Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland
Laut einer OECD-Studie ist die Einkommensungleichheit in Deutschland seit 1990 erheblich stärker gewachsen als in den meisten anderen OECD-Ländern. Die zunehmende Kluft zwischen Arm und Reich geht vor allem auf die Entwicklung der Löhne und Gehälter zurück. Die OECD empfiehlt, dem steuer- und sozialpolitisch entgegenzuwirken, mehr Menschen in existenzsichernde Beschäftigung zu bringen sowie mehr in die Bildung Niedrigqualifizierter zu investieren.
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Literaturhinweis
Testing Marx: Capital Accumulation, Income Inequality, and Socialism in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Bartels, Charlotte, Felix Kersting & Nikolaus Wolf (2025): Testing Marx: Capital Accumulation, Income Inequality, and Socialism in Late Nineteenth-Century Germany. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 107, H. 4, S. 935-950. DOI:10.1162/rest_a_01305
Abstract
"We study the dynamics of capital accumulation, income inequality, capital concentration, and voting up to 1914. Based on new panel data for Prussian regions, we reevaluate the famous revisionism debate between orthodox Marxists and their critics. We show that changes in capital accumulation led to a rise in the capital share and income inequality, as predicted by orthodox Marxists. But against their predictions, this neither led to further capital concentration nor to more votes for the socialists. Instead, trade unions and strike activity limited income inequality and fostered political support for socialism, as argued by the revisionists." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Dealing with Censored Earnings in Register Data (2025)
Beckmannshagen, Mattis ; Retter, Isabella; Schluter, Christian; Tchokni, Yogam; Koenig, Johannes ; Schröder, Carsten ;Zitatform
Beckmannshagen, Mattis, Johannes Koenig, Isabella Retter, Christian Schluter, Carsten Schröder & Yogam Tchokni (2025): Dealing with Censored Earnings in Register Data. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, S. 1-30. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2024-0037
Abstract
"Earnings are often top-coded (right-censored) in administrative registers. The censoring threshold in the case of Germany is the limit value for social security contributions, leading to a substantial fraction of censoring: For example, about 12 % of male workers in West Germany are affected, rising to above 30 % for highly educated prime-aged workers. This missing right tail ofthe earnings distribution constitutes a major problem for researchers studying earnings inequality and top incomes. We overcome this challenge by taking a distributional approach and semi-parametrically modelling the right tail as being Pareto-like. Non-censored earnings survey data matched to administrative records, derived from the SOEP-RV project, let us operate in a laboratory-like setting in which the targets are known. Our approach outperforms alternative imputation methods based on Tobit regressions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A Fragmented Country: Regional Income Convergence in Germany (2025)
Cieslik, Andrzej; Misiak, Tomasz;Zitatform
Cieslik, Andrzej & Tomasz Misiak (2025): A Fragmented Country: Regional Income Convergence in Germany. In: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Jg. 75, S. 248-260. DOI:10.1016/j.strueco.2025.08.006
Abstract
"In this paper we study regional income convergence in Germany using the novel approach proposed by Phillips and Sul (2007) that has not been so far employed in the context of German regions. Our study employs data at two levels of the NUTS regional classification for the period 2000-2021. At the NUTS I level, the panel data consist of 16 states (Länder - 10 in West Germany and 6 in East Germany), while at the NUTS II level it consists of 38 total Governmental districts (Regierungsbezirke - 30 in West Germany and 8 in East Germany). Our research results indicate that the income convergence hypothesis among all German regions is rejected for the whole country both at NUTS I and NUTS II levels. Likewise, the convergence hypothesis is rejected among both Eastern and Western regions. Nevertheless, the results show the presence of club convergence. Among all German regions, we identify three convergence clubs, and their distribution, especially at the NUTS II level, indicates that the axis of contemporary development trends runs horizontally rather than vertically. This allows us to argue that in contrast to the previous division between the richer Western and the poorer Eastern regions, a new division between the richer South and the poorer North has been emerging." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Migrant wealth in Germany (2025)
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Faininger, Rudolf & Svenja Flechtner (2025): Migrant wealth in Germany. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1007/s10888-025-09668-7
Abstract
