Zitatform

Shurchkov, Olga & Alexandra V.M. van Geen (2019): Why female decision-makers shy away from promoting competition. In: Kyklos, Jg. 72, H. 2, S. 297-331. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12202

Abstract

"Incentivizing subordinates is a crucial task of anyone in a decision-making role. However, little is known about the mechanisms behind selection of different types of incentives. Our laboratory experiment characterizes the ways in which male and female decision-makers assign incentives, and how these choices are perceived by those affected by them. We find that women are significantly less likely to select 'competitive' incentives based on comparative performance of workers, particularly in the treatment where their workers can observe their gender. The results are not due to priming but are rather consistent with the explanation that women conform to gender stereotypes in anticipation of subsequent evaluation by workers. Indeed, female decision-makers are significantly underrated relative to comparable males, even after controlling for incentive choice and an extensive set of individual characteristics. The gender difference in competency ratings can be attributed to male workers rating female decision-makers disproportionately lower relative to their male counterparts. The gender gap in ratings appears to arise because of gender per se and not due to a differential impact of incentives on decision-makers' gender." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Yang, Yang, Nitesh V. Chawla & Brian Uzzi (2019): A network's gender composition and communication pattern predict women's leadership success. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Jg. 116, H. 6, S. 2033-2038. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1721438116

Abstract

"Many leaders today do not rise through the ranks but are recruited directly out of graduate programs into leadership positions. We use a quasi-experiment and instrumental-variable regression to understand the link between students' graduate school social networks and placement into leadership positions of varying levels of authority. Our data measure students' personal characteristics and academic performance, as well as their social network information drawn from 4.5 million email correspondences among hundreds of students who were placed directly into leadership positions. After controlling for students' personal characteristics, work experience, and academic performance, we find that students' social networks strongly predict placement into leadership positions. For males, the higher a male student's centrality in the school-wide network, the higher his leadership-job placement will be. Men with network centrality in the top quartile have an expected job placement level that is 1.5 times greater than men in the bottom quartile of centrality. While centrality also predicts women's placement, high-placing women students have one thing more: an inner circle of predominantly female contacts who are connected to many nonoverlapping third-party contacts. Women with a network centrality in the top quartile and a female-dominated inner circle have an expected job placement level that is 2.5 times greater than women with low centrality and a male-dominated inner circle. Women who have networks that resemble those of high-placing men are low-placing, despite having leadership qualifications comparable to high-placing women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zenger, Jack & Joseph Folkman (2019): Research: Women score higher than men in most leadership skills. In: Harvard Business Review.

Abstract

"In two articles from 2012 we discussed findings from our analysis of 360-degree reviews that women in leadership positions were perceived as being every bit as effective as men. In fact, while the differences were not huge, women scored at a statistically significantly higher level than men on the vast majority of leadership competencies we measured. We recently updated that research, again looking at our database of 360-degree reviews in which we ask individuals to rate each leaders' effectiveness overall and to judge how strong they are on specific competencies, and had similar findings: that women in leadership positions are perceived just as - if not more - competent as their male counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskonferenz (2019): Chancengleichheit in Wissenschaft und Forschung. 23. Fortschreibung des Datenmaterials (2017/2018) zu Frauen in Hochschulen und außerhochschulischen Forschungseinrichtungen. (Materialien der GWK 23 65), Bonn, 87, 21 S.

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Forschung und Innovation (2019): She figures 2018. (She figures), Brüssel, 215 S. DOI:10.2777/936

