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Akbulut-Yuksel, Mevlude, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2017): Women make houses, women make homes. In: Labour economics, Jg. 49, H. December, S. 145-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.004

Abstract

"This paper examines the persistent effects of historical labor market institutions and policies on women's long-term labor market outcomes. We quantify these enduring effects by exploring quasi-experimental variation in Germany's post-World War II mandatory reconstruction policy, which compelled women to work in the rubble removal and reconstruction process. Using difference-in-differences and instrumental variable approaches, we find that mandatory employment during the postwar era generated persistent adverse effects on women's long-term labor market outcomes. An increase in marriage and fertility rates in the postwar era and a physical and mental exhaustion associated with manual labor are some of the direct and indirect channels potentially explaining our results." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Arntz, Melanie, Stephan Dlugosz & Ralf A. Wilke (2017): The sorting of female careers after first birth. A competing risks analysis of maternity leave duration. In: Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Jg. 79, H. 5, S. 689-716. DOI:10.1111/obes.12158

Abstract

"A number of contributions have found evidence that motherhood is a critical life event for women's employment careers. This study presents a detailed analysis for the duration of maternity leave in which young mothers can make a transition into different types of employment, unemployment as well as the next birth. We provide a comprehensive picture of the sorting mechanisms that lead to the differentiation of women's employment careers after birth. Our empirical evidence is derived from large-linked administrative individual labour market data from Germany for a period of three decades. We obtain unprecedented insights into how women's skills, the quality of the previous job match, firm level characteristics, labour market conditions and leave legislation are related to the length of maternity duration. Expansionary leave policies, e.g. are found to be a key factor for the rising share of women who have their second child out of inactivity." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Ayala, Luis & Milagros Paniagua (2017): The impact of in-work benefits on female labor supply and income distribution in Spain. (EUROMOD working paper 2017,17), Colchester: EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research, 36 S.

Abstract

"In-work benefits (IWBs) have become very common transfer programs that seek to meet both efficiency and equity targets. An expanding literature has assessed the effects of these policies on income distribution and labor supply showing important implications for female labor participation. In this paper, we estimate the distributional and behavioral impacts of a simulated IWB in Spain based on the replacement of the existing working mother tax credit (WMTC) using as a reference the US Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). We simulate the effects of the proposed scheme using EUROMOD and a discrete choice model of labor supply. Our results show that the enhancement of the proposed IWB would have significant and positive effects both in terms of female labor participation and inequality and poverty reduction. The introduction of this IWB would generate a substantial increase in labor participation at the extensive margin and a non-negligible reduction at the intensive margin." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bauer, Julia Maxi, Judith Schliephake & Alisa Hauser (2017): Die Bedeutung mitarbeitender Unternehmerfrauen für ein zukunftsfähiges Handwerk. Eine empirische Studie der Lebens- und Erwerbsverläufe. Karlsruhe, 94 S.

Abstract

"Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung sind die Lebens- und Erwerbssituationen von mitarbeitenden Unternehmerfrauen in Handwerksbetrieben. Im Zentrum steht die Frage: Wie erleben die befragten Frauen Herausforderungen und Interaktionen im Betrieb sowie ihre Lebenssituation im Allgemeinen? Zur Beantwortung der Frage des Forschungsprojekts 'Qualifikation und Erwerbsverläufe von mitarbeitenden Unternehmerehefrauen/Partnerinnen in Handwerksbetrieben' stehen daher konkret die vier folgenden Themenschwerpunkte:
(1) Erwerbsverläufe der Frauen: Im Interesse stehen die Bildungsabschlüsse und Fachkenntnisse. Hierbei werden primär Kompetenzen und weniger Berufsbilder betrachtet, um verschiedene Lernformen zu berücksichtigen und um Rückschlüsse zum Selbstbild in Bezug auf die eigenen Kompetenzen zu ziehen. Ferner wird der durch Rühl und Kollegen im Jahr 1991 definierte und der aktuell vielfach zitierte erhöhte Weiterbildungsbedarf von Unternehmerfrauen auf den Prüfstand gestellt.
(2) Familiäre Sphäre: Um familiäre Strukturen aufzuzeigen, werden Auswirkungen zusätzlicher Verantwortungsbereiche (Status und zeitliche Belastung) analysiert. Hierdurch werden Rückschlüsse zur Rollendefinition und Erwartungshaltung der Frauen ermöglicht. Dabei stehen insbesondere Fragen zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie, Pflege und Haushalt mit dem Beruf und der beruflichen Weiterbildung im Vordergrund.
(3) Betriebliche Arbeitssituation: Die Einschätzung der gegenwärtigen und zukünftig erwarteten Situation ermöglicht Schlussfolgerungen zu den Interessen und Handlungsprioritäten sowie zur Positionierung der Frauen in der Unternehmensstruktur. (4) Metaebene: Hier steht die Frage im Mittelpunkt, wie die individuellen Situationen verallgemeinernd in einen größeren Zusammenhang gestellt werden können. Es ergeben sich auf diese Weise mögliche Anpassungen organisationaler Strukturen (wie z.B. innerhalb des Verbandes der UFH) und eine Diskussion über Unterstützungsbedarfe und -leistungen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bernhardt, Janine (2017): Geschlechter(un)gerechtigkeit: Zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 67, H. 30/31, S. 28-33.

Abstract

"Während sich viele Mütter mehr Teilhabe am Erwerbsleben wünschen, wollen viele Väter mehr Zeit für Familie haben. Die geschlechts-spezifische Aufteilung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit hat gravierende Folgen für Geschlechterungleichheiten im Lebensverlauf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bick, Alexander & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2017): Taxation and labor supply of married couples across countries. A macroeconomic analysis. (IZA discussion paper 10504), Bonn, 39 S.

