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Knize Estrada, Veronika J. (2018): Migrant women labor-force participation in Germany. Human capital, segmented labor market, and gender perspectives. (IAB-Discussion Paper 12/2018), Nürnberg, 99 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag analysiert individuelle, strukturelle und kulturelle Faktoren, welche die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Migrantinnen in Deutschland beeinflussen. Migrantinnen weisen eine geringere Erwerbsbeteiligung als Einheimische auf und auch ihr Beschäftigungsstatus und ihre Verdienste unterscheiden sich stark. Deshalb untersuche ich die Erwerbsbeteiligung der Migrantinnen durch die Auswertung der Querschnittsdaten der IAB-SOEP Migrationsstichprobe 2013 mit einem multiplen linearen Regressionsansatz. Die Analyse stützt sich auf drei Ansätze, die Erklärungen für das Beschäftigungsverhalten von Migrantinnen bieten: die Humankapitaltheorie, die segmentierte Arbeitsmarkttheorie und die in der deutschen Forschung weniger untersuchte kulturelle Hypothese. Der Beschäftigungsstatus von Migrantinnen ist im Prinzip als die Entscheidung eines Haushaltsmitgliedes zu sehen, aber sie ist eingebettet in länderübergreifende kulturelle Prozesse und wird auch durch betriebliche bzw. institutionelle Strukturen eingeschränkt. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass klassische Elemente des Humankapitals weniger verlässliche Prädiktoren für das Arbeitskräfteangebot von Frauen sind: So wirkt sich eine im Ausland erworbene Hochschulbildung kaum auf die berufliche Teilhabe aus. Eine nahöstliche oder nordafrikanische Herkunft, die muslimische Religion sowie höhere Religiosität korrelieren mit der Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen negativ. Dies spiegelt eine traditionelle geschlechtsspezifische Arbeitsteilung wider, wobei eine Ausbildung in Deutschland diesen Effekt erheblich abschwächt. Die geringere Erwerbsbeteiligung von Migrantinnen dürfte damit teilweise dadurch erklärt werden, dass Zuwanderer im Durchschnitt weniger gebildet und traditioneller eingestellt sind als Einheimische. Zudem sind ihre Fähigkeiten nur beschränkt auf den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt übertragbar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Krieger-Boden, Christiane & Alina Sorgner (2018): Labor market opportunities for women in the digital age. In: Economics. The open-access, open-assessment e-journal, Jg. 12, S. 1-8. DOI:10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2018-28

Abstract

"Digitalization offers a variety of opportunities for female empowerment and for a more equal female participation in labor markets, financial markets, and entrepreneurship. Currently, digitalization seems to favor female labor force, since women face on average lower risk of being replaced by machines, as compared to men. Women's often superior social skills represent a comparative advantage in the digital age, and this is particularly so when social skills are complemented with higher education and advanced digital literacy. However, the same barriers and deficits that obstruct women's current advancement in many countries may deprive them from many beneficial opportunities in the digital age, including new entrepreneurial opportunities. Major efforts by policy makers are required to invalidate these barriers. New digital technologies should be used more decisively to achieve the goal of gender equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lup, Daniela (2018): Something to Celebrate (or not): The Differing Impact of Promotion to Manager on the Job Satisfaction of Women and Men. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 407-425. DOI:10.1177/0950017017713932

Abstract

"The literatures on gender status stereotyping and the 'glass-ceiling' have shown that women managers have more difficult job experiences than men, but whether these experiences result in lower job satisfaction is still an open question. Using fixed-effects models in a longitudinal national sample, this study examines differences in job satisfaction between women and men promoted into lower and higher-level management, after controlling for key determinants of job satisfaction. Results indicate that promotions to management are accompanied by an increase in job satisfaction for men but not for women, and that the differing effect lasts beyond the promotion year. Moreover, following promotion, the job satisfaction of women promoted to higher-level management even starts declining. The type of promotion (internal or lateral) does not modify this effect. By clarifying the relationship between gender, promotion to managerial position and job satisfaction, the study contributes to the literature on the gender gap in managerial representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Makarova, Elena & Selina Teuscher (2018): Trajektorien der beruflichen Geschlechtstypik. Eine Studie zur Rekonstruktion von berufsbiographischen Übergängen. In: Zeitschrift für Soziologie der Erziehung und Sozialisation, Jg. 38, H. 4, S. 380-403. DOI:10.3262/ZSE1804380