"Migrant households in Germany hold significantly less wealth than native households, with disparities varying by origin and generation. Using SOEP data (2012, 2017), this study quantifies gaps across the wealth distribution and examines income, saving rates, and portfolio composition. Migrants from low- and middle-income countries exhibit the largest gaps, with persistent disadvantages in the upper distribution. Second-generation high-income country migrants show signs of convergence. Disparities are mainly due to portfolio composition and differences in earnings and savings behavior. The findings underscore the heterogeneity of migrant wealth accumulation and contribute to research on wealth inequality and migration economics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einkommensverteilung: Anzeichen für Trendbruch beim Armutsrisiko – Alleinerziehende seltener von Armut bedroht (2025)
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Grabka, Markus M. (2025): Einkommensverteilung: Anzeichen für Trendbruch beim Armutsrisiko – Alleinerziehende seltener von Armut bedroht. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 92, H. 8, S. 103-113. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2025-8-1
Abstract
"Die Bruttostundenlöhne von abhängig Beschäftigten sind im Zeitraum 1995 bis 2022 trotz zuletzt hoher Inflation real um rund 15 Prozent gestiegen. Vor allem das unterste Lohndezil holte nach zwischenzeitlich starken Reallohnverlusten wieder gegenüber allen anderen Dezilen auf. Parallel dazu ging der Niedriglohnsektor seit 2007 um knapp fünf Prozentpunkte zurück, in Ostdeutschland sogar um 14 Prozentpunkte. Im Jahr 2022 befanden sich 18,5 Prozent der abhängig Beschäftigten in Haupttätigkeit in diesem Lohnsegment. Die Haushaltsnettoeinkommen stiegen seit 1995 inflationsbereinigt um im Schnitt 35 Prozent. Beim Armutsrisiko deutet sich nach einer langen Phase des Anstiegs ein Trendbruch an. Unter Alleinerziehenden zeigt sich deutschlandweit seit 2010 ein Rückgang um 4,3 Prozentpunkte, in Ostdeutschland sogar um knapp 15 Prozentpunkte. Will man das weiterhin hohe Armutsrisiko reduzieren, sollten Kinder und Jugendliche in den Blick genommen werden, da der Anteil der frühen Schulabgänger*innen zuletzt auf 13,1 Prozent gewachsen ist. Ohne qualifizierten Bildungsabschluss sind aber Armutskarrieren sehr wahrscheinlich. Gezielte Bildungsausgaben, die über höhere Steuern auf Vermögen finanziert werden könnten, sind auch aus diesem Grund dringend erforderlich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Englische Version erschienen in DIW Weekly Report -
Literaturhinweis
Insurance, redistribution, and the inequality of lifetime income (2025)
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Haan, Peter, Daniel Kemptner, Victoria Prowse & Maximilian Schaller (2025): Insurance, redistribution, and the inequality of lifetime income. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 565-613. DOI:10.3982/qe1637
Abstract
"Individuals vary considerably in how much they earn during their lifetimes. This study examines the role of the tax-and-transfer system in mitigating such inequalities, which could otherwise lead to disparities in living standards. Utilizing a life-cycle model, we determine that the tax-and-transfer system offsets 45% of lifetime earnings inequality attributed to differences in productive abilities and education. Additionally, the system insures against 47% of lifetime earnings risk. Implementing a lifetime tax reform that links annual taxes to prior employment could enhance the system's insurance function, though it may involve tradeoffs in terms of employment and overall welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries (2025)
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Herzberg-Druker, Efrat (2025): Couples' division of paid work and rising income inequality: A study of 21 OECD countries. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 99. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2025.101084
Abstract
"Numerous scholars have explored the association between women's changing employment patterns and the changing income inequality in recent decades. While most studies indicate that increased women's employment reduces household inequality, a few suggest the opposite effect. This research investigated whether shifts in the division of paid work (i.e., changes in the working hours) among heterosexual couples, as compared to changes in women's work alone, contribute to changes in income inequality. It also examined whether the selection of couples into the different types of division of paid work based on their level of education is a mechanism underlying the growing inequality. Based on counterfactual analyses of data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), encompassing 21 OECD countries, the findings demonstrate shifts in couples' division of paid work, particularly the increase in fulltime dual-earner households, are associated with rising income inequality in most countries studied. However, changes in educational attainment were not found to be the mechanism underlying the association between changes in couples' division of paid work and changes in income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The contribution of employer changes to aggregate wage mobility (2025)
