Zitatform

Eisnecker, Philipp Simon & Jule Adriaans (2024): How do my earnings compare? Pay referents and just earnings. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 40, H. 1, S. 129-142. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcad002

Abstract

"Comparisons are crucial in shaping evaluations of one’s own position. Following this notion, we investigated the role of historical, financial, partner, occupational, and regional pay referents in predicting the just gross hourly earnings in a representative sample of German workers. Looking at this broad range of pay referents, we find that higher reference earnings were generally associated with higher just earnings. In particular, controlling for actual gross hourly earnings, higher occupational, regional, and partners’ hourly earnings were associated with higher just gross hourly earnings. One’s own pay history, in form of average hourly earnings over the past 10 years, did not shape just earnings. Financial needs on the household level, however, mapped on to higher just earnings and this association was particularly pronounced among men. Overall, occupational and financial referents showed the strongest association with just earnings followed by partner earnings. These findings underscore that, while referents closely related to one’s job (e.g., occupational referents) are important, referents that extend beyond the sphere of work (e.g., regional, financial, and partner referents) are also relevant in shaping ideas of the just reward." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fitzenberger, Bernd, Anna Houštecká & Alexander Patt (2024): Unterschiede in den Jahresverdiensten zwischen Männern und Frauen: Der Gender Pay Gap wurde in der Coronakrise kleiner - außer bei niedrigen Verdiensten. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2024), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2401

Abstract

"Die Geschlechterunterschiede in den Jahresverdiensten (Gender Pay Gap) spiegeln Unterschiede sowohl im Stundenlohn als auch in der Arbeitszeit und der Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit wider. Je nach Verdienstniveau vor der Coronakrise waren Männer und Frauen von der Krise unterschiedlich betroffen: Während die Frauen mit mittleren und hohen Jahresverdiensten im Vergleich zu den Männern zwischen 2019 und 2021 aufholten, erfuhren die Frauen mit den niedrigsten Verdiensten deutlich stärkere Verluste als die Männer. In dem Kurzbericht wird untersucht, wie sich die Coronakrise auf die Jahresverdienste der Frauen und Männer insgesamt ausgewirkt hat und wie sich der Gender Pay Gap je nach Höhe der Verdienste und nach Beschäftigungsform (Vollzeit, Teilzeit, Minijob) entwickelt hat. Außerdem werden Übergangsraten zwischen den verschiedenen Beschäftigungsformen betrachtet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Taber, Christopher, Ananth Seshadri & Xiaodong Fan (2024): Estimation of a Life-Cycle Model with Human Capital, Labor Supply, and Retirement. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 132, H. 1, S. 48-95. DOI:10.1086/726232

Abstract

"We estimate a life-cycle model of consumption, human capital investment, and labor supply. The interaction between human capital and labor supply towards the end of the life cycle is most novel. The estimates replicate the main features of the data, in particular the large increase in wages and small increase in labor supply at the beginning of the life cycle and the small decrease in wages but large decrease in labor supply towards the end. We show that incorporating human capital is critical when analyzing changes to Social Security." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blesch, Maximilian, Philipp Eisenhauer, Peter Haan, Boryana Ilieva, Annekatrin Schrenker & Georg Weizsäcker (2023): Biased Wage Expectations and Female Labor Supply. (Discussion paper / Rationality & Competition, CCR TRR 190 411), München ; Berlin, 30 S.

Abstract

"Wage growth occurs almost exclusively in full-time work, whereas it is close to zero in part-time work. German women, when asked to predict their own potential wage outcomes, show severely biased expectations with strong over-optimism about the returns to part-time experience. We estimate a structural life-cycle model to quantify how beliefs influence labor supply, earnings and welfare over the life cycle. The bias increases part-time employment strongly, induces flatter long-run wage profiles, and substantially influences the employment effects of a widely discussed policy reform, the introduction of joint taxation. The most significant impact of the bias appears for college-educated women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Campanale, Claudio & Rocío Fernández-Bastidas (2023): Top earners: A labor productivity process. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 229. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111195

Abstract

"In the present paper we compare standard wage processes used in the quantitative literature on the optimal tax progressivity and a process with heterogeneous life-cycle profiles (HIP hereafter) that we propose against the data. We find that the former fail to capture several features of the earnings dynamics at the very top of the distribution while our proposed model improves along some of these dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Deming, David J. (2023): Why Do Wages Grow Faster for Educated Workers? (NBER working paper / National Bureau of Economic Research 31373), Cambridge, Mass, 44 S.

Abstract

"The U.S. college wage premium doubles over the life cycle, from 27 percent at age 25 to 60 percent at age 55. Using a panel survey of workers followed through age 60, I show that growth in the college wage premium is primarily explained by occupational sorting. Shortly after graduating, workers with college degrees shift into professional, nonroutine occupations with much greater returns to tenure. Nearly 90 percent of life cycle wage growth occurs within rather than between jobs. To understand these patterns, I develop a model of human capital investment where workers differ in learning ability and jobs vary in complexity. Faster learners complete more education and sort into complex jobs with greater returns to investment. College acts as a gateway to professional occupations, which offer more opportunity for wage growth through on-the-job learning." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fackler, Daniel, Jens Stegmaier & Richard Upward (2023): Safety Net or Helping Hand? The Effect of Job Search Assistance and Compensation on Displaced Workers. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere / Leibniz-Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle 2023,18), Halle, 37 S.

Abstract

"We provide the first systematic evidence on the effectiveness of a contested policy in Germany to help displaced workers. So-called “transfer companies” (Transfergesellschaften) employ displaced workers for a fixed period, during which time workers are provided with job-search assistance and are paid a wage which is a substantial fraction of their pre-displacement wage. Using rich and accurate data on workers’ employment patterns before and after displacement, we compare the earnings and employment outcomes of displaced workers who entered transfer companies with those that did not. Workers can choose whether or not to accept a position in a transfer company, and therefore we use the availability of a transfer company at the establishment level as an IV in a model of one-sided compliance. Using an event study, we find that workers who enter a transfer company have significantly worse post-displacement outcomes, but we show that this is likely to be the result of negative selection: workers who lack good outside opportunities are more likely to choose to enter the transfer company. In contrast, ITT and IV estimates indicate that the use of a transfer company has a positive and significant effect on employment rates five years after job loss, but no significant effect on earnings. In addition, the transfer company provides significant additional compensation to displaced workers in the first 12 months after job loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ozkan, Serdar, Jae Song & Fatih Karahan (2023): Anatomy of Lifetime Earnings Inequality: Heterogeneity in Job Ladder Risk vs. Human Capital. In: Journal of Political Economy Macroeconomics, Jg. 1, H. 3, S. 506-550. DOI:10.1086/725790

Abstract

"We study the determinants of lifetime earnings (LE) inequality in the U.S. by focusing on latent heterogeneity in job ladder dynamics and on-the-job learning as sources of wage growth differentials. Using administrative data, we finde (i) more frequent job switches among lower LE workers, mainly driven by nonemployment spells, (II) little heterogeneity in average annual earnings growth of job stayers in the bottom two-thirds of the LE distribution, and (iii) an earnings growth for job switchers that rises strongly with LE. We estimate a structural model featuring a rich set of worker types and firm heterogeneity. We find vast differences in ex-ante job ladder risk - job loss, job finding, and contact rates - across workers. These differences account for 75% of the lifetime wage growth differential among the bottom half of the LE distritubtion. Above the median, almost all lifetime wage growth differences are a result of Pareto-distributed learning ability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Barbieri, Paolo & Filippo Gioachin (2022): Social origin and secondary labour market entry. Ascriptive and institutional inequalities over the early career in Italy and Germany. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 77. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100670

Zitatform

Bennett, Patrick, Aline Bütikofer, Kjell G. Salvanes & Darina Steskal (2022): Changes in Urban Wages, Jobs, and Workers from 1958-2017. (CESifo working paper 9766), München, 42 S.

Abstract

"We analyze the change in the urban wage premium over the last 60 years. We focus on differences by gender and skill levels, with an emphasis on changes throughout the earnings distribution. We assess the importance of both changing selection into urban areas, as well as the importance of shifts in demand for skills. Both forces explain the dramatic drop in urban premium. Event study analysis reveals that the positive selection into urban mobility declines over time. Among men at the bottom of the distribution, changes in selection are key in accounting for the collapse of the urban wage premium." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Rick Glaubitz (2022): Wer gewinnt? Wer verliert? : Die Absicherung von Lebenseinkommen durch Familie und Staat. Gütersloh, 40 S. DOI:10.11586/2022033

Abstract

"Frauen können sich, auf das gesamte Erwerbsleben gerechnet, nur etwas mehr als halb so viel Bruttoeinkommen erarbeiten wie Männer. Dieser sogenannte Gender Lifetime Earnings Gap ist für Mütter noch größer. Die Studie zeigt, dass sich diese Lücke mit Blick auf die verfügbaren Einkommen und damit den tatsächlichen Lebensstandard vor allem dann schließt, wenn Frauen sich innerhalb des traditionellen Familienbilds bewegen. Werden beide Einkommen im Haushalt zwischen den Eheleuten gleichmäßig aufgeteilt, fängt das Partnereinkommen Einkommensausfälle von Müttern infolge von Erwerbsunterbrechungen, beispielsweise durch Kindererziehungszeiten, auf. Fällt diese Absicherung im Haushalt jedoch weg, kann der Staat Einkommensausfälle in der Lebensperspektive nur unzureichend kompensieren: Heute Mitte-30-jährige verheiratete Mütter und Väter haben in ihrem Haupterwerbsalter, das heißt zwischen 20 und 55 Jahren, nach Steuern und Abgaben zuzüglich Transfers und Familienleistungen jeweils rund 700.000 Euro zur Verfügung. Frauen, die überwiegend alleinerziehend sind (mehr als die Hälfte der Erziehungszeit) kommen lediglich auf rund 520.000 Euro und müssen im Vergleich zu verheirateten Müttern damit durchschnittlich Einbußen von rund 25 Prozent hinnehmen. Der tatsächliche Lebensstandard hängt also stark von der Familienkonstellation und den wohlfahrtsstaatlichen Leistungen ab. Die Studie bildet die dritte und damit letzte Publikation der Reihe „Wer gewinnt? Wer verliert?“, die langfristige Arbeitsmarkt- und (Lebens-)Einkommensentwicklungen von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland zum Gegenstand hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Glaubitz, Rick, Astrid Harnack-Eber & Miriam Wetter (2022): The gender gap in lifetime earnings: The role of parenthood. (Economics. Diskussionsbeiträge des Fachbereichs Wirtschaftswissenschaft der Freien Universität Berlin 2022,03), Berlin, 65 S.

Abstract

"To obtain a more complete understanding of the persisting gender earnings gap in Germany, this paper investigates both the cross-sectional and biographical dimension of gender inequalities. Using an Oaxaca Blinder decomposition, we show that the gender gap in annual earnings is largely driven by women's lower work experience and intensive margin of labor supply. Based on a dynamic microsimulation model, we then estimate how gender differences accumulate over work lives to account for the biographical dimension of the gender gap. We observe an average gender lifetime earnings gap of 51.5 percent for birth cohorts 1964-1972. We show that this unadjusted gender lifetime earnings gap increases strongly with the number of children, ranging from 17.8 percent for childless women to 68.0 percent for women with three or more children. However, using a counterfactual analysis we find that the adjusted gender lifetime earnings gap of 10 percent differs only slightly by women's family background." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jensen, Bjarne S., Peder J. Pedersen & Ross Guest (2022): Demographic Changes, Labor Supplies, Labor Complementarities, Calendar Annual Wages of Age Groups, and Cohort Life Wage Incomes. (IZA discussion paper 15127), Bonn, 68 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the impact on age group wage differentials in a setting of imperfect labor substitution at different ages (years) of working life. We examine the wage prospect of assuming medium, high, and low levels of fertility during the population projection period (2020-2090). Main focus is on comparisons of selected Calendar year Age wage profiles and the comparisons of selected Cohort Lifetime wage profiles. The analytical results come from applying a CRESH Labor Aggregator to Age-group Labor supplies with a parametric calibration to register based micro data for Denmark. The results show Calendar year wage effects and Cohort wage effects from ageing that will not exist without non-zero Labor Complementarity elasticities, and are new contributions demonstrating the economic effects of large/small generations and cohort sizes. The impact of cohort size on the lifetime wage profile of its own cohort does depend on sizes of other cohorts, which are affected by the fertility rates underlying many cohorts. Hence, economic advantages of being a small cohort depend on fertilities and the sizes of many other existing cohorts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mahajan, Parag, Dhiren Patki & Heiko Stüber (2022): Bad Times, Bad Jobs? How Recessions Affect Early Career Trajectories. (Working paper / Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Research Department 22-12), Boston, 21 S. DOI:10.29412/res.wp.2022.12