Abstract

"Vor dem Hintergrund der persistenten Geschlechtersegregation in der Berufs- und Studienwahl von Jugendlichen analysiert die vorliegende Studie die Trajektorien der geschlechtsbezogenen Passungen in der beruflichen Orientierung von Frauen und Männern bei den berufsbiographischen Übergängen. Die Studie greift auf den längsschnittlichen Datensatz des Schweizer Projektes zu Bildungsentscheidungen und -verläufen von Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen zurück und rekonstruiert in einer chronologischen Abfolge die Veränderungen der beruflichen Geschlechtstypik über drei berufsbiographisch relevante Übergänge hinweg (Berufswahl, Berufseinmündung und Berufliche Neuorientierung). Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass sich Frauen und Männer, in ihrer Bereitschaft geschlechtsuntypische Berufe zu ergreifen bzw. die Tendenz solche Berufe zu verlassen, unterscheiden. Frauen sind bei der Berufswahl häufiger bereit, für sie geschlechtsuntypische Berufe zu erwerben als Männer. Männer hingegen münden vermehrt bei der späteren beruflichen Neuorientierung in geschlechtsuntypische Berufe ein. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse unserer Studie auf einen hohen Individualisierungsgrad der Trajektorien der beruflichen Geschlechtstypik bei berufsbiographischen Übergängen junger Frauen und Männer hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Neumann, Emma (2018): Source country culture and labor market assimilation of immigrant women in Sweden. Evidence from longitudinal data. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 16, H. 3, S. 585-627. DOI:10.1007/s11150-018-9420-6

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the role of source country culture on gender roles for labor market assimilation of immigrant women in Sweden. Sweden ranks as one of the world's most gender-equal countries and at the same time a recipient of many immigrants from countries with more traditional views on gender roles and gender equality. I find that the labor force participation of immigrant women in Sweden is related to their source country culture, in the sense that women from countries where women's labor market participation is low (high) also have low (high) participation in the Swedish labor market. However, all immigrant women assimilate towards, but do not reach parity with, the participation rate of native women, and the difference between women from high- and low-participation countries diminishes with length of residence in Sweden. This indicates that source country culture on gender roles does not have a persistent effect on immigrant women's labor market participation in Sweden. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of taking into account unobservable time-constant individual and source country factors when estimating the relationship between source country culture and immigrants' labor market outcomes. Neglecting to control for these factors could lead researchers to misrepresent the rate of assimilation and overstate the effect of source country culture." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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O'Connor, Pat, Clare O'Hagan & Breda Gray (2018): Femininities in STEM: Outsiders Within. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 312-329. DOI:10.1177/0950017017714198

Abstract

"This article describes a typological framework with axes relating to career and (non-work) relationship commitment to show how a specific cohort of women enact femininity(ies) in the context of the institutionalised practices that define science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) as a masculine domain. Based on the accounts of 25 women in such disciplines in an Irish university, four types are identified: careerist femininity; individualised femininity; vocational femininity; and family-oriented femininity. All of these are constituted in relation to the meanings attached to the masculinist STEM career which performatively render women outsiders. The typology moves beyond the career/paid work and work/life dichotomies to encompass both the re-envisioning of career as vocation (Type 3) and the development of a highly individualised lifestyle orientation based on a high commitment to both (Type 2). It points to the variation, complexity and contradictions in how women do femininities in the academic STEM environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Papapetrou, Evangelia & Pinelopi Tsalaporta (2018): Is there a case for intergenerational transmission of female labour force participation and educational attainment? Evidence from Greece during the crisis. In: Labour, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 237-258. DOI:10.1111/labr.12134

Abstract

"The paper investigates the intergenerational transmission of female educational attainment and the intergenerational transmission of labour force participation in Greece, in 2011. Results show that parental educational background, and especially maternal, is identified as a key determinant of women's high level of educational achievement. A wife's labour force participation decision is related to her husband's mother's and mother's participation, and even more strongly related to her own level of educational achievement along with the number of children in the household. The labour force participation of the mother of the husband is more important than that of the woman's own mother, indicating a strong transmission of the husband's cultural model. Results point to the presence of heterogeneity of cultural transmission of female labour supply conditional on household income." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Pearlman, Jessica (2018): Gender differences in the impact of job mobility on earnings. The role of occupational segregation. In: Social science research, Jg. 74, H. August, S. 30-44. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.05.010

Zitatform

Preston, Alison & Elisa Birch (2018): The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap. A post-mining boom analysis. In: The journal of industrial relations, Jg. 60, H. 5, S. 619-646. DOI:10.1177/0022185618791589