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Hollandt, Nils Torben & Steffen Müller (2025): The contribution of employer changes to aggregate wage mobility. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 77, H. 2, S. 490-515. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpae038
Abstract
"Wage mobility reduces the persistence of wage inequality. We develop a framework to quantify the contribution of employer-to-employer movers to aggregate wage mobility. Using three decades of German social security data, we find that inequality increased while aggregate wage mobility decreased. Employer-to-employer movers exhibit higher wage mobility, mainly due to changes in employer wage premia at job change. The massive structural changes following German unification temporarily led to a high number of movers, which in turn boosted aggregate wage mobility. Wage mobility is much lower at the bottom of the wage distribution, and the decline in aggregate wage mobility since the 1980s is concentrated there. The overall decline can be mostly attributed to a reduction in wage mobility per mover, which is due to a compositional shift toward lower-wage movers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Oxford University Press) ((en))
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frühere (möglicherweise abweichende) Version erschienen als: IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, 17259Weiterführende Informationen
Data product DOI: 10.5164/IAB.SIAB7517.de.en.v1 -
Literaturhinweis
Poverty among migrant, mixed, and non-migrant households: the role of non-teleworkability and single-earnership in Germany (2025)
Zitatform
Hornung, Maria, Emanuela Stuffolino & Hannah Zagel (2025): Poverty among migrant, mixed, and non-migrant households: the role of non-teleworkability and single-earnership in Germany. In: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Jg. 51, H. 5, S. 1294-1321. DOI:10.1080/1369183x.2024.2404219
Abstract
"Migrant and mixed households have higher poverty than non-migrant households. This is partly because single-earner two-adult households are more prevalent in migrant and mixed households and because such households have different job characteristics. One crucial job characteristic is teleworkability. Whether or not individuals can work from home has become a dividing factor in the labour market. While much research has focused on how teleworkability affects poverty in the majority population, less attention has been devoted to migrant and mixed two-adult households. Using the German Microcensus (2019), we construct work arrangements based on the number of earners in the household and their job‘s teleworkability to predict poverty for non-migrant (N = 49,507), mixed (N = 6,818), and migrant households (N = 8,922). Descriptive statistics show that, in Germany, migrant and mixed households have more single-earner and non-teleworkable work arrangements. Results from logistic regressions report higher poverty for non-teleworkable and single-earner work arrangements, putting mixed and migrant households at an increased disadvantage. Furthermore, we find that migrant (and mixed) households not only have a higher prevalence of high-poverty work arrangements but also higher poverty than non-migrant and mixed households within the same work arrangements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A cohabitation wealth premium for women and men: considering the regulatory framework and normative acceptance in France and Germany (2025)
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Kapelle, Nicole, Nicolas Frémeaux, Philipp M. Lersch & Marion Leturcq (2025): A cohabitation wealth premium for women and men: considering the regulatory framework and normative acceptance in France and Germany. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 591-620. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwaf013
Abstract
"We examine the association between cohabitation and women’s and men’s wealth, closely considering the distinct regulatory and normative contexts in France and Eastern and Western Germany. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (2002 –2017) and the French wealth survey Histoire de Vie et Patrimoine (2014/15-2020/21), we apply fixed-effects regression models to examine potential wealth advantages associated with cohabitation, including the relevance of gender and contextual differences. We find that cohabitation is positively associated with women’s and men’s wealth across contexts, without meaningful gender differences. For France, entering a Pacs (i.e. registered cohabitation) is associated with an additional premium beyond the (unregistered) cohabitation premium—though these effects may not be causal. Overall, our results suggest that the regulatory treatment of cohabitation plays a more significant role in shaping the wealth accumulation of cohabiting women and men than normative acceptance, while gender has little impact on the associated benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Uncovering what matters: Family life-course aspects and personal wealth in late working age (2025)
