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Gogescu, Fiona (2024): Mapping the distinct patterns of educational and social stratification in European countries. In: Journal of European Social Policy online erschienen am 26.04.2024. DOI:10.1177/09589287241240966

Abstract

"This article analyzes how educational and initial vocational training systems in Europe vary regarding the way in which they structure educational routes for pupils of different academic ability. The study uses cluster analysis to explore the degree of similarity between 25 European countries, including variables related to: stratification within compulsory education; vocational orientation; links between initial vocational education and the labor market; transitions from secondary education; stratification within tertiary education; and links between educational qualifications and labor market outcomes. I identify three clusters of countries that have distinct patterns of stratification. This article contributes to the literature on educational regimes and school-to-work transitions by adding countries from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and integrating multiple dimensions pertaining to the link between educational and social stratification. Thus, it develops a more encompassing representation of the architecture of educational pathways in different European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hansen, Jorgen & Nicolai Kristensen (2024): The bottom 20 percent: early career paths of youth with low grade point average. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics online erschienen am 09.04.2024. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12562

Abstract

"Across nations, large proportions of younger birth cohorts obtain no professional qualifications. Using rich administrative data from Denmark and a semi-structural dynamic approach, we analyze different policies targeted towards young people who leave grade 9 with a grade point average in the bottom quintile. We find that preparatory courses, offered to students who are unable to commence a qualifying degree, have no positive impact on future labor market outcomes. Further, unobserved heterogeneity is more important for this group than are cognitive skills. Our results show that education is a good option for many, but not for all." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bruin, Marieke, Vidmantas Tutlys, Meril Ümarik, Krista Loogma, Lina Kaminskiené, Inna Bentsalo, Terje Väljataga, Biruta Sloka & Ilze Buligina (2023): Participation and learning in Vocational education and training - a cross-national analysis of the perspectives of youth at risk for social exclusion. In: Journal of vocational education and training online erschienen am 24.11.2023, S. 1-22. 1-22. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2023.2283745

Abstract

"The article explores the experiences of youth at risk for social exclusion and is part of cross-national research involving Norway, Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia. 79 young people aged 16-29 who are at risk of becoming economically and socially marginalized were interviewed about circumstances that may support or hinder their participation and learning in VET. The study draws on sociocultural theory, emphasizing learning as participation in social practices. Thematic analyzes indicate that negative experiences in the past affect current participation in VET. In all countries, VET offers opportunities for participation for students at risk of social exclusion. However, vulnerable youth do not navigate the paths of social engagement well on their own. In the case of VET-students at risk for social exclusion, the mere development of knowledge and skills relevant for employment in the labor market does not suffice. VET institutions will need to facilitate students participation in learning communities. Building social capital for youth at risk through developing relationships that generate motivation, trust, and confidence enhances students opportunities for participation and subsequent learning. VET teachers and workplace supervisors will need guidance on how to develop the pedagogical competencies necessary to nurture social capital for students at risk for social exclusion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Li, Junmin & Matthias Pilz (2023): International transfer of vocational education and training: a literature review. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 75, H. 2, S. 185-218. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2020.1847566

Abstract

"The transferability of vocational education and training (VET) systems is a central issue within international comparative VET research. However, scholars working in related disciplines also focus on the international cooperation associated with VET. This literature review presents relevant findings from the field of VET research, but also from the fields of comparative political economy, comparative educational research, and international human resource management. It explores differences and parallels in research about policy transfer between these fields. For example, scholars working in the comparative political economy and educational sciences tend to focus on transfer activities at the systemic level, while those working in international human resource management tend to focus on regional management strategies, and scholars working in VET research focuses on successes and obstacles associated with cooperation. All of these features are interconnected, providing important insights into the transferability of VET systems. The following discussion begins by exploring the rationales underpinning different disciplinary perspectives on policy transfer in VET. Next, it reviews empirical research on the transfer of VET policies from different disciplinary perspectives. It concludes with a critical reflection on the transfer potential – and how scholars in all relevant disciplines stress the need for cultural sensitivity, adaption, and long-term planning when transferring policy from one country to another." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Michelsen, Svein, Håkon Høst, Regula Julia Leemann & Christian Imdorf (2023): Training agencies as intermediary organisations in apprentice training in Norway and Switzerland: general purpose or niche production tools? In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 522-542. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2021.1904437

Abstract

"In recent years Norway and Switzerland have introduced local training agencies (TAs), local intermediary organisations consisting of firms involved in apprentice training. In both countries, the starting point for the formation of the TA was roughly similar: enabling more firms to participate in apprentice training. Despite similar tasks, TAs have developed differently in the two countries. In Norway TAs have evolved as general-purpose tools in the governance of apprentice training while in Switzerland they are restricted to small niches. The article investigates these different outcomes using theories of intermediary organisations in the governance of collective skill formation systems at the local level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Morris, Katy (2023): Where DESO Disappears: Spatial Inequality and Social Stratification at Labour Market Entry. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 85-103. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcac027

Abstract

"At country-level, a host of evidence suggests there is a sizeable direct effect of social origin (DESO) on initial labour market outcomes, net of educational attainment. What is true at country-level is not always true below country-level, however. Using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel, we show that variable spatial opportunity structures moderate the size of DESO at labour market entry, such that there are places where DESO disappears. Social origins assume greater importance as local labour market conditions deteriorate: in weak local labour markets, non-graduates are approximately 16 percentage points less likely to find employment if their parents are care workers rather than secondary school teachers, while graduates typically obtain first jobs that are 7–9 ISEI points lower in status. These findings highlight the distinctive geography of social stratification processes at labour market entry and potentially beyond." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Szpakowicz, Dorota (2023): Problematising engagement with technologies in transitions of young people identified as 'Not in Education, Employment or Training' (NEET) in Scotland. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 26, H. 9, S. 1200-1218. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2022.2080538

Abstract

"Dominant debates and digital upskilling strategies in Scotland have been long underpinned by the notion that engagement with technologies can transform young people’s lives. This paper offers a critique of such dominant understandings and contributes to the scarce research on the impact of technologies on disadvantaged young people’s life chances. It reports on qualitative fieldwork exploring everyday lives, transitions and technology use amongst 22 NEET-identified Scottish young people aged 16–24, drawing on thinking tools from Bourdieu. Findings show that participants followed ‘accelerated’ transitions towards vocational pathways, whilst technologies played a liminal role in making occupational choices. Furthermore, processes underpinning the post-16 transitions policy field were found to strongly shape the young people’s trajectories, directing them towards the least valuable options in terms of work and training. Concurrently, uncertainties about how to navigate the realm of work and perform the self in relation to the labour force constituted a common feature of participants labouring subjectivities and these were reflected in the ways they used technologies while looking for opportunities. However, even when the young people acquired digital employability skills, these had little impact on their transitions as the old social divisions were a much stronger influence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"The transition to an environmentally sustainable, circular and climate-neutral economy has significant social, economic and employment impacts. Ensuring that all citizens obtain the necessary knowledge, competences, skills and attitudes to cope with these changes is vital to a socially-just transformation of the EU. Vocational education and training (VET) has a key role to play to help young people and adults develop skills so they can thrive in their careers and lives. The European Education Area Working Group on VET and the Green Transition enables technical exchanges and contributions to help countries implement the principles and objectives of the Council Recommendation on vocational education and training, and the Osnabrück Declaration. As part of its mandate, this Working Group has collected a set of inspiring practices from across Europe, presented in a Compendium. These are the key lessons from those practices." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Georg, Walter (2022): Internationalisierung, Akademisierung, Marginalisierung: Berufliche Bildung in Japan. In: S. Bohlinger, G. Scheiermann & C. Schmidt (Hrsg.) (2022): Berufsbildung, Beruf und Arbeit im gesellschaftlichen Wandel, S. 309-322. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-37897-4_19

Abstract

"In dem von Karin Büchter und Sonja Steier herausgegebenen Heft 4 (2020) der Zeitschrift „Bildung und Erziehung“, das dem Verhältnis von Allgemein- und Berufsbildung gewidmet ist, vertritt Dieter Münk eine wahrlich „steile“ These, die schon im Titel seines Beitrags zum Ausdruck kommt: „Komparative Wettbewerbsvorteile der Berufsbildung gegenüber der Allgemeinbildung“. Der Beitrag endet mit der Feststellung, „dass die berufliche Bildung gegenüber der Allgemeinbildung sowie auch gegenüber dem allgemeinbildenden Schulwesen national wie international […] seit den 1970er Jahren sehr deutlich an Gewicht gewonnen hat“ und dass gerade die Berufsbildung „als entscheidender Faktor für die internationale Wettbewerbsfähigkeit einer Volkswirtschaft betrachtet wird“ (Münk, Bildung und Erziehung 73:394–407, 2020: 403). Diese aus berufspädagogischer Sicht euphorisch-wohltuende Diagnose provoziert den Beobachter der japanischen Verhältnisse von Bildung und Berufsbildung zum Widerspruch, gilt das japanische Bildungswesen doch eher als Musterbeispiel für die Dominanz der Allgemeinbildung, die der Berufsbildung nur mehr eine Nebenrolle zuweist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer)

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Hervelin, Jérémy & Pierre Villedieu (2022): The Benefits of Early Work Experience for School Dropouts: Evidence from a Field Experiment. (THEMA working paper / Université de Cergy-Pontoise 2022-07), Cergy-Pontoise, 57 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates whether work experience gained through a subsidized job program can improve the employment prospects of young school dropouts. Relying on a correspondence study field experiment conducted in France, we find that the chances to be invited for a job interview are more than doubled (from 7.6 percent to 19.3 percent) when youths signal a one-year job-related experience in their résumé - either in the private or public sector; either certified or not - compared to youths who remained mainly inactive after dropping out from high school. We show that this effect is fairly stable across firm, contract or labor market characteristics, and also when testing another channel of application where resumes were sent spontaneously to firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Speckesser, Stefan & Lei Xu (2022): Return to apprenticeships: a comparison between existing apprentices and newly recruited apprentices. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 74, H. 1, S. 14-39. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpab003

Abstract

"In England, half of all apprentices are now of adult age. Most of them—and many of younger age, too—worked with their training firm for some time before starting their apprenticeship. In this article, we estimate the benefit of apprenticeship completion making the distinction between groups of newly recruited and existing staff. To deal with sources of endogeneity resulting from apprenticeship completion, we exploit an exogenous change in minimum duration of training affecting apprenticeship completion. Our findings show much higher benefits for new compared with existing staff. Also, increasing apprenticeship training only creates positive effects for new entrants, but not for existing workers. Therefore, policy should aim to refocus apprenticeships to be a mechanism of labour market entry combined with education to provide access to and acquire competences required for actual occupational roles, but not as a generic mechanism to train existing staff." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration (2022): Young Europeans: employment and social challenges ahead. (Employment and social developments in Europe : annual review 2022), Brüssel, 133 S. DOI:10.2767/229768

Abstract

"The exceptional response of solidarity to the COVID-19 pandemic has helped to mitigate some of the socio-economic impact of the crisis, keeping income inequality and poverty in the EU at bay. This year’s edition of the Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) confirms the tentative findings of the previous one in this respect and provides further insights on the recovery. Nevertheless, during the last two years, some groups - such as young people - were more affected than others. These inequalities risk to be reinforced by the consequences of Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, particularly given the recent price spikes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bellés-Obrero, Cristina & Emma Duchini (2021): Who Benefits from General Knowledge? In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 85. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102122

