. Originality/value: This paper analyses long-term unemployment scarring by considering not only unemployment duration but also selectivity in firms and its effect on the scarring effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Niehues, Judith & Maximilian Stockhausen (2021): DINK(Y)s und HIKOs: Welche Haushalte gehören zur Einkommensspitze. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,96), Köln, 5 S.

Abstract

"Paarhaushalte ohne Kinder sind im oberen Einkommensbereich am häufigsten vertreten. Unter Ihnen verfügen DINK(Y)s - Double Income, No Kids (Yet) - also Haushalte, die nie Kinder hatten oder noch keine Kinder haben, im Durchschnitt über das höchste Nettoeinkommen. Unter den einkommensstärksten 10 Prozent sind sie überrepräsentiert. Noch häufiger sind jedoch HIKOs im oberen Einkommensbereich vertreten: Das sind Paare mit hohen Einkommen, deren Kinder nicht (mehr) im elterlichen Haushalt leben - High Income, Kids Out. Dies gilt insbesondere für das Top-1-Prozent der Einkommensverteilung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Salvanes, Kjell G., Barton Willage & Alexander L. P. Willén (2021): The Effect of Labor Market Shocks across the Life Cycle. (CESifo working paper 9491), München, 65 S.

Abstract

"Adverse economic shocks occur frequently and may cause individuals to reevaluate key life decisions in ways that have lasting consequences for themselves and the economy. These life decisions are fundamentally tied to specific periods of an individual's career, and economic shocks may therefore have substantially different impacts on individuals – and the broader economy - depending on when they occur. We exploit mass layoffs and establishment closures to examine the impact of adverse shocks across the life cycle on labor market outcomes and major life decisions: human capital investment, mobility, family structure, and retirement. Our results reveal substantial heterogeneity on labor market effects and life decisions in response to economic shocks across the life cycle. Individuals at the beginning of their careers invest in human capital and relocate to new labor markets, individuals in the middle of their careers reduce fertility and adjust family formation decisions, and individuals at the end of their careers permanently exit the workforce and retire. As a consequence of the differential interactions between economic shocks and life decisions, the very long-term career implications of labor shocks vary considerably depending on when the shock occurs. We conclude that effects of adverse labor shocks are both more varied and more extensive than has previously been recognized, and that focusing on average effects among workers across the life cycle misses a great deal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Holger Lüthen (2020): Die Ungleichheit von Lebenserwerbseinkommen. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 100, H. 4, S. 241-245. DOI:10.1007/s10273-020-2625-3

Abstract

"In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt in seiner Struktur stark gewandelt – nicht nur durch technologischen Fortschritt oder Globalisierung, sondern auch durch institutionelle Änderungen wie die zunehmende Deregulierung. Gleichzeitig wird spätestens seit den 1980er Jahren ein deutlicher Anstieg der Einkommensungleichheit dokumentiert. Um strukturelle Veränderungen über lange Zeiträume besser erfassen zu können, sollten Querschnittsanalysen daher um das Betrachten gesamter Erwerbsverläufe ergänzt werden. Dies ermöglicht Vergleiche von Lebenserwerbseinkommen, die widerspiegeln, was ein Individuum über sein gesamtes Erwerbsleben verdient hat. Eine solche Analyse kann zeigen, inwiefern langfristige Trends einzelne Generationen treffen und ob bestimmte Entwicklungen über Generationen hinweg Auswirkungen haben und/oder wahrscheinlich haben werden." (Textauszug, IAB)

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm, Astrid Harnack & Miriam Wetter (2020): Wer gewinnt? Wer verliert? : Die Entwicklung auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt seit den frühen Jahren der Bundesrepublik bis heute. Gütersloh, 53 S. DOI:10.11586/2019014