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Kapelle, Nicole & Carla Rowold (2025): Uncovering what matters: Family life-course aspects and personal wealth in late working age. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 52, S. 689-740. DOI:10.4054/demres.2025.52.22
Abstract
"Background: Capturing the complexity of family life courses as predictors of later-life outcomes like wealth is challenging. Previous research has either (a) assessed a few selective but potentially irrelevant summary indicators, or (b) examined entire life-course clusters without identifying specific important aspects within and between them. Objective: Our aim is to investigate which family life-course variables that capture the order, duration, and timing of states and transitions are key personal wealth predictors for Western Germans aged 50 to 59, and to analyse the strength and direction of associations between the relevant variables and personal wealth, and whether these differ by gender. Methods: We used German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data and combined feature selection, sequence analysis tools, and regression techniques. Results: We identified 23 family life-course variables as relevant predictors, with 2 – the time spent never-married, with and without children – deemed most relevant. Most family life-course variables were negatively associated with personal wealth and characterised by single parenthood, marital separation, or early marital transitions with or without fertility transitions. The prevalence and significance of some of the associations between these variables and personal wealth differed across genders. The results highlight the importance of previously concealed family life-course variables for wealth inequalities in late working age. Contribution: We extend previous research on the nexus between family demography and wealth stratification by using a novel, data-driven approach that more effectively explores family life-course complexities by considering the ‘entire’ universe of variables that describe such life courses and identifying those life-course variables that are relevant wealth predictors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Routes to the Top (2025)
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Koenig, Johannes, Christian Schluter & Carsten Schröder (2025): Routes to the Top. In: The Review of Income and Wealth, Jg. 71, H. 2. DOI:10.1111/roiw.70015
Abstract
"Who makes it to the top? We use the leading socio-economic survey in Germany, supplemented by extensive data on the rich, to answer this question. We identify the key predictors for belonging to the top 1 percent of income, wealth, and both distributions jointly. Although we consider many, only a few traits matter: Entrepreneurship and self-employment in conjunction with a sizable inheritance of company assets is the most important covariate combination across all rich groups. Our data suggest that all top 1 percent groups, but especially the joint top 1 percent, are predominantly populated by intergenerational entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Additive density-on-scalar regression in Bayes Hilbert spaces with an application to gender economics (2025)
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Maier, Eva-Maria, Almond Stöcker, Bernd Fitzenberger & Sonja Greven (2025): Additive density-on-scalar regression in Bayes Hilbert spaces with an application to gender economics. In: The annals of applied statistics, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 680-700., 2024-10-21. DOI:10.1214/24-aoas1979
Abstract
"Motivated by research on gender identity norms and the distribution of the woman’s share in a couple’s total labor income, we consider additive regression models for densities as responses with scalar covariates. To preserve nonnegativity and integration to one under vector space operations, we formulate the model for densities in a Bayes Hilbert space, which allows to not only consider continuous densities but also, for example, discrete or mixed densities. Mixed ones occur in our application, as the woman’s income share is a continuous variable having discrete point masses at zero and one for single-earner couples. Estimation is based on a gradient boosting algorithm, allowing for potentially numerous flexible (linear, nonlinear, categorical, interaction etc.) covariate effects and model selection. We show useful properties of Bayes Hilbert spaces related to subcompositional coherence, also yielding new (odds-ratio) interpretations of effect functions and simplified estimation for mixed densities via an orthogonal decomposition. Applying our approach to data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) shows a more symmetric distribution in East German than in West German couples after reunification and a smaller child penalty comparing couples with and without minor children. These West–East differences become smaller but are persistent over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
When perception shapes reality: Effects of perceived income inequality and social mobility on affective polarization (2025)