Abstract

"Studies find that if a worker enters the labor market during an economic downturn versus a period of expansion, they likely will have more difficulty finding a high-paying job, because the availability of such jobs is strongly procyclical. The earnings penalty for starting a career during bad times is both substantial and persistent. Indeed, this paper finds that a typical recession causes entrants to experience a 6 percent loss in earnings cumulated over the first 15 years of their careers. But, the authors ask, to what extent do non-pecuniary characteristics of jobs offset some of those earnings losses? They address this question by relying on population-scale linked employer-employee administrative data from Germany to estimate both the pecuniary and non-pecuniary impact of entering the workforce during a recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Raitano, Michele & Francesca Subioli (2022): School-to-work transition, early career outcomes and income dynamics across cohorts in Italy: does education pay? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 44, H. 6, S. 1000-1027. DOI:10.1108/IJM-06-2021-0394

Abstract

"Purpose: The work compares across cohorts and different levels of education the early-stage evolution of several labour market outcomes, with the aim of studying whether and to what extent education matters for the level, growth and stability of earnings. Design/methodology/approach By using a rich longitudinal dataset developed from merging survey and administrative data, this article describes the evolution of the early career – five years following the education completion – in Italy comparing differently educated workers born between 1970 and 1984. Findings The authors find evidence of an "education premium” during the first five years after education completion in terms of faster school-to-work transition, higher employability and higher earnings; moreover, education is associated with positive, faster and more volatile earnings growth, while for those experiencing a downward trend education does not appear to play any role. However, no clear-cut changes across cohorts in the association between the various outcomes and the level of education emerge, thus signalling that no continuous rise of skill premia in the first phase of the working career across cohorts characterises the Italian economy. Originality/value The main originality consists in investigating the early career stage by cohort and by the level of education with a focus on many multi-year individual outcomes. Besides investigating the evolution of aggregate outcomes for differently educated individuals born in different cohorts, the authors also focus on individual earnings dynamics along the five years after the education completion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Stüber, Heiko (2022): Berufsspezifische Lebensentgelte: Ein Studium garantiert nicht immer das höchste Lebensentgelt. (IAB-Kurzbericht 18/2022), Nürnberg, 8 S. DOI:10.48720/IAB.KB.2218

Abstract

"„Studium oder Ausbildung?“ – vor der Frage stehen nicht nur betroffene Jugendliche, sie wird auch vielfach in Politik und Presse diskutiert. Gleichzeitig wird das Thema Fachkräftemangel immer präsenter. Abiturientinnen und Abiturienten etwa entscheiden sich, neben anderen Gründen, häufig aufgrund potenzieller Verdienstmöglichkeiten für ein Studium und gegen eine Ausbildung. Bei der Berechnung der Brutto-Lebensentgelte für Vollzeitbeschäftige betrachtet der Autor neben der formalen Qualifikation der Beschäftigten auch das Anforderungsniveau des ausgeübten Berufs. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen: Zwar gilt im Durchschnitt, dass mit einem Studium das höchste Brutto-Lebensentgelt erzielt wird, das ist jedoch nicht immer der Fall." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Zühlke, Anne, Philipp Kugler, Armin Hackenberger & Tobias Brändle (2022): Accounting for dropout risk and upgrading in educational choices: new evidence for lifetime returns in Germany. In: Education Economics, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 574-589. DOI:10.1080/09645292.2021.2013446

Abstract

"We analyse the economic returns in lifetime labour income of various educational paths in Germany. Using recent data, we calculate cumulative labour earnings at different ages and for different educational paths while controlling the parental background of individuals. We find that after the age of 55, lifetime labour income is higher for individuals with a university degree compared to individuals with a vocational degree. Considering the risk of dropout and the possibility of educational upgrading, individuals who start with a vocational training after their school degree do not earn less than individuals who start with university studies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bartels, Charlotte & Daniel Waldenström (2021): Inequality and top incomes. (GLO discussion paper / Global Labor Organization 959), Essen, 39 S.

Abstract

"This chapter comprises three main parts. The first part is about data sources, the definitions of income, and the methodologies used to estimate top income shares. Both the standard sources and methods used by the traditional top income studies are described. Further, new developments that employ new sources and estimation approaches are added, a detailed survey of the top-correction methods for surveys including reweighting and replacing top incomes is provided and approaches to align surveys, income tax data, and national accounts are contrasted. The second part of the chapter is a description of the main trends of top income shares that are the result of the previous studies. Different measures discussed in the methods section are presented and compared. The third part of the chapter surveys the literature on the determinants of top income shares. The focus of the third part is on studies that propose new methods to establish links between driving factors and top income shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Braxton, J. Carter, Kyle F. Herkenhoff, Jonathan L. Rothbaum & Lawrence Schmidt (2021): Changing Income Risk across the US Skill Distribution: Evidence from a Generalized Kalman Filter. (NBER working paper 29567), Cambridge, Mass, 106 S. DOI:10.3386/w29567

Abstract

"For whom has earnings risk changed, and why? To answer these questions, we develop a filtering method that estimates parameters of an income process and recovers persistent and temporary earnings for every individual at every point in time. Our estimation flexibly allows for first and second moments of shocks to depend upon observables as well as spells of zero earnings (i.e., unemployment) and easily integrates into theoretical models. We apply our filter to a unique linkage of 23.5m SSA-CPS records. We first demonstrate that our earnings-based filter successfully captures observable shocks in the SSA-CPS data, such as job switching and layoffs. We then show that despite a decline in overall earnings risk since the 1980s, persistent earnings risk has risen for both employed and unemployed workers, while temporary earnings risk declined. Furthermore, the size of persistent earnings losses associated with full year unemployment has increased by 50%. Using geography, education, and occupation information in the SSA-CPS records, we refute hypotheses related to declining employment prospects among routine and low-skill workers as well as spatial theories related to the decline of the Rust-Belt. We show that rising persistent earnings risk is concentrated among high-skill workers and related to technology adoption. Lastly, we find that rising persistent earnings risk while employed (unemployed) leads to welfare losses equivalent to 1.8% (0.7%) of lifetime consumption, and larger persistent earnings losses while unemployed lead to a 3.3% welfare loss." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dilger, Alexander (2021): Einkommenssteigerung durchs Studium als wichtiges Maß. (Discussion Papers of the Institute for Organisational Economics 2021,9), Münster, 13 S.

Abstract

"Die akademische Qualität der Lehre lässt sich nur schwer messen. Dagegen ist es relativ einfach, die späteren Einkommenszuwächse durch ein Studium zu bestimmen. Das ist für private wie staatliche Allokationsentscheidungen wichtig, etwa ob jemand aus finanziellen Gründen studieren soll, was und wo, während gegebene staatliche Mittel für Studienplätze effizient eingesetzt und zusätzliche Mittel gerechtfertigt werden können, wenn sie mehr bringen als kosten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fernandes, Sofia & Ilan Tojerow (2021): Flexible Wages and the Costs of Job Displacement. (IZA discussion paper 14942), Bonn, 61 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether flexible pay increases the wage costs of job displacement. We use quasi-exogenous variation in the timing of job loss due to mass layoffs spanning over an institutional reform that restricted single-employer bargaining, the Belgian Wage Norm in 1996. We find that average earnings losses over a ten-year period after displacement are 10 percentage points larger under flexible pay. Workers displaced from jobs with higher employer-specific wage premiums—service sector and white-collar—benefit the most from restricted single-employer bargaining as their earnings fully converge to non-displaced workers' earnings within three years. We show that the differences in earnings losses across wage-setting systems are not driven by fluctuations in the business cycle. Finally, the wage-setting reform had similar effects on female workers, though it did not narrow the gender gap in pre-layoff wages. Our results suggest that reduced pay flexibility may help displaced workers catch up faster to non-displaced workers' pay premium ladder conditional on re-employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jost, Oskar (2021): Unemployment and its scarring effect on wages in Germany: evidence from linked employer-employee data. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 43, H. 5, S. 1126-1143., 2021-12-01. DOI:10.1108/IJM-02-2021-0065

Abstract

"Purpose: Assess and compare scarring effects of unemployment in Germany to other countries and to consider firm heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses linked employer-employee data to analyze the effect of unemployment and its duration on future wages in Germany. Using administrative data on workers and firms in Germany and considering registered and unregistered unemployment episodes, the results show long-lasting wage losses caused by unemployment incidences. Furthermore, the estimations indicate that unemployment duration as well as selectivity into firms paying lower wages is of particular relevance for the explanation of wage penalties of re-employed workers. Findings: Unemployment causes massive and persistent wage declines in the future, which depend on the unemployment duration. Furthermore, reduced options of unemployed workers and selectivity in firms contribute to a large part of unemployment scarring. Practical implications: Findings are relevant for current debates on unemployment and can help design measures to avoid huge costs of unemployment. Originality/value: This paper analyses long-term unemployment scarring by considering not only unemployment duration but also selectivity in firms and its effect on the scarring effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Niehues, Judith & Maximilian Stockhausen (2021): DINK(Y)s und HIKOs: Welche Haushalte gehören zur Einkommensspitze. (IW-Kurzberichte / Institut der Deutschen Wirtschaft Köln 2021,96), Köln, 5 S.

Abstract

"Paarhaushalte ohne Kinder sind im oberen Einkommensbereich am häufigsten vertreten. Unter Ihnen verfügen DINK(Y)s - Double Income, No Kids (Yet) - also Haushalte, die nie Kinder hatten oder noch keine Kinder haben, im Durchschnitt über das höchste Nettoeinkommen. Unter den einkommensstärksten 10 Prozent sind sie überrepräsentiert. Noch häufiger sind jedoch HIKOs im oberen Einkommensbereich vertreten: Das sind Paare mit hohen Einkommen, deren Kinder nicht (mehr) im elterlichen Haushalt leben - High Income, Kids Out. Dies gilt insbesondere für das Top-1-Prozent der Einkommensverteilung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Salvanes, Kjell G., Barton Willage & Alexander L. P. Willén (2021): The Effect of Labor Market Shocks across the Life Cycle. (CESifo working paper 9491), München, 65 S.

Abstract

"Adverse economic shocks occur frequently and may cause individuals to reevaluate key life decisions in ways that have lasting consequences for themselves and the economy. These life decisions are fundamentally tied to specific periods of an individual's career, and economic shocks may therefore have substantially different impacts on individuals – and the broader economy - depending on when they occur. We exploit mass layoffs and establishment closures to examine the impact of adverse shocks across the life cycle on labor market outcomes and major life decisions: human capital investment, mobility, family structure, and retirement. Our results reveal substantial heterogeneity on labor market effects and life decisions in response to economic shocks across the life cycle. Individuals at the beginning of their careers invest in human capital and relocate to new labor markets, individuals in the middle of their careers reduce fertility and adjust family formation decisions, and individuals at the end of their careers permanently exit the workforce and retire. As a consequence of the differential interactions between economic shocks and life decisions, the very long-term career implications of labor shocks vary considerably depending on when the shock occurs. We conclude that effects of adverse labor shocks are both more varied and more extensive than has previously been recognized, and that focusing on average effects among workers across the life cycle misses a great deal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm, Astrid Harnack & Miriam Wetter (2020): Wer gewinnt? Wer verliert? : Die Entwicklung auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt seit den frühen Jahren der Bundesrepublik bis heute. Gütersloh, 53 S. DOI:10.11586/2019014

Abstract

"Auf das gesamte Erwerbsleben gerechnet, verdienen Frauen nur etwas mehr die Hälfte der Erwerbseinkommen der Männer. Ausgedrückt in absoluten Zahlen erzielen Frauen in Westdeutschland in Preisen von 2015 ein erwartetes durchschnittliches Lebenserwerbseinkommen von rund 830.000 Euro, während Männer mit durchschnittlich rund 1,5 Millionen Euro rechnen können. In Ostdeutschland fallen die erwarteten Lebenserwerbseinkommen insgesamt geringer aus. Frauen kommen hier auf rund 660.000 Euro, Männer auf knapp 1,1 Millionen Euro. Die Lücke in den Lebenserwerbseinkommen, der sogenannte Gender Lifetime Earnings Gap, beträgt damit für die jüngsten Jahrgänge, die heute Mitte 30-Jährigen, 45 Prozent in West- und 40 Prozent in Ostdeutschland. Wie groß die Kluft ist, verdeutlicht auch die Betrachtung nach Qualifikationsniveau: Bis zum Geburtsjahrgang 1974 erzielen hochqualifizierte Frauen im Durchschnitt nur so viel Erwerbseinkommen wie geringqualifizierte Männer. Jüngere Akademikerinnen können immerhin ein ähnliches Lebenserwerbseinkommen wie mittelqualifizierte Männer erwarten und holen damit etwas auf." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Holger Lüthen (2020): Die Ungleichheit von Lebenserwerbseinkommen. In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 100, H. 4, S. 241-245. DOI:10.1007/s10273-020-2625-3