Abstract

"We document contemporaneous differences in the aggregate labor supply of married couples across 17 European countries and the US. Based on a model of joint household decision making, we quantify the contribution of international differences in non-linear labor income taxes and consumption taxes to the international differences in hours worked in the data. Through the lens of the model, taxes, together with wages and the educational composition, account for a significant part of the small differences in married men's and the large differences in married women's hours worked in the data. Taking the full nonlinearities of labor income tax codes, including the tax treatment of married couples, into account is crucial for generating the low cross-country correlation between married men's and women's hours worked in the data, and for explaining the variation of married women's hours worked across European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cesarini, David, Erik Lindqvist, Matthew J. Notowidigdo & Robert Östling (2017): The effect of wealth on individual and household labor supply: evidence from Swedish lotteries. In: The American economic review, Jg. 107, H. 12, S. 3917-3946. DOI:10.1257/aer.20151589

Abstract

"We study the effect of wealth on labor supply using the randomized assignment of monetary prizes in a large sample of Swedish lottery players. Winning a lottery prize modestly reduces earnings, with the reduction being immediate, persistent, and quite similar by age, education, and sex. A calibrated dynamic model implies lifetime marginal propensities to earn out of unearned income from -0.17 at age 20 to -0.04 at age 60, and labor supply elasticities in the lower range of previously reported estimates. The earnings response is stronger for winners than their spouses, which is inconsistent with unitary household labor supply models." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2017): Families and social security. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 91, H. January, S. 30-56. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.09.007

Abstract

"The present paper quantifies the importance of family insurance for the analysis of social security. We therefore augment the standard overlapping generations model with idiosyncratic labor productivity and longevity risk in that we account for gender and marital status.
We simulate the abolition of pay-as-you-go pension payments, calculate the resulting intergenerational welfare changes and isolate aggregate efficiency effects for singles and families by means of compensating transfers. We find that abolishing social security creates significant efficiency losses which are substantially higher for singles compared to married couples. A decomposition of the efficiency loss reveals that this difference can be almost exclusively attributed to the insurance role of the family with respect to longevity risk. Neglecting differences in family structure when studying the privatization of social security, one overestimates the long run change in the capital stock by about 40 percent, the decline in labor supply by about 30 percent and the aggregate efficiency loss by even 36 percent. Given rising divorce rates and less stable marriages in almost all Western societies, our results also indicate that social security should not be reduced but strengthened in the future." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Figari, Francesco & Edlira Narazani (2017): The joint decision of female labour supply and childcare in Italy under costs and availability constraints. (EUROMOD working paper 2017,12), Colchester, 32 S.

Abstract

"It is widely recognized that childcare has important pedagogical, economic and social effects on both children and parents. This paper is the first attempt to estimate a joint structural model of female labour supply and childcare behaviour applied to Italy in order to analyse the effects of relaxing the existing constraints in terms of childcare availability and costs by considering public, private and informal childcare. Results suggest that Italian households might alter their childcare and labour supply behaviours substantially if the coverage rate of formal childcare increases to reach the European targets. Overall, increasing child care coverage is estimated to be more effective in enhancing labour incentives than decreasing existing child care costs, at the same budgetary cost." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hagqvist, Emma, Katja Gillander Gadin & Mikael Nordenmark (2017): Work-family conflict and well-being across Europe. The role of gender context. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 132, H. 2, S. 785-797. DOI:10.1007/s11205-016-1301-x

Abstract

"This study analysed whether gender context is important to differences in the relationship between work - family conflict (WFC) and well-being across Europe. We hypothesised that in countries that support equality in work life and where norms support women's employment, the relationship between WFC and low well-being is weaker than in countries with less support for gender equality. Cohabiting men and women aged 18 - 65 years from 25 European countries were selected from the European Social Survey. A multilevel analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between well-being and WFC, and two measurements were used to represent gender context: gender equality in work life and norms regarding women's employment. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that the negative relationship was stronger in countries with high levels of gender equality in work life and support for women's employment than in countries with a relatively low level of gender equality in work life and support for traditional gender relations. The context in which gender is constructed may be important when studying the relationship between WFC and well-being. In addition, emphasis should be placed on policies that equalise both the labour market and the work performed at home." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Hardoy, Inés, Pål Schøne & Kjersti Misje Østbakken (2017): Children and the gender gap in management. In: Labour economics, Jg. 47, H. August, S. 124-137. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.05.009

Abstract

"Women are typically less likely to hold management positions than men. Despite the converging roles of men and women in several labour market outcomes, the gender management gap is persistent. In this paper, we analyse the impact of children on the gender gap in management, focussing on the within-couple gap, allowing us to control for both observed and unobserved attributes of the spouse. The main findings suggest that the gender gap in management increases considerably after the arrival of the first child. Nine years after the birth of the firstborn child, the male - female gap in management has increased by approximately 5 percentage points. Heterogeneity analyses suggest that the gender gap is wider, and gets steeper over time, for couples where the father has a management education or higher education, compared to the gap for the overall sample. In households where the spouses share the parental leave and the mother returns to full-time employment after the leave, the increase in the gender management gap is much smaller, and it is no longer significant towards the end of the period." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kunze, Lars & Nicolai Suppa (2017): The effect of unemployment on social participation of spouses. Evidence from plant closures in Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 898), Berlin, 14 S.

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effect of an individual's unemployment on the level of social participation of their spouse. Using German panel data, it is shown that unemployment has a strong negative effect on public social activities of both directly and indirectly affected spouses. Private social activities of either spouse, however, are only found to increase, if the indirectly affected spouse is not working. Conflict prevention strategies or habituation may help to rationalise this finding. Our results imply that active labour market policies should account for spillovers effects within couples and adopt a family perspective." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Munk, Martin D., Till Nikolka & Panu Poutvaara (2017): International family migration and the dual-earner model. (CReAM discussion paper 2017,03), London, 57 S.

Abstract

"Gender differences in labor force participation are exceptionally small in Nordic countries. We investigate how couples emigrating from Denmark self-select and sort into different destinations and whether couples pursue the dual-earner model, in which both partners work, when abroad. Female labor force participation is slightly lower among couples that later emigrate, and drops considerably after migration outside the Nordic countries. Pre migration differences between couples subsequently migrating to different destinations are small. Our survey reveals that couple migration is usually driven by the male's job opportunities. The results suggest that increasing international migration may reduce women's career investments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schadler, Cornelia, Irene Rieder, Eva-Maria Schmidt, Ulrike Zartler & Rudolf Richter (2017): Key practices of equality within long parental leaves. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 247-259. DOI:10.1177/0958928716685688

Abstract

"The birth of a child often reinforces an unequal division of employment and care work among heterosexual couples. Parental leave programmes that foster long leaves tend to increase this inequality within couples. However, by investigating a particularly long parental leave system, we show that specific practices enable parents to share care work equally. Our ethnographic study includes interviews with heterosexual couples, observations in prenatal classes and information material available to parents. Specific sets of practices - managing economic security, negotiating employment, sharing information with peers and feeding practices - involved parents who shared care work equally and parents who divided care work unequally. Contingent on specific situated practices, the arrangement of care work shifted in an equal or unequal direction. Even within long parental leaves, equality between parents was facilitated when economic security was provided through means other than income, when work hours were flexible, mothers had a close relationship to work, information on sharing equally was available and children were bottle-fed. Consequently, an equal share of care work is not the effect of solely structural, individual, cultural or normative matters, but of their entanglement in practices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schleutker, Elina (2017): Women's work-life preferences. Reconceptualization and cross-country description over time. In: European Societies, Jg. 19, H. 3, S. 292-312. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2017.1290266