Abstract

"While vocational education is meant to provide occupational-specific skills that are directly employable, their returns may be limited in fast-changing economies. Conversely, general education should provide learning skills, but these may have little value at low levels of education. This paper contributes to this debate by exploiting a reform introduced in Spain in 1990 that postponed students' choice between these two educational pathways from age 14 to 16. To identify exogenous changes in this policy, we instrument its staggered implementation with pre-reform province shares of students in general education interacted with cohort fixed effects. Results indicate that, by shifting educational investment from vocational to general education after age 16, the reform improves occupational outcomes and wages. However, these positive effects are concentrated among middle to high-skilled individuals. In contrast, those who acquire only basic general education have worse long-term employment prospects than vocationally-trained individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Cefalo, Ruggero & Rosario Scandurra (2021): Territorial disparities in youth labour market chances in Europe. In: Regional Studies, Regional Science, Jg. 8, H. 1, S. 228-238. DOI:10.1080/21681376.2021.1925580

Abstract

"Comparative research on youth employment has mostly focused on differences between countries or regimes of youth transitions. The territorial differentiation below country level has been less explored, notwithstanding the potential impact on youth-life chances and the territorial cohesion of the European Union. This paper aims at deepening into the investigation of regional variations in patterns of youth labour market chances. To do this, we build on a composite indicator measuring regional youth labour market integration (YLMI) as a comprehensive measure of contextual fragilities (or strengths) of regional youth labour markets. We provide both comparative and longitudinal views over 15 years (2004–18). Furthermore, we explore the impact of contextual factors related to economic conditions, labour market and demographic trends on the regional patterns of youth integration in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Corrales-Herrero, Helena & Beatriz Rodriguez-Prado (2021): Measuring Youth Living Conditions in Europe: A Multidimensional Cross-Country Approach. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 155, H. 3, S. 1077-1117. DOI:10.1007/s11205-021-02608-8

Abstract

"Since the onset of the Great Recession, it could be argued that it is the young who have been hardest hit in their living conditions. This paper offers a comprehensive description of youth living conditions and how they evolved during the recession period. To do so, we develop a synthetic index combining the indicators proposed by experts in the dimensions of Education and Training, Employment and Entrepreneurship, and Social Inclusion, through a multi-criteria approach based on the double reference point method. This technique enriches the debate by shifting the focus to acceptable and desirable thresholds for each indicator and by overcoming limitations inherent in previous youth indexes that allow for total compensation between the indicators, whilst ignoring potential imbalances. Results show that, in a context of convergence in policy instruments across countries during the Great Recession, there was an improvement in education performance, whereas cross-country divergences in terms of youth labour market prospects and social inclusion increased. This evolution has led to a more complex picture which is characterized by greater polarization in the spatial distribution of youth living conditions, with two noticeable poles: north-central Europe as opposed to the south and east of Europe. Differences in institutional configurations in the fields of education and training, active labour market policies, employment protection legislation and welfare provision together with macroeconomic trends, particularly levels of demand for youth labour and fiscal resources, have played an important role in shaping European youth living conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Deng, Liuchun, Pravin Krishna, Mine Zeynep Senses & Jens Stegmaier (2021): Trade, Human Capital, and Income Risk. (IZA discussion paper 14953), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we empirically assess the causal links between trade and individual income risk and study the role that human capital plays in this relationship using a rich, worker-level, longitudinal data set from Germany spanning 1976 to 2012. Our estimates suggest substantial heterogeneity in labor income risk across workers in different entry cohorts and across workers with different levels of industry- and occupation-specific human capital. Our findings suggest that within-industry changes in imports and exports are causally related to income risk: Imports increase risk and exports decrease risk, and they do so in an economically significant manner. Importantly, we find there to be a complex interplay between human capital and the linkage between trade and risk: While, on average, individuals with higher levels of industry- or occupation-specific human capital experience lower income risk, a given increase in net-imports exposure in an industry increases risk for workers with higher levels of industry tenure more than it does for workers with lower levels of industry tenure. High levels of industry-specific human capital can be costly for workers in highly trade-exposed industries. By contrast, we find no evidence of any interaction between risk, industry trade exposure, and occupation-specific human capital." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gebel, Michael, Kseniia Gatskova & Tatiana Karabchuk (2021): Gender Differences Among Youth: Education to Job Transitions in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Tajikistan. In: T. Karabchuk, K. Kumo, K. Gatskova & E. Skoglund (Hrsg.) (2021): Gendering Post-Soviet Space. Demography, Labor Market and Values in Empirical Research, S. 49-71, 2020-06-01. DOI:10.1007/978-981-15-9358-1_3

Abstract

"Despite education expansion, decreasing fertility rate and economic progress, women still face labor market integration problems and labor market disadvantages compared to men around the world. This applies also to the region of the Caucasus and Central Asia (CCA) and especially to Muslim societies of the CCA region due to the general weak labor market attachment of women in Muslim countries. As gender inequalities emerge already quite early in the working life this chapter focuses on gender inequalities in the transition from education to work. The key research question is how strong gender inequality is among young people who are transiting from school to work in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. The nationally representative, retrospective life history data from the TEW-CCA “Youth Transitions Surveys” of Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Tajikistan 2017 are used to answer the research question. The gender inequality is described here in various aspects of the transition from education to work. First, the labor market inactivity decision is examined. Second, among those who are active in the labor market, it is investigated how much time it takes from the time of graduation until the moment of finding a first job. Third, the quality of the first job obtained is analyzed in terms of chances of getting access to formal sector jobs. Comparing results across the three countries will allow us to highlight cross-country similarities and differences that are expected because of the common past Soviet institutional legacy and varying economic and cultural conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer Nature Singapore Pte) ((en))

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Giret, Jean-Francois & Janine Jongbloed (2021): Young people not in employment, education or training (NEET): the role of basic competencies. (Training & employment 154), Marseille, 4 S.

Abstract

"A top priority for public policies at both national and European levels, young people who are not in employment, education or training (NEET) face a risk of exclusion that varies in intensity from country to country. While education level plays a central role in these situations, viewing them through the lens of basic competencies sharpens the focus. After all, the international data show that the same level of qualification does not guarantee the same level of competencies everywhere. How can these differences be explained? To what extent do these basic competencies protect young people from becoming not in employment, education or training regardless of their level of qualification?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Greve, Jane, Morten Saaby, Anders Rosdahl & Vibeke Tornhøj Christensen (2021): Uncertain occupational expectations at age 19 and later educational and labour market outcomes. In: Labour, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 163-191. DOI:10.1111/labr.12194

Abstract

"Many young people lack clear subjective occupational expectations. A concern is how they will perform later in life. We examine the impact of uncertain expectations at age 19 on education and labour market outcomes at age 30. We use the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000 survey conducted on a nationally representative sample of 15-year-olds, a follow-up survey in 2004, and administrative registry data from 2004–2014. We find that uncertain expectations are associated with low educational attainment and weak labour market attachment. This result applies mainly for young men and for young people from low socioeconomic backgrounds." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Heller, Sara B. & Judd B. Kessler (2021): The Effects of Letters of Recommendation in the Youth Labor Market. (NBER working paper 29579), Cambridge, Mass, 43 S. DOI:10.3386/w29579

Abstract

"Youth employment has been near historic lows in recent years, and racial gaps persist. This paper tests whether information frictions limit young people's labor market success with a field experiment involving over 43,000 youth in New York City. We build software that allows employers to quickly and easily produce letters of recommendation for randomly selected youth who worked under their supervision during a summer youth employment program. We then send these letters to nearly 9,000 youth over two years. Being sent a letter generates a 3 percentage point (4.5 percent) increase in employment the following year, with both employment and earnings increases persisting over the two-year follow-up period. By posting our own job advertisement, we document that while treatment youth do use the letters in applications, there is no evidence of other supply-side responses (i.e., no increased job search, motivation, or confidence); effects appear to be driven by the demand side. Labor market benefits accrue primarily to racial and ethnic minorities, suggesting frictions may contribute to racial employment gaps. But improved employment may also hamper on-time high school graduation. Additional evidence indicates that letters help improve job match quality. Results suggest that expanding the availability of credible signals about young workers—particularly for those not on the margin of graduating high school—could improve the efficiency of the youth labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pastore, Francesco, Claudio Quintano & Antonella Rocca (2021): The Duration of the School-To-Work Transition in Italy and in Other European Countries: A Flexible Baseline Hazard Interpretation. (IZA discussion paper 14832), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"Purpose: The Italian school-to-work transition (STWT) is astonishingly slow and long in comparison to the other EU countries. The aim of this paper is to analyze its determinants comparing the Italian case with Austria, Poland and the UK in a gender perspective. Design/methodology/ approach: The analysis is based on a Cox survival model with proportional hazard. The smoothed hazard estimates allow us to identify the non-linear path of the hazard function. Findings: We reckon that the actual length of the transition to a stable job is around 30 months. Conversely, it is less than one year in the other countries. Women are particularly penalized, despite being on average more educated than men. Attaining a tertiary degree or a vocational path of education at high secondary school strongly increases the hazard rate. The smoothed hazard estimates support the hypothesis of positive duration dependence at the beginning of the transition and slightly negative thereafter. Practical implications: Stimulating economic growth and investing in education and training are important pre-conditions for shortening the transition. Originality: Despite the duration of the STWT is one of the most important indicators to measure the efficiency of the STWT, it is not easy to measure. The authors build on their previous research work on this topic, but relaxing the assumption of a monotonic hazard rate and using the flexible baseline hazard approach to test for the existence of non-linear duration dependence. Furthermore, they extend the analysis by including student-workers who attended a vocational path of education, in order to detect its effectiveness in allowing young people finding a job sooner." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pastore, Francesco, Claudio Quintano & Antonella Rocca (2021): Some young people have all the luck! The duration dependence of the school-to-work transition in Europe. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 70, S. 1-18. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.101982

Abstract

"This paper provides sound, comparative empirical evidence on the duration of the school-to-work-transition (STWT) across 14 European countries using information available in the EU-SILC database. We define the duration of the STWT as the time needed for young people to secure their first regular job (at least six months) after completing their studies. We highlight the existence of dramatic inequality both across and within countries, namely by education level. The duration ranges on average from 13 (UK) to 34 months (Italy) and the gap still remains after 10 years. We then study the determinants of the duration by means of parametric survival models, with the distribution of hazard rates for finding a regular job being proxied by a Weibull distribution, which reveals the best fit based on a number of statistical tests. We test for omitted heterogeneity by means of the frailty survival model and find consistent evidence of positive duration dependence, suggesting that, as times passes, young people increase their hazard rate for finding a regular job as soon as they gain work experience and accumulate work-related competences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))

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Scandurra, Rosario, Ruggero Cefalo & Yuri Kazepov (2021): School to work outcomes during the Great Recession, is the regional scale relevant for young people’s life chances? In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 441-465. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1742299