Abstract

"In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt in seiner Struktur stark gewandelt – nicht nur durch technologischen Fortschritt oder Globalisierung, sondern auch durch institutionelle Änderungen wie die zunehmende Deregulierung. Gleichzeitig wird spätestens seit den 1980er Jahren ein deutlicher Anstieg der Einkommensungleichheit dokumentiert. Um strukturelle Veränderungen über lange Zeiträume besser erfassen zu können, sollten Querschnittsanalysen daher um das Betrachten gesamter Erwerbsverläufe ergänzt werden. Dies ermöglicht Vergleiche von Lebenserwerbseinkommen, die widerspiegeln, was ein Individuum über sein gesamtes Erwerbsleben verdient hat. Eine solche Analyse kann zeigen, inwiefern langfristige Trends einzelne Generationen treffen und ob bestimmte Entwicklungen über Generationen hinweg Auswirkungen haben und/oder wahrscheinlich haben werden." (Textauszug, IAB)

Zitatform

Flores, Manuel, Pilar García-Gómez & Adriaan Kalwij (2020): Early life circumstances and labor market outcomes over the life cycle. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 449-468. DOI:10.1007/s10888-020-09446-7

Abstract

"Some consequences of adverse events early in life for labor market outcomes may emerge early and others only later in adult life. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe to investigate how early life circumstances - childhood health and socioeconomic status (SES) - are associated with various labor market outcomes over an individual's entire life cycle. Our main new finding is that these associations change significantly over the life cycle. For instance, the association of childhood SES with lifetime earnings is shown to become stronger over the life cycle and to operate through both working years and annual earnings. We discuss how our findings can explain some of the mixed evidence on these associations in previous literature. Our results also shed light on the potential gains in the different labor market outcomes of public policies that invest in children's health and parents' SES." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Frodermann, Corinna, Katharina Wrohlich & Aline Zucco (2020): Parental leave reform and long-run earnings of mothers. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1847), Berlin, 44 S.

Abstract

"Paid parental leave schemes have been shown to increase women's employment rates but decrease their wages in case of extended leave durations. In view of these potential trade-offs, many countries are discussing the optimal design of parental leave policies. We analyze the impact of a major parental leave reform on mothers' long-term earnings. The 2007 German parental leave reform replaced a means-tested benefit with a more generous earnings-related benefit that is granted for a shorter period of time. Additionally, a 'daddy quota' of two months was introduced. To identify the causal effect of this policy on long-run earnings of mothers, we use a difference-in-difference approach that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who gave birth just before and right after the reform and nets out seasonal effects by including the year before. Using administrative social security data, we confirm previous findings and show that the average duration of employment interruptions increased for high-income mothers. Nevertheless, we find a positive long-run effect on earnings for mothers in this group. This effect cannot be explained by changes in working hours, observed characteristics, changes in employer stability or fertility patterns. Descriptive evidence suggests that the stronger involvement of fathers, incentivized by the 'daddy months', could have facilitated mothers' re-entry into the labor market and thereby increased earnings. For mothers with low prior-to-birth earnings, however, we do not find any beneficial labor market effects of this parental leave reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bayer, Christian & Moritz Kuhn (2019): Which ladder to climb? Decomposing life cycle wage dynamics. (IZA discussion paper 12473), Bonn, 65 S.

Abstract

"Wages grow and become more unequal as workers age. Economic theory focuses on worker investment in human capital, search for employers, and residual wage shocks to account for these life cycle wage dynamics. We highlight the importance of jobs: collections of tasks and duties defined by employers within the production process. We provide empirical evidence that climbing the career ladder toward jobs characterized by more responsibility, complexity, and autonomy accounts for the largest part of life cycle wage dynamics. It accounts for 50% of average wage growth, 50% of rising differences between gender, and virtually all of rising dispersion within gender over the life cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bonneuil, Noël (2019): Health component of inequalities associated with income mobility over the life cycle. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 141, H. 1, S. 391-411. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1771-5

Abstract

"From the two-wave French Health and Professional Career survey in 2006 and 2010, the income distribution associated with income mobility between these two dates shows that income inequalities are smaller than those observed cross-sectionally in 2006 and in 2010. Income mobility between 2006 and 2010 implies a more egalitarian distribution than is observed at either of these dates. The upward gradient in observed inequalities over the life cycle no longer holds true for the distribution of inequalities associated with the conditions of the moment. Ill health still favors inequality, particularly because health is worst at low incomes. Ill health exacerbates inequalities, an effect that is larger the more inegalitarian the income distribution." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Brändle, Tobias, Philipp Kugler, Anne Zühlke, Armin Hackenberger, Manuel Schick & Susanne Vögele (2019): Lebenseinkommen von Berufsausbildung und Hochschulstudium im Vergleich. Eine empirische Analyse von Erwerbsbiografien in Deutschland. Tübingen, 74 S.

Abstract

"Zusammenfassend lassen sich folgende Ergebnisse festhalten: In Bezug auf die deskriptiven Ergebnisse wurde ersichtlich, dass Personen mit Meister-/Technikerabschluss über ihr Erwerbsleben hinweg ähnlich viel verdienen wie Personen mit abgeschlossenem Hochschulstudium. Daran anschließend verdienen Personen mit einem Meister-/Technikerabschluss immer mehr als Personen mit einer abgeschlossenen Berufsausbildung, während Personen mit abgeschlossenem Hochschulstudium bis zu einem Alter von 36 Jahren weniger verdienen als Personen mit einer abgeschlossenen Berufsausbildung, danach verdienen sie mehr. Betrachtet man Personen, die ein Hochschulstudium beginnen, verschiebt sich der Break-Even-Punkt im Vergleich zu Personen, die eine Berufsausbildung beginnen, nach hinten. Personen, die ein Hochschulstudium beginnen, verdienen erst ab einem Alter von 39 Jahren mehr. Personen, die eine Berufsausbildung beginnen oder abschließen, verdienen immer mehr als Personen ohne Ausbildung. Bei der Betrachtung der Bildungspfade zeigt sich, dass es sich nach einer Berufsausbildung genauso sehr lohnt einen Meister oder Techniker zu machen wie ein Hochschulstudium anzuschließen. Insbesondere fallen bei ersteren weniger Opportunitätskosten an. Zudem verdienen Personen, die vor einem Hochschulstudium eine Berufsausbildung beginnen, ähnlich viel wie Personen, die direkt studieren. In der Höhe der kumulierten Lebenseinkommen zeigen sich vor allem Geschlechterdifferenzen, jedoch auch Unterschiede zwischen den Wirtschaftszweigen. So verdienen Männer über alle Analysegruppen hinweg mehr als Frauen. Ebenso verdienen Personen, die im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe tätig sind, unabhängig von der Analysegruppe am besten. Die Unterschiede zwischen höchstem Bildungsabschluss oder der ersten Bildungsentscheidung nach der Schule sind jedoch in den Teilstichproben ähnlich wie in der Gesamtstichprobe. Insbesondere zeigt sich auch, dass die Unterschiede im Lebenseinkommen zwischen Personen mit und ohne Berufsausbildung in den früheren Kohorten sowie im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe kleiner sind als in der Gesamtstichprobe." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Charni, Kadija (2019): Can cohort effects explain the decline of earnings for older workers? Evidence from France and Great Britain. In: Labour, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 306-350. DOI:10.1111/labr.12149

Abstract

"Classical literature takes cross-sectional age-earnings profile to describe how earnings evolve over the lifecycle. Using a cohort analysis, I argue that this interpretation of age-earnings profile is not correct. I show that cohort effects largely explain the decline observed at older ages using a rotating panel data for France and a longitudinal panel data for Great Britain for the period 1991 - 2007. I find no clear evidence that earnings decline at older age, although the profiles are different between countries. Earnings rise linearly with age in France, whereas it becomes flat for older workers in Great Britain." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Kiessling, Lukas, Pia Pinger, Philipp Seegers & Jan Bergerhoff (2019): Gender differences in wage expectations. Sorting, children, and negotiation styles. (IZA discussion paper 12522), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"This paper presents evidence from a large-scale study on gender differences in expected wages before labor market entry. Based on data for over 15,000 students, we document a significant and large gender gap in wage expectations that closely resembles actual wage differences, prevails across subgroups, and along the entire distribution. To understand the underlying causes and determinants, we relate expected wages to sorting into majors, industries, and occupations, child-rearing plans, perceived and actual ability, personality, perceived discrimination, and negotiation styles. Our findings indicate that sorting and negotiation styles affect the gender gap in wage expectations much more than prospective child-related labor force interruptions. Given the importance of wage expectations for labor market decisions, household bargaining, and wage setting, our results provide an explanation for persistent gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Merkurieva, Irina (2019): Late career job loss and the decision to retire. In: International Economic Review, Jg. 60, H. 1, S. 259-282. DOI:10.1111/iere.12352

Abstract

"This article provides an empirical analysis of the effect of involuntary job loss on the lifetime income and labor supply of older workers. I develop and estimate a dynamic programming model of retirement with savings, costly job search, and exogenous layoffs. The average cost of job loss is equivalent to one year of predisplacement earnings, 70% due to the wage reduction and 30% to the search frictions. Displaced workers on average retire 14 months earlier. Workers who approached retirement during the Great Recession will work approximately five months longer in response to the contemporaneous financial and labor market shocks." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Pettinicchi, Yuri & Axel Börsch-Supan (2019): Long-term effects of different labour careers. In: A. Börsch-Supan, J. Bristle, K. Andersen-Ranberg, A. Brugiavini, F. Jusot, H. Litwin & G. Weber (Hrsg.) (2019): Health and socio-economic status over the life course : First results from SHARE Waves 6 and 7, S. 109-117. DOI:10.1515/9783110617245-011

Abstract

"This chapter computes the share of active labour market participation during an individual's life course. We also count the number of job spells to distinguish workers with dynamic careers, that is, workers who changed several jobs over a lifetime. On the one hand, jobs changes may imply income improvements attributable to promotion or better matching. On the other hand, a large number of job changes may also be attributable to many exits from and re-entries into the labour market that are likely to reduce income growth over the life cycle. We identify four categories of labour careers: always active individuals with one job spell, always active individuals with several job spells, seldom active individuals with one job spell and seldom active individuals with several job spells." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rözer, Jesper & Thijs Bol (2019): Labour market effects of general and vocational education over the life-cycle and across time. Accounting for age, period, and cohort effects. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 701-717. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcz031

Abstract

"A recent literature argues that the labour market returns to vocational education vary over the life cycle. Graduates with an occupation-specific educational degree have a smooth transition into the labour market but experience difficulties later in their career when their specific skills become obsolete. This life course penalty to vocational education is expected to be particularly strong in periods of rapid technological change. Existing literature has mostly studied this topic from the perspective of age effects but focused less on cohort and period effects. Moreover, it is unclear to what extent lower returns to vocational education in the late career vary across time periods. Using Labour Force Survey data for the Netherlands (1996-2012) we find that having a more occupation-specific educational degree increases the likelihood of being employed in early life and lowers the average job status. This initial advantage of a higher employment probability declines with age, and the disadvantage in job status increases as workers grow older. We find that these life-cycle effects have not, or only marginally, changed over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Zanker, Dagmar & Christin Czaplicki (2019): Die Erhebung von Erwerbsverläufen und Rentenanwartschaften im In- und Ausland. Ein Vergleich von Personen mit und ohne Migrationserfahrung. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 68, H. 11, S. 867-886. DOI:10.3790/sfo.68.11.867

Abstract

"Der Beitrag widmet sich der Diskussion zur Erhebung von Erwerbsverläufen sowie Rentenanwartschaften im In- und Ausland und präsentiert Ergebnisse der Studie 'Lebensverläufe und Altersvorsorge' (LeA), die von der Deutschen Rentenversicherung Bund zusammen mit dem Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales in Auftrag gegeben wurde. LeA ist eine repräsentative Erhebung (2016) der Lebens- und Erwerbsverläufe sowie des Altersvorsorgeverhaltens der 40- bis unter 60-Jährigen in Deutschland. Der Beitrag gibt Einblicke in das Design und die Inhalte der Studie und zeigt die Herausforderungen bei der Erhebung von ausländischen Rentenanwartschaften auf. Weiter steht die Frage im Fokus, inwiefern sich Erwerbsverläufe sowie In- und Auslandsrentenanwartschaften von Personen mit und ohne Migrationserfahrung unterscheiden. Zentral ist dabei, ob im Ausland erworbene Rentenanwartschaften - so sie vorhanden sind - geringe(re) Inlandsrentenanwartschaften kompensieren können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Albu, Nora, Alexander Herzog-Stein, Ulrike Stein & Rudolf Zwiener (2018): Arbeits- und Lohnstückkostenentwicklung 2017 im europäischen Vergleich. (IMK Report 142), Düsseldorf, 23 S.