Abstract

"According to Hakim's preference theory, women can be divided into three groups based on their work - family preferences: home-centered, adaptive and work-centered. Here it is argued that Hakim's conceptualization of the adaptive women is unsatisfactory, as it does not take into consideration how the adaptive women want to combine work and family. The paper offers a reconceptualization of the adaptive group. Based on when women want to return to employment after childbirth, and how many hours they would like to work, three types of adaptive women are distinguished: the home-oriented adaptive women, the truly adaptive women and the work-oriented adaptive women. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of the reconceptualization, a cross-sectional descriptive study of women's preferences over time is conducted by employing data from International Social Survey Programme." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stertz, Anna M., Thorana Grether & Bettina S. Wiese (2017): Gender-role attitudes and parental work decisions after childbirth. A longitudinal dyadic perspective with dual-earner couples. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 101, H. August, S. 104-118. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2017.05.005

Abstract

"The present research investigates the impact of gender-role attitudes on dual-earner couples' parental work decisions after childbirth. We assumed both parents' length of leave and changes in working hours are associated with individual as well as the partner's attitudes. Dyadic data from two lagged-design studies (Study 1: N = 138 heterosexual couples; Study 2: N = 168 heterosexual couples) were analyzed by using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) to account for interdependencies between spouses. As expected, in Study 1 fathers' individual attitudes predicted their changes in working hours. Fathers with more egalitarian attitudes decreased their working hours to a larger extent. Most importantly with respect to the interdependence between couples' attitudes and each partner's decisions concerning the work and the family domains, results of both studies showed that fathers' attitudes predicted their wives' work decisions: women with more egalitarian partners took shorter leaves and decreased their working hours less. In contrast, mothers' attitudes did not influence their husbands' behavior. Hence, this research highlights the importance of couple dynamics, that is, men's gender-role attitudes, to explain women's work-involvement decisions after childbirth." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Unterhofer, Ulrike & Katharina Wrohlich (2017): Elterngeld hat soziale Normen verändert. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 84, H. 34, S. 659-667.

Abstract

"Das im Jahr 2007 eingeführte Elterngeld hat soziale Normen verändert. Wie dieser Bericht zeigt, gehen die meisten Frauen nach der Geburt ihres Kindes ein Jahr in Elternzeit - vor allem Mütter mit mittleren und höheren Einkommen, die von den früheren Erziehungsgeldregelungen nicht hätten profitieren können, pausieren also länger von ihrem Beruf. Weitgehend gesellschaftlich akzeptiert ist, dass auch Väter Elternzeit nehmen, meist zwei Monate. Die Analysen verdeutlichen, dass nicht nur die finanziellen Anreize selbst, sondern auch das Verhalten von Arbeitskolleginnen Eltern in diese Richtung gelenkt haben. Darüber hinaus wirkt das Elterngeld auch auf Personen, die gar nicht selbst Elterngeld beziehen: So haben viele Großeltern, deren Söhne nach Einführung des Elterngeldes Kinder bekommen haben, ihre Vorstellungen von Geschlechterrollen verändert. Um eine egalitäre Aufgabenverteilung bei der Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit zu forcieren, sind Erweiterungen des Elterngeldes, beispielsweise das vom DIW Berlin untersuchte Modell einer Familienarbeitszeit, geeignet. Auch Geldleistungen, die beispielsweise an eine stärkere Beteiligung der Väter bei der Kinderbetreuung geknüpft sind, könnten soziale Normen weiter verändern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Vargha, Lili, Róbert Iván Gál & Michelle O. Crosby-Nagy (2017): Household production and consumption over the lifecycle. National Time Transfer Accounts in 14 European countries. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 36, S. 905-944. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.32

Abstract

"Background: While the importance of unpaid household labour is recognised in total economic output, little is known about the demographics of household production and consumption.
Objective: Our goal is to give a comprehensive estimation on the value of household production and its consumption by age and gender and analyse nonmarket economic transfers in 14 European countries based on publicly available harmonised data.
Methods: We introduce a novel imputation method of harmonised European time use (HETUS) data to the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) in order to assign time spent on home production to consumers in households and estimate time transfers. Moreover, monetary values are attributed to household production activities using data on earnings from the Structure of Earnings Survey (SES).
Results: We show that the nonmarket economic life cycle of men differs from that of women. The gender gap in household production is not evenly distributed over the life cycle. Women of working age contribute the most in net terms, while the main beneficiaries of household goods and services are children and to a lesser extent adult men. These patterns are similar across countries, with variations in the gender- and age-specific levels of home production and consumption.
Conclusions: In Europe, in the national economy, intergenerational flows are important in sustaining both childhood and old age. In contrast, in the household economy, intergenerational transfers flow mostly towards children.
Contribution: We add a new focus to the research on household production: While keeping the gender aspect, we demonstrate the importance of the life cycle component in household production." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

Abstract

"Das Gutachten knüpft an die umfassende Analyse der Gleichstellungssituation in Deutschland an, die im Ersten Gleichstellungsbericht geleistet wurde. Insbesondere bedeutet dies, dass sich auch das vorliegende Gutachten an einer Lebensverlaufsperspektive orientiert, um den Stand und mögliche Handlungsansätze für die Gleichstellungspolitik zu untersuchen. In den letzten fünf Jahren haben sich die Erwerbsbiografien und damit auch die Lebensverläufe allerdings weiter ausdifferenziert. Armutsgefährdete Alleinerziehende (vor allem Frauen), (prekäre) Selbstständige, die mit ihrem Unternehmen beständig um das wirtschaftliche Überleben kämpfen, und Menschen, die Angehörige pflegen, werden immer stärker zu Risikogruppen. Das Gutachten nimmt außerdem in den Blick, dass die Folgen der Digitalisierung zunehmend alle Lebens- und Arbeitsbereiche durchdringen. Das vorliegende Gutachten greift Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts auf, um sie weiterzuentwickeln und für die aktuelle gesellschaftliche Situation zu konkretisieren. Dabei war zu berücksichtigen, welche politischen und gesetzlichen Entwicklungen es seither auf maßgeblichen Feldern gegeben hat. Dieses Gutachten soll zwar nicht die Umsetzung der Empfehlungen des Ersten Gleichstellungsberichts systematisch erfassen und auswerten. Es berücksichtigt in seinen Analysen und Empfehlungen aber, dass zwischenzeitlich gleichstellungspolitisch relevante Maßnahmen neu eingeführt wurden, insbesondere das ElterngeldPlus, die Familienpflegezeit, das Pflegeunterstützungsgeld, das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) und das Mindestlohngesetz (MiLoG). Erste Schritte zu einem Gesetz für mehr Lohngerechtigkeit zwischen Frauen und Männern sind unternommen worden; zum Zeitpunkt des Abschlusses dieses Gutachtens lag dem Bundestag allerdings noch kein Gesetzentwurf vor. Auch die gleichstellungspolitisch relevanten Befunde der Gesamtevaluation familienpolitischer Leistungen aus dem Jahr 2014 werden im vorliegenden Gutachten berücksichtigt. In Anknüpfung an die Lebensverlaufsperspektive konzentriert sich das Sachverständigengutachten auf die gleichstellungsorientierte Gestaltung von Erwerbs- und Sorgearbeit. Diese Schwerpunktsetzung wird im folgenden Kapitel B ausführlich begründet und in ein Verhältnis zu weiteren gleichstellungspolitischen Zielen gesetzt." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Altintas, Evrim & Oriel Sullivan (2016): Fifty years of change updated. Cross-national gender convergence in housework. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 35, S. 455-470. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.16