Abstract

"Equality between women and men is a core value of the European Union, actively promoted in all aspects of life by the European Commission. What is the situation in Research and Innovation? Are women participating and contributing to it to the same extent as men? Or is the so-called 'leaky pipeline', the phenomenon of women dropping out of research and academic careers at a faster rate than men, still prevalent?
The She Figures 2018 presents the latest available official statistics on the footprint of women in the research landscape. The data follow the 'chronological journey' of researchers, from graduating from higher education programmes to acquiring decision-making roles, while considering their working conditions and intellectual outputs. The publication highlights also the differences between women and men in all these respects.
Produced in close collaboration between the European Commission and the Statistical Correspondents of the EU Member States and Associated Countries, She Figures 2018 is recommended reading for policymakers, researchers and anybody with a general interest in these issues." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Enterprises globally recognize the imperative of having a gender diverse workplace, including the integral benefits of having women in top decision-making positions. Mounting evidence shows that achieving gender balance and diverse management teams at all levels deliver positive business outcomes.
The second edition of Women in business and management explores the business case for gender diversity in the workplace, women's representation at management and board level and the various success factors that drive enterprise behaviour for inclusion. The report adds to the growing body of evidence that shows many enterprises are actively pursuing initiatives to boost the number of women in their talent pool but also shows that these efforts alone are insufficient. Enterprises still need to translate their policies into concrete action and critically address gender diversity within their organizational culture." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2018): Schlusslicht Deutschland - Konzerne weltweit holen mehr Frauen ins Top-Management. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 11 S.

Abstract

"Deutschland ist Schlusslicht: Vergleicht man den Frauenanteil in den Vorständen der 30 führenden Börsenunternehmen in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Polen, den USA und Schweden, belegt Deutschland den letzten Platz. Die großen DAX-Unternehmen erreichen am 1. April 2018 nur einen Frauenanteil von 12 Prozent. Der Ländervergleich zeigt auch: Nicht die gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen, sondern die Einstellung der Unternehmen ist entscheidend dafür, dass Frauen ins Top-Management gelangen. Wenn Frauen und Vielfalt im Top-Management strategisch gewollt sind, steigt der Frauenanteil signifikant." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2018): Die Macht der Monokultur. Erst wenigen Börsenunternehmen gelingt Vielfalt in der Führung. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 19 S.

Abstract

"Der Zuwachs an Frauen in den Vorständen der 160 deutschen Börsenunternehmen war im vergangenen Jahr so gering, dass er in etwa dem gleichzeitigen Zuwachs an Männern entspricht, die Thomas heißen. An den Unternehmensspitzen dominiert eine männliche Monokultur, die sie nicht abzuschütteln vermögen: Thomas rekrutiert Thomas und der wiederum einen Thomas, der ihm sehr ähnlich ist; am 1. September 2018 sind 92 Prozent der Vorstandsmitglieder Männer. Von der Vielfalt in der deutschen Gesellschaft kommt in diesen Führungsetagen wenig an." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bennouri, Moez, Tawhid Chtioui, Haithem Nagati & Mehdi Nekhili (2018): Female board directorship and firm performance. What really matters? In: Journal of Banking and Finance, Jg. 88, H. March, S. 267-291. DOI:10.1016/j.jbankfin.2017.12.010

Abstract

"Using a sample of 394 French firms for the period of 2001 to 2010, we study the relationship between female directorship and firms' accounting (ROA and ROE) and market-based (Tobin's Q) performance. We find that female directorship significantly increases ROA and ROE, and significantly decreases Tobin's Q. We postulate that these relationships are affected by the attributes of female directors. To this end, we collect a set of nine different attributes of female directors capturing their monitoring capabilities and contribution to the board's human capital (demographic and board relational attributes). We find that the positive relationship between accounting performance and female directorship remains when we include these attributes, while the negative relationship between Tobin's Q and female directorship disappears. Interestingly, the different attributes of female directors do not uniformly affect accounting and market-based performance. We explain the different relationships between attributes and firm performance by the tradeoff between the benefits and costs of diversity on board effectiveness, particularly in a low investor protection environment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Biletta, Isabella, Jack Mullan, Agnès Parent-Thirion & Mathijn Wilkens (2018): Women in management. Underrepresented and overstretched? (Eurofound policy brief), Dublin, 18 S. DOI:10.2806/258320

Abstract

"Despite years of gender equality legislation, men outnumber women in management positions by two to one. While structural barriers continue to impede women's career advancement, women themselves may be deterred from becoming managers if they perceive that it would have a negative impact on their working and personal lives. What is the experience of women in management roles and how can their underrepresentation in management be addressed? These are the questions this policy brief seeks to answer by looking at the job quality of managers, both female and male, and the impact a management job has on personal life." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burow, Norma, Alexandra Fedorets & Anna Gibert (2018): Frauenanteil in Aufsichtsräten steigt, weitere Instrumente für die Gleichstellung gefragt. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 85, H. 9, S. 149-155.