Abstract

"Von 2000 bis 2008, als die Reallöhne und die Lohnstückkosten stagnierten, nahm die Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten um rund 130 000 Personen ab, während die Zahl der ausschließlich geringfügig entlohnt Beschäftigten um rund 650 000 Personen zulegte. In der Folgeperiode mit wieder steigenden Reallöhnen nahm dann aber die sozialversicherungspflichtige Beschäftigung um 4,5 Mio. Personen zu, während die ausschließlich geringfügig entlohnte Beschäftigung wieder deutlich zurückging. Das zeigt, dass es in einer großen Volkswirtschaft aussichtslos ist, einseitig auf Lohnkostenvorteile und Erfolge im Außenhandel zu setzen, weil durch die entsprechend schwächere Binnennachfrage unter dem Strich Wachstum und Beschäftigung verloren gehen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bartik, Timothy J. & Brad J. Hershbein (2018): Degrees of poverty: The relationship between family income background and the returns to education. (Upjohn Institute working paper 284), Kalamazoo, Mich., 53 S. DOI:10.17848/wp18-284

Abstract

"Drawing on the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we document a startling empirical pattern: the career earnings premium from a four-year college degree (relative to a high school diploma) for persons from low-income backgrounds is considerably less than it is for those from higher-income backgrounds. For individuals whose family income in high school was above 1.85 times the poverty level, we estimate that career earnings for bachelor's graduates are 136 percent higher than earnings for those whose education stopped at high school. However, for individuals whose family income during high school was below 1.85 times the poverty level, the career earnings of bachelor's graduates are only 71 percent higher than those of high school graduates. This lower premium amounts to $300,000 less in career earnings in present discounted value. We establish the prevalence and robustness of these differential returns to education across race and gender, finding that they are driven by whites and men and by differential access to the right tail of the earnings distribution." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bingley, Paul & Lorenzo Cappellari (2018): Workers, firms and life-cycle wage dynamics. (IZA discussion paper 11402), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"Studies of individual wage dynamics typically ignore firm heterogeneity, whereas decompositions of earnings into worker and firm effects abstract from life-cycle considerations. We study firm effects in individual wage dynamics using administrative data on the population of Italian employers and employees. We propose a novel identification strategy for firm-related wage components exploiting the informative content of the wage covariance structure of coworkers. Wage inequality increases three-fold over the working life; firm effects are predominant while young, but sorting of workers into firms becomes increasingly important, explaining the largest share of lifetime inequality. Static models that do not allow for life-cycle dynamics underestimate the importance of sorting and overstate match and firm effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bleakley, Hoyt (2018): Longevity, education, and income. How large is the triangle? (NBER working paper 24247), Cambrige, Mass., 63 S. DOI:10.3386/w24247

Abstract

"While health affects economic development and wellbeing through a variety of pathways, one commonly suggested mechanism is a 'horizon' channel in which increased longevity induces additional education. A recent literature devotes much attention to how much education responds to increasing longevity, while this study asks instead what impact this specific channel has on wellbeing (welfare). I note that death is like a tax on human-capital investments, which suggests the use of a standard public-economics tool: triangles. I construct estimates of the triangle gain if education adjusts to lower adult mortality. Even for implausibly large responses of education to survival differences, almost all of today's low-human-development countries, if switched instantaneously to Japan's survival curve, would place a value on this channel of less than 15% of income. Calibrating the model with well-identified micro- and cohort-level studies, I find that the horizon triangle for the typical low-income country is instead less than a percent of lifetime income. Gains from increased survival in the 20th-century are similarly sized." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Brady, David, Marco Giesselmann, Ulrich Kohler & Anke Radenacker (2018): How to measure and proxy permanent income: evidence from Germany and the U.S. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 321-345. DOI:10.1007/s10888-017-9363-9

Abstract

"Permanent income (PI) is an enduring concept in the social sciences and is highly relevant to the study of inequality. Nevertheless, there has been insufficient progress in measuring PI. We calculate a novel measure of PI with the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and U.S. Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Advancing beyond prior approaches, we define PI as the logged average of 20+ years of post-tax and post-transfer (“post-fisc”) real equivalized household income. We then assess how well various household- and individual-based measures of economic resources proxy PI. In both datasets, post-fisc household income is the best proxy. One random year of post-fisc household income explains about half of the variation in PI, and 2–5 years explain the vast majority of the variation. One year of post-fisc HH income even predicts PI better than 20+ years of individual labor market earnings or long-term net worth. By contrast, earnings, wealth, occupation, and class are weaker and less cross-nationally reliable proxies for PI. We also present strategies for proxying PI when HH post-fisc income data are unavailable, and show how post-fisc HH income proxies PI over the life cycle. In sum, we develop a novel approach to PI, systematically assess proxies for PI, and inform the measurement of economic resources more generally." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Dillon, Eleanor Wiske (2018): Risk and return trade-offs in lifetime earnings. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 981-1021. DOI:10.1086/697475

Abstract

"This paper documents differences in lifetime earnings risk across occupations due to wage risk, employment risk, and mid-career occupation changes, which can mitigate other shocks. Total lifetime earnings risk varies considerably across starting occupation and riskier occupations pay more in expectation. The average worker would give up at least 9% of total lifetime earnings in the least certain occupation in order to reduce the riskiness of that occupation to the level of the safest starting occupation. The insurance value of occupational mobility is quantitatively important. With mobility, workers absorb only 60%, on average, of negative occupation-specific wage shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Frommert, Dina & Ralf K. Himmelreicher (2018): Alterseinkünfte im Wandel. In: Deutsche Rentenversicherung, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 22-65.

Abstract

"In dem folgenden Beitrag werden die Alterseinkünfte von in Deutschland lebenden Personen im Alter von 60 bis einschließlich 69 Jahren untersucht. Die dargestellten Befunde basieren auf drei derzeit verfügbaren Erhebungen der Studie 'Alterssicherung in Deutschland' (ASID) aus den Jahren 2003, 2007 und 2011. Auf Grundlage dieser Daten ist es möglich, unterschiedliche Quellen der Alterseinkünfte zu unterscheiden und herauszuarbeiten, welches Gewicht unterschiedliche Vorsorgeformen für bestimmte Personengruppen haben. Ein Vergleich der Höhe der Alterseinkünfte zwischen Frauen und Männern in West- und Ostdeutschland zeigt, dass der sogenannte Gender Pension Gap im Westen wesentlich größer ist als im Osten, und zwar insbesondere dann, wenn die Alterseinkünfte eher niedrig sind. Hinsichtlich der Zusammensetzung der Alterseinkünfte wird deutlich, dass zusätzliche betriebliche und private Altersvorsorge eher von Personen praktiziert wurde, die vergleichsweise hohe Anwartschaften in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung haben. Personen mit niedrigen gesetzlichen Renten haben häufig nicht weiter vorgesorgt. Falls doch, dann haben sie eher Anwartschaften in der privaten als in der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge. Die Auszahlungsbeträge fallen aber eher gering aus. Im zeitlichen Verlauf zeigen sich uneinheitliche Tendenzen. Insbesondere in Ostdeutschland nimmt die Verbreitung der betrieblichen Altersversorgung zu, gleichzeitig zeigt sich für die private Vorsorge ein rückläufiger Trend über die drei betrachteten Zeitpunkte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ge, Suqin, Elliott Isaac & Amalia Miller (2018): Elite schools and opting-in: Effects of college selectivity on career and family outcomes. (NBER working paper 25315), Cambrige, Mass., 42 S. DOI:10.3386/w25315

Abstract

"Using College and Beyond data and a variant on Dale and Krueger's (2002) matched-applicant approach, this paper revisits the question of how attending an elite college affects later-life outcomes. We expand the scope along two dimensions: we do not restrict the sample to full-time full-year workers and we examine labor force participation, human capital, and family formation. For men, our findings echo those in Dale and Krueger (2002): controlling for selection eliminates the positive relationship between college selectivity and earnings. We also find no significant effects on men's educational or family outcomes. The results are quite different for women: we find effects on both career and family outcomes. Attending a school with a 100-point higher average SAT score increases women's probability of advanced degree attainment by 5 percentage points and earnings by 14 percent, while reducing their likelihood of marriage by 4 percentage points. The effect of college selectivity on own earnings is significantly larger for married than for single women. Among married women, selective college attendance significantly increases spousal education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gensowski, Miriam (2018): Personality, IQ, and lifetime earnings. In: Labour economics, Jg. 51, H. April, S. 170-183. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.12.004

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effects of personality traits and IQ on lifetime earnings of the men and women of the Terman study, a high-IQ U.S. sample. Age-by-age earnings profiles allow a study of when personality traits affect earnings most, and for whom the effects are strongest. I document a concave life-cycle pattern in the payoffs to personality traits, with the largest effects between the ages of 40 and 60. An interaction of traits with education reveals that personality matters most for highly educated men. The largest effects are found for Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness (negative), where Conscientiousness operates partly through education, which also has significant returns." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Jessen, Robin & Johannes König (2018): Hours risk, wage risk, and life-cycle labor supply. (Ruhr economic papers 771), Essen, 32 S.

Abstract

"We decompose permanent earnings risk into contributions from hours and wage shocks. In order to distinguish between hours shocks and labor supply reactions to wage shocks we use a life-cycle model of consumption and labor supply. Estimating our model with the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) shows that both permanent wage and hours shocks play an important role in explaining the cross-sectional variance in earnings growth, but wage risk has greater relevance. Allowing for hours shocks improves the model fit considerably. The empirical strategy allows for the estimation of the Marshallian labor supply elasticity without the use of consumption or asset data. We find this elasticity on average to be negative, but small. The degree of consumption insurance implied by our results is in line with recent estimates in the literature." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lefranc, Arnaud (2018): Intergenerational earnings persistence and economic inequality in the long-run. Evidence from French cohorts, 1931-1975. (IZA discussion paper 11406), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes long-term trends in intergenerational earnings persistence in France for male cohorts born between 1931 and 1975. This time period has witnessed important changes in the French labor market and educational system, in particular an important compression of earnings differentials as well as a large expansion in access to secondary and higher education. Using a two-sample instrumental variables approach, I estimate two measures of intergenerational economic persistence: the intergenerational earnings elasticity (IGE) and the intergenerational correlation (IGC). Over the period, the IGE exhibits a V-shaped pattern. It falls from a high of value of .6 for cohorts born in the 1930s to around .4 for those born in the 1950s, but subsequently rises to a level close to the beginning of the period. In contrast, the IGC remains relatively stable over the period. This suggests that changes in the IGE are partly driven by transitory responses to changes in cross-sectional inequality rather than long-term changes in the degree of intergenerational persistence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Magnac, Thierry, Nicolas Pistolesi & Sébastien Roux (2018): Post-schooling human capital investments and the life cycle of earnings. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 126, H. 3, S. 1219-1249. DOI:10.1086/697206

Abstract

"We propose an original model of human capital investments after leaving school in which individuals differ in their initial human capital obtained at school, their rates of return and costs of human capital investments, and their terminal values of human capital at an arbitrary date in the future. We derive a tractable reduced-form Mincerian model of log earnings profiles along the life cycle that is written as a linear factor model in which levels, growth, and curvature of earnings profiles are individual specific. This provides a structural interpretation of results obtained in the empirical literature on the dynamics of earnings and acknowledges its limitations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Migali, Guiseppe & Ian Walker (2018): Estimates of the causal effects of education on earnings over the life cycle with cohort effects and endogenous education. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 64, H. 3, S. 516-544. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifx020

Abstract

"We estimate the wage premia associated with educational attainments focusing on the life cycle pattern of earnings. We employ a model where educational attainment is discrete and ordered and log wages are determined by a simple function of work experience for each level of attainment. We distinguish between life cycle and cohort effects by exploiting the fact that we have a short panel. We find that age-earnings profiles lose the traditional bell shape and become flat when we allow for cohort differences. Females still have higher college premia compared to males. However, there are clear earnings inequalities between cohorts with smaller college premia for younger compared to older cohorts, for both males and females." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Möhring, Katja (2018): Is there a motherhood penalty in retirement income in Europe? The role of lifecourse and institutional characteristics. In: Ageing and society, Jg. 38, H. 12, S. 2560-2589. DOI:10.1017/S0144686X17000812

Abstract

"This study examines the retirement income of women in Europe, focusing on the effect of motherhood. Due to their more interrupted working careers compared to non-mothers and fathers, mothers are likely to accumulate fewer pension entitlements, and consequently, to receive lower incomes in later life. However, pension systems in Europe vary widely in the degree to which they compensate for care-related career interruptions by means of redistributive elements or pension care entitlements. Therefore, care interruptions may matter for the retirement income of women in some countries, but may be rather irrelevant in others. On the basis of life history data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) for women aged between 60 and 75 years in 13 European countries, the interplay of individual lifecourse characteristics with institutional and structural factors is examined. The results show that the lower retirement income of mothers is mainly a result of fewer years in employment and lower-status jobs throughout the lifecourse. The analysis of institutional factors reveals that pension care entitlements are not able to provide a compensation for care-related cutbacks in working life. A generally redistributive design of the pension system including basic or targeted pension schemes, in contrast, appears as an effective measure to balance differences in employment participation over the lifecourse." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schurer, Stefanie & Kristian Trajkovski (2018): Understanding the mechanisms through which adverse childhood experiences affect lifetime economic outcomes. (IZA discussion paper 11450), Bonn, 47 S.