Abstract

"Background: Gendered trends in housework provide an important insight into changing gender inequality. In particular, they shed light on the debate over the stalling of the 'gender revolution'. Additionally, the gender division of housework is significantly related to couple well-being; disagreements over housework are among the major sources of marital conflict.
Objective: The objective is to bring the evidence on gendered trends in time spent on core housework up to date, and to investigate cross-national variation in those trends.
Methods: Using 66 time use surveys from 19 countries, we apply a random-intercept, random-slope model to investigate half a century of change in gender differences in housework (1961-2011).
Results: There is a general movement in the direction of greater gender equality, but with significant country differences in both the level and the pace of convergence. Specifically, there was a slowing of gender convergence from the late 1980s in those countries where men and women's time in housework was already more equal, with steeper gender convergence continuing in those countries where the gender division of housework was less equal.
Conclusions: Our findings support the view that despite short-term stalls, slow-downs, and even reverses, as well as important differences in national policy contexts, the overall cross-national picture shows a continuing trend towards greater gender equality in the performance of housework.
Contribution: We update cross-national time use evidence on the gender division of housework to the end of the first decade of the 21st Century. In a multilevel framework, we show how the gender gap varies across time and between countries, net of other demographic variables." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Blundell, Richard, Luigi Pistaferri & Itay Saporta-Eksten (2016): Consumption inequality and family labor supply. In: The American economic review, Jg. 106, H. 2, S. 387-435. DOI:10.1257/aer.20121549

Abstract

"We examine the link between wage and consumption inequality using a life-cycle model incorporating consumption and family labor supply decisions. We derive analytical expressions for the dynamics of consumption, hours, and earnings of two earners in the presence of correlated wage shocks, nonseparability, progressive taxation, and asset accumulation. The model is estimated using panel data for hours, earnings, assets, and consumption. We focus on family labor supply as an insurance mechanism and find strong evidence of smoothing of permanent wage shocks. Once family labor supply, assets, and taxes are properly accounted for there is little evidence of additional insurance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Boll, Christina & Elisabeth Bublitz (2016): A cross-country comparison of gender differences in job-related training. The role of working hours and the household context. (HWWI research paper 172), Hamburg, 54 S.

Abstract

"Regarding gender differences, theory suggests that in a partnership the individual with the lower working hours and earnings position should exhibit lower training participation rates. Since women are more likely to match this description, we investigate whether systematic group differences explain gender variation. Across all countries, male workers are not affected by their earnings position. For female workers in Germany, but not Italy or the Netherlands, working part-time instead of full-time corresponds with a decrease in course length by 5.5 hours. Also, regarding German part-time employed women, single earners train 5.6 hours more than secondary earners. The findings of our study hold at the extensive and the intensive margin, suggesting that Germany faces particular household-related obstacles regarding gender differences in job-related training." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brülle, Jan (2016): Demographic trends and the changing ability of households to buffer poverty risks in Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 766-778. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw033

Abstract

"The article investigates how demographic trends influenced households' abilities to compensate for low or lacking earnings among their members. I focus on the probability that household earnings excluding those of the respondent are above the poverty threshold. The share of households where this is the case declined sharply between 1993 - 1996 and 2009 - 2012, implying a deterioration of households' potential to hedge labour market risks. The growing importance of single-adult households partly explains the decline, but the negative trend is also found for women living with a partner. Increased female labour force participation counterbalances the general trend for men in couple households. A comparison by individual economic status shows that the availability of earnings from other household members decreases more for persons with lower educational levels and the unemployed. Contrary to expectations, the uneven development of the share of single adults between social strata and the increasing correlation of spouses' employment status explain only part of this increasing spread of household resources. Overall, the results underline the importance of changes in household resources for the increase in poverty in Germany overall, as well as for growing disparities between poverty risks by individual employment status and education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dearing, Helene (2016): Gender equality in the division of work. How to assess European leave policies regarding their compliance with an ideal leave model. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 234-247. DOI:10.1177/0958928716642951

Abstract

"This article assesses 27 European parental leave policies regarding their compliance with an ideal leave policy model that best supports gender equality in the division of labour. Given the difficulties in defining such an ideal leave model, the article makes this assessment in two stages. Stage 1 exploits the most salient results of the empirical literature in order to define an ideal leave model that foresees the provision of 14?months of well-paid leave, where half of the leave is reserved for fathers. An 'Equal Gender Division of Labour' indicator is developed to assess the performance of different countries regarding their compliance with the ideal leave model. Stage 2 tests the sensitivity of the results with regard to three different scenarios that account for alternative assumptions about (1) the actual duration of leave that is supposed to be 'ideal', (2) the significance of providing leave only in combination with payments and (3) the importance of reserving some of the provided leave for fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash, Antje Mertens & Laura Romeu Gordo (2016): A stalled revolution? What can we learn from women's drop-out to part-time jobs. A comparative analysis of Germany and the UK. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 46, H. December/Pt. B, S. 129-140. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2016.09.001

Abstract

"This study examines how within-couple inequalities, that is power differences between men and women in a partnership, act as predictors of transitions from full-time to part-time employment applying Heckman corrected probit models in three different institutional and cultural contexts; Eastern Germany, Western Germany and the United Kingdom. The analyses show that when women are in a weaker position within their relationships they are more likely to drop-out of full-time work, but that this propensity varies by context. The authors also find an increased tendency over time for women to leave full-time for part-time employment in both Eastern and Western Germany, but observe no such trend in the UK. This is suggestive of ongoing incompatibilities in the institutional support for equality in dual-earning in Germany. The study uses longitudinal data covering the period 1992 until 2012 from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) for Germany and from the British Household Panel (BHPS) and the 'Understanding Society' data for the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fackler, Daniel & Eva Hank (2016): Who buffers income losses after job displacement? The role of alternative income sources, the family, and the state. (IWH-Diskussionspapiere 2016,28), Halle, 34 S.