Abstract

"Der Anteil von Frauen in Aufsichtsräten steigt bereits seit 2012 kontinuierlich - insbesondere in jenen Firmen, die seit 2016 die Geschlechterquote zu berücksichtigen haben, in geringerem Maße auch in den von der gesetzlichen Regelung nicht betroffenen Firmen. Die Umsetzung der Quote wurde hierbei nicht über eine hohe Anzahl an Mehrfachmandatierungen erreicht. Die Hoffnung, dass die Geschlechterquote auch über die Aufsichtsräte hinaus Veränderungen mit sich bringen kann, wird zumindest in der kurzen Frist nicht erfüllt. Ein paralleler Anstieg von Frauenanteilen in Vorständen oder im Gremienvorsitz ist nicht zu beobachten. Mögliche langfristige Effekte der Quote, etwa der Abbau von Vorurteilen gegenüber Frauen in Führungspositionen, sind noch nicht abschließend zu bewerten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Buschmann, Benjamin, Veronika Grimm, Debora Gärtner, Christopher Osiander & Gesine Stephan (2018): Wann würden Frauen für Tarifkommissionen kandidieren? Befunde aus einem faktoriellen Survey. In: Industrielle Beziehungen, Jg. 25, H. 3, S. 320-342., 2018-02-05. DOI:10.3224/indbez.v25i3.03

Abstract

"Verhandlungsergebnisse hängen unter anderem davon ab, ob Gruppen in Verhandlungen vertreten sind. Dies legt nahe, dass sich die geschlechtsspezifische Lohnlücke unter anderem durch eine stärkere Beteiligung von Frauen an Tarifkommissionen abbauen ließe. Mit Hilfe eines faktoriellen Surveys untersucht dieser Beitrag, wie wahrscheinlich es ist, dass Beschäftigte unter verschiedenen Umständen für eine Gehaltsverhandlungskommission kandidieren würden und welche Einflussmöglichkeiten sie im Fall einer Wahl für sich sehen würden. Frauen geben insgesamt deutlich seltener als Männer an, dass sie für eine Position in der Verhandlungskommission kandidieren würden. Ebenso erwarten sie im Mittel signifikant seltener, in den Verhandlungen etwas bewirken zu können. Dieser Geschlechterunterschied lässt sich durch persönliche und arbeitsplatzbezogene Merkmale der Befragten 'erklären', die aber teilweise wiederum selbst Ergebnis geschlechtsspezifischen Verhaltens sein dürften. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass vor allem Regelungen, die eine Anrechenbarkeit von Gremiensitzungen auf die Arbeitszeit festschreiben, dazu geeignet sein können, die Bereitschaft zur Mitarbeit zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Cuberes, David & Marc Teignier (2018): Macroeconomic costs of gender gaps in a model with entrepreneurship and household production. In: The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 1-15. DOI:10.1515/bejm-2017-0031

Abstract

"This paper examines the quantitative effects of gender gaps in entrepreneurship and workforce participation in an occupational choice model with a household sector and endogenous female labor supply. Gender gaps in workforce participation have a direct negative effect on market, while gender gaps in entrepreneurship affect negatively market output not only by reducing wages and labor force participation but also by reducing the average talent of entrepreneurs and aggregate productivity. We estimate the effects of these gender gaps for 37 European countries, as well as the United States, and find that gender gaps cause an average loss of 17.5% in market output and 13.2% in total output, which also includes household output. Interestingly, the total output loss would be similar (12%) in a model without household sector, since the market output loss is larger when the female labor supply is endogenous. Eastern Europe is the region with the lowest income fall due to gender gaps, while Southern Europe is the region with the largest fall. Northern Europe is the region with the largest productivity fall, which is due to the presence of high gender gaps in entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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De Paola, Maria, Francesca Gioia & Vincenzo Scoppa (2018): Teamwork, Leadership and Gender. (IZA discussion paper 11861), Bonn, 22 S.