Abstract

"Over the past two decades, researchers have shown a growing interest in the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) - children's confrontation with maltreatment and household dysfunction - in shaping lifetime opportunities. However, this is the first study to quantify the economic penalties of ACEs and identify the mechanisms which produce the relationship. We source data from the National Child Development Study to construct an ACE index based on prospective childhood information and estimate an earnings penalty of 7.3 percent for each additional ACE, a 53.1 percent higher probability of being welfare dependent, and a 34 percent higher probability of poverty at age 55, controlling for important background factors measured in childhood. The results are driven by parental neglect, a component of the ACE index based on teacher assessments. Observed differences in later-life earnings between children with and without neglect exposure can be fully explained by observable differences in human capital accumulated by age 33. The productivity loss in an economy due to parental failures to nurture and protect their children is likely to be high. Our findings contribute to a wider discussion on the multidimensionality and expanding definitions of childhood poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schwandt, Hannes & Till M. von Wachter (2018): Unlucky cohorts: Estimating the long-term effects of entering the labor market in a recession in large cross-sectional data sets. (NBER working paper 25141), Cambrige, Mass., 68 S. DOI:10.3386/w25141

Abstract

"This paper studies the differential persistent effects of initial economic conditions for labor market entrants in the United States from 1976 to 2015 by education, gender, and race using labor force survey data. We find persistent earnings and wage reductions especially for less advantaged entrants that increases in government support only partly offset. We confirm the results are unaffected by selective migration and labor market entry by also using a double-weighted average unemployment rate at labor market entry for each birth cohort and state-of-birth cell based on average state migration rates and average cohort education rates from Census data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Aaberge, Rolf, Anthony B. Atkinson & Jorgen Modalsli (2017): On the measurement of long-run income inequality. Empirical evidence from Norway, 1875-2013. (IZA discussion paper 10574), Bonn, 85 S.

Abstract

"In seeking to understand inequality today, a great deal can be learned from history. However, there are few countries for which the long-run development of income inequality has been charted. Many countries have records of incomes, taxes and social support. This paper presents a new methodology constructing income inequality indices from such data. The methodology is applied to Norway, for which rich historical data sources exist. Taking careful account of the definition of income and population and the availability of micro data starting in 1967, an upper and lower bound for the pre-tax income Gini coefficient is produced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Adda, Jérôme, Christian Dustmann & Katrien Stevens (2017): The career costs of children. In: Journal of Political Economy, Jg. 125, H. 2, S. 293-337. DOI:10.1086/690952

Abstract

"We estimate a dynamic life cycle model of labor supply, fertility, and savings, incorporating occupational choices, with specific wage paths and skill atrophy that vary over the career. This allows us to understand the trade-off between occupational choice and desired fertility, as well as sorting both into the labor market and across occupations. We quantify the life cycle career costs associated with children, how they decompose into loss of skills during interruptions, lost earnings opportunities, and selection into more child-friendly occupations. We analyze the long-run effects of policies that encourage fertility and show that they are considerably smaller than short-run effects." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bhuller, Manudeep, Magne Mogstad & Kjell G. Salvanes (2017): Life-cycle earnings, education premiums, and internal rates of return. In: Journal of Labor Economics, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 993-1030. DOI:10.1086/692509

Abstract

"Using Norwegian population panel data with nearly career-long earnings histories, we provide a detailed picture of the causal relationship between schooling and earnings over the life cycle. To address selection bias, we apply three commonly used identification strategies. We find that additional schooling gives higher lifetime earnings and a steeper age-earnings profile, in line with predictions from human capital theory. Our preferred estimates imply an internal rate of return of around 11%, suggesting that it was highly profitable to acquire additional schooling. Our analysis reveals that Mincer regressions dramatically understate the returns to schooling because key assumptions are violated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boll, Christina, Malte Jahn & Andreas Lagemann (2017): The gender lifetime earnings gap - exploring gendered pay from the life course perspective. (HWWI research paper 179), Hamburg, 50 S.

Abstract

Research on the gender earnings divide so far mostly focuses on the gender gap in hourly wages which, due to its snapshot nature, is inappropriate to capture the biographical dimension of gendered pay. With the 'gender lifetime earnings gap' (GLEG), we introduce a new measure that meets this requirement. Based on a group of 93,511 German individuals born 1950-64 from the 'Sample of Integrated Labour Market Biographies' (SIAB 7510), we find that at the end of the employment career, women accumulated 49.8 % less earnings than men. Thus, the GLEG is more than twice as high as the current German gender pay gap. The GLEG is the largest (smallest) at the bottom (top) of the earnings distribution. It most prominently widens during the period of family formation (age 25-35). Relatedly, gender differences in endowments, mainly in terms of experience and hours, answer for three quarters of the GLEG. For younger cohorts, family breaks tend to lose importance whereas the role of work hours remains unchanged. Furthermore, the GLEG notably differs between occupational segments.

Zitatform

Brunello, Giorgio, Guglielmo Weber & Christoph T. Weiss (2017): Books are forever. Early life conditions, education and lifetime earnings in Europe. In: The economic journal, Jg. 127, H. 600, S. 271-296. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12307

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of education on lifetime earnings by distinguishing between individuals who lived in rural or urban areas during childhood and between individuals with access to many or few books at home at age 10. We instrument years of education using compulsory school reforms and find that, whereas individuals in rural areas were most affected by the reforms, those with many books enjoyed substantially higher returns to their additional education. We show that books retain explanatory power even when we select relatively homogeneous groups in terms of the economic position of the household." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan, Jae Song & Justin Weidner (2017): Lifetime incomes in the United States over six decades. (NBER working paper 23371), Cambrige, Mass., 76 S. DOI:10.3386/w23371

Abstract

"Using panel data on individual labor income histories from 1957 to 2013, we document two empirical facts about the distribution of lifetime income in the United States. First, from the cohort that entered the labor market in 1967 to the cohort that entered in 1983, median lifetime income of men declined by 10% - 19%. We find little-to-no rise in the lower three-quarters of the percentiles of the male lifetime income distribution during this period. Accounting for rising employer-provided health and pension benefits partly mitigates these findings but does not alter the substantive conclusions. For women, median lifetime income increased by 22% - 33% from the 1957 to the 1983 cohort, but these gains were relative to very low lifetime income for the earliest cohort. Much of the difference between newer and older cohorts is attributed to differences in income during the early years in the labor market. Partial life-cycle profiles of income observed for cohorts that are currently in the labor market indicate that the stagnation of lifetime incomes is unlikely to reverse. Second, we find that inequality in lifetime incomes has increased significantly within each gender group. However, the closing lifetime gender gap has kept overall lifetime inequality virtually flat. The increase within gender groups is largely attributed to an increase in inequality at young ages, and partial life-cycle income data for younger cohorts indicate that the increase in inequality is likely to continue. Overall, our findings point to the substantial changes in labor market outcomes for younger workers as a critical driver of trends in both the level and inequality of lifetime income over the past 50 years." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haan, Peter, Daniel Kemptner & Holger Lüthen (2017): The rising longevity gap by lifetime earnings. Distributional implications for the pension system. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1698), Berlin, 49 S.

Abstract

"This study uses German social security records to provide novel evidence about the heterogeneity in life expectancy by lifetime earnings and, additionally, documents the distributional implications of this earnings-related heterogeneity. We find a strong association between lifetime earnings and life expectancy at age 65 and show that the longevity gap is increasing across cohorts. For West German men born 1926-28, the longevity gap between top and bottom decile amounts to about 4 years (about 30%). This gap increases to 7 years (almost 50%) for cohorts 1947-49. We extend our analysis to the household context and show that lifetime earnings are also related to the life expectancy of the spouse. The heterogeneity in life expectancy has sizable and relevant distributional consequences for the pension system: when accounting for heterogeneous life expectancy, we find that the German pension system is regressive despite a strong contributory link. We show that the internal rate of return of the pension system increases with lifetime earnings. Finally, we document an increase of the regressive structure across cohorts, which is consistent with the increasing longevity gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Haan, Peter, Daniel Kemptner & Victoria Prowse (2017): Insurance, redistribution, and the inequality of lifetime income. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1716), Berlin, 53 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we study how the tax-and-transfer system reduces the inequality of lifetime income by redistributing lifetime earnings between individuals with different skill endowments and by providing individuals with insurance against lifetime earnings risk. Based on a dynamic life-cycle model, we find that redistribution through the tax-and-transfer system offsets around half of the inequality in lifetime earnings that is due to differences in skill endowments. At the same time, taxes and transfers mitigate around 60% of the inequality in lifetime earnings that is attributable to employment and health risk. Progressive taxation of annual earnings provides little insurance against lifetime earnings risk. The lifetime insurance effects of taxation may be improved by moving to a progressive tax on lifetime earnings. Similarly, the lifetime insurance and redistributive effects of social assistance may be improved by requiring wealthy individuals to repay any social assistance received when younger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kochskämper, Susanna & Judith Niehues (2017): Entwicklung der Lebensverhältnisse im Alter. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 44, H. 1, S. 117-133. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.17-01-07

Abstract

"Die Entwicklung der Lebensverhältnisse und der Teilhabe der Älteren am gesellschaftlichen Wohlstand nimmt eine zentrale Rolle in der Gerechtigkeitsdebatte ein. Eine deskriptive Analyse der Lebensverhältnisse in Deutschland auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels zeigt, dass sich seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre die relative Einkommensposition Älterer deutlich verbessert hat. Über die vergangenen drei Jahrzehnte konnte die Ruhestandsbevölkerung im Durchschnitt höhere Realeinkommenszuwächse verbuchen als jüngere Alterskohorten. Entsprechend ist der Anteil älterer Menschen gesunken, die sich im unteren Einkommensfünftel der Gesellschaft befinden. Im Vergleich zu den 1980er Jahren leben dafür immer mehr Ältere in den mittleren und oberen Einkommensschichten. Hierzu passt, dass das Armutsrisiko im Alter erkennbar unter dem Durchschnitt jüngerer Vergleichsgruppen liegt. Allerdings unterscheidet sich die Wohlfahrtsposition im Alter stark nach dem vormaligen Erwerbsstatus und nach den ergänzenden Einkommensquellen. Erwerbseinkommen spielen beispielsweise bei (ehemals) Selbstständigen und im oberen Einkommensbereich der Rentner eine größere Rolle als bei ehemals abhängig Beschäftigten. Auch die Haushaltsstruktur ist relevant für die Einkommensposition im Alter. Anders als in der Gesamtbevölkerung hat sich im Betrachtungszeitraum seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre der Anteil alleinlebender Älterer deutlich reduziert. Auch dies dürfte einen dämpfenden Einfluss auf die Entwicklung des Armutsrisikos gehabt haben. Angesichts des relativ hohen Anteils an Singlehaushalten und armutsgefährdeten Personen in Ostdeutschland drohen dort aber künftig steigende Armutsrisiken im Alter, sollten vor allem die jüngeren Kohorten nicht ihr relativ hohes Armutsrisiko senken können. Insgesamt begründen die empirischen Befunde allein noch keinen politischen Handlungsbedarf, zumal bei korrigierenden Eingriffen in das gesetzliche Umlagesystem der Rentenversicherung immer auch die Verteilungswirkungen auf die jüngeren Generationen zu berücksichtigen sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lecavelier des Etangs-Levallois, Céline (2017): Overview of intergenerational earnings mobility in Germany. (THEMA working paper / Université de Cergy-Pontoise 2017-11), Cergy-Pontoise, 30 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses intergenerational earnings mobility in Germany, reviewing the recent literature, further investigating the impact of sampling and methodological strategies and presenting alternative results. Using data from the German SocioEconomic Panel (SOEP), the aim is to evaluate the role of father’s earnings level on son’s one, taking a close look at attenuation and life-cycle biases. We first estimate the association of current and lifetime earnings over the life-cycle. We then estimate the intergenerational elasticity at 0.3. We average fathers’ earnings over different periods of time to evaluate and reduce attenuation bias, and we handle life-cycle bias by controlling son’s age span or adding the interaction between son’s age and father’s earnings in the regression equation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mohanty, Madhu S. & Aria Golestani (2017): How is the worker's weekly hour related to wage over the life cycle? The U.S. evidence. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 49, H. 26, S. 2532-2544. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2016.1243210