Abstract

"Auf das gesamte Erwerbsleben gerechnet, verdienen Frauen nur etwas mehr die Hälfte der Erwerbseinkommen der Männer. Ausgedrückt in absoluten Zahlen erzielen Frauen in Westdeutschland in Preisen von 2015 ein erwartetes durchschnittliches Lebenserwerbseinkommen von rund 830.000 Euro, während Männer mit durchschnittlich rund 1,5 Millionen Euro rechnen können. In Ostdeutschland fallen die erwarteten Lebenserwerbseinkommen insgesamt geringer aus. Frauen kommen hier auf rund 660.000 Euro, Männer auf knapp 1,1 Millionen Euro. Die Lücke in den Lebenserwerbseinkommen, der sogenannte Gender Lifetime Earnings Gap, beträgt damit für die jüngsten Jahrgänge, die heute Mitte 30-Jährigen, 45 Prozent in West- und 40 Prozent in Ostdeutschland. Wie groß die Kluft ist, verdeutlicht auch die Betrachtung nach Qualifikationsniveau: Bis zum Geburtsjahrgang 1974 erzielen hochqualifizierte Frauen im Durchschnitt nur so viel Erwerbseinkommen wie geringqualifizierte Männer. Jüngere Akademikerinnen können immerhin ein ähnliches Lebenserwerbseinkommen wie mittelqualifizierte Männer erwarten und holen damit etwas auf." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Flores, Manuel, Pilar García-Gómez & Adriaan Kalwij (2020): Early life circumstances and labor market outcomes over the life cycle. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 449-468. DOI:10.1007/s10888-020-09446-7

Abstract

"Some consequences of adverse events early in life for labor market outcomes may emerge early and others only later in adult life. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe to investigate how early life circumstances - childhood health and socioeconomic status (SES) - are associated with various labor market outcomes over an individual's entire life cycle. Our main new finding is that these associations change significantly over the life cycle. For instance, the association of childhood SES with lifetime earnings is shown to become stronger over the life cycle and to operate through both working years and annual earnings. We discuss how our findings can explain some of the mixed evidence on these associations in previous literature. Our results also shed light on the potential gains in the different labor market outcomes of public policies that invest in children's health and parents' SES." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2020): Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1847), Berlin, 44 S.

Abstract

"Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a 'daddy quota' of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high-income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the 'daddy months', could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bayer, Christian & Moritz Kuhn (2019): Which ladder to climb? Decomposing life cycle wage dynamics. (IZA discussion paper 12473), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"Wages grow and become more unequal as workers age. Economic theory focuses on worker investment in human capital, search for employers, and residual wage shocks to account for these life cycle wage dynamics. We highlight the importance of jobs: collections of tasks and duties defined by employers within the production process. We provide empirical evidence that climbing the career ladder toward jobs characterized by more responsibility, complexity, and autonomy accounts for the largest part of life cycle wage dynamics. It accounts for 50% of average wage growth, 50% of rising differences between gender, and virtually all of rising dispersion within gender over the life cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bonneuil, Noël (2019): Health component of inequalities associated with income mobility over the life cycle. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 141, H. 1, S. 391-411. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1771-5

Abstract

"From the two-wave French Health and Professional Career survey in 2006 and 2010, the income distribution associated with income mobility between these two dates shows that income inequalities are smaller than those observed cross-sectionally in 2006 and in 2010. Income mobility between 2006 and 2010 implies a more egalitarian distribution than is observed at either of these dates. The upward gradient in observed inequalities over the life cycle no longer holds true for the distribution of inequalities associated with the conditions of the moment. Ill health still favors inequality, particularly because health is worst at low incomes. Ill health exacerbates inequalities, an effect that is larger the more inegalitarian the income distribution." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Brändle, Tobias, Philipp Kugler & Anne Zühlke (2019): Lebenseinkommen von Berufsausbildung und Hochschulstudium im Vergleich. Eine empirische Analyse von Erwerbsbiografien in Deutschland. Tübingen, 74 S.