Abstract

"Using survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), this paper analyses to what extent alternative income sources, reactions within the household context, and redistribution by the state attenuate earnings losses after job displacement. Applying propensity score matching and fixed effects estimations, we find high individual earnings losses after job displacement and only limited convergence. Income from self-employment slightly reduces the earnings gap and severance payments buffer losses in the short run. On the household level, we find substantial and rather persistent losses in per capita labour income. We do not find that increased labour supply by other household members contributes to the compensation of the income losses. Most importantly, our results show that redistribution within the tax and transfer system substantially mitigates income losses of displaced workers both in the short and the long run whereas other channels contribute only little." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fehr, Hans, Manuel Kallweit & Fabian Kindermann (2016): Household formation, female labor supply, and savings. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 118, H. 4, S. 868-911. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12154

Abstract

"In this paper, we aim to quantify the impact of changing family structures on labor supply and savings in Western societies. Our dynamic general equilibrium model features both genders, and it takes into account changes in marital status as a stochastic process. The numerical results indicate that changes in household formation can partly explain the reallocation of male and female labor supply observed during the last decades in Germany. We also find a negative impact on capital accumulation, and we show that a combination of higher marital risk and a narrowing gender wage gap can explain the changes in hours ratios between single and married men and women." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov & Cezar Santos (2016): Technology and the changing family. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation. In: American Economic Journal. Macroeconomics, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 1-41. DOI:10.1257/mac.20130156

Abstract

"Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being more significant for noncollege-educated individuals versus college-educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the noncollege-educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment, and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the postwar US data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and marital structure play in determining income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gustman, Alan L., Thomas L. Steinmeier & Nahid Tabatabai (2016): A structural analysis of the effects of the Great Recession on retirement and working longer by members of two-earner households. (NBER working paper 22984), Cambrige, Mass., 71 S. DOI:10.3386/w22984

Abstract

"This paper uses data from the Health and Retirement Study to estimate a structural model of household retirement and saving. It applies that model to analyze the effects of the Great Recession on the work and retirement of older couples who were both employed full-time at the beginning of the recession. We analyze the effects of job loss, changes in wealth and changes in expectations.
The largest overall effects of the Great Recession are observed for 2009 and 2010. In 2009, an additional 2.5 percent of all 55 to 59 year old husbands were not working full-time as result of the Great Recession, amounting to a reduction of 3.2 percent in full-time work. In 2010, 2.8 percent of 55 to 59 year old husbands were not working full-time as a result of the Great Recession, amounting to a 3.8 percent reduction in full-time work. For wives the reductions in full-time work due to the Great Recession were 1.7 percent and 2.2 percent of those who initially held a job, or reductions of full-time work of 2.3 and 3.0 percent respectively. For those 60 to 64, the reductions were 1.2 percent of men and 0.9 percent of women. Having been laid off in the last three years reduces full-time work by 30 percent. There also are lingering effects of layoff on the probability of working longer. Having been laid off three or more years in the past reduces full-time employment in the current year by about 12 percent. This reflects the reduced work incentives for full-time work arising from lower earnings due to the loss of job tenure with a layoff as well as the additional earnings penalty from a layoff.
The effect on own work of a spouse having been laid off is much smaller. The reason is that, as found in the estimation of our structural model, having one spouse not working increases the value of leisure for the other. In contrast, when one member of the household loses their job, the value of consumption increases relative to leisure. For recent layoffs, these effects are roughly offsetting.
All told, the effects of the Great Recession on retirement seem relatively modest. These findings are consistent with our earlier descriptive analyses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Heimer, Andreas, David Juncke, Jan Braukmann, Tilmann Knittel, Stephan Moog, Malte Ristau & Wilhelm Haumann (2016): Zukunftsreport Familie 2030. Berlin, 66 S.

Abstract

"Gelingt es, mit einer forcierten Familienpolitik den Wünschen der Mütter und Väter nach einer partnerschaftlichen Aufteilung von Familie und Beruf zu entsprechen, wird sich die sozioökonomische Situation von Familien im Jahr 2030 deutlich verbessern.
Das Haushaltseinkommen von Familien kann um durchschnittlich 1.400 Euro steigen. Die Zahl der Eltern und Kinder, die armutsgefährdet sind, kann um rund 470 Tsd. Personen zurückgehen. Die Zahl der Personen in Haushalten mit SGB-II Bezügen kann sogar um rund 670 Tsd. Personen sinken. Bis 2030 können rund 790 Tsd. Mütter mehr sozialversicherungspflichtig beschäftigt sein.
Das Gutachten, das verschiedene Szenarien betrachtet, zeigt: Eine Weiterentwicklung der Familienpolitik hat positive Auswirkungen auf die Gesamtwirtschaft. Der Anstieg der Erwerbstätigenquote sowie der Erwerbsumfänge führen zu einem Anstieg des Arbeitsvolumens um 3,2 PP. Das führt im Chancen-Szenario bis 2030 zu einer spürbaren Erhöhung des Bruttoinlandprodukts um rund 70 Mrd. Euro." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kan, Man-Yee & Heather Laurie (2016): Gender, ethnicity and household labour in married and cohabiting couples in the UK. (ISER working paper 2016-01), Colchester, 22 S.

Abstract

"There is an extensive literature on the domestic division of labour within married and cohabiting couples and its relationship to gender equality within and outside the household. UK quantitative research on the domestic division of labour across ethnic groups has been limited by a lack of data that enables disaggregation by ethnic group. This paper uses data from Understanding Society, the UK Household Longitudinal Study containing sufficient sample sizes of ethnic minority groups for meaningful comparisons. We find significant variations in patterns of domestic labour by ethnic group, gender, education and employment status after accounting for individual and household characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mahon, Rianne, Christina Bergqvist & Deborah Brennan (2016): Social policy change: work-family tensions in Sweden, Australia and Canada. In: Social policy and administration, Jg. 50, H. 2, S. 165-182. DOI:10.1111/spol.12209