Abstract

"We ran a field experiment to investigate whether individual performance in teams depends on the gender of the leader. About 430 students from an Italian University took an intermediate exam that was partly evaluated on the basis of teamwork. Students were randomly matched in teams of three and in each team we randomly chose a leader with the task of coordinating the work of the team. We find a positive and significant effect of female leadership on team performance. This effect is driven by the higher performance of team members in female led teams rather than due to an improvement in the leader's performance. We also find that, in spite of the higher performance of female led teams, male members tend to evaluate female leaders as less effective, whereas female members are more sympathetic towards them." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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De Paola, Maria, Michela Ponzo & Vincenzo Scoppa (2018): Are men given priority for top jobs? Investigating the glass ceiling in the Italian academia. In: Journal of Human Capital, Jg. 12, H. 3, S. 475-503. DOI:10.1086/698133

Abstract

"We investigate the gender gap in academic promotions, focusing on the Italian system, in which candidates first participate in a nationwide competition to obtain a scientific qualification and then successful candidates compete to obtain a position at the department level. We estimate the gender gaps in the probability of success at these two stages, controlling for several measures of productivity. Whereas no gender differences emerge at the national level, women have a lower probability of promotion at the department level. Robustness checks suggest that estimated gender gaps are not results of measurement errors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Green, Colin P. & Swarnodeep Homroy (2018): Female directors, board committees and firm performance. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 102, H. February, S. 19-38. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.12.003

Abstract

"A number of studies have found little economic impact of board gender diversity on firm performance. We return to this issue in the context of large European firms. Our contribution is twofold. First, using information on the gender of CEOs children as a source of exogenous variation in female director appointments, we demonstrate a robust positive effect of female board representation on firm performance. Second, while previous work has considered female representation broadly, we focus on membership of board committees as a proxy for active involvement in corporate governance. We demonstrate economically meaningful positive effects on performance of female representation on board committees. Our evidence is supportive of an economic rationale for increased female representation on corporate boards." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Haltiwanger, John, Henry Hyatt & Erika McEntarfer (2018): Who moves up the job ladder? In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 36, H. S1, S. S301-S336. DOI:10.1086/694417

Abstract

"In this paper, we use linked employer-employee data to study the reallocation of heterogeneous workers between heterogeneous firms. We build on recent evidence of a cyclical job ladder that reallocates workers from low-productivity to high-productivity firms through job-to-job moves. In this paper, we turn to the question of who moves up this job ladder and the implications for worker sorting across firms. Not surprisingly, we find that job-to-job moves reallocate younger workers disproportionately from less productive to more productive firms. More surprisingly, especially in the context of the recent literature on assortative matching with on-the-job search, we find that job-to-job moves disproportionately reallocate less educated workers up the job ladder. This finding holds even though we find that more educated workers are more likely to work with more productive firms. We find that while highly educated workers are less likely to match to low-productivity firms, they are also less likely to separate from them, with less educated workers more likely to separate to a better employer in expansions and to be shaken off the ladder (separate to nonemployment) in contractions. Our findings underscore the cyclical role job-to-job moves play in matching workers to better-paying employers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Holst, Elke & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Spitzengremien großer Unternehmen: Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte greift, in Vorständen herrscht beinahe Stillstand. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 85, H. 1/2, S. 3-17.