Merten, Lion; Niedringhaus, Jana;Zitatform
Merten, Lion & Jana Niedringhaus (2025): When perception shapes reality: Effects of perceived income inequality and social mobility on affective polarization. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s10888-024-09641-w
Abstract
"Economic inequality and affective polarization are regarded as crucial factors impacting democratic resilience. However, studies on how the two phenomena are intertwined remain scarce and rely primarily on objective measures of economic inequality, overlooking the important role of subjective perceptions. In this paper, we aim to fill this gap by empirically testing the link between perceptions of income inequality and affective polarization. In addition, we examine whether perceptions of income mobility moderate this relationship in such a way that perceptions of higher income mobility substitute the effect of perceived income inequality on affective polarization. To do so, we conducted a survey experiment (N = 2,717) with a factorial 2 (high vs. low income inequality) × 2 (high vs. low income mobility) design, in which we successfully modified income inequality and mobility perceptions. We find no significant effect of inequality perceptions on affective polarization and, as a consequence, no moderating role of income mobility perceptions in this relationship. Nevertheless, when income inequality is regarded to be high, the perceived level of income mobility seems to matter for the degree of affective polarization: Respondents are significantly more polarized in the high inequality and low mobility treatment than in the high inequality and high mobility treatment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Occupational earning potential: a new measure of social hierarchy in Europe and the US (2025)
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Oesch, Daniel, Oliver Lipps, Roujman Shahbazian, Erik Bihagen & Katy Morris (2025): Occupational earning potential: a new measure of social hierarchy in Europe and the US. In: European Sociological Review, S. 1-21. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaf035
Abstract
"Social stratification is interested in unequal life chances and assumes the existence of a hierarchy of more or less advantageous occupations. Yet occupations are not easily translated into a linear hierarchical measure. Influential scales combine multiple indicators and lack intuitive interpretation. We therefore present a new scale based on occupations’ earnings potential (OEP). OEP measures the median earnings of occupations and expresses them as percentiles of the overall earnings structure: if mechanics earn the national median wage, their OEP is 50. We construct national OEP scales using annual microdata pooled over several decades for Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US. Consistent with the Treiman constant, these national scales are highly correlated over time and across countries, justifying the use of one common OEP scale. When applied to another European dataset, the common OEP scale explains a quarter of the variance in earnings—and works as well for men as women and as well for countries used to construct the scale as for other countries. Moreover, it is associated with the causes (education) and consequences (social mobility) that the theory expects. OEP thereby provides a simple and parsimonious indicator of economic advantage that can be meaningfully interpreted." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Class origin, intergenerational transfers, and the gender wealth gap (2025)
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Trinh, Nhat An (2025): Class origin, intergenerational transfers, and the gender wealth gap. In: Socio-economic review, Jg. 23, H. 2, S. 645-669. DOI:10.1093/ser/mwae054
Abstract
"This study pursues two objectives: First, to describe how gender disparities in wealth levels vary by parental class and second, to examine the contribution of the gendered allocation of parental wealth to these differences. It thereby sheds light on the interplay between family background and gender in shaping wealth inequality. Using representative survey data from Germany, I find pronounced absolute and relative gaps in personal net wealth to the disadvantage of women. The largest wealth gaps are observed between men and women from the most advantaged backgrounds, for whom parental transfers of business and financial assets are strongly gendered. For these individuals, gender gaps would be reduced by around 40% if transfers were allocated equally. For those from lower class origins, equalizing transfers would not reduce gender gaps despite observed differences in the allocation of real estate and cash. Intergenerational transfers thus emerge as driver of gender wealth inequality at the very top of the class origin hierarchy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Zunehmend ungleiche Mietkostenbelastung: Anstieg besonders stark bei Zugewanderten (2025)
Zitatform
Witte, Nils (2025): Zunehmend ungleiche Mietkostenbelastung. Anstieg besonders stark bei Zugewanderten. In: BIB.aktuell H. 1, S. 4-8.