Abstract

"The current study estimates the relationship between weekly hours and weekly wage over the life cycle of a representative sample of workers. Recognizing the endogeneity of these two variables, the study estimates both equations in a simultaneous equations framework and demonstrates that the relationship between weekly hours and weekly wage is not uniform over the worker's life cycle. These two variables are negatively related when the workers are young and have a positive relationship when they are matured adults. This conclusion remains valid for both men and women. Our robustness check further confirms that workers respond to wage increases differently at different stages of their working career. This has interesting policy implications. Any policy to influence the worker's hours decision through wage incentive must consider the stage of his/her working career." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Neumeier, Christian, Todd Sorensen & Douglas Webber (2017): The implicit costs of motherhood over the lifecycle. Cross-cohort evidence from administrative longitudinal data. (IZA discussion paper 10558), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"The explicit costs of raising a child have grown over the past several decades. Less well understood are the implicit costs of having a child, and how they have changed over time. In this paper we use longitudinal administrative data from over 70,000 individuals in the Synthetic SIPP Beta to examine the earnings gap between mothers and non-mothers over the lifecycle and between cohorts. We observe women who never have children beginning to out earn women who will have children during their 20s. Gaps increase monotonically over the lifecycle, and decrease monotonically between cohorts from age 26 onwards. In our oldest cohort, lifetime gaps approach $350,000 by age 62. Cumulative labor market experience profiles show similar patterns, with experience gaps between mothers and non-mothers generally increasing over the lifecycle and decreasing between cohorts. We decompose this cumulative gap in earnings (up to age 43) into portions attributable to time spent out of the labor force, differing levels of education, years of marriage and a number of demographic controls. We find that this gap between mothers and non-mothers declines from around $220,000 for women born in the late 1940s to around $160,000 for women born in the late 1960s. Over 80% of the change in this gap can be explained by variables in our model, with changes in labor force participation by far the best explanation for the declining gap. Comparing our oldest cohort as they approach retirement to the projected lifecycle behavior of the 1965 cohort, we find that the earnings gap is estimated to drop from $350,000 (observed) to $282,000 (expected) and that the experience gap drops from 3.7 to 2.1 years. We also explore the intensive margin costs of having a child. A decomposition of earnings gaps between mothers of one child and mothers of two children also controls for age at first birth. Here, we find a decline in the gap from around $78,000 for our oldest cohorts to around $37,000 for our youngest cohorts. Our model explains a smaller share of the intensive margin decline. Changes in absences from the labor market again explain a large amount of the decline, while differences in age at first birth widen the gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2017): Biases in standard measures of intergenerational income dependence. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 52, H. 3, S. 800-825. DOI:10.3368/jhr.52.3.0715-7290R

Abstract

"Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. Using long Swedish income series, we provide such evidence for log-linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity, moderate in log-linear correlations, and small in rank-based measures. However, there are important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher and long-distance downward mobility lower than estimates from short-run income suggest." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Piopiunik, Marc (2017): Einkommenserträge von Bildungsabschlüssen im Lebensverlauf. Aktuelle Berechnungen für Deutschland. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 70, H. 7, S. 19-30.

Abstract

"Was bringt ein höherer Bildungsabschluss unter dem Strich? Wer eine Lehre macht, nimmt während der Ausbildungszeit als Lehrling Einkommenseinbußen im Vergleich zu einer ungelernten Tätigkeit in Kauf, hofft dann in der Folge aber auf höhere Arbeitseinkommen. Noch viel mehr gilt dies für jemanden, der ein Studium aufnimmt: Statt in Vollzeit zu arbeiten, verzichtet er im Vergleich zur Lehre für mehrere Jahre auf Erwerbseinkommen - in der Hoffnung, später ein höheres Einkommen erzielen zu können. Aber reichen die späteren Einkommenszuwächse aus, um die ursprünglichen Einkommenseinbußen zu kompensieren? Wie sieht das auf dem zweiten Bildungsweg aus? Und lohnt sich das mehr als ein Meisterabschluss? Diesen Fragen ist das ifo Zentrum für Bildungsökonomik in einem Projekt im Auftrag von Union Investment nachgegangen. Die wichtigsten Ergebnisse sind hier zusammengefasst. Es zeigt sich, dass sich die Investition in einen höheren Bildungsabschluss wirtschaftlich lohnt. Ein höherer Abschluss geht mit höheren Monatseinkommen einher, mit einem geringeren Risiko, arbeitslos zu werden, sowie insgesamt mit sechsstelligen Zuwächsen beim Lebenseinkommen. Über das gesamte Arbeitsleben betrachtet liegt das Einkommen von Personen mit einer Lehrausbildung um 143 000 Euro über dem Lebenseinkommen von Personen ohne beruflichen Ausbildungsabschluss. Bei Personen mit Meister-/Technikerabschluss wiederum fällt das Lebenseinkommen 129 000 Euro höher aus als bei Personen, deren höchster Abschluss eine Lehre ist; bei Fachhochschulabsolventen sind es 267 000 Euro, bei Universitätsabsolventen 387 000 Euro. Dabei zeigen sich aber auch große Unterschiede nach Region, Geschlecht und insbesondere Fachrichtung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stockhausen, Maximilian (2017): Wie der Vater, so der Sohn? Zur intergenerationalen Einkommensmobilität in Deutschland. In: IW-Trends, Jg. 44, H. 4, S. 57-74. DOI:10.2373/1864-810X.17-04-05

Abstract

"Soziale Ungleichheiten sind komplex und vielschichtig. Was ein gutes Leben ausmacht und was gerecht ist, wird sehr unterschiedlich beurteilt. Ähnliches gilt für die soziale Mobilität, die in der Ökonomie zumeist den Zusammenhang zwischen den Einkommen von Eltern und ihren Kindern meint. Einkommen stehen im Mittelpunkt der Betrachtung, da sie die Entwicklungs- und Teilhabemöglichkeiten von Menschen in unserer Gesellschaft maßgeblich beeinflussen. Letztlich geht es um das Ideal, dass es den Kindern einmal besser gehen soll als ihren Eltern. Deshalb wird untersucht, welche absolute und relative Einkommensmobilität über die Generationen besteht. Es zeigt sich, dass 63 Prozent der westdeutschen Söhne der Jahrgänge von 1955 bis 1975 ein zum Teil deutlich höheres Arbeitseinkommen als ihre Väter erzielten. Dabei gelang den Söhnen mit Vätern aus dem untersten Einkommensbereich besonders häufig der soziale Aufstieg. Die Analyse konzentriert sich auf Väter und ihre Söhne, da Mütter und Töchter noch immer über unstetere Erwerbsbiografien verfügen, die eine verknüpfende Analyse deutlich erschweren. Ostdeutschland bleibt wegen des Strukturbruchs durch die Wende und des zu kurzen Beobachtungszeitraums unberücksichtigt. Ein direkter Vergleich mit den USA macht deutlich, dass in Deutschland eine höhere Einkommensmobilität besteht. Das betrifft die absolute wie die relative Einkommensmobilität. Sozialer Aufstieg ist in Deutschland möglich und den heutigen Erwachsenen geht es mehrheitlich besser als ihren Eltern. Das wirtschaftliche Wachstum konnte in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten in Deutschland breiter verteilt werden, sodass große Bevölkerungsteile an dem gestiegenen Wohlstand teilhaben konnten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Stüber, Heiko (2017): Bildungsrenditen beruflicher und akademischer Abschlüsse. In: J. Lange (Hrsg.) (2017): Ausbildung oder Studium? : Bildungsangebot und Berufsfindung zwischen individuellen Wünschen und gesellschaftlichen Bedarfen (Loccumer Protokolle, 2015,58), S. 35-43, 2016-08-26.

Abstract

"Zentrale Risikofaktoren für Arbeitslosigkeit sind eine geringe schulische Qualifikation und eine fehlende berufliche Ausbildung. Daher sollte es zur Vermeidung von (Jugend-) Arbeitslosigkeit arbeitsmarktpolitisch hohe Priorität haben, Jugendliche und Personen ohne Berufsausbildung zu motivieren, eine Berufsausbildung abzuschließen und sie nach dem Abschluss möglichst schnell in den Arbeitsmarkt zu integrieren.
Eine berufliche Ausbildung verringert nicht nur die Wahrscheinlichkeit arbeitslos zu werden, durch sie erreicht man durchschnittlich auch ein höheres Lebenseinkommen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Austen, Siobhan & Astghik Mavisakalyan (2016): Gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth. The effects of education and parenthood. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 492-516. DOI:10.1177/0022185618767474

Abstract

"We measure gender gaps in long-term earnings and retirement wealth over the 15-year period from 2001 to 2015. Our analysis of data from the Housing, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey generates new estimates of the effects of education on men's and women's long-term earnings. These show that whilst university qualifications improve women's long-term earnings, university education does not, on average, lift women's earnings above those attained by men with a high school qualification. The increment in long-term earnings associated with parenthood also shows a large gender gap favouring men. Parenthood is associated with higher long-term earnings for men but on average this factor has a strong negative association with women's earnings. The article also maps the consequences of the gender gap in long-term earnings for retirement wealth in the form of superannuation. The results show how the large gender gaps in retirement wealth reflect in large part the economic costs arising from the gendered division of roles associated with parenthood in many Australian households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bachmann, Ronald, Peggy Bechara, Rahel Felder, Sylvi Rzepka & Sandra Schaffner (2016): Risiken atypischer Beschäftigungsformen für die berufliche Entwicklung und Erwerbseinkommen im Lebensverlauf. Endbericht. (Lebenslagen in Deutschland. Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung 05), Berlin, 215 S.

Abstract

"Vom Normalarbeitsverhältnis abweichende Beschäftigungsformen werden unter dem Begriff 'atypische Beschäftigung' zusammengefasst. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, die Auswirkungen von Perioden in atypischer Beschäftigung auf die Erwerbsbiografie zu untersuchen. Insbesondere ist dabei von Interesse, ob atypische Beschäftigung eher zur Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt beiträgt (Brückeneffekt) oder aber vielmehr zum Verbleib in atypischer Beschäftigung führt (Einsperreffekt). Zur Beurteilung dieser Frage sollen neben der Ausprägung der Beschäftigung als solche auch andere die Erwerbsbiografie betreffende Aspekte betrachtet werden. Die Analysen basieren auf der Verbindung von Daten des Nationalen Bildungspanels (Startkohorte Erwachsene) und administrativen Daten des Instituts für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung. Diese erlauben die Unterscheidung von Teilzeitbeschäftigung, geringfügiger Beschäftigung, Befristung, Arbeitnehmerüberlassung und freier Mitarbeit. Methodisch kommen insbesondere fixed-effects-Regressionen und dynamische Panelmodelle zum Einsatz." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bastholm Andrade, Stefan (2016): Class origin and sibling similarities in long-term income. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 59, H. 4, S. 309-331. DOI:10.1177/0001699316647430

Abstract

"Sibling correlations have gained increasing prominence in inequality studies as a measurement of the total impact of family background on individual outcomes. Whilst previous studies have tended to use traditional socio-economic measures such as parent's income or education, this paper introduces an analytical class approach to sibling studies by analysing how much of the influence that siblings share in their long-term income results from class origin. Data are from Statistics Denmark and consist of 290,399 individuals born between 1963 and 1973. Models are estimated which - in addition to parents' education and income - include modifications of the Erikson - Goldthorpe - Portocarero schemes ranging from 3 to 15 classes and Grusky's microclass scheme of 72 classes. The results show that although class adds to explanations of the family influence on children's income, most of the sibling similarities are not explained by parental education, income or class. Depending on gender, the class schemes explain between 8 and 13 per cent of the sibling similarities and 15 to 20 per cent when parents' income and educations are also included. Models with different class schemes demonstrate that elaborated versions of the EGP class scheme add little to the explanation of similarities between brothers, sisters and mixed siblings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bauer, Thomas K., Florian Beyer, Julia Bredtmann, Sebastian Otten, Julia Piel, Katja Sabisch & Magdalena A. Stroka (2016): Die Auswirkungen von Familienarbeit auf die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das (Alters-)Einkommen und die Gesundheit von Frauen. Eine empirische Analyse. (RWI-Materialien 102), Essen, 67 S.