Abstract

"The rise of the adult worker family norm across countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has created challenges for reconciling work and family life as the unpaid work of the female caregiver can no longer be assumed. The article compares childcare arrangements and maternity/parental leave programmes in Sweden, Australia and Canada that attempt to address these challenges. Sweden was an early innovator, establishing the 'gold standard' for such arrangements in the form of publicly funded, universally accessible, centre-based childcare and generously paid parental leave, including a 'daddy quota'. Yet policy development remains open to contestation and change even here. Australia and Canada have shown a preference for market-based solutions although each has taken steps towards Swedish style solutions. In particular, Canadian federalism has left space for such experiments at the provincial scale. The broader institutional arrangements embedded in each country have helped to shape the responses. Yet political contestation, enlivened by the transnational flow of ideas (and ideals), has played an important role in shaping the direction and velocity of change. In the first section we develop this argument, beginning with reflections on how to identify the significance of changes, then moving on to explore the role of institutions, actors and ideas in accounting for these developments. Subsequent sections examine developments first in Sweden then Australia and Canada." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Mankarta, Jochen & Rigas Oikonomou (2016): The rise of the added worker effect. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 143, H. June, S. 48-51. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2016.03.019

Abstract

"We document that the added worker effect (AWE) has increased over the last three decades. We develop a search model with two earner households and we illustrate that the increase in the AWE from the 1980s to the 2000s can be explained through the narrowing of the gender pay gap, changes in the frictions in the labor market and changes in the labor force participation costs of married women." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Moberg, Ylva (2016): Does the gender composition in couples matter for the division of labor after childbirth? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2016,08), Uppsala, 62 S.

Abstract

"In this paper I compare the effect of entering parenthood on the spousal income gaps in lesbian and heterosexual couples using Swedish population wide register data. Comparing couples with similar pre-childbirth income gaps, a difference-in-differences strategy is used to estimate the impact of the gender composition of the couple on the spousal income gap after childbirth. The results indicate that the gender composition of the couple does matter for the division of labor after having children. Five years after childbirth the income gap is smaller in lesbian than in heterosexual couples also when comparing couples with the same pre-parenthood income gap. Heterosexual couples' division of labor seems to be influenced by traditional gender norms, regardless of their pre-childbirth income gap. In lesbian couples the partners' relative earnings before parenthood and a principle about fairness may be more important, as well as the partners' preferences for giving birth as the birth giving partner typically spends more time on parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sorenson, Olav & Michael S. Dahl (2016): Geography, joint choices, and the reproduction of gender inequality. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 81, H. 5, S. 900-920. DOI:10.1177/0003122416656360

Abstract

"We examine the extent to which the gender wage gap stems from dual-earner couples jointly choosing where to live. If couples locate in places better suited for the man's employment than for the woman's, the resulting mismatch of women to employers will depress women's wages. Examining data from Denmark, our analyses indicate that (1) Danish couples choose locations with higher expected wages for the man than for the woman, (2) the better matching of men in couples to local employers could account for up to 36 percent of the gender wage gap, and (3) the greatest asymmetry in the apparent importance of the man's versus the woman's potential earnings occurred among couples with young children and where the male partner accounted for a larger share of household income before the potential move." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zabel, Cordula (2016): Erwerbseintritte im Zeitverlauf bei Müttern junger Kinder im SGB II. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 05/2016), Nürnberg, 71 S.

Abstract

"In dieser Studie wird monatsgenau untersucht, wie sich die Eintrittsraten von Müttern mit Arbeitslosengeld-II (ALG-II)-Bezug in abhängige Beschäftigung über die ersten vier Lebensjahre des jüngsten Kindes entwickeln. Für Eltern, die Kinder im Alter von drei Jahren oder älter betreuen, gilt, dass die Aufnahme einer Erwerbstätigkeit zumutbar ist, sofern die Kinderbetreuung gesichert ist (§ 10 Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB) Zweites Buch (II)). In diesem Forschungsbericht soll der Frage nachgegangen werden, welche Rolle der dritte Geburtstag des jüngsten Kindes tatsächlich für die Erwerbseintrittsraten von Müttern im Bereich des SGB II spielt, und welche anderen zeitlichen Faktoren ebenfalls einflussreich sind. Es wird zwischen Müttern mit und ohne Beschäftigung vor der Geburt ihres Kindes unterschieden. Für erstere kann die größere Arbeitsmarktnähe die Berufsrückkehr erleichtern. Auch dürfte die maximale Dauer der Elternzeit von drei Jahren den zeitlichen Verlauf ihrer Erwerbseintritte entscheidend beeinflussen. Tatsächlich stellt diese Studie in Westdeutschland bei ihnen stark erhöhte Eintrittsraten in Beschäftigung genau zum dritten Geburtstag des jüngsten Kindes fest, während in Ostdeutschland der erste und zweite Geburtstag wichtigere Zeitpunkte für die Berufsrückkehr darzustellen scheinen. Insgesamt nehmen Mütter mit Beschäftigung vor der Geburt deutlich eher eine Erwerbstätigkeit auf als Mütter ohne Beschäftigung vor der Geburt. Bei Müttern ohne Beschäftigung vor der Geburt sind, wie zu erwarten, keine punktuellen Spitzen in den Erwerbseintrittsraten zu den Geburtstagen des jüngsten Kindes festzustellen da sie keinen Anspruch auf Elternzeit haben. Jedoch erhöhen sich auch bei ihnen die Erwerbseintrittsraten leicht aber anhaltend in Westdeutschland ab dem dritten und in Ostdeutschland jeweils ab dem ersten und zweiten Geburtstag des jüngsten Kindes. Insgesamt bleiben die Erwerbseintrittsraten der Mütter ohne Beschäftigung vor der Geburt jedoch deutlich unter derer mit Beschäftigung vor der Geburt. Womöglich stellt die längere Erwerbsunterbrechung, die bei ihnen schon in die Zeit vor der Geburt zurückreicht, ein entscheidendes Erwerbshemmnis dar, zu der noch die Herausforderung der Organisation der Kinderbetreuung hinzukommt. Daher benötigen sie vermutlich besondere Unterstützung bei der Verbesserung ihrer Erwerbschancen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (2016): 3. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. (Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland 03), Berlin, 89 S.