Abstract

"The debate on territorial cohesion and spatial inequality recognises the role and influence different scales have on individuals’ opportunities with extended effects especially for young people’s life chances. In particular, a regional perspective into territorial disparities of socio-economic conditions and welfare in Europe provides a more fine-grained view on the existence of territorially diverging income and labour market conditions for youth that a national level analysis is not able to grasp. This paper focus on regional differences in school to work outcomes of young people using macro-panel data covering the period from 2005 until 2016. We use a plurality of indicators to study to what extent school to work transitions are better studied at regional level and to characterise those transitions in a more comprehensive way. Our findings demonstrate that there are huge differences both in the level and in the dispersion of young people’s school to work outcomes across European territories. This tells us that the allegedly assumed national homogeneity of transition systems can definitely not be taken for granted. Moreover, we show that the Great Recession had strong but differentiated impacts at regional level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Struffolino, Emanuela & Camilla Borgna (2021): Who is really 'left behind'? Half a century of gender differences in the school-to-work transitions of low-educated youth. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 24, H. 2, S. 162-185. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2020.1713308

Abstract

"At a time of growing expectations about educational attainment, young people who did not complete upper-secondary schooling can easily be "left behind" to face risks of social exclusion. Being able to make a rapid and successful transition into a first significant job is crucial for long-term labor-market attachment. We approach the question of continuity or change in school-to-work transitions by comparing the experiences of four birth cohorts of early school leavers in Italy, where they still constitute a sizeable group as of today. Italy makes for an interesting case study due to the length of school-to-work transitions and the extent of gender differences in this phase. In an era of educational expansion and increased female activation, studying changes in low-educated women's labor-market access brings into focus the question of who is really left behind. Using data from the 2009 "Multi-purpose Survey on Household and Social Subjects", we use discrete time logistic regression models to estimate the probability of transitioning to the first significant job for early school leavers born between 1954 and 1993. We find that gender differences are strikingly persistent across birth cohorts, even after controlling for sociodemographic variables as well as for time-varying fertility and partnership histories." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalleberg, Arne L. (2020): Labor Market Uncertainties and Youth Labor Force Experiences: Lessons Learned. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 688, H. 1, S. 258-270. DOI:10.1177/0002716220913861

Abstract

"Labor market uncertainties have plagued all countries in recent years, but young workers have borne the brunt of these uncertainties. Liberalization of labor markets has transformed work, creating a variety of nonstandard employment relations as well as increasing the number of people who do not have traditional employers. Macro social, political, and economic forces have also made it harder for young adults to gain solid footholds in the labor market. The articles in this issue of The ANNALS present empirical evidence about labor market uncertainties and youth labor force experiences from diverse regions of the world, both in the Global North and Global South: Asia (China, South Korea, Hong Kong, Caucasus and Central Asia); Latin/South America (Mexico, Brazil); Eastern Europe (Lithuania); Western Europe; and the United States. In this epilogue, I summarize the main insights from the articles and draw some broader conclusions about the future of labor market policies to address concerns related to workers? insecurities and uncertainties." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Neyt, Brecht, Dieter Verhaest & Stijn Baert (2020): The impact of dual apprenticeship programs on early labour market outcomes. A dynamic approach. In: Economics of Education Review, Jg. 78. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2020.102022

Abstract

"This study examines the impact of enrolling into dual apprenticeship programmes during secondary education on six early employment outcomes. Our contribution to the literature is threefold. First, we apply a method that has rarely been used in this literature to control for potential selection biases. Second, this method allows us to distinguish between the programmes' direct effect (conditional on educational achievement) and indirect effect (via educational achievement) on labour market outcomes. Third, we examine the impact of two distinct dual apprenticeship programmes in a novel setting: Flanders (Belgium). We find evidence for short-term labour market advantages only for the programme with the most days of on-the-job training, which fade out quickly over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Niemi, Anna-Maija & Markku Jahnukainen (2020): Educating self-governing learners and employees: studying, learning and pedagogical practices in the context of vocational education and its reform. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 23, H. 9, S. 1143-1160. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1656329

Abstract

"The present article considers pedagogical practices and learning, students' assumed self-governing, and the need for educational support in relation to students' wish to receive proper teaching and guidance and to become well educated. The analysis is based on an ethnographic study in one vocational school in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. The research interest is in how the narratives of the students and the episodes documented in the field recount the ethos of the current vocational education reform. We ask: (1) How are pedagogical practices organised and how do the students recount their studies, teaching and support for learning?; (2) How do the narratives on both education and working life practices relate to the discourse on self-governing? The research data consists of the fieldnotes on 27 school days and transcribed interviews and group interviews with the students, teachers and other educators. This study shows that in the school's practices, the education policy objectives of ideal student as self-governing and autonomous are in conflict with the lack of teachers' time and attention for the students. The analysis makes evident the significance of educational support and the school's social aspect. It also suggests that emphasising self-governing does not meet the everyday life of young people and educators, and it actually produces resistance in the school and workplace contexts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sargsyan, Marine & David Cairns (2020): Home or away? Pathways to employment for the highly qualified in Armenia after the Velvet Revolution. In: Young. Nordic Journal of Youth Research, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 259-274. DOI:10.1177/1103308819861793

Abstract

"In this article, we take a look at transitions to employment in Armenia for the highly qualified, focusing on students and graduates. Theoretically, we acknowledge the importance of insights from prior research, including the idea of the transition-to-work as a journey, with our research questions aimed at highlighting specific challenges facing Armenian youth following spatialized and sedentary transition pathways; moving abroad for work and entering the local labour market respectively. As evidence, we make use of interviews conducted with 51 young Armenians in the months that followed the Velvet Revolution of 2018. Discussion highlights factors that inhibit highly qualified youth from finding jobs at home, including perceptions of corruption in the workplace, difficulties associated with entering foreign labour markets and the salience of recent political events." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schoon, Ingrid (2020): Navigating an Uncertain Labor Market in the UK: The Role of Structure and Agency in the Transition from School to Work. In: The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Jg. 688, H. 1, S. 77-92. DOI:10.1177/0002716220905569

Abstract

"This article reviews the evidence on young people in the UK making the transition from school to work in a changing socioeconomic climate. The review draws largely on evidence from national representative panels and follows the lives of different age cohorts. I show that there has been a trend toward increasingly uncertain and precarious employment opportunities for young people since the 1970s, as well as persisting inequalities in educational and occupational attainment. The joint role of social structure and human agency in shaping youth transitions is discussed. I argue that current UK policies have forgotten about half of the population of young people who do not go to university, by not providing viable pathways and leaving more and more young people excluded from good jobs and employment prospects. Recommendations are made for policies aimed at supporting the vulnerable and at provision of career options for those not engaged in higher education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tobback, Ilse, Dieter Verhaest & Stijn Baert (2020): Student Access to Apprenticeships: Evidence from a Vignette Experiment. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 59, H. 3, S. 435-465. DOI:10.1111/irel.12258

Abstract

"We identify the causal effects of student characteristics on the likelihood of being hired for an apprenticeship and explore the mechanisms underlying the employer’s decision. To this end, we perform a vignette experiment among human resources professionals in Belgium, focusing on less-qualified youth. Our results indicate that students with favorable educational records and students revealing being motivated are more likely to obtain an apprenticeship. Furthermore, we find that these characteristics are used by human resources professionals as signals of trainability, employability, and quit intentions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Von Wachter, Till (2020): The Persistent Effects of Initial Labor Market Conditions for Young Adults and Their Sources. In: The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 168-194. DOI:10.1257/jep.34.4.168

Abstract

"Unlucky young workers entering the labor market in recessions suffer a range of medium- to long-term consequences. This paper summarizes the findings of the growing empirical literature on this subject and uses it to assess economic models of career development. The literature finds large initial effects on earnings, labor supply, and wages that tend to fade after ten to fifteen years in the labor market, and that are accompanied by changes in occupation, job mobility, and employer characteristics. Adverse initial labor market entry also has persistent effects on a range of social outcomes, including timing and completed fertility, marriage and divorce, criminal activities, attitudes, and risky alcohol consumption. There is also evidence that early exposure to depressed labor market lowers health and raises mortality in middle age, patterns accompanied by a reopening of earnings gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wright, Laura, Wolfgang Lehrmann & Alison Taylor (2020): 'If you want to have a future and a life, do an apprenticeship': The expectations and realities of tradesmen's transition to adulthood. In: Journal of youth studies, Jg. 23, H. 6, S. 745-764. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2019.1636947

Abstract

"Apprenticeship programs are promoted to facilitate youth's transition from school-to-work, especially for those who might not otherwise attend postsecondary education. These programs may help youth achieve other markers of adulthood earlier. In this paper, we draw on qualitative interviews with Canadian young men in the skilled trades to explore whether they believe their educational choices have given them an advantage in their transition to adulthood. We also draw from the 2011 GSS, a nationally representative survey, and Cox modeling to examine three early adult transitions - home-leaving, first union, and first marriage - to determine if apprenticeship programs facilitate earlier transitions compared to other educational streams. Our respondents expressed that they transitioned to adulthood more quickly than their peers, due to early employment and avoiding student debt, however, many also had trouble finding stable employment and often took on debt related to their training. Using nationally representative data, we find tradesmen tend to leave home earlier than their peers, they form first unions at younger ages but marry slightly later than their more highly educated counterparts. Our results contribute to our understanding of how apprenticeship programs in Canada facilitate transitions to adulthood among a recent cohort of young men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zenner-Höffkes, Lea J. B. (2020): Das Klagelied vom schlechten Bewerber. Historische Wurzeln und aktuelle Bezüge der Diskussion um mangelnde Ausbildungsreife in Deutschland und England im Vergleich. (Internationale Berufsbildungsforschung), Wiesbaden: Imprint: Springer VS, XXI, 368 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-31517-7

Abstract

"Das Buch liefert in internationaler wie historischer Perspektive empirische Befunde für die Beantwortung der Frage, ob Ausbildungsreife ein interessenpolitisch genutztes Konstrukt darstellt und ob ein Zusammenhang der genutzten Narrative mit der Lage auf dem Ausbildungsstellenmarkt besteht. Während die Frage für den deutschen Kontext bejaht werden kann, wird sie für den englischen Kontext verneint. Die Ergebnisse zeigen somit eine hohe Abhängigkeit der nationalen Diskurse von den länderspezifischen Rahmenbedingungen. Dr. Lea J. B. Zenner-Höffkes ist Lehrerin an einem Berufskolleg. Sie promovierte im Fach Wirtschaftspädagogik an der Universität zu Köln und war dort am Lehrstuhl für Wirtschafts- und Sozialpädagogik als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin tätig. Ihr Forschungsschwerpunkt bildet die International Vergleichende Berufsbildungsforschung." (Verlagsangaben)

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Šćepanović, Vera & Antonio Martin Artiles (2020): Dual training in Europe: a policy fad or a policy turn? In: Transfer, Jg. 26, H. 1, S. 15-26. DOI:10.1177/1024258919898317