Abstract

"Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003-2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows that industry effects (as a result of gender segmentation across industry) account for a much larger share of the Western Australia gender wage gap than they do elsewhere in Australia, with the mining, construction and transport sectors driving the industry effects. Using quantile analysis we show that, relative to the rest of Australia, the Western Australia gender wage gaps are larger at both the bottom and the top of the wage distribution. At the median the Western Australia gender wage gap, at 2014-2016, is on par with that prevailing elsewhere in Australia, with women in both groups earning 10% less than their male counterparts, all else held equal." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reuyß, Stefan, Svenja Pfahl, Laura Rauschnick & Karsten Spindler (2018): Geschlechtergerecht im Einsatz für eine bessere Gesellschaft? Die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Dritten Sektor. Berlin, 80 S.

Abstract

"Wie steht es eigentlich um die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter im Dritten Sektor, also u.a. in Vereinen, Stiftungen, Genossenschaften und anderen Non-Profit-Organisationen? Die neue Studie der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung schaut sich diesen Bereich genauer an und analysiert die Umsetzung von Gleichstellung im Non-Profit-Bereich, identifiziert gute Praxisbeispiele und gibt Empfehlungen für die konkrete Umsetzung von Gleichstellung. Die Autor_innen der Studie haben dafür Interviews in acht Dritte-Sektor-Organisationen durchgeführt und unter anderem nach dem Verständnis von Gleichstellung sowie nach vorhandenen Strukturen und Werkzeugen gefragt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rodríguez-Planas, Núria, Anna Sanz-de-Galdeano & Anastasia Terskaya (2018): Independent thinking and hard working, or caring and well behaved? Short- and long-term impacts of gender identity norms. (IZA discussion paper 11694), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we explore the causal effect of gender-identity norms on female teenagers' engagement in risky behaviors relative to boys in the US. To do so, we exploit idiosyncratic variation across adjacent grades within schools in the proportion of high-school peers' mothers who think that important skills for both boys and girls to possess are traditionally masculine ones, such as to think for him or herself or work hard, as opposed to traditionally feminine ones, namely to be well-behaved, popular or help others. We find that a higher proportion of mothers who believe that independent thinking and working hard matter for either gender reduces the gender gap in risky behaviors, traditionally more prevalent among males, both in the short and medium run. We also find evidence of convergence in the labor market in early adulthood. Short- and medium-run results are driven by a reduction in males' engagement in risky behaviors; long-run results are driven by females' higher annual earnings and lower welfare dependency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Roos, Patricia & Lindsay Stevens (2018): Integrating occupations: Changing occupational sex segregation in the U.S. from 2000 to 2014. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 38, S. 127-154. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.5

Abstract

"Background:
Declining occupational sex segregation in the late 20th century helped to usher in unprecedented occupational and economic advancement for women. As the 21st century dawned, that advancement stalled.
Objective:
We examine how occupational integration occurred in the early decades of the 21st century by focusing on (1) the extent of occupational feminization and masculinization and (2) occupational succession. More broadly we examine how the representation of women in detailed occupational categories changed between 2000 and 2014, regardless of whether they were historically 'male' or 'female,' and how sociodemographic characteristics contributed to uneven shifts in occupational integration.
Methods:
We use Integrated Public Use Microdata Series data to estimate the percentage point female at the detailed occupation level, specifically the 5% census microdata sample for 2000, and two 1% American Community Survey (ACS) samples for 2013 and 2014.
Results:
Despite a stall in overall integration, there was much fluctuation within detailed occupations. Moreover, occupational inroads have been uneven in the post-2000 period. Women gained entry into the same types of professional and managerial occupations they entered between 1970 and 2000, especially in the health professions. Men increased their representation in lower-level, nonprofessional occupations.
Contribution:
Rather than focus solely on predominantly male or female occupations, we focus more broadly on how occupations feminize and masculinize. More occupations masculinized than previously. Moreover, those in feminizing occupations are more likely to be advantaged (e.g., white, citizens, and educated), while those in masculinizing occupations are more likely to be disadvantaged (e.g., black, Hispanic, and poor English speakers)." (Author's abstract, © Max-Planck-Institut für demographische Forschung) ((en))

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Ruby, Sophie & Sylka Scholz (2018): Care, care work and the struggle for a careful world from the perspective of the sociology of masculinities. In: Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, Jg. 43, H. 1, S. 73-83. DOI:10.1007/s11614-018-0284-z