Abstract

"Nicht zuletzt aufgrund des zu erwartenden Fachkräftemangels in Deutschland ist eine fortlaufende Analyse der Faktoren, die einer Erhöhung der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen entgegenstehen, wirtschafts- und gesellschaftspolitisch zwingend erforderlich. Eine von den politischen Akteuren weniger beachtete und in der Öffentlichkeit seltener diskutierte jedoch ungleich bedeutendere Ursache für die geringere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen ist deren höhere Belastung durch 'Familienarbeit'. Als Familienarbeit werden unbezahlte Tätigkeiten im Haushalt, wie die Erziehung von Kindern oder die Pflege Angehöriger, bezeichnet. Das interdisziplinär angelegte empirische Forschungsprojekt versucht, auf Basis soziologischer und ökonomischer Theorien zur Organisation von Familien und unter Verwendung einer Vielfalt empirischer Methoden und verschiedener innovativer Datensätze (i) belastbare empirische Evidenz zu dem Ausmaß geschlechterspezifischer Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Engagements in unbezahlter Arbeit zu generieren und (ii) die Konsequenzen einer höheren Belastung mit Familienarbeit für die Arbeitsmarktpartizipation, das Einkommen, die Alterssicherung und die Gesundheit der Betroffenen zu analysieren." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Brandt, Gesche (2016): Einkommensunterschiede von Akademikerinnen und Akademikern im Erwerbsverlauf. In: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 40-61.

Abstract

"In Deutschland verdienen weibliche Hochschulabsolventen sowohl beim Berufseinstieg als auch langfristig deutlich weniger als männliche. Dafür können sowohl Unterschiede in den Studienmerkmalen verantwortlich sein als auch Unterschiede in den beruflichen Werdegängen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die Erklärungskraft verschiedener Faktoren für diese Einkommensdifferenzen über die ersten zehn Berufsjahre verändert. In der Phase des Berufseinstiegs lassen sich Einkommensunterschiede von Frauen und Männern zu großen Teilen dadurch erklären, dass im Studium andere Fähigkeiten und Qualifikationen erworben wurden, die mit den jeweils gewählten Studienfächern zusammenhängen. Zehn Jahre nach dem Abschluss wird die Einkommensdifferenz überwiegend durch die im Beruf erworbenen Fähigkeiten und Erfahrungen bestimmt. Eine besondere Rolle spielen dabei Erwerbsunterbrechungen durch Elternzeit oder Teilzeit- und Nichterwerbsphasen, die überwiegend Frauen betreffen und das Einkommen negativ beeinflussen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Carr, Michael D. & Emily E. Wiemers (2016): The decline in lifetime earnings mobility in the U.S. Evidence from survey-linked administrative data. Chicago, 40 S.

Abstract

"There is a sizable literature that examines whether intergenerational mobility has declined as inequality has increased. This literature is motivated by a desire to understand whether increasing inequality has made it more difficult to rise from humble origins. An equally important component of economic mobility is the ability to move across the earnings distribution during one's own working years. We use survey-linked administrative data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine trends in lifetime earnings mobility since 1981. These unique data allow us to produce the first estimates of lifetime earnings mobility from administrative earnings across gender and education subgroups. In contrast to much of the existing literature, we find that lifetime earnings mobility has declined since the early 1980s as inequality has increased. Declines in lifetime earnings mobility are largest for college-educated workers though mobility has declined for men and women and across the distribution of educational attainment. One striking feature is the decline in upward mobility among middle-class workers, even those with a college degree. Across the distribution of educational attainment, the likelihood of moving to the top deciles of the earnings distribution for workers who start their career in the middle of the earnings distribution has declined by approximately 20% since the early 1980s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Daly, Moira, Dmytro Hryshko & Iourii Manovskii (2016): Improving the measurement of earnings dynamics. (NBER working paper 22938), Cambrige, Mass., 58 S. DOI:10.3386/w22938

Abstract

"The stochastic process for earnings is the key element of incomplete markets models in modern quantitative macroeconomics. We show that a simple modification of the canonical process used in the literature leads to a dramatic improvement in the measurement of earnings dynamics in administrative and survey data alike. Empirically, earnings at the start or end of earnings spells are lower and more volatile than the observations in the interior of earnings histories, reflecting the effects of working less than the full year as well as deviations of wages due to e.g. tenure effects. Ignoring these properties of earnings, as is standard in the literature, leads to a substantial mismeasurement of the variances of permanent and transitory shocks and induces the large and widely documented divergence in the estimates of these variances based on fitting the earnings moments in levels or growth rates. Accounting for these effects enables more accurate analysis using quantitative models with permanent and transitory earnings risk, and improves empirical estimates of consumption insurance against permanent earnings shocks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Leung, Man Yee Mallory, Fane Groes & Raul Santaeulalia-Llopis (2016): The relationship between age at first birth and mother's lifetime earnings. Evidence from Danish data. In: PLoS one, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0146989

Abstract

"Background: Having children creates career interruptions and reductions in labor income for women. This study documents the relation between the age at first birth (AFB) and women's labor income. We study these dynamics in the short run (i.e. ratio between labor income at AFB and two years prior to AFB) and long run (i.e., positive/negative differences in total lifetime labor income).
Methods: Using unique Danish administrative register data for the entire Danish population, we estimate the age-income profiles separately for college and non-college women conditional on marital status, and mothers' age at first birth (AFB). We compute the lifetime labor income differentials by taking the differences between the labor income of women with and without children at each AFB.
Results: The short-run loss in labor income, defined as the difference in percentages between the income earned two years prior to AFB and income earned at AFB, ranges from 37% to 65% for college women and from 40% to 53% for non-college women. These losses decrease monotonically with respect to AFB for both education groups. Our results on the lifetime labor income differentials between mothers and women without children also show a net effect that is monotonic (from negative to positive) in AFB. With AFB<25, the lifetime labor income loss for college women is -204%of their average annual labor income and this figure is -252% for non-college women. There are lifetime labor income gains with AFB>31. The largest gains for college women are 13% of their average annual income and this figure is 50% for non-college women.
Conclusion: Women have a large and unambiguous short-run reduction in labor income at their AFB. In terms of lifetime labor income, both college and non-college women, compared to childless women, are associated with lower income of more than twice their respective average annual income when bearing a child at AFB<25. In other words, women with AFB<25 are associated with a lower lifetime income of more than two years of annual labor income. The lifetime labor incomes for college and non-college women associated with AFB>31 are relatively higher." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2016): Heterogeneous income profiles and life-cycle bias in intergenerational mobility estimation. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 51, H. 1, S. 239-268. DOI:10.3368/jhr.51.1.239

Abstract

"Using short snapshots of income in intergenerational mobility estimation causes 'lifecycle bias' if the snapshots cannot mimic lifetime outcomes. We use uniquely long series of Swedish income data to show that this bias is large and to examine current strategies to reduce it. We confirm that lifecycle bias is smallest when incomes are measured around midlife, a central implication from a widely adopted generalization of the classical errors-in-variables model. However, the model cannot predict the ideal age of measurement or eliminate lifecycle bias at other ages. We illustrate how extensions of this model can reduce the bias further." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

Zitatform

Stüber, Heiko (2016): Berufsspezifische Lebensentgelte: Qualifikation zahlt sich aus. (IAB-Kurzbericht 17/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Bildung zahlt sich generell aus - bei den Einkommen im Laufe eines Erwerbslebens spielen die Berufswahl und eine qualifikationsadäquate Beschäftigung allerdings eine wesentliche Rolle. Berechnungen des IAB belegen, dass die durchschnittlichen Brutto-Lebensentgelte mit dem Anforderungsniveau der Tätigkeiten steigen. Daneben ist auch der Beruf selbst relevant für die Höhe der Einkommen. Der Autor zeigt für vier Anforderungsniveaus (Experten, Spezialisten, Fachkräfte und Helfer) sowie für vier Qualifikationsniveaus (Hochschulabschluss, Fortbildungsabschluss, Berufsausbildung und ohne Berufsausbildung), welche Brutto-Lebenseinkommen in unterschiedlichen Berufen durchschnittlich erzielt werden können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Suprinovič, Olga, Stefan Schneck & Rosemarie Kay (2016): Einmal Unternehmer, immer Unternehmer? Selbstständigkeit im Erwerbsverlauf. (IfM-Materialien 248), Bonn, 68 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie analysiert die Erwerbsverläufe von Selbstständigen unterschiedlicher Geburtskohorten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die meisten Selbstständigen nur eine Selbstständigkeitsphase in ihrem Lebensverlauf aufweisen und ein großer Anteil von ihnen dauerhaft in der Selbstständigkeit verbleibt. Zugleich zeigt sich in jüngerer Vergangenheit eine zunehmende Diskontinuität der Erwerbsverläufe: Die Wechsel zwischen unterschiedlichen Erwerbsformen nehmen zu. Die Selbstständigkeit wird zudem immer häufiger frühzeitig wieder aufgegeben. Auch das Gründungsgeschehen wird zunehmend vielfältiger. So gewinnen in jüngerer Vergangenheit hybride Formen der Selbstständigkeit an Bedeutung, bei denen die Selbstständigkeit parallel zu einem anderen Erwerbsstatus aufgenommen wird. Die hybride Gründung gleicht jedoch nur bedingt einem Sprungbrett in eine ausschließliche Selbstständigkeit." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass Frauen über die Erwerbsspanne hinweg in der Tat um ein Vielfaches höhere Einkommenseinbußen hinnehmen müssen als es die Momentaufnahme des 'Gender Pay Gap' nahelegt. Familienbedingte Auszeiten sind langfristig keinesfalls lohnneutral, wie bspw. die Studie von Görlich & de Grip (2007) - allerdings mit weitaus jüngeren Daten - ergab, im Gegenteil: Frauen erleiden, zumindest bis zum Simulationshorizont im Alter 45, beträchtliche Einkommensverluste gegenüber durchgängig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen gleicher Bildung. Insofern unterstützen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie die Ergebnisse von Beblo & Wolf (2003) sowie Kunze (2002) und Boll (2011). Die Unterbrechungseffekte sind im Umfang weitaus höher als die Geschlechtereffekte. Dennoch bestehen auch zwischen durchgängig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern nennenswerte Einkommensunterschiede. Schließlich bestimmt auch die Berufswahl die Einkommensentwicklung der Männer und Frauen. Ein genderuntypisches Berufswahlverhalten junger Frauen führt jedoch nicht generell zu höheren Fraueneinkommen. Im Gegenteil: Insbesondere in sozialpflegerischen Berufen können Frauen, die auf Unterbrechungen ihrer Vollzeitbeschäftigung weitgehend verzichten, höhere Einkommen als Männer und zudem höhere Einkommen als Frauen in männerdominierten gewerblichen Berufen erzielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm, Matthias Giesecke & Holger Lüthen (2015): The dynamics of earnings in Germany. Evidence from social security records. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1514), Berlin, 41 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Papier untersucht Erwerbseinkommensdynamiken und ihre langfristigen Trends in Deutschland. Wir zerlegen die gesamte Varianz der Einkommen in kurzfristige Unsicherheit (transitorische Varianz) und langfristige Einkommensungleichheit (permanente Varianz). Die verwendeten Daten erfassen die vollständigen Erwerbsbiographien westdeutscher Männer aus 40 Geburtskohorten (1935 - 1974). Die Analyse basiert auf sozialversicherungspflichtigen Einkommen, die im primären Erwerbsalter zwischen dem 25. und 59. Lebensjahr erzielt wurden. Im Beobachtungszeitraum von 1960 bis 2009 durchläuft der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt einen ausgeprägten Transformationsprozess. Charakterisierende Entwicklungen sind eine starke Deregulierung, ein abnehmender gewerkschaftlicher Organisationsgrad und eine Verlagerung der Beschäftigung aus dem industriellen Sektor in den Dienstleistungssektor. Unsere Ergebnisse reflektieren die spezifischen Entwicklungsphasen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und zeigen insgesamt einen deutlichen Anstieg der Einkommensvolatilität sowohl in der permanenten als auch der transitorischen Komponente. Der Anstieg in der transitorischen Komponente ist für junge Arbeitnehmer in den frühen 1970er Jahren und den 1990er Jahren besonders ausgeprägt, während die permanente Komponente insbesondere bei älteren Arbeitnehmern in den frühen 1980er Jahren und den 2000er Jahren ansteigt. Diese Ergebnisse deuten nicht nur auf einen deutlich erschwerten Arbeitsmarkteinstieg hin, sondern zeigen auch einen starken Anstieg der Lohnspreizung unter etablierten Arbeitnehmern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm, Giacomo Corneo & Holger Lüthen (2015): Lifetime earnings inequality in Germany. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 171-208. DOI:10.1086/677559