Abstract

"Die Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte in Deutschland greift: In den Kontrollgremien der gut 100 Unternehmen, die an die Quote gebunden sind, ist der Frauenanteil bis Ende 2017 auf durchschnittlich gut 30 Prozent gestiegen - das waren knapp drei Prozentpunkte mehr als im Jahr zuvor. Fast zwei Drittel der Unternehmen hatten mindestens 30 Prozent Frauen im Aufsichtsrat. In der Gruppe der umsatzstärksten 200 Unternehmen, in denen der Frauenanteil im Aufsichtsrat Ende vergangenen Jahres im Durchschnitt bei knapp einem Viertel lag, war dies hingegen nur bei 37,5 Prozent der Unternehmen der Fall. Auch ein europäischer Vergleich zeigt, dass Quotenregelungen wirken - insbesondere, wenn Sanktionen drohen. Für Vorstände gibt es in Deutschland bislang keine Geschlechterquote. Dort herrscht mittlerweile beinahe Stillstand: In den 200 umsatzstärksten Unternehmen lag der Anteil der Vorständinnen Ende 2017 weiterhin bei rund acht Prozent. Um nachhaltig mehr Frauen in Vorstände zu bringen, sollten die Unternehmen im eigenen Interesse ihren Pool potentieller Kandidatinnen zügig auf- und ausbauen. Diesen Erneuerungsprozess sollte die nächste Bundesregierung durch bessere Rahmenbedingungen unterstützen. Dazu zählt gegebenenfalls, die bislang freiwilligen Vorgaben für Frauen in hohen Führungspositionen zu verschärfen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Holst, Elke & Katharina Wrohlich (2018): Finanzsektor: Frauenanteile in Spitzengremien steigen langsamer als zu Beginn des Jahrzehnts. Geschlechterparität bleibt in weiter Ferne. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 85, H. 1/2, S. 18-32.

Abstract

"Der Frauenanteil in den Vorständen und Aufsichtsräten der 100 größten Banken in Deutschland ist im vergangenen Jahr jeweils leicht auf knapp neun beziehungsweise 23 Prozent gestiegen. Bei den 60 größten Versicherungen ist die Dynamik hingegen zum Erliegen gekommen: In beiden Gremien ging der Frauenanteil etwas zurück, auf gut neun beziehungsweise knapp 22 Prozent. Das DIW Berlin untersucht seit mittlerweile mehr als zehn Jahren, inwieweit Frauen in den Spitzengremien von Banken und Versicherungen vertreten sind. Einer Phase der Stagnation in den Jahren 2006 bis 2010 folgte anschließend bis 2014/2015 eine Zeit dynamischerer Zuwächse, bevor es anschließend größtenteils wieder langsamer bergauf ging. Eine lineare Fortsetzung der durchschnittlichen Entwicklung der vergangenen elf Jahre erscheint unwahrscheinlich, da die meisten Finanzunternehmen nach Erreichen der 30-Prozent-Zielmarke den Frauenanteil in Aufsichtsräten nicht weiter steigern. Forcieren könnte die Entwicklung eine Änderung der Unternehmenskultur. Hierzu gehören ambitionierte Ziele für mehr Frauen in Führungspositionen - auch unterhalb des Vorstands - und deren zeitnahe Umsetzung sowie eine modernere Unternehmensorganisation. So könnten neue Vorbilder entstehen und Geschlechterstereotypen abgebaut werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Krug, Gerhard, Jens Stegmaier & Antje Buche (2018): Are there negative consequences of workforce diversity? Investigating the effect of group faultlines on turnover and organizational performance. (SocArXiv Papers), 29 S. DOI:10.31235/osf.io/j9nc6

Abstract

"There is strong empirical evidence that workforce diversity is beneficial for organizations. The theoretical concept of faultlines stresses, however, that diversity can also have negative consequences. This is the case when the subgroups differ not just with regard to one characteristic but with regard to several characteristics simultaneously. This paper is the first to examine the negative consequences of faultlines with large-scale data on organizations in the public and private sector. Fixed-effects-regressions are used to investigate the impact of functional (working time, tenure, qualification) and demographic (age, gender, nationality) faultlines on turnover and organizational performance. We also consider the interaction between firm size and faultlines. Regarding turnover, we do not find the expected negative effects of demographic and only limited evidence for functional faultlines. The effects of demographic faultlines on performance, in turn, are negative for small organizations and become positive for organizations with more than 10 members." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))