Abstract

"Seit Beginn der globalen Finanzkrise ist in Europa erneut ein verstärktes Interesse am dualen System der beruflichen Bildung entstanden. Die EU selbst hat ihren Mitgliedern nachdrücklich die Vorteile dieses Systems dargelegt und finanzielle und organisatorische Unterstützung bei der Einführung der Lehrlingsausbildung in ihre Bildungssysteme zugesagt. Zwar wird das duale System der beruflichen Bildung allgemein als ein bewährtes Modell angesehen, um jungen Erwachsenen den Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt zu erleichtern, gleichzeitig erfordert diese Form des Kompetenzerwerbs aber auch einen hohen Aufwand an Koordination nicht nur zwischen den Schulen und den Unternehmen, die diese Ausbildung übernehmen, sondern auch zwischen den Unternehmen selbst und zwischen den Arbeitgeberorganisationen und den Gewerkschaften. In der vorliegenden Einleitung beschreiben wir, dass die EU zwar erfolgreich für die Einführung der dualen beruflichen Bildung in allen Ländern der Europäischen Union geworben hat, die Umsetzung dieses Modells jedoch auf sehr unterschiedliche Weise erfolgt ist. Das ist teilweise auf die bereits bestehenden Unterschiede in den vorhandenen organisatorischen Strukturen zurückzuführen, aber ebenso auf die permanenten demographischen, technologischen und institutionellen Veränderungen, die zum Teil durch die europäische Integration selbst verursacht werden und sich negativ auf die Motivation von Unternehmen auswirken, eine entsprechende Ausbildung anzubieten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2020): Bildung auf einen Blick 2020. OECD Indikatoren. (Bildung auf einen Blick. OECD-Indikatoren), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 582 S. DOI:10.3278/6001821nw

Abstract

"Bildung auf einen Blick 2020 hat u. a. einen Schwerpunkt auf der beruflichen Ausbildung. Untersucht wurden die Teilnahme an beruflicher Bildung in den verschiedenen Bildungsbereichen, die Arbeitsmarktergebnisse und sozialen Auswirkungen für Absolventen beruflicher Ausbildungsgänge sowie die in berufsbildende Bildungseinrichtungen investierten Human- und Finanzressourcen. Zwei neue Indikatoren zu den unterschiedlichen Systemen der beruflichen Bildung weltweit und den Erfolgsraten im Sekundarbereich II runden die Analyse ab. Außerdem gibt es erneut ein separates Kapitel zu SDG 4, dem vierten Ziel für nachhaltige Entwicklung der Agenda 2030, in dem auch die Qualität und Teilnahme im Sekundarbereich II untersucht wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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International Labour Office (2020): Global employment trends for youth 2020. Technology and the future of jobs. (Global employment trends for youth ...), Genf, 184 S.

Abstract

"Incorporating the most recent labour market information available, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment and unemployment. The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available to young people. It focuses on shifts in job characteristics, sectors and skills, as well as examining the impact of technological change on inequalities in youth labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Curry, Matthew, Irma Mooi-Reci & Mark Wooden (2019): Parental joblessness and the moderating role of a university degree on the school-to-work transition in Australia and the United States. In: Social science research, Jg. 81, H. July, S. 61-76. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.03.004

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Hvinden, Bjørn, Jacqueline O'Reilly & Christer Hyggen (Hrsg.) (2019): Negotiating early job insecurity well-being, scarring and resilience of European youth. Cheltenham: Elgar, 264 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118798

Abstract

"Offering new knowledge and insights into European job markets, this book explores how young men and women experience job insecurity. By combining analysis of original data collected through a variety of innovative methods, it compares the trajectories of early job insecurity in nine European countries. Focusing on the ways in which young adults deal with this by actively increasing their chances of getting a job through a variety of methods, as the book shows how governmental policies can be altered to reduce early job insecurity." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hvinden, Bjørn, Christer Hyggen, Mi A. Schoyen & Tomá¿ Sirovátka (Hrsg.) (2019): Youth unemployment and job insecurity in Europe. Problems, risk factors and policies. Cheltenham: Elgar, 272 S. DOI:10.4337/9781788118897

Abstract

"Providing original insights into the factors causing early job insecurity in European countries, this book examines its short- and long-term consequences. It assesses public policies seeking to diminish the risks to young people facing prolonged job insecurity and reduce the severity of these impacts. Based on the findings of a major study across nine European countries, this book examines the diverse strategies that countries across the continent use to help young people overcome employment barriers." (Publisher information, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lorentzen, Thomas, Olof Bäckman, Ilari Ilmakunnas & Timo Kauppinen (2019): Pathways to adulthood: Sequences in the school-to-work transition in Finland, Norway and Sweden. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 141, H. 3, S. 1285-1305. DOI:10.1007/s11205-018-1877-4

Abstract

"Research on youth transitions often follows the lines of classic welfare state typologies. Thus, given the institutional similarities, the transition from youth to adulthood in the Nordic countries has often been considered a specific type of trajectory. However, little research exists on how country differences within the Nordic cluster shape young people's pathways from education to work. Thus, little is known about intra-Nordic variations caused by national labour market regulations and social safety nets (e.g. parental insurance, public day care and unemployment security). In this article, we use sequence analysis to examine the transition process from school to work in Finland, Norway and Sweden and to find how these processes are linked to family formation patterns. The results indicate that Finland, Norway and Sweden to a great extent share the same general types of school-to-work trajectories. The role of family establishment in workforce entry trajectories, on the other hand, differs in some respects. There is a very strong link between early parenthood among Finnish women and trajectories leading to labour market exclusion. This is interpreted in light of the Finnish labour market and family policy." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Passaretta, Giampiero & Maarten H. J. Wolbers (2019): Temporary employment at labour market entry in Europe. Labour market dualism, transitions to secure employment and upward mobility. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 382-408. DOI:10.1177/0143831X16652946

Abstract

"This article focuses on school-leavers who enter employment with a temporary contract in the European context, and examines their probabilities to shift to standard employment or unemployment, and their chances of occupational mobility afterwards. The authors argue that two institutional dimensions of insider - outsider segmentation drive the career progression after a flexible entry: the gap between the regulation of permanent and temporary contracts and the degree of unionization. The analyses show that a disproportionate protection of permanent compared to temporary contracts increases the probability of remaining on a fixed-term contract, whereas the degree of unionization slightly decreases the chance of moving to jobs with higher or lower socio-economic status. Finally, a shift to permanent employment after a fixed-term entry is more often associated with occupational upward mobility in strongly rather than weakly unionized labour markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schwandt, Hannes & Till M. von Wachter (2019): Unlucky cohorts: Estimating the long-term effects of entering the labor market in a recession in large cross-sectional data sets. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 37, H. S1, S. S161-S198. DOI:10.1086/701046

Abstract

"This paper studies the differential persistent effects of initial economic conditions for labor market entrants in the United States from 1976 to 2015 by education, gender, and race using labor force survey data. We find persistent earnings and wage reductions, especially for less advantaged entrants, that increases in government support only partly offset. We confirm that the results are unaffected by selective migration and labor market entry by also using a double-weighted average unemployment rate at labor market entry for each birth cohort and state-of-birth cell based on average state migration rates and average cohort education rates from census data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wößmann, Ludger (2019): Facing the life-cycle trade-off between vocational and general education in apprenticeship systems. An economics-of-education perspective. In: Journal for educational research online, Jg. 11, H. 1, S. 31-46.

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Rolle berufsspezifischer Bildung, insbesondere im Rahmen der dualen Berufsausbildung, in der Vorbereitung von Schülern auf den Arbeitsmarkt unter besonderer Berücksichtigung einer Lebenszyklusperspektive in einer sich verändernden Wirtschaft. Die Grundidee besteht darin, dass berufsspezifische Bildung den Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt erleichtert, im späteren Leben aber aufgrund von begrenzter Anpassungsfähigkeit an das sich wandelnde wirtschaftliche Umfeld die Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten behindern kann. Wir fassen Evidenz über die sich verändernden Effekte berufsspezifischer Bildung über den Lebenslauf aus den internationalen Erwachsenentests IALS und PIAAC sowie länderspezifische Ergebnisse zusammen. Darauf aufbauend werden Politikimplikationen für Elemente eines zukunftsorientierten Bildungssystems diskutiert, mit einem besonderen Fokus auf die duale Berufsbildung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bornhofen, Achim Johannes, Linda Borrs & Michael Moritz (2018): Die binationale Berufsausbildung im bayerisch-tschechischen Grenzraum - ein Zukunftsmodell für Nachbarstaaten? (IAB-Forschungsbericht 07/2018), Nürnberg, 75 S.

Abstract

"Seit 2012 werden im Rahmen eines grenzüberschreitenden Berufsausbildungsmodells tschechische Schülerinnen und Schüler der Berufsschule Domazlice gemeinsam mit der Berufsschule im Landkreis Cham ausgebildet. Die Herausforderung liegt in der Verbindung der unterschiedlichen Berufsausbildungssysteme von Tschechien (schulisch) und Deutschland (dual). Das Programm verbindet diese, indem der tschechische Lehrplan um einige wenige Unterrichtsmodule erweitert wird. Diese umfassen die Vermittlung von berufsbezogenen Kenntnissen an einer deutschen Berufsschule, die Erweiterung der Deutschkenntnisse sowie zwei Praktika in bayerischen Unternehmen. Der erfolgreiche Ausbildungsabschluss wird durch ein Zertifikat der Industrie- und Handelskammer (IHK) dokumentiert. Partner dieses Projekts sind die Berufsschule Domazlice, die Berufsschule im Landkreis Cham, die IHK Regensburg für Oberpfalz/Kelheim, die Agentur für Arbeit Schwandorf und der Landkreis Cham.
Ziel dieses vom Institut für Arbeitsmarkt- und Berufsforschung (IAB) und der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg durchgeführten wissenschaftlichen Vorhabens ist die Untersuchung des Ausbildungsprojekts hinsichtlich seiner Mehrwerte für die Absolventen, hinsichtlich der Probleme und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten, welche die Projektbeteiligten, also Auszubildende, Lehrkräfte und Betriebe, genannt haben und der Bedeutung des Programms für den grenzüberschreitenden Arbeitsmarkt. Mit dieser Arbeit soll darüber hinaus auch der Modellcharakter des Projekts für eine binationale Berufsausbildung und die Übertragbarkeit auf andere Grenzregionen geprüft werden. Die Bearbeitung dieser Aufgabenstellung erfolgte im Rahmen einer Masterarbeit im Zeitraum von Mai bis September 2017. Neben der Auswertung quantitativer Arbeitsmarktdaten waren für die Erstellung der Arbeit mehrere Gesprächstermine mit vielen Beteiligten vor Ort erforderlich, insbesondere an den Berufsschulen Cham und Domazlice sowie bei bayerischen Betrieben und Institutionen.
Das zentrale Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist, dass sich durch das grenzüberschreitende Ausbildungsprogramm zahlreiche neue Perspektiven sowohl für die Auszubildenden als auch die Betriebe eröffnen. Beide können durch das Programm die vorhandenen Potenziale auf dem Arbeitsmarkt besser nutzen. Durch den Erwerb der Zusatzqualifikation wird den tschechischen Berufsschülerinnen und -schülern der Einstieg in den deutschen und tschechischen Arbeitsmarkt erleichtert. Anhand staatlich anerkannter Zertifikate kann überregional ein einheitlicher Ausbildungsstandard, unabhängig von der nationalen Ausbildung, erreicht werden. Davon profitieren nicht nur Unternehmen auf bayerischer Seite, auch deutschen Firmen in Tschechien stehen dadurch zusätzliche qualifizierte Fachkräfte mit einem bekannten Ausbildungszertifikat zur Verfügung. Darüber hinaus trägt das Programm zum kulturellen Austausch bei. Auch wenn an einigen Stellen Verbesserungsbedarfe identifiziert werden konnten, kann das Programm nicht nur dem Fachkräftemangel in der Region entgegenwirken, sondern auch als zukünftiges Modell für andere Grenzräume dienen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dietrich, Hans, Annie Tubadji, Brigitte Schels, Anette Haas, Ioanna Tsoka, Vasilis Angelis & Katerina Dimaki (2018): Youth unemployment and the transition from school to work in Germany and Greece. In: F. E. Caroleo, O. Demidova, E. Marelli & M. Signorelli (Hrsg.) (2018): Young people and the labour market : a comparative perspective, S. 127-157.