Abstract

"We employ German social security records to investigate intragenerational lifetime earnings inequality and mobility of yearly earnings for 35 cohorts, starting with the birth year 1935. Our main result is a striking secular rise of intragenerational inequality in lifetime earnings: West German men born in the early 1960s are likely to experience about 85% more lifetime inequality than their fathers. In contrast, both short-term and long-term intragenerational mobility are stable. Longer unemployment spells of workers at the bottom of the distribution of younger cohorts contribute to explaining 20% - 40% of the overall increase in lifetime earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietz, Martin & Christopher Osiander (2015): Qualifizierung und Weiterbildung von Arbeitslosen. Rechtlicher Rahmen, Schwierigkeiten und Lösungsansätze. In: C. Kreklau (Hrsg.) (2015): Handbuch der Aus- und Weiterbildung : Grundlagen der Bildungsarbeit - Ausbildungsfoerderung, S. 1-12, 2015-03-02.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit IAB-Forschungsergebnissen zum Themenkomplex Weiterbildung. Es werden drei zentrale Themen erläutert: Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Qualifizierung von Arbeitslosen in Deutschland, Ergebnisse einer Studie zu Schwierigkeiten und Herausforderungen im Rahmen möglicher Weiterbildungsteilnahmen und Lösungsansätze. Zudem wird auf die finanziellen Erträge eingegangen, die sich durch Bildung und Ausbildung im Lebensverlauf im Durchschnitt ergeben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Woessmann (2015): Returns to skills around the world. Evidence from PIAAC. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 73, H. January, S. 103-130. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.006

Abstract

"Existing estimates of the labor-market returns to human capital give a distorted picture of the role of skills across different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of human capital, and evidence incorporating direct measures of cognitive skills is mostly restricted to early-career workers in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 23 countries shows that the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On average, a one-standard-deviation increase in numeracy skills is associated with an 18 percent wage increase among prime-age workers. But this masks considerable heterogeneity across countries. Eight countries, including all Nordic countries, have returns between 12 and 15 percent, while six are above 21 percent with the largest return being 28 percent in the United States. Estimates are remarkably robust to different earnings and skill measures, additional controls, and various subgroups. Instrumental-variable models that use skill variation stemming from school attainment, parental education, or compulsory-schooling laws provide even higher estimates. Intriguingly, returns to skills are systematically lower in countries with higher union density, stricter employment protection, and larger public-sector shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lindahl, Mikael, Mårten Palme, Sofia Sandgren Massih & Anna Sjögren (2015): Long-term intergenerational persistence of human capital. An empirical analysis of four generations. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-33.

Abstract

"Most previous studies of intergenerational transmission of human capital are restricted to two generations: how parents influence their children. In this study, we use a Swedish data set that links individual measures of lifetime earnings for three generations and data on educational attainment for four generations. We find that estimates obtained from data on two generations severely underestimate long-run intergenerational persistence in both labor earnings and educational attainments. Long-run social mobility is hence much lower than previously thought. We attribute this additional persistence to 'dynastic human capital' - the influence on human capital of more distant family members than parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2015): Biases in standard measures of intergenerational income dependence. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,13), Uppsala, 25 S.

Abstract

"Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. We use long Swedish income series to provide such evidence for linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity; moderate in the linear correlation; and small in rank-based measures. However, with important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher, and long-distance downward mobility considerably lower, than estimates from short-run income suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard, Michael Graber & Magne Mogstad (2014): Labor income dynamics and the insurance from taxes, transfers, and the family. (IZA discussion paper 7916), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"What do labor income dynamics look like over the life-cycle? What is the relative importance of persistent shocks, transitory shocks and heterogeneous profiles? To what extent do taxes, transfers and the family attenuate these various factors in the evolution of life-cycle inequality? In this paper, we use rich Norwegian data to answer these important questions. We let individuals with different education levels have a separate income process; and within each skill group, we allow for non-stationarity in age and time, heterogeneous experience profiles, and shocks of varying persistence. We find that the income processes differ systematically by age, skill level and their interaction. To accurately describe labor income dynamics over the life-cycle, it is necessary to allow for heterogeneity by education levels and account for non-stationarity in age and time. Our findings suggest that the progressive nature of the Norwegian tax-transfer system plays a key role in attenuating the magnitude and persistence of income shocks, especially among the low skilled. By comparison, spouse's income matters less for the dynamics of inequality over the life-cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard (2014): Income dynamics and life-cycle inequality. Mechanisms and controversies. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 289-318. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12133

Abstract

"This study focuses on the transmission of inequality over the working life. A model of constrained intertemporal choice is used to provide structure to the distributional dynamics of wages, earnings, income and consumption. The mechanisms used to insure labour market shocks are examined in a partial-insurance setting where the manner and scope for insurance depends on the access to credit, the information available to consumers and the durability of income shocks. Drawing on recent research, family labour supply, the credit market and the tax system are all shown to play a key role. These mechanisms vary in importance across different points of the life cycle and the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Holger Lüthen (2014): Lebenseinkommen von Arbeitnehmern in Deutschland. Ungleichheit verdoppelt sich zwischen den Geburtsjahrgängen 1935 und 1972. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 81, H. 49, S. 1271-1277.

Abstract

"Einkommensungleichheit wird zumeist im Hinblick auf ihre aktuelle Entwicklung betrachtet. Eine längerfristige Perspektive bietet die Möglichkeit, die Einkommenssituation der heutigen Generation mit der ihrer Elterngeneration zu vergleichen. Mithilfe eines neuartigen Datensatzes wird hier erstmals die Ungleichheit von Löhnen und Gehältern, die über das gesamte Erwerbsleben erzielt wurden, gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Ungleichheit der Lebenseinkommen westdeutscher männlicher sozialversicherungspflichtiger Arbeitnehmer vom Jahrgang 1935 bis zum Jahrgang 1972 verdoppelt hat. Bis zu 40 Prozent dieses Anstiegs können auf die erhöhte Arbeitslosigkeit von Personen im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung zurückgeführt werden, der Rest wird durch eine verstärkte Spreizung der Löhne verursacht. Die gestiegene Ungleichheit in den Lebenseinkommen kann weitreichende Folgen haben. So ist zu erwarten, dass die Möglichkeiten, ein nennenswertes Vermögen aus eigener Anstrengung anzusparen, für die Bezieher unterer und mittlerer Lebenseinkommen für die hier betrachteten Geburtsjahrgänge zunehmend eingeschränkt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dickson, Matt, Fabien Postel-Vinay & Hélène Turon (2014): The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector. The view from Europe. (IZA discussion paper 8159), Bonn, 91 S.

Abstract

"In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community Household Panel over the period 1994-2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dickson, Matt, Fabien Postel-Vinay & Hélène Turon (2014): The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector. The view from Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 31, H. December, S. 141-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.015

Abstract

"In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community Household Panel over the period 1994-2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan & Jae Song (2014): The glass ceiling and the paper floor. Gender differences among top earners, 1981-2012. (NBER working paper 20560), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w20560

Abstract

"We analyze changes in the gender structure at the top of the earnings distribution in the United States over the last 30 years using a 10% sample of individual earnings histories from the Social Security Administration. Despite making large inroads, females still constitute a small proportion of the top percentiles: the glass ceiling, albeit a thinner one, remains. We measure the contribution of changes in labor force participation, changes in the persistence of top earnings, and changes in industry and age composition to the change in the gender composition of top earners. A large proportion of the increased share of females among top earners is accounted for by the mending of, what we refer to as, the paper floor - the phenomenon whereby female top earners were much more likely than male top earners to drop out of the top percentiles. We also provide new evidence at the top of the earnings distribution for both genders: the rising share of top earnings accruing to workers in the Finance and Insurance industry, the relative transitory status of top earners, the emergence of top earnings gender gaps over the life cycle, and gender differences among lifetime top earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hidalgo-Hidalgo, Marisa (2014): Tracking can be more equitable than mixing. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 116, H. 4, S. 964-981. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12074

Abstract

"Parents and policy-makers often wonder whether and how the choice of a tracked or mixed educational system affects the equality of opportunity. I answer this question by analyzing the influence of peers on future educational results. I define an equal opportunity policy as one that maximizes the average lifetime income of the worst-off type of individuals in society (i.e., students from disadvantaged backgrounds). I find that tracking maximizes average lifetime income if the opportunity cost of college attendance is sufficiently high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jacobsen, Joyce, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2014): Convergences in men's and women's life patterns. Lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment. (IZA discussion paper 8425), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"The changes in women and men's work lives have been considerable in recent decades. Yet much of the recent research on gender differences in employment and earnings has been of a more snapshot nature rather than taking a longer comparative look at evolving patterns. In this paper, we use 50 years (1964-2013) of US Census Annual Demographic Files (March Current Population Survey) to track the changing returns to human capital (measured as both educational attainment and potential work experience), estimating comparable earnings equations by gender at each point in time. We consider the effects of sample selection over time for both women and men and show the rising effect of selection for women in recent years. Returns to education diverge for women and men over this period in the selection-adjusted results but converge in the OLS results, while returns to potential experience converge in both sets of results. We also create annual calculations of synthetic lifetime labor force participation, hours, and earnings that indicate convergence by gender in worklife patterns, but less convergence in recent years in lifetime earnings. Thus, while some convergence has indeed occurred, the underlying mechanisms causing convergence differ for women and men, reflecting continued fundamental differences in women's and men's life experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karimi, Arizo (2014): The spacing of births and women's subsequent earnings. Evidence from a natural experiment. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,18), Uppsala, 37 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the consequences of the spacing of births for women's subsequent labor income and wages. Spacing births in longer intervals may allow women to re-enter the labor market between childbearing events, thereby avoiding expanded work interruptions and, in turn, reducing the negative effects of subsequent children. Based on arguably exogenous variation in birth spacing induced by pregnancy loss between the first two live births, the evidence provided in this paper supports this hypothesis and suggest that delaying the second birth by one year, on average, increases the probability of re-entering the labor market between births. Moreover, spacing births are found to increase both labor market participation and labor income over a long time period after second birth. Also long-run wages are positively affected, with a more pronounced effect for highly educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kässi, Otto (2014): Earnings dynamics of men and women in Finland. Permanent inequality versus earnings instability. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 451-478. DOI:10.1007/s00181-013-0693-6

Abstract

"I decompose the earnings variance of Finnish male and female workers into its permanent and transitory components using the approach of Baker (J Labor Econ,15:338 - 375, 1997) and Haider (J Labor Econ, 19:799 - 836, 2001) in the spirit of scientific replication. I find that the increasing earnings inequality of men and women is driven by both the transitory and permanent components of earnings. In addition, I find considerable differences in the earnings dynamics of men and women, that have been largely neglected in previous studies of earnings dynamics. The inequality among men is dominated by the permanent component. Conversely, permanent and transitory components are of comparable magnitudes to women. As a corollary, men experience more stable income paths but display larger permanent earnings differences.Women, on the other hand, face more unstable earnings profiles but show smaller permanent differences in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmillen, Achim & Heiko Stüber (2014): Lebensverdienste nach Qualifikation: Bildung lohnt sich ein Leben lang. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2014), Nürnberg, 7 S.

Abstract

"Bildung zahlt sich aus. Berechnungen des IAB zeigen, dass Hochschulabsolventen durchschnittlich bis zum 2,7-Fachen dessen verdienen, was Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss erhalten. Aber auch eine Berufsausbildung ist ihr Geld wert. Über das ganze Erwerbsleben hinweg addieren sich die Bildungsprämien zu beachtlichen Summen - für alle Berufsabschlüsse, für Männer wie Frauen und in Ost wie West. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Bildungsprämien zwischen den betrachteten Gruppen durchaus erheblich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Böckerman, Petri & Jari Vaniomäki (2013): Stature and life-time labor market outcomes. Accounting for unobserved differences. In: Labour economics, Jg. 24, H. October, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.06.003

Abstract

"We use twin data matched to register-based individual information on earnings and employment to examine the effect of height on life-time labor market outcomes. The use of twin data allows us to remove otherwise unobserved ability and other differences. The twin pair difference estimates from instrumental variable estimation for genetically identical twins reveal a significant height - wage premium for women but not for men. This result implies that cognitive ability explains the effect of height on life-time earnings for men. Additional findings using capital income as the outcome variable suggest that discrimination against short persons may play a role for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cervellati, Matteo & Uwe Sunde (2013): Life expectancy, schooling, and lifetime labor supply. Theory and evidence revisited. In: Econometrica, Jg. 81, H. 5, S. 2055-2086. DOI:10.3982/ECTA11169

Abstract

"This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of life expectancy for optimal schooling and lifetime labor supply. The results of a simple prototype Ben-Porath model with age-specific survival rates show that an increase in lifetime labor supply is not a necessary, or a sufficient, condition for greater life expectancy to increase optimal schooling. The observed increase in survival rates during working ages that follows from the 'rectangularization' of the survival function is crucial for schooling and labor supply. The empirical results suggest that the relative benefits of schooling have been increasing across cohorts of U.S. men born between 1840 and 1930. A simple quantitative analysis shows that a realistic shift in the survival function can lead to an increase in schooling and a reduction in lifetime labor hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))