Abstract

"Das Thema Fürsorge und Fürsorgearbeit wird in der feministischen Forschung sowohl theoretisch als auch empirisch oftmals mit dem weiblichen Geschlecht verbunden. In unserem Beitrag beschäftigen wir uns mit dem Aspekt, dass im Gegensatz zur feministischen Theorie in der Männlichkeitstheorie Care und Carework noch stark untertheoretisiert sind. So stellt zum Beispiel Vaterschaft und Care im Konzept der hegemonialen Männlichkeit weitgehend eine Leerstelle dar. Herausgearbeitet werden soll, in welcher Hinsicht Männer und die Konstruktion von Männlichkeiten von den aktuellen Umstrukturierungsprozessen vom Fordismus zum Postfordismus betroffen sind. Caring Masculinities gelten in der europäischen Männlichkeitspolitik als zentraler Weg zur Entwicklung nicht-dominanter Männlichkeiten. Erörtert wird, inwieweit es ein brauchbares theoretisches Konstrukt für die Forschung in diesem Feld sein kann." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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Sahoo, Soham & Stephan Klasen (2018): Gender segregation in education and its implications for labour market outcomes. Evidence from India. (IZA discussion paper 11660), Bonn, 52 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates gender-based segregation across different fields of study at the post-secondary level of schooling, and how that affects subsequent labour market outcomes of men and women. Using a nationally representative longitudinal data-set from India, we provide evidence that there is substantial intra-household gender disparity in the choice of study stream at the higher-secondary level of education. A household fixed effects regression shows that girls are 20 percentage points less likely than boys to study in technical streams, namely science (STEM) and commerce, vis-à-vis arts or humanities. This gender disparity is not driven by gender specific differences in mathematical ability, as the gap remains large and significant even after controlling for individuals' past test scores. Our further analysis on working-age individuals suggests that technical stream choice at higher-secondary level significantly affects the gender gap in labour market outcomes in adult life, including labour force participation, nature of employment, and earnings. Thus our findings reveal how gender disparity in economic outcomes at a later stage in the lifecourse is affected by gendered trajectories set earlier in life, especially at the school level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seron, Carroll, Susan Silbey, Erin Cech & Brian Rubineau (2018): "I am not a feminist, but. . .": Hegemony of a meritocratic ideology and the limits of critique among women in engineering. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 2, S. 131-167. DOI:10.1177/0730888418759774

Abstract

"Engineering is often described as an enduring bastion of masculine culture where women experience marginality. Using diaries from undergraduate engineering students at four universities, the authors explore women's interpretations of their status within the profession. The authors' findings show that women recognize their marginality, providing clear and strong criticisms of their experiences. But these criticisms remain isolated and muted; they coalesce neither into broader organizational or institutional criticisms of engineering, nor into calls for change. Instead, their criticisms are interpreted through two values central to engineering culture: meritocracy and individualism. Despite their direct experiences with sexism, respondents typically embrace these values as ideological justifications of the existing distributions of status and reward in engineering and come to view engineering's nonmeritocratic system as meritocratic. The unquestioned presumption of meritocracy and the invisibility of its muting effects on critiques resembles not hegemonic masculinity - for these women proudly celebrate their femininity - but a hegemony of meritocratic ideology. The authors conclude that engineering education successfully turns potential critics into agents of cultural reproduction. This article contributes to ongoing debates concerning diversity in STEM professions by showing how professional culture can contribute to more general patterns of token behavior - thus identifying mechanisms of cultural reproduction that thwart institutional change." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sparreboom, Theo (2018): Occupational segregation by hours of work in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 157, H. 1, S. 65-82. DOI:10.1111/ilr.12017

Abstract

"This paper quantifies levels of occupational segregation between full-time and part-time work and attempts to identify some of the determinants of this segregation. In the first part of the analysis, segregation between full-time and part-time work is measured for all workers as well as within sub-groups of the employed - men, women, youth and adults for 15 European countries, using data from the European Labour Force Survey. The extent to which segregation is driven by constituent sub-groups is also analysed. It is demonstrated that occupational segregation by hours of work is generally higher for males than for females, suggesting that part-time pay penalties may be more important for men than for women, and higher for young workers than for adult workers.
The remainder of the paper uses regression analysis across countries to identify factors which drive segregation by hours of work. Three groups of variables are considered that are related to (1) the quantity of work; (2) the quality of work; and (3) institutional factors. It is found that segregation by hours of work for sub-groups of the employed is driven by different factors. In particular, segregation for men is correlated with the volume of work, while variables from all three groups are important for adult women and young workers." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Strawinski, Pawel, Aleksandra Majchrowska & Paulina Broniatowska (2018): Occupational segregation and wage differences. The case of Poland. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 378-397. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0141