Abstract
"In kaum einem anderen Mitgliedsland der OECD wird so häufig Wohnraum gemietet wie in Deutschland. Der Anteil mietender Haushalte liegt hierzulande bei über 50 Prozent. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die Mietkostenbelastung seit 1990 für Einheimische und Zugewanderte verändert hat. Die Mietkostenbelastung zeigt an, welcher Anteil des Einkommens für Miete ausgegeben wird. Die Entwicklung der Mietkostenbelastung unterscheidet sich fundamental für Personen mit hohen und niedrigen Einkommen. Für einkommensreiche Personen ist die Belastung kaum gestiegen, für einkommensarme Personen hingegen auffallend stark. Knapp 45 Prozent ihrer Einkommen gingen 2020 in die Miete. Der Anstieg war mit 21 Prozentpunkten zwischen 1990 und 2020 besonders ausgeprägt bei Zugewanderten mit Niedrigeinkommen. Erstens sind die Mieten bei Zugewanderten ausnahmslos stärker angewachsen als bei Einheimischen. Zweitens sind die niedrigen und hohen Einkommen bei ihnen noch stärker auseinandergedriftet als bei Einheimischen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Entwicklung der Vermögen und Einkommen in Deutschland (2025)
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(2025): Entwicklung der Vermögen und Einkommen in Deutschland. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/14826 (30.01.2025)), Berlin, 28 S.
Abstract
"Vermögen und Einkommen sind in Deutschland weiterhin sehr ungleich verteilt. Während die obere Hälfte der Haushalte über 70 Prozent der Einkommen verfügen, bekommt die gesamte untere Hälfte der Haushalte gerade einmal 30 Prozent. Diese Ungleichverteilung zeigt sich bei den Vermögen noch deutlicher. Während die oberen 50 Prozent der Haushalte fast 97,5 Prozent des gesamten Vermögens besitzen, sind es bei der unteren Hälfte gerade einmal 2,5 Prozent. Die unteren 10 Prozent der Haushalte haben gar kein Vermögen, sondern Schulden, weitere Teile haben dem Sechsten Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht zufolge kein Vermögen, aber auch keine Schulden. Erst im dritten und vierten Dezil sind überhaupt positive Vermögensbestände zu verzeichnen (Quelle: Sechster Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung)." (Textauszug, Dokumentations- und Informationssystem Bundestag und Bundesrat - DIP)
Weiterführende Informationen
Dokumentation des zugehörigen parlamentarischen Vorgangs -
Literaturhinweis
Measuring Historical Inequality in Germany (2024)
Zitatform
Albers, Thilo, Charlotte Bartels & Felix Schaff (2024): Measuring Historical Inequality in Germany. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 25, H. 4, S. 275-299. DOI:10.1515/ger-2024-0060
Abstract
"This article surveys the measurement of historical wealth and income inequality in Germany. We discuss the underlying data sources, the challenges they pose, and the opportunities they create. We also identify two promising avenues for future research. First, we argue that the geographic granularity of German historical statistics provides researchers with the opportunity to investigate the causes of inequality. Second, several dimensions of historical inequality remain under-explored, for example, the equalizing role of welfare state institutions such as public pensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Distribution of National Income in Germany, 1992-2019 (2024)
Zitatform
Bach, Stefan, Charlotte Bartels & Theresa Neef (2024): The Distribution of National Income in Germany, 1992-2019. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 2102), Berlin, 55 S.
Abstract
"This paper analyzes the distribution and composition of pre-tax national income in Germany since 1992, combining personal income tax returns, household survey data, and national accounts. Inequality rose from the 1990s to the late 2000s due to falling labor incomes among the bottom 50% and rising incomes in the top 10%. This trend reversed after 2007 as labor incomes across the bottom 90% increased. The top 1% income share, dominated by business income, remained relatively stable between 1992 and 2019. A large share of Germany's top 1% earners are non-corporate business owners in laborintensive professions. At least half of the business owners in P99-99.9 and a quarter in the top 0.1% operate firms in professional services – a pattern mirroring the United States. From 1992 to 2019, Germany'stop 0.1% income concentration exceeded France's and matched U.S. levels until the late 2000s." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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auch erschienen als IWH-Diskussionspapiere 25