Abstract

"Zusammenfassend lassen sich folgende Ergebnisse festhalten: In Bezug auf die deskriptiven Ergebnisse wurde ersichtlich, dass Personen mit Meister-/Technikerabschluss über ihr Erwerbsleben hinweg ähnlich viel verdienen wie Personen mit abgeschlossenem Hochschulstudium. Daran anschließend verdienen Personen mit einem Meister-/Technikerabschluss immer mehr als Personen mit einer abgeschlossenen Berufsausbildung, während Personen mit abgeschlossenem Hochschulstudium bis zu einem Alter von 36 Jahren weniger verdienen als Personen mit einer abgeschlossenen Berufsausbildung, danach verdienen sie mehr. Betrachtet man Personen, die ein Hochschulstudium beginnen, verschiebt sich der Break-Even-Punkt im Vergleich zu Personen, die eine Berufsausbildung beginnen, nach hinten. Personen, die ein Hochschulstudium beginnen, verdienen erst ab einem Alter von 39 Jahren mehr. Personen, die eine Berufsausbildung beginnen oder abschließen, verdienen immer mehr als Personen ohne Ausbildung. Bei der Betrachtung der Bildungspfade zeigt sich, dass es sich nach einer Berufsausbildung genauso sehr lohnt einen Meister oder Techniker zu machen wie ein Hochschulstudium anzuschließen. Insbesondere fallen bei ersteren weniger Opportunitätskosten an. Zudem verdienen Personen, die vor einem Hochschulstudium eine Berufsausbildung beginnen, ähnlich viel wie Personen, die direkt studieren. In der Höhe der kumulierten Lebenseinkommen zeigen sich vor allem Geschlechterdifferenzen, jedoch auch Unterschiede zwischen den Wirtschaftszweigen. So verdienen Männer über alle Analysegruppen hinweg mehr als Frauen. Ebenso verdienen Personen, die im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe tätig sind, unabhängig von der Analysegruppe am besten. Die Unterschiede zwischen höchstem Bildungsabschluss oder der ersten Bildungsentscheidung nach der Schule sind jedoch in den Teilstichproben ähnlich wie in der Gesamtstichprobe. Insbesondere zeigt sich auch, dass die Unterschiede im Lebenseinkommen zwischen Personen mit und ohne Berufsausbildung in den früheren Kohorten sowie im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe kleiner sind als in der Gesamtstichprobe." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Charni, Kadija (2019): Can cohort effects explain the decline of earnings for older workers? Evidence from France and Great Britain. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 306-350. DOI:10.1111/labr.12149

Abstract

"Classical literature takes cross-sectional age-earnings profile to describe how earnings evolve over the lifecycle. Using a cohort analysis, I argue that this interpretation of age-earnings profile is not correct. I show that cohort effects largely explain the decline observed at older ages using a rotating panel data for France and a longitudinal panel data for Great Britain for the period 1991 - 2007. I find no clear evidence that earnings decline at older age, although the profiles are different between countries. Earnings rise linearly with age in France, whereas it becomes flat for older workers in Great Britain." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Kiessling, Lukas, Pia Pinger, Philipp Seegers & Jan Bergerhoff (2019): Gender differences in wage expectations. Sorting, children, and negotiation styles. (IZA discussion paper 12522), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"This paper presents evidence from a large-scale study on gender differences in expected wages before labor market entry. Based on data for over 15,000 students, we document a significant and large gender gap in wage expectations that closely resembles actual wage differences, prevails across subgroups, and along the entire distribution. To understand the underlying causes and determinants, we relate expected wages to sorting into majors, industries, and occupations, child-rearing plans, perceived and actual ability, personality, perceived discrimination, and negotiation styles. Our findings indicate that sorting and negotiation styles affect the gender gap in wage expectations much more than prospective child-related labor force interruptions. Given the importance of wage expectations for labor market decisions, household bargaining, and wage setting, our results provide an explanation for persistent gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Merkurieva, Irina (2019): Late career job loss and the decision to retire. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 60, H. 1, S. 259-282. DOI:10.1111/iere.12352

Abstract

"This article provides an empirical analysis of the effect of involuntary job loss on the lifetime income and labor supply of older workers. I develop and estimate a dynamic programming model of retirement with savings, costly job search, and exogenous layoffs. The average cost of job loss is equivalent to one year of predisplacement earnings, 70% due to the wage reduction and 30% to the search frictions. Displaced workers on average retire 14 months earlier. Workers who approached retirement during the Great Recession will work approximately five months longer in response to the contemporaneous financial and labor market shocks." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))