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relation between occupational segregation and the gender wage differences using data on three-digit occupational level of classification. The authors examine whether a statistically significant relation between the share of men in employment and the size of the unexplained part of the gender wage gap exists.
Design/methodology/approach: Traditional Oaxaca (1973) - Blinder (1973) decomposition is performed to examine the differences in the gender wage gaps among minor occupational groups. Two types of reweighted decomposition - based on the parametric estimate of the propensity score and non-parametric proposition presented by Barsky et al. (2002) - are used as the robustness check. The analysis is based on individual data available from Poland.
Findings: The results indicate no strong relation between occupational segregation and the size of unexplained differences in wages. The unexplained wage differences are the smallest in strongly female-dominated and mixed occupations; the highest are observed in male-dominated occupations. However, they are probably to a large extent the result of other, difficult to include in the econometric model, factors rather than the effects of wage discrimination: differences in the psychophysical conditions of men and women, cultural background, tradition or habits. The failure to take them into account may result in over-interpreting the unexplained parts as gender discrimination.
Research limitations/implications: The highest accuracy of the estimated gender wage gap is obtained for the occupational groups with a similar proportion of men and women in employment. In other male- or female-dominated groups, the size of the estimated gender wage gaps depends on the estimation method used.
Practical implications: The results suggest that decreasing the degree of segregation of men and women in different occupations could reduce the wage differences between them, as the wage discrimination in gender balanced occupations is the smallest.
Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study is one of the few conducted at such a disaggregated level of occupations, and one of few studies focused on Central and Eastern European countries and the first one for Poland." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Tophoven, Silke, Veronika Kretschmer, Richard Peter, Anita Tisch & Jean-Baptist du Prel (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und Gesundheit älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter. (IAB-Bibliothek 371), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 214 S. DOI:10.3278/300988w

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen im höheren Erwerbsalter ist in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Um sie auch künftig zu ermöglichen, ist das Wissen um die spezifische Situation dieser Gruppe, grade in Bezug auf gesundheitliche Aspekte, besonders wichtig. Die Dissertation bietet einen Überblick zu den Erwerbsverläufen und aktuellen Erwerbs- und Gesundheitssituationen älterer weiblicher Beschäftigter und untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen
- verschiedenen Erwerbsverlaufstypen und bisheriger Alterssicherung
- prekärer Beschäftigung und funktionaler Gesundheit
- der Tätigkeit in geschlechtersegregierten Berufen und depressiven Symptomen sowie
- Veränderungen der Arbeitsbedingungen und psychischer Gesundheit." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Torre, Margarita (2018): Stopgappers? The occupational trajectories of men in female-dominated occupations. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 45, H. 3, S. 283-312. DOI:10.1177/0730888418780433

Abstract

"This study examines the determinants of men's exit from female-dominated occupations. Using census data and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data set, the author analyzes the job history of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006. Supporting the theoretical model, evidence indicates a group of stopgappers - men entering female-dominated occupations and leaving soon after their entry, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of segregation in female settings. By identifying the stopgapper occupational trajectory, this article contributes to the development of a comprehensive theory accounting for the way structural inequality is reproduced." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tyrowicz, Joanna, Lucas van der Velde & Karolina Goraus (2018): How (not) to make women work? (IZA discussion paper 11639), Bonn, 50 S.

Abstract

"Women in developed economies have experienced an unparalleled increase in employment rates, to the point that the gap with respect to men was cut in half. This positive trend has often been attributed to changes in the opportunity costs of working (e.g. access to caring facilities) and the opportunity costs of not-working (notably, relative growth in wages in positions more frequently occupied by women, improved educational attainment). Meanwhile, the gender employment gaps were stagnant in transition economies. Admittedly, employment equality among genders was initially much higher in transition countries. We exploit this unique evidence from transition and advanced countries, to analyze the relationship between the institutional environment and the (adjusted) gender employment gaps. We estimate comparable gender employment gaps on nearly 1500 micro databases from over 40 countries. Changes in both types of the opportunity costs exhibited strong correlation with gender employment equality where the gap was larger, i.e. advanced economies. We provide some evidence that these results are not explained away by transition-related phenomena. We argue that the ob-served divergence in time trends reflects a level effect: the lower the gender employment gap, the lower the strength of the relationship between gender employment equality and the opportunity costs of working. An implication from our study is that the existing instruments might be insufficient to further reduce the gender employment gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))