Abstract

"In summary, the current chapter presents a descriptive analysis and logistic regression models with average marginal effects presented for Greece and Germany. Based on the extensive micro-level data sets of the Eurostat Labour Force Survey, the analysis explores young people's unemployment risk in Germany and Greece. In contrast to the literature, where unemployment in the youth stage (below the age of 25) is used, here, individuals' first five years on the labour market are addressed." (Excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dorsett, Richard & Paolo Lucchino (2018): Young people's labour market transitions. The role of early experiences. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 54, H. October, S. 29-46. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2018.06.002

Abstract

"We use UK longitudinal survey data to model young people's transitions between employment, unemployment, education and a residual category made up of those neither in education nor economically active. Transitions from employment are shown to exhibit negative duration dependence regardless of destination, while transitions from unemployment only do so when the destination is employment. The results suggest the nature and length of males' preceding spells affect transitions from unemployment to employment but that this is not the case for females. The combination of modelled effects is captured through simulations. These show that, for both males and females, a period neither in education nor economically active has more damaging long-term consequences for future employment than a period of unemployment." (Author's abstract, © 2018 Elsevier) ((en))

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Galam, Roderick G. (2018): An exercise in futurity: servitude as pathway to young Filipino men's education- to-work transition. In: Journal of Youth Studies, Jg. 21, H. 8, S. 1045-1060. DOI:10.1080/13676261.2018.1442920

Abstract

"This article examines how young Filipino men looking to work in international seafaring deploy servitude as a means of attaining education-to-work transition. It focuses on those applying to work for free as 'utility men' (gofer or flunkey) in Manila's manning and crewing agencies that supply seafarers to ship operators around the world in exchange for the promise of boarding a ship. Based on participant observation and life history interviews, the article accounts for how they transform their servitude into diskarte - strategy by which they navigate the limited employment opportunities in the Philippines - by constructing their 'utility manning' as an informal and negotiated pathway to employment. The young Filipino men's seeking and enduring servitude, geared towards gleaning better social possibilities, becomes a profoundly rational act of investing in and securing their future." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haaland, Venke Furre (2018): Ability matters: Effects of youth labor-market opportunities on long-term labor-market outcomes. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 120, H. 3, S. 794-825. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12248

Abstract

"Utilizing registry data from cognitive ability tests for all Norwegian males born between 1962 and 1973, I study whether labor-market conditions at the age of graduation have differential effects on earnings and employment for different ability groups. I find that low-ability males are more vulnerable to local business cycles at the expected time of labor-market entry. In particular, I demonstrate that low-ability males suffer larger long-term earnings losses than the rest of the population." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Lee, Jing Young (2018): The upward trend in women's college-going. The role of teenagers' anticipated future labour force attachment. In: Applied Economics, Jg. 50, H. 30, S. 3271-3284. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2017.1420888

Abstract

"This article focuses on the role of teenagers' anticipated labour force participation in explaining the upward trend in U.S. women's college-going. A simple conceptual model implies that individuals with more anticipated lifetime hours of work are more likely to invest in college education. My analysis using data from three National Longitudinal Surveys supports the theoretical implication. This finding, combined with the trend towards higher work expectations of young women across birth cohorts, may account in part for the upward trends in women's college attendance and completion." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Marks, Gary N. (2018): Do the labour market returns to university degrees differ between high and low achieving youth? Evidence from Australia. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 1-14. DOI:10.1186/s12651-018-0241-0

Abstract

"In almost all developed countries there has been substantial growth in university education over the last half-century. This growth has raised concerns that the benefits of university education are declining and that university education is not appropriate for students who, without the expansion, would not have been admitted. For such students, vocational education or direct entry to the labour market may be more appropriate. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of university and vocational qualifications, net of other influences on a variety of labour market outcomes for Australian youths up to age 25; and if the benefits of university degrees differ across the achievement continuum. Achievement is measured by test scores in the OECD's PISA assessments. The six labour market outcomes investigated are: occupational status, hourly and weekly earnings, employment, unemployment and full-time work. The study finds that university degrees provide substantially superior labour market outcomes which are not confined to high and average achievers, at least for this cohort in their formative years in the labour market." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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McNally, Sandra (2018): Apprenticeships in England. What does research tell us? (CVER briefing note 008), London, 14 S.

Abstract

Zuerst erläutert der Beitrag die Besonderheiten und die aktuelle Lage der Berufsausbildung/Lehre in England als Kombination von Arbeit und Lernen und Lebensphase, die zwischen der Schulzeit und dem Eintritt in den Arbeitsmarkt liegt. Für über die Hälfte der Auszubildenden trifft das aktuell in England nicht zu, sie sind über 25 Jahre alt und haben schon vor der Lehrzeit für ihren Arbeitgeber gearbeitet. Weiter geht es im Beitrag um quantitative Veränderungen in der Zeit und um den Zielkonflikt von Qualität und Quantität in der Berufsausbildung. Der folgende Abschnitt zeichnet anhand der amtlichen Statistik den beruflichen Weg und Bildungsgang von Schulabsolventen aus dem Jahr 2003 zwischen dem Verlassen der Schule nach der Sekundärstufe (Abschluss: General Certificate of Secondary Education - GCSE) über die Ausbildungszeit (12 bis 16 Monate) bis zum Eintritt in das Arbeitsleben nach und zieht dabei Vergleiche zu den Ländern mit einem 'klassischen' Dualen Ausbildungssystem. Schließlich geht es um die Frage: 'Zahlt sich eine Lehre aus?', wobei die Löhne von 28-jährigen ehemaligen Absolventen einer Lehre Gleichaltrigen mit einem anderen Ausbildungsweg gegenübergestellt werden, was bei einem Maschinenbauer zu ähnlichen Löhnen führen kann wie bei einem Ingenieur, am unteren Ende aber auch zu geringen Löhnen: Beispiel Dienstleistungsberufe wie Friseur und Erzieher. (IAB)

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O'Higgins, Niall & Luis Pinedo (2018): Interns and outcomes: Just how effective are internships as a bridge to stable employment? (Employment working paper 241), Genf, VI, 33 S.

Abstract

"New and emerging forms of 'non-standard' employment are coming to dominate young people's early labour market experiences. Amongst these, internships are increasingly becoming an integral part of the school-to-work transition. Yet little is known about their effectiveness in providing a bridge to longer term employment and/or employability. The paper builds on existing ILO work on contractual arrangements for young people undertaken by the Youth Employment Programme, and focuses on the impact of internships on young people's labour market experiences.
The paper reviews the existing evidence and analyses primary survey data collected by the European Commission and the Fair Internship Initiative (FII) in order to assess the design features which contribute to better internships. The paper shows that paid and well-designed internships payoff: Young people with a paid internship are more likely to find a job than those who were not remunerated. The presence of a mentor, similar working conditions to regular employees, including access to health insurance, and sufficient duration of internships also contribute to increasing the effectiveness of internships." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Voss, Eckhard, Katharina Schöneberg, Jeff Bridgford & Sara Riso (2018): Adaptation of national apprenticeship systems to advanced manufacturing. Future of manufacturing in Europe. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 72 S. DOI:10.2806/81072

Abstract

"Apprenticeships combining alternating periods at the workplace and in training institutions are well suited to providing young people with an entry point into the labour market and to supplying enterprises with skilled workers. This report examines apprenticeship systems and practices in the manufacturing sector in five EU Member States (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland and Italy) and two countries outside Europe (Australia and the USA), exploring reform processes in response to new skill requirements arising from technological change. The report highlights the variety of approaches to modernising national apprenticeship systems and sheds light on the many challenges posed by technological change. A promising avenue is to establish a coherent industrial policy framework that prioritises skills acquisition, supports the transition from initial to higher vocational and educational training, and assigns a central role to apprenticeship training in the context of the modernisation of manufacturing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zilic, Ivan (2018): General versus vocational education: lessons from a quasi-experiment in Croatia. In: Economics of education review, Jg. 62, H. February, S. 1-11. DOI:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.10.009

Abstract

"This paper identifies the causal effect an educational reform implemented in Croatia in 1975/76 and 1977/78 had on educational and labor market outcomes. High-school education was split into two phases which resulted in reduced tracking, extended general curriculum for students attending vocational training, and an attachment of a vocational context to general high-school programs. Exploiting the rules on elementary school entry and timing of the reform, we use a regression discontinuity design and pooled Labor Force Surveys 2000 - 2012 to analyze the effect of the reform on educational attainment and labor market outcomes. We observe heterogeneity of the effects of the reform across gender, as for males we find that the probability of completing high school as well as the probability of completing university education decreased, while for females we do not observe any adverse effects. We explain this heterogeneity via different selection into schooling for males and females. The reform did not positively affect individuals' labor market prospects; therefore, we conclude that the observed general-vocational wage differential is mainly driven by self-selection into the type of high school." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Berge, Wiljan van den & Arne Brouwers (2017): A lost generation? The early career effects of graduating during a recession. (CPB discussion paper / CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis 356), Den Haag, 35 S.

Abstract

"We estimate the effect of graduating during a recession on the early careers of high educated graduates in the Netherlands between 1996 and 2012. Exploiting field-specific differences in un- employment rates, we find that graduates on average suffer a 2.3% lower wage in a typical recession in their first year. The wage loss fades out four years after graduation. Employment probabilities are hardly affected. We find that women suffer larger wage losses than men. Poor entry conditions are associated with an increased probability of employment at lower quality employers. The primary mechanism through which graduates catch up to their luckier counterparts is mobility across jobs and sectors to better paying employers. We show that those who graduate during a recession are more likely to switch jobs earlier, and less likely to switch jobs later in their career. This suggests an intertemporal shift in job-search effort. While both men and women who graduate during a recession are more likely to switch employers in the short-run, the average returns to successful job search are much higher for men than for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Di Stasio, Valentina (2017): 'Diversion or safety net?'. Institutions and public opinion on vocational education and training. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 27, H. 4, S. 360-372. DOI:10.1177/0958928717719199

Abstract

"Vocational education and training (VET) has been described in the sociological literature as a mixed blessing. On one hand, vocational qualifications facilitate the school-to-work transitions of youth (safety net function of VET); on the other hand, placement into vocational tracks dissuades students from attending higher education (diversion function of VET). In this study, I analyse whether VET is perceived to function as a safety net and/or a diversion route by the public at large. VET systems greatly vary across countries with regard to their perceived prestige, the involvement of social partners in the provision of training and the certification of occupational skills. Thus, I focus on whether perceptions of VET vary systematically across countries. Using Eurobarometer data from 2011, I show that in countries with occupationally oriented VET systems, which provide work-based training in the form of apprenticeships, both the safety net and diversion functions are recognized as distinctive aspects of VET. Although public perceptions of the safety net function do not vary across education groups, the analyses show that highly educated individuals are less likely than the other education groups to suggest vocational education as an option, even when they do recognize its role as a safety net. This study contributes to our understanding of the micro-level mechanisms that underlie the formation of educational preferences across social groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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DiPrete, Thomas A., Christina Ciocca Eller, Thijs Bol & Herman G. van de Werfhorst (2017): School-to-work linkages in the United States, Germany, and France. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 122, H. 6, S. 1869-1938. DOI:10.1086/691327