Abstract

"Das Bundesfrauenministerium hat den '3. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland' veröffentlicht. Basierend auf Daten der Statistischen Landesämter und des Statistischen Bundesamtes liefert der auf Deutsch und Englisch vorliegende Atlas einen umfassenden Überblick über die regionalen Unterschiede bei der Umsetzung gleichstellungspolitischer Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen auf Landes- und Kreisebene in Deutschland.
Untersucht wurden 38 Gleichstellungsindikatoren zu den thematischen Schwerpunkten 'Partizipation', 'Bildung, Ausbildung, Berufswahl', 'Arbeit und Einkommen' sowie 'Lebenswelt' in ihrer zeitlichen Entwicklung seit 2008, dem Erscheinen des 1. Atlas zur Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. Dabei wurde die Zahl der untersuchten Indikatoren gegenüber den vorherigen Ausgaben erweitert. So werden erstmals die Indikatoren 'Frauen in Führungspositionen in der Justiz' sowie 'eigenes Alterssicherungseinkommen' (Gender Pension Gap) dargestellt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Aassve, Arnstein, Giulia Fuochi, Letizia Mencarini & Daria Mendola (2015): What is your couple type? Gender ideology, housework sharing, and babies. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 835-858. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.30

Abstract

"Background: It is increasingly acknowledged that not only gender equality but also gender ideology plays a role in explaining fertility in advanced societies. In a micro perspective, the potential mismatch between gender equality (i.e., the actual sharing taking place in a couple) and gender ideology (i.e., attitudes and beliefs regarding gender roles) may drive childbearing decisions.
Objective: This paper assesses the impact of consistency between gender equality in attitudes and equality in the division of household labour on the likelihood of having another child, for different parities.
Methods: Relying on two-wave panel data of the Bulgarian, Czech, French, Hungarian, and Lithuanian Generations and Gender Surveys, we build a couple typology defined by gender attitudes and housework-sharing. The typology identifies four types of couple: 1) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 2) gender-equal attitudes and gender-unequal housework-sharing; 3) gender-unequal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing; 4) gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal housework-sharing. The couple types enter into a logistic regression model on childbirth.
Results: The impact of the typology varies with parity and gender: taking as reference category the case of gender-equal attitudes and gender-equal division of housework, the effect of all the other couple types on a new childbirth is strong and negative for the second child and female respondents.
Conclusions: The consistency between gender ideology and actual partners' housework-sharing is only favourable for childbearing as long as there is gender equality in both the dimensions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ayhan, Sinem H. (2015): Evidence of added worker effect from the 2008 economic crisis. (IZA discussion paper 8937), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the research on interdependencies in spousal labor supply by analyzing labor supply response of married women to their husbands' job losses ('added worker effect'). It empirically tests the hypothesis of added worker effect relying on a case study on Turkey during the global economic crisis of 2008. Identification is achieved by exploiting the exogenous variation in the output of male-dominated sectors that were hit hard by the crisis and the high degree of gender segmentation that characterizes the Turkish labor market. Findings based on the instrumental variable approach suggest that the probability of entering the labor force for a woman increases by up to 29% in response to her husband's unemployment. However the effect is not contemporaneous; it appears with a quarter of lag and remains existent only for two quarters." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beblo, Miriam, Denis Beninger, François Cochard, Hélène Couprie & Astrid Hopfensitz (2015): Efficiency-equality trade-off within French and German couples. A comparative experimental study. In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 233-252. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.233

Abstract

"We present the results of an experiment measuring social preferences within couples in a context where intra-household pay-off inequality can be reduced at the cost of diminishing household income. We measure social norms regarding this efficiency-equality trade-off by reported beliefs about the behavior of peers, and we implement a cross-country comparison between France and Germany. In particular, we show that German households are more income-inequality averse and thus less income-maximizing than French households. Decomposition reveals that diverging sample compositions in the two countries drive less than half of the difference, while over half of the initial French/German difference remains unexplained. Beliefs differ significantly from observed behavior in both countries. Income-maximizing choices are overestimated in the German sample and underestimated in the French." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berghammer, Caroline & Roland Verwiebe (2015): Die Verbreitung des Doppelernährer- und Doppelbetreuermodells in fünf Ländern Europas. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 68, H. 2, S. 116-124. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2015-2-116

Abstract

"Ausgangspunkt unserer Analysen ist das Argument einer Reihe von Studien, dass die Gleichheit der Geschlechter am besten verwirklicht ist, wenn beide Eltern sich in gleichem Ausmaß am Arbeitsmarkt und an der Kinderbetreuung beteiligen. Der Beitrag beschreibt Trends im sogenannten Doppelernährermodell (beide Eltern arbeiten Vollzeit) in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Österreich und Spanien von 1998 bis 2010 und untersucht die Aufteilung der Kinderbetreuungszeit in diesen Paarhaushalten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bonin, Holger, Karsten Reuss & Holger Stichnoth (2015): Life-cycle incidence of family policy measures in Germany. Evidence from a dynamic microsimulation model. (ZEW discussion paper 2015-036), Mannheim, 25 S.

Abstract

"This paper quantifies the life-cycle incidence of key family policy measures in Germany. The analysis is based on a novel dynamic microsimulation model that combines simulated family life-cycles for a base population from the 2009 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) with a comprehensive tax-benefit model. The results indicate that households in Germany benefit considerably from family- and marriage-related transfers, yet also reveal substantial variation behind the population average. Moreover, it is shown that some measures, such as income tax splitting, may make individuals in fact worse off, in financial terms, over the long course, as a result of negative labour supply incentives which are rein-forced through detrimental effects on human capital accumulation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bryan, Mark L. & Simonetta Longhi (2015): Getting back into work after job loss. The role of partner effects. (ISER working paper 2015-11), Colchester, 33 S.

Abstract

"We investigate the reaction of couples to a job loss during periods of growth and recession in the UK focussing on re-employment of the spouse who lost their job. Re-employment was faster for those with a partner in work, but was not generally affected by other measures of the partner's labour market attachment or resources. For men, the strongest partner effects were for entry into high quality jobs; and having a working partner substantially mitigated the negative impact of the recession on entry into these jobs. For women, an employed partner was associated with a greater likelihood of re-entry into any type of job. Hence, while dual earner families may be able to restore the pre-job loss income level, single earner families are more likely to be trapped in cycles of low-quality jobs and no jobs leading to a decrease in household income over time. The difference in outcomes between single and dual earner couples is likely to increase during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bröckel, Miriam, Anne Busch-Heizmann & Katrin Golsch (2015): Headwind or tailwind: do partners' resources support or restrict promotion to a leadership position in Germany? In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 533-545. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv054

Abstract

"In Germany, as in other modern societies, a low representation of women in top positions remains a stable form of gender inequality in the labour market. This article examines the extent to which a partner's labour market and financial resources influence gender-specific probabilities of obtaining a leadership position. Well-established theories are examined that provide different assumptions as to how partners' resources can affect occupational careers. This article adds to the existing body of research by applying a relational perspective on couples' resources. To resolve the research question, data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study (waves 1984 - 2010) are used in a longitudinal design employing event history analysis (N?=?11,050 men and N?=?8,988 women). The results show that partners' relative resources play a significant role in the promotion to the top: Whereas for women their own comparative advantage is particularly important, especially for men higher resources of the partner are beneficial. The results can be explained by negotiation processes as well as with a transfer of social capital. Additionally, both genders profit from homogamous partnership constellations. Overall, women's chances of gaining a leadership position appear to be more determined by partners' relative resources than it is the case for men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bünning, Mareike (2015): What happens after the 'Daddy Months'? Fathers' involvement in paid work, childcare, and housework after taking parental leave in Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 6, S. 738-748. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcv072