Abstract

"A new research agenda is proposed for assessing the strength of linkages between educational credentials, including fields of study, and occupational positions. The authors argue that a theoretically fruitful conception of linkage strength requires a focus on granular structure as well as the macroinstitutional characteristics of pathways between education and the labor market. Building on recent advances in the study of multigroup segregation, the authors find that Germany has stronger overall linkage strength than France or the United States. However, the extent to which the three countries differ varies substantially across educational levels and fields of study. The authors illustrate the substantive importance of the new approach by showing, first, that the standard organization space/qualification space distinction poorly describes the contemporary difference between Germany and France and, second, that relative mean occupational wages in Germany and the United States vary directlywith the relative linkage strength for occupations in the two countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hampf, Franziska & Ludger Wößmann (2017): Vocational vs. general education and employment over the life-cycle. New evidence from PIAAC. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 63, H. 3, S. 255-296. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifx012

Abstract

"It has been argued that vocational education facilitates the school-to-work transition but reduces later adaptability to changing environments. Using the recent international data of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), we confirm such a trade-off over the life cycle in a difference-in-differences model that compares employment rates across education type and age. An initial employment advantage of individuals with vocational compared to general education turns into a disadvantage later in life. Results are strongest in apprenticeship countries that provide the highest intensity of industry-based vocational education" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Ludger Wößmann & Lei Zhang (2017): General education, vocational education, and labor-market outcomes over the lifecycle. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 52, H. 1, S. 48-87. DOI:10.3368/jhr.52.1.0415-7074R

Abstract

"Policy proposals promoting vocational education focus on the school-to-work transition. But with technological change, gains in youth employment may be offset by less adaptability and diminished employment later in life. To test for this tradeoff, we employ a difference-in-differences approach that compares employment rates across different ages for people with general and vocational education. Using microdata for 11 countries from IALS, we find strong and robust support for such a tradeoff, especially in countries emphasizing apprenticeship programs. German Microcensus data and Austrian administrative data confirm the results for within-occupational-group analysis and for exogenous variation from plant closures, respectively." (Author's abstract, © the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Hippach-Schneider, Ute, Verena Schneidera, Boris Ménard & Sabine Tritscher- Archan (2017): The underestimated relevance and value of vocational education in tertiary education. Making the invisible visible. In: Journal of vocational education and training, Jg. 69, H. 1, S. 28-46. DOI:10.1080/13636820.2017.1281342

Abstract

"Increasing the number of tertiary graduates has been a priority on the political agenda of the EU for some years. The focus has mainly been on academic courses though, with less emphasis on the role of vocational education and training. International educational statistics indeed show a clear increase in the number of persons completing tertiary education programmes in recent years. In overall terms, this development is referred to as 'academisation'. The present paper provides a critical analysis and uses examples from Germany, Austria and France to show that this interpretation is neglecting two crucial facts. One is that various academic programmes in fact are combining academic with vocational learning. The other is that there are vocational programmes in the tertiary education sector that are not adequately visible in international education statistics. This understanding is important in relation to future policy-making as well as individual decision-making." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kosyakova, Yuliya, Ellu Saar & Johanna Dämmrich (2017): Institutional change and gender inequalities at labour market entry. A comparison of Estonia, Russia, and East and West Germany. In: Studies of transition states and societies, Jg. 9, H. 2, S. 17-40., 2017-11-24.

Abstract

"Our study investigates how gender inequalities in job opportunities evolved during communist and post-communist times in former state-socialist countries. Theoretical arguments (mainly based on studies referring to Western countries) led to the expectation of a surge in gender inequalities in these countries after the collapse of communism. Empirically, we explore the gender gap in job authority upon labour market entry by using life-history data from Russia, Estonia, and East Germany, with West Germany serving as a control case. The selection of countries was motivated primarily by the availability of rich life-history data, covering four decades of (post-) state socialism but also by divergences in institutional set-ups in the course of transition from state socialism to a liberalised market economy. Our findings yield four major results. First, accounting for education and the branch of economy, women were not disadvantaged during Soviet times; instead, we have even found evidence of a slight female advantage in Estonia and East Germany. Thus, our findings mirror the communist regime's effectiveness in equalising women's and men's opportunities at work. Second, in the pre-collapse decade, the advantage of women in terms of job authority decreased in East Germany and Estonia, whereas in Russia, women fell behind men. Third, with the Soviet Union collapse, a remarkable female disadvantage emerged in all formerly state socialist countries under scrutiny. In addition, we observe a growing gender gap in West Germany in the same period. The latter result strengthens the conclusion that times of economic liberalisation may go hand-in-hand with increasing gender inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pastore, Francesco (2017): Why so slow? The school-to-work transition in italy. (IZA discussion paper 10767), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"This essay provides a comprehensive interpretative framework to understand the reasons why the school-to-work transition (SWT) is so slow and hard in Italy. The country is a typical example of the South European SWT regime, where the educational system is typically rigid and sequential, the labor market has been recently made more flexible through two-tier labor market reforms, and the family has typically an important role to absorb the individual and social cost of the passage to adulthood. The main thesis of this essay is that the traditional disorganization of the educational and training system coupled with slow economic growth, rather than the supposedly low degree of labor market flexibility explain high (youth) unemployment. Important reforms of several tiles of the Italian SWT regime - the Jobs Act, important fiscal incentives to hiring youth long term unemployed, the so-called Good School and the related introduction of work-related learning, the European Youth Guarantee and the reform of employment services - have been all recently implemented, which are causing a slow convergence towards the so-called European social model, but it is still too early to draw conclusions as to the impact of such reforms on youth labor market outcomes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2017): The changing nature and role of vocational education and training in Europe. Volume 1, Conceptions of vocational education and training. An analytical framework. (CEDEFOP research paper 63), Thessaloniki, 47 S. DOI:10.2801/532605

Abstract

"This research paper is the first in a series produced as part of the Cedefop project The changing nature and role of VET (2016-18). The aim of the paper is to review scholarly attempts to define or explain vocational education and training and to develop a theoretical model to analyse national definitions or conceptions of VET and how they have changed over time.
VET takes many forms and is, perhaps, the least unitary of education sectors. Based on a literature review of previous attempts to characterise VET, the paper suggests using a multi-perspective framework which combines:
(a) an epistemological and pedagogical perspective;
(b) a system and institutional perspective;
(c) a socioeconomic and labour market perspective to analyse VET.
These perspectives can help to identify appropriate learning approaches, institutional solutions and forms of cooperation to work towards.
In Volume 2 of this series, the approach is empirically tested and the different understandings of VET in 30 European countries are illustrated." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (2017): The changing nature and role of vocational education and training in Europe. Volume 2, Results of a survey among European VET experts. (CEDEFOP research paper 64), Thessaloniki, 61 S. DOI:10.2801/548024

Abstract

"This research paper is the second in a series produced as part of the Cedefop project The changing nature and role of VET (2016-18). It discusses national definitions and conceptions of vocational education and training (VET) in European Union Member States, Iceland and Norway and describes how these have changed over the past two decades.
In autumn 2016, Cedefop invited national VET experts to respond to a questionnaire regarding the way national VET systems are understood (in the form of official definitions and overall conceptions). While the survey demonstrates significant diversity across Europe, VET is largely perceived as occupations-specific education and training geared towards securing supply of skilled labour and inferior to general or academic education. The survey also identifies two major trends: significant diversification of VET (in terms of providers, levels and target groups), and strengthening of VET (in the form of renewed emphasis on apprenticeships and increased work-based elements)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Anger, Silke, Ute Leber & Margarida Rodrigues (2016): Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge in Europa: Der Start ins Berufsleben ist in einigen Ländern besonders schwierig. (IAB-Kurzbericht 11/2016), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Integration junger Menschen in den Arbeitsmarkt hat eine zentrale Bedeutung für die wirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Entwicklung eines Landes. Dies gilt umso mehr, als frühe Arbeitsmarkterfahrungen wichtig sind für den späteren Beschäftigungserfolg. Allerdings ist der Eintritt in das Erwerbsleben für viele Jugendliche in Europa auch infolge der Wirtschafts- und Finanzkrise immer noch schwierig. Ein neuer Indikator der EU, die Erwerbstätigenquote von Absolventen allgemeinbildender und beruflicher Bildungsgänge, soll den Beitrag des Bildungssystems beim Übergang in den Arbeitsmarkt adäquat abbilden. Auf Basis dieser Kennzahl zeigen die Autorinnen die Entwicklung der Beschäftigung von jungen Menschen mit Schul-, Berufs- oder Hochschulabschluss in Europa über die letzten zehn Jahre und gehen auf Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern sowie auf länderspezifische Einflussfaktoren ein." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Hadjivassiliou, Kari P., Arianna Tassinari, Werner Eichhorst & Florian Wozny (2016): Assessing the performance of school-to-work transition regimes in the EU. (IZA discussion paper 10301), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"The Great Recession that has engulfed Europe since 2008 has had a profound impact on the process of young people's school-to-work (STW) transition. Countries' institutional configurations considerably matter in shaping the structure of young people's STW transitions and mediating the impact of the Great Recession on youth unemployment. Drawing upon Pohl and Walther's concept of 'youth transition regime' (2007), we have assessed the performance of selected EU countries belonging to different clusters regarding the speed, ease and quality of STW transitions. Differences in performance across regimes exists, with some faring better than others, although at the same time a common, worrying trend can be identified across clusters, comprising a progressive deterioration of the quality of youth transitions across the board, despite the positive policy intentions to strengthen and improve the efficacy of transition regimes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hampf, Franziska & Ludger Wößmann (2016): Vocational vs. general education and employment over the life-cycle. New evidence from PIAAC. (CESifo working paper 6116), München, 15 S.

Abstract

"It has been argued that vocational education facilitates the school-to-work transition but reduces later adaptability to changing environments. Using the recent international PIAAC data, we confirm such a trade-off over the life-cycle in a difference-in-differences model that compares employment rates across education type and age. An initial employment advantage of individuals with vocational compared to general education turns into a disadvantage later in life. Results are strongest in apprenticeship countries that provide the highest intensity of industry-based vocational education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kis, Viktória (2016): Work-based learning for youth at risk. Getting employers on board. (OECD education working papers 150), Paris, 44 S. DOI:10.1787/5e122a91-en

Abstract

"Work-based learning can provide a bridge into careers and its potential benefits are particularly noticeable for youth at risk - those most likely to face difficulties in accessing jobs and learning opportunities. If this potential is to be fully realised, work-based learning programmes must be attractive to employers. Achieving this requires a closer look at the costs and benefits for employers when they offer work-based learning. This paper looks at tools designed to help get employers on board for work-based learning, with an emphasis on work-based learning for youth at risk. International experience suggests that financial incentives, such as subsidies and tax breaks are not the answer. Attention should be focussed instead on non-financial measures that improve the cost-benefit balance of apprenticeship to employers. These include adjusting key parameters of apprenticeship schemes, better preparing youth at risk for apprenticeship and providing support (e.g. remedial courses, mentoring) to youth at risk during apprenticeship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kosyakova, Yuliya (2016): Postsocialisticheskaja transformacija i social'noe neravenstvo. Obzor osnovnyh rezul'tatov dissertacionnogo issledovanija. In: The Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Jg. 19, H. 5, S. 180-197., 2017-03-30.

Abstract

"The collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent rapid shifts in economic, political, and social institutional arrangements - labeled here as a 'regime change' - offer a unique opportunity to explore how patterns of social inequality vary across broader institutional contexts and over time. How the stratification order between different social groups has changed in the aftermath of the regime change in Russia is a central question I raised in this thesis. I draw on a life-course perspective and address several rather untouched aspects of social inequalities in Soviet and post-Soviet societies. First, I focus on the initial school-to-work transition stage and approach social inequality from a gender perspective. Second, I explore the 'work-back-to-school' transition process by focusing on inequality in participation in adult education due to (initial) educational and occupational attainment. In other words, I study inequality of adult-educational opportunity. Third, I devote to the 'school-back-to-work' transition in the later life course stages. I particularly address inequality in returns to adult education due to initial educational endowments. Empirically, I employ powerful longitudinal data from the Education and Employment Survey for Russia (EES) linked to the Russian Gender and Generation Survey (GGS), which cover life trajectories in a time-frame between 1965 and 2005. Based on my empirical case studies, I conclude that the regime change was accompanied by a widening of pre-existing social distances and an effective amplification of the Russian society's stratification order." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lechner, Clemens M., Martin J. Tomasik & Rainer K. Silbereisen (2016): Preparing for uncertain careers. How youth deal with growing occupational uncertainties before the education-to-work transition. In: Journal of vocational behavior, Jg. 95/96, H. August/October, S. 90-101. DOI:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.08.002

Abstract

"Recent changes in labor market and working conditions have rendered youth's education-to-work transitions and career prospects more uncertain. This study investigated how youth, while still in education or training, deal with perceived growing occupational uncertainties in terms of goal engagement (i.e., investing active effort in goal pursuit; surmounting obstacles) and goal disengagement (i.e., distancing from unattainable goals; protecting the self against failure experiences). Analyses with two closely matched samples of youth aged 16 - 25 years from Germany (N = 529) and Poland (N = 530) revealed high levels of goal engagement and a clear preference of engagement over disengagement. Whereas levels of engagement were comparable across countries, disengagement was considerably higher in Polish youth. Regarding the sources of individual differences in engagement and disengagement, sociodemographic factors had very limited effects in both countries. Compared to sociodemographic factors, the level of perceived growing occupational uncertainties, and especially youth's primary and secondary appraisals thereof, were more strongly and consistently associated with engagement and disengagement, especially in Germany, pointing to the prominence of perceptions and appraisals in shaping youth's responses to growing occupational uncertainties. We offer cultural and economic explanations for these findings and discuss implications for interventions aimed at fostering youth's engagement in preparing for their future careers under today's uncertain conditions." (Author's abstract, © 2016 Elsevier) ((en))

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Lesnard, Laurent, Anne-Sophie Cousteaux, Flora Chanvril & Viviane Le Hay (2016): Do transitions to adulthood converge in Europe? An optimal matching analysis of work-family trajectories of men and women from 20 European countries. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 355-369. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcw003

Abstract

"This article addresses the question of the convergence of transitions to adulthood in 20 European countries using data from the third round of the European Social Survey (2006). Pathways are derived from five events -- employment, leaving home, union formation, marriage, and childbearing -- retrospectively observed for men and women >35 years old (N 1/4 26,351), over four birth cohorts and described with optimal matching and cluster analyses. Using correspondence analysis, we find a convergence between male and female patterns in the passage to adulthood in Northern and Western Europe. Despite some convergence, the transition to adulthood in European countries remains marked by their historical family systems." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schels, Brigitte (2016): NEET und sozial benachteiligte junge Menschen im Übergang in das Erwerbsleben. Konzepte, Befunde, Diskussionen. In: A. Lange, H. Reiter, S. Schutter & C. Steiner (Hrsg.) (2016): Handbuch Kindheits- und Jugendsoziologie, S. 241-252. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-05676-6_14-1

Abstract

"Das Akronym NEET ('not in employment, education, or training') steht in der europäischen Sozialberichterstattung und arbeitsmarktpolitischen Diskussion für eine Gruppe von sozial benachteiligten jungen Menschen mit besonderem Förderbedarf. Im Folgenden wird die Begriffsgenese skizziert und Zahlen zu NEETs in Europa vorgestellt. Weiter wird die Aussagekraft der Kategorie NEET, die junge Menschen in heterogenen Lebenslagen zusammenfasst, beleuchtet. Abschließend wird auf den Forschungsstand zu den Bestimmungsfaktoren, Konsequenzen und Perspektiven von NEET-Jugendlichen geblickt und kritisch diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Amaro de Paula, Diogo, Eric Charbonnier & Margarita Kalamova (2015): Focus on vocational education and training (VET) programmes. (Education indicators in focus 33), Paris, 4 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrxtk4cg7wg-en

Abstract

"In 2012, in more than one-third of OECD countries, over half of all upper secondary students participated in pre-vocational or vocational programmes but less than 30% of those students were exposed to work-based learning. Countries with well-established and high-quality vocational and apprenticeship programmes have improved youth employment opportunities. However, in many OECD countries, the share of young people who are neither employed, nor in education or training (NEET) is still higher for graduates from upper secondary VET than from upper secondary general programmes. Students who enter vocational programmes are less likely to graduate than those who are enrolled in general programmes. Moreover, they are nearly five times less likely to enrol in further education than graduates from general secondary schools with similar proficiency in literacy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Araújo, Sónia & Petr Malecek (2015): Strengthening skill use and school-to-work transitions in the Czech Republic. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1206), Paris, 43 S. DOI:10.1787/5js1pz2xnm6b-en

Abstract

"The education system has reacted slowly to changes in labour market needs, leading to an increasing number of school leavers without sufficient qualification. In addition, declining PISA scores and a rising share of low achievers are raising concerns about the quality of the future labour force. These factors play a role in the stalled income convergence process. Indeed, practices such as early tracking, streaming and low transferability between academic tracks hamper employability, human capital accumulation and social mobility. In the vocational education and training system, resources continue to be allocated on a historical basis. A more endogenous adjustment of the system to better align students' qualifications with labour market needs requires active participation of social partners, students and education institutions. The rapid expansion of tertiary education without a corresponding increase in resources has led to fears about declining quality. Quality in tertiary education can be fostered by modifying the accreditation system, introducing student fees, strengthening the links with the private sector and foreign research networks and publicising information on labour market outcomes by field of study and higher education institution. Measures to better balance family and work lives can improve career options for women and therefore reduce the current tensions between having children and full time labour market participation of younger women. This could also ease the coming labour shortages associated with population ageing. This Working Paper relates to the 2014 OECD Economic Review of the Czech Republic (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-czech-republic.htm)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blossfeld, Hans-Peter, Sandra Buchholz, Johanna Dämmrich, Elina Kilpi-Jakonen, Yuliya Kosyakova, Jan Skopek, Moris Triventi & Daniela Vono de Vilhena (2015): Gender differences at labor market entry. The effect of changing educational pathways and institutional structures. In: H.- P. Blossfeld, J. Skopek, M. Triventi & S. Buchholz (Hrsg.) (2015): Gender, education and employment : an international comparison of school-to-work transitions, S. 3-38.

Abstract

"This chapter provides the theoretical framework for a cross-national comparative project on gender differences and inequalities at labor market entry. Women's relative gains in educational attainment and the expansion of the service sector would suggest that gender inequalities in occupational returns are diminishing or even reversing. By assessing gender differences at labor market entry, we are able to look at a phase of the life course in which women's family roles are still of minor importance. Distinguishing between horizontal segregation and inequalities in vertical outcomes, we discuss theoretical perspectives on gender differences in the first job. In addition, we include a discussion on how institutional features on the country level may contribute to a gender gap at labor market entry. Finally, we outline the analytical strategy for an international comparison based on 13 in-depth quantitatively oriented case studies contributed by a network of scholars contributing analyses of countries with different institutional, socioeconomic, and cultural settings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brinbaum, Yael & Sabina Issehnane (2015): The early careers of the second generations. A double ethnic penalty? (Training and Employment 119), 4 S.

Abstract

"Young people from North African origin have greater difficulty in finding employment than their counterparts of French origin. And once they do manage to find employment, their jobs tend to be of lower quality. Thus they appear to suffer from a double penalty linked to their origins which, aggravated by the crisis, does not seem to abate over time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brunello, Giorgio & Lorenzo Rocco (2015): The effects of vocational education on adult skills and wages. What can we learn from PIAAC? (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 168), Paris, 105 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrxfmjvw9bt-en

Abstract

Der Bericht untersucht die Wirkungen der Berufsausbildung auf die Kompetenzen und die Arbeitsmarktergebnisse von Erwachsenen auf Basis der PIAAC, einer Studie der OECD zu den Kompetenzen Erwachsener im internationalen Vergleich. Positiv wird die Vergleichbarkeit der Daten bewertet, die nationale Besonderheiten berücksichtigen und erstmals Informationen über Qualifikationen, Ausbildung und Weiterbildung, Einkommen und Beschäftigung liefern. Weniger positiv ist das Ergebnis darin zu bewerten, dass die beschränkte Datengrundlage die Anwendung einer strengen empirischen Methodologie unmöglich macht, auch weil entscheidende Kontrollvariablen nicht zur Verfügung stehen. (IAB)

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Chesters, Jenny & Bernard Baffour (2015): School-to-work transitions during volatile economic times. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 307-327.

Abstract

"School-to-work transitions are increasingly contingent upon having appropriate educational credentials therefore leaving school before completing secondary education may result in young people experiencing prolonged periods of precarious employment. Although the Australian economy weathered the recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) better than many other advanced economies, in August 2009 the combined unemployment and underemployment rate for young people was double the rate for the working age population. During economic recessions, young people tend to delay entry into the labour market preferring remain in school until the economy rebounds and jobs are easier to secure. This paper presents the results of analyses of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data tracking the fortunes of three cohorts of young Australians: those who completed school prior to the GFC; those who completed school during the GFC; and those who completed school after the GFC to examine the effect of the crisis on school-to-work transitions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Karamessini, Maria, Antonis Papazachariou, Dimitris Parsanoglou & Glykeria Stamatopoulou (2015): Indicators and data sources to measure patterns of labour market entry across Europe. (NEGOTIATE working paper 3.1), Oslo, 18 S.