Abstract

"The German parental leave reform of 2007 created a new incentive for men to take parental leave by introducing 'daddy months': 2 months of well-remunerated leave exclusively reserved for fathers. Against the backdrop of the reform, this study examines how fathers' uptake of parental leave affects the amount of time they spend on paid work, housework, and childcare after the leave has ended. It investigates whether the effect of parental leave differs by the length of leave taken and by whether fathers took the leave alone or at the same time as their partners. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 2006 to 2012 and Families in Germany from 2010 to 2012, the results of fixed-effects regressions indicate that fathers who took parental leave subsequently reallocated their time from work to home. They reduced their working hours and increased their involvement in childcare even after short and joint periods of parental leave. But only those who took >2 months of leave or were on leave while their partner was working subsequently increased their participation in housework. Hence, fathers increased their involvement in childcare already after short leaves, whereas enhanced gender equality in couples' division of labour especially emerged after longer or solo leaves." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cremer, Helmuth, Jean-Marie Lozachmeur, Dario Maldonado & Kerstin Roeder (2015): Household bargaining and the design of couples' income taxation. (CESifo working paper 5205), München, 33 S.

Abstract

"This paper studies the design of couples' income taxation. Consumption and labor supply decisions within the couple are made by maximizing a weighted sum of the spouses' utilities; bargaining weights are given but specific to each couple. The information structure and labor supply decisions follow the Mirrleesian tradition. However, while the household's total consumption is publicly observable, the consumption levels of the individual spouses are not observable. With a utilitarian social welfare function we show that the expression for a spouses' marginal income tax rate includes a 'Pigouvian' (paternalistic) and an incentive term. The Pigouvian term favors a marginal subsidy (tax) for the high-weight (low-weight) spouse, whose labor supply otherwise tends to be too low (high). The sign and the magnitude of the incentive term depends on the weight structure across couples. In some cases both terms have the same sign and imply a positive marginal tax for the low-weight spouse (who may be female) and a negative one for the high-weight spouse (possibly the male). This is at odds with the traditional Boskin and Sheshinski results. Our conclusions can easily be generalized to more egalitarian welfare functions. Finally, we present numerical simulations based on a calibrated specification of our model. The calculations confirm that the male spouse may well have the lower (and possibly even negative) marginal tax rate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cudeville, Elisabeth & Magali Recoules (2015): Household behaviour and social norms: A conjugal contract model with conformism. In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 279-312. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.279

Abstract

"This paper introduces conformism to a conjugal contract model, in order to explore the complex interactions between households' allocation decisions and conjugal social norms both of which are endogenously determined in the model. In couples, men and women are assumed to be relatively autonomous in the allocation of their resources, but linked through the production and the joint consumption of a domestic public good. Given that their relative market wages will generally differ, the husband and wife have an incentive to negotiate and agree upon an income sharing rule - a 'conjugal contract' - in order to benefit from specialization gains. The model departs from the existing literature by introducing conformism to the bargaining process concerning the conjugal contract. Through the conformism of individuals, the conjugal social norm influences the marital behaviour of couples and the allocation of family resources. But the social norm itself results endogenously from the aggregation of couples' marital agreements. The model consistently explains some empirical evidence that challenges traditional economic models of the household, notably the fact that women still bear the bulk of domestic tasks, even when they are better paid than their partner in the labour market. The model shows that wage policies promoting gender wage equality may lead men and women to share household duties more equally, but that conformism reduces their efficiency. The model also consistently explains the fact that new economic developments - such as women's increased labour-force participation - contribute to the reshaping of social expectations about the roles of men and women in domestic and child-caring activities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Frodermann, Corinna (2015): Wer arbeitet wie viel? Entscheidungen über den Erwerbsumfang im Partnerschaftskontext. In: Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, Jg. 27, H. 1, S. 78-104., 2015-01-01.

Abstract

"Um die Entscheidung über den Erwerbsumfang im Partnerschaftskontext anhand zweier konkurrierender mikroökonomischer Theorien zu untersuchen, muss die derzeitige Erwerbskonstellation berücksichtigt werden. Denn je nach theoretischem Ansatz kann sie einerseits die aktuelle Spezialisierungslogik vorgeben, die fortgeschrieben werden soll (Neue Haushaltsökonomie), oder andererseits die paarinternen Machtverhältnisse bestimmen, die möglichst zugunsten der eigenen Position verändert werden sollen (Verhandlungstheorie). Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Frage nach dem Einfluss der bisherigen Erwerbskonstellation auf die Entscheidung für zukünftige Erwerbskonstellationen untersucht. Dazu wird auf ein Faktorielles Survey- Design im Panel 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) zur Erfassung der Stellenannahmebereitschaft zurückgegriffen. Es zeigt sich, dass Personen in Paarhaushalten vor allem an einem Ausgleich der Machtstruktur interessiert sind und sich nicht für eine Fortschreibung bestehender Spezialisierungen entscheiden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gallego-Granados, Patricia & Johannes Geyer (2015): Distributional and behavioral effects of the gender wage gap. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 753), Berlin, 42 S.

Abstract

"The gender wage gap is a persistent labor market phenomenon. Most research focuses on the determinants of these wage differences. We contribute to this literature by exploring a different research question: if wages of women are systematically lower than male wages, what are the distributional consequences (disposable income) and what are the labor market effects (labor supply) of the wage gap? We demonstrate how the gender gap in gross hourly wages shows up in the distribution of disposable income of households. This requires taking into account the distribution of working hours as well as the tax-benefit system and other sources of household income. We present a methodological framework for deriving the gender wage gap in terms of disposable income which combines quantile decomposition, simulation techniques and structural labor supply estimation. This allows us to examine the implications of the gender wage gap for income inequality and working incentives. We illustrate our approach with an application to German data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Greenwood, Jeremy, Nezih Guner, Georgi Kocharkov & Cezar Santos (2015): Technology and the changing family. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation. (IZA discussion paper 8831), Bonn, 63 S.

Abstract

"Marriage has declined since 1960, with the drop being bigger for non-college educated individuals versus college educated ones. Divorce has increased, more so for the non-college educated. Additionally, positive assortative mating has risen. Income inequality among households has also widened. A unified model of marriage, divorce, educational attainment and married female labor-force participation is developed and estimated to fit the post-war U.S. data. Two underlying driving forces are considered: technological progress in the household sector and shifts in the wage structure. The analysis emphasizes the joint role that educational attainment, married female labor-force participation, and assortative mating play in determining income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))