Abstract

"Job insecurity has been gaining research and policy attention throughout the two last decades. However, its definition and conceptualisation remain open questions within the relevant literature. When it comes to measuring early job insecurity and patterns of school-to-work transition, several methodological approaches have been proposed. Methods and variables largely depend on existing data sources. National databases have been developed in a significantly uneven way hindering comparability between different countries. Despite the existence of internationally comparable datasets that cover the EU and EEA countries, these datasets are characterised by specific limitations and constraints that render the detection of comparable transition patterns a difficult yet extremely challenging task." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Otto, Hans-Uwe, Roland Atzmüller, Thierry Berthet, Lavinia Bifulco, Jean-Michel Bonvin, Enrica Chiappero, Valerie Egdell, Björn Halleroed, C.C. Kjeldsen, Marek Kwiek, Regine Schröer, Josiane Vero & Marianna Zielenska (Hrsg.) (2015): Facing trajectories from school to work. Towards a capability-friendly youth policy in Europe. (Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects 20), Cham: Springer London, 394 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-11436-1

Abstract

"This book promotes a radical alternative impact on youth policy in Europe to overcome the situation of vulnerability and discrimination of a growing number of youngsters in their transition from school to work. It follows a Human Development perspective in using the Capability Approach (CA) as analytical and methodological guiding tool to improve the social conditions of the most socially vulnerable young people in European societies. The mission of the interdisciplinary authors is to expand the actual chances of the young to actively shape their lives in a way they have reason to choose and value. This book is based on the research of the EU Collaborative Project 'Making Capabilities Work' (WorkAble), funded by the EU within the Seventh Framework Programme. It is the first empirical project to pursue a justice theory perspective on a European level. It also contributes to a fundamental change in the currently mostly insufficient attempts within the human capital approach to use the labour market to ensure desired lifestyle forms and a secure income for vulnerable youth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pohl, Axel (2015): Konstruktion von "Ethnizität" und "Benachteiligung". Eine international vergleichende Untersuchung von Unterstützungssystemen im Übergang Schule - Beruf. (Übergangs- und Bewältigungsforschung), Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 286 S.

Abstract

"Natio-ethno-kulturelle Differenzen und 'Benachteiligung' sind im deutschen Übergangssystem eng verwoben. Wie sind diese Zusammenhänge in anderen Ländern? Der Autor rekonstruiert mit Hilfe einer qualitativen Mehrebenenanalyse Unterstützungspraxen in Frankreich und England im Zusammenhang mit Ungleichheitsstrukturen, institutionellen Arrangements und kulturell-ideologischen Rahmungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Quintini, Glenda (2015): Working and learning. A diversity of patterns. (OECD social, employment and migration working papers 169), Paris, 30 S. DOI:10.1787/5jrw4bz6hl43-en

Abstract

"The combination of work and study has been hailed as crucial to ensure that youth develop the skills required on the labour market so that transitions from school to work are shorter and smoother. This paper fills an important gap in availability of internationally-comparable data. Using the 2012 Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), it draws a comprehensive picture of work and study in 23 countries/regions. Crucially, it decomposes the total share of working students by the context in which they work (VET, apprenticeships or private arrangements) and assesses the link between field of study and students' work. The paper also assesses how the skills of students are used in the workplace compared to other workers and identifies the socio-demographic factors and the labour market institutions that increase the likelihood of work and study. Finally, while it is not possible to examine the relationship between work and study and future labour market outcomes at the individual level, some aggregate correlations are unveiled." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Triventi, Moris, Jan Skopek, Yuliya Kosyakova, Sandra Buchholz & Hans-Peter Blossfeld (2015): Gender inequalities at labor market entry. A comparative view from eduLIFE project. In: C. Imdorf, K. Hegna & L. Reisel (Hrsg.) (2015): Gender segregation in vocational education (Comparative social research, 31), S. 25-51, 2015-05-20. DOI:10.1108/S0195-631020150000031001

Abstract

"This chapter provides an overview of the results from a cross-nationally comparative project analysing gender differences and inequalities at labour market entry. Women's relative gains in educational attainment and the expansion of the service sector suggest that gender inequalities in occupational returns are diminishing or even reversing. In assessing gender differences at labour market entry, we look at a phase of the life course when women's family roles are still of minor importance. Conceptually, we distinguish between horizontal segregation and inequalities in vertical outcomes. The project was based on 13 in-depth case studies contributed by a network of scholars analysing countries with different institutional, socio-economic and cultural settings. The findings demonstrate that occupational gender segregation is still relatively marked among recent cohorts, though it is slightly decreasing over time in several countries. In terms of vertical inequalities, the case studies consistently revealed that while women enter more prestigious jobs than men in most countries, there is a female disadvantage in economic returns among recent labour market entrants. In addition, we found mixed evidence on the variations of gender equality at labour market entry across countries with different institutional characteristics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015): OECD skills outlook 2015. Youth, skills and employability. (OECD skills outlook), Paris, 153 S. DOI:10.1787/9789264234178-en

Abstract

"Im OECD-Raum sind heute mehr als 35 Millionen junge Leute weder in Beschäftigung noch in Bildung oder Ausbildung. Der Bericht baut auf der Internationalen Vergleichsstudie über die Kompetenzen Erwachsener (PIAAC) auf und analysiert, wie junge Menschen Kompetenzen erwerben, wie sie ihre Fähigkeiten einsetzen und welchen Hindernissen sie bei Berufseinstieg und Karriere begegnen. Er gibt Empfehlungen für Politikmaßnahmen, mit denen die Länder die Beschäftigungslage junger Menschen verbessern können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2015): Einstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt für junge Beschäftigte. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/5313). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen), 94 S.

Abstract

"Die OECD (OECD - Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung) hat aktuell ihren Skills Outlook 2015 veröffentlicht. Der Anteil von befristeten Arbeitsverhältnissen bei jungen Beschäftigten liegt in Deutschland mit knapp 50 Prozent bei der Gruppe der 15- bis 24-Jährigen so hoch wie in kaum einem anderen der untersuchten Länder.
Dazu schreibt SPIEGEL ONLINE mit Bezug auf den OECD-Bericht: 'Befristete Jobs können zwar sinnvoll sein, indem sie jungen Menschen den Einstieg ins Berufsleben erleichtern. Oft sind sie aber auch mit gravierenden Nachteilen verbunden, wie die OECD ausführt: In vielen Fällen können befristet Beschäftigte ihre Fähigkeiten nicht voll in die Arbeit einbringen. Wer einen Zeitvertrag hat, hat auch geringere Chancen, an einer Weiterbildung teilzunehmen. Im schlimmsten Fall können durch die Befristungen daher Kompetenzen verkümmern, warnt die Organisation.'
Vor diesem Hintergrund ist eine genauere Beleuchtung der Arbeitsmarktsituation für junge Beschäftigte notwendig, und es stellt sich die Frage, welche Konsequenzen die Bundesregierung daraus zieht.
Falls zu den genannten Altersgruppen keine Daten vorliegen, wird gebeten, die vorhandenen Daten zu ähnlichen oder vergleichbaren Altersgruppen anzugeben." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2015): Bildung auf einen Blick 2015. OECD-Indikatoren. (Bildung auf einen Blick. OECD-Indikatoren), Paris, 726 S. DOI:10.1787/eag-2015-de

Abstract

"Bildung auf einen Blick 2015 - OECD-Indikatoren ist die maßgebliche Quelle für Informationen zum Stand der Bildung weltweit. Bildung auf einen Blick bietet Daten zu den Strukturen, der Finanzierung und der Leistungsfähigkeit der Bildungssysteme der 34 OECD-Länder sowie einer Reihe von Partnerländern.
Mit mehr als 100 Abbildungen und 150 Tabellen und Links zu weiteren 150 Tabellen im Internet bietet Bildung auf einen Blick 2015 wesentliche Informationen zum Output der Bildungseinrichtungen, den Auswirkungen des Lernens in den einzelnen Ländern, zu den in Bildung investierten Finanz- und Humanressourcen, zu Bildungszugang, Bildungsbeteiligung und Bildungsverlauf sowie zum Lernumfeld und der Organisation von Schulen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Datta Gupta, Nabanita & Lene Kromann (2014): Differences in the labor market entry of second-generation immigrants and ethnic Danes. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 3, S. 1-22. DOI:10.1186/s40176-014-0016-5

Abstract

"Our study is one of the first to take search friction and cross-firm differences in factor productivity into account when investigating firm behavior towards second-generation immigrants in Denmark. We ensure sub-sample homogeneity in search models by matching second-generation immigrants to their ethnic Danish twins according to parental characteristics and informal network quality. We find that second-generation immigrants with a high-school or primary school education, in particular females, perform as well or better than their ethnic counterparts. Second generation immigrants with vocational education, in particular males, face lower arrival rates when unemployed and higher layoff rates than those of their twins." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Leitner, Sebastian & Robert Stehrer (2014): Labour market transitions of young people during the economic crisis. (WIIW working paper 109), Wien, 35 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyses the impacts of the crisis on various groups in the labour market, providing a comparison across groups of EU countries and individual Central and East European new EU Member States. In particular, it reports how the crisis affected the transitions of people between different states in the labour market: employment, unemployment, education and inactivity. Based on EU SILC data, a descriptive overview concerning the changes in transition rates is provided by estimating Markov transition probabilities. This is complemented by a set of probit regression results pointing towards significant changes in the various transitions triggered by the crisis. This is particularly the case for the younger age cohorts and low-educated workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lutz, Amy, Yaël Brinbaum & Dalia Abdelhady (2014): The transition from school to work for children of immigrants with lower-level educational credentials in the United States and France. In: Comparative Migration Studies, Jg. 2, H. 2, S. 227-254. DOI:10.5117/CMS2014.2.LUTZ

Abstract

"This paper compares the transition from school to work among Mexican-origin youth in the United States and North African-origin youth in France relative to the native-majority youth with similar low-level credentials. The goal is to understand the extent to which these groups experience ethnic penalties in the labor market not explained by social class, low-level credentials, or other characteristics. The patterns of employment for second-generation minorities play out differently in the two contexts. In France, lack of access to jobs is a source of disadvantage for North African children of immigrants, while in the United States, second-generation Mexicans do not suffer from a lack of employment. Indeed, the Mexican second-generation shows a uniquely high level of employment. We argue that high levels of youth unemployment in the society, as it is the case in France, means greater ethnic penalties for second-generation minorities. " (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mascherini, Massimiliano, Anna Ludwinek, Carlos Vacas, Anja Meierkord & Michael Gebel (2014): Mapping youth transitions in Europe. Dublin, 100 S. DOI:10.2806/51024

Abstract

"Young people in Europe continue to experience great difficulties in entering the labour market. Although the youth unemployment rate in a few Member States has started to fall, overall 23% of young European job-seekers aged 15 - 24 could not find a job in January 2014. In 2012, 14.6 million young people across Europe were not in employment, education or training (NEETs), accounting for 15.9% of the entire population of those aged 15 - 29. This report analyses the labour market situation of young people in Europe, focusing in particular on their school-to-work transition, while also monitoring their more general transition to adulthood. The report also investigates the ability of young people to remain in employment against the odds during the crisis and charts their transitions from temporary to permanent contracts. The report concludes with a discussion on the strengths and weaknesses of selected policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Raffe, David (2014): Explaining national differences in education-work transitions. Twenty years of research on transition systems. In: European Societies, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 175-193. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2013.821619

Abstract

"In the 1980s and 1990s the study of education-work transitions took a comparative turn. Researchers sought to identify national differences in transition processes and outcomes and explain them in terms of institutional characteristics of national 'transition systems'. This was an ambitious aim because it required the study of transitions to develop as a field of 'macro' social-science research, while continuing also to use theories, techniques of analysis and data associated with 'micro' research. This paper reviews the progress of transition-system research over the past 20 years. It describes the development of the research field and how it has been shaped by its theoretical origins, the political context, the availability of data and the organisation of research. The research has made significant if uneven progress towards explaining national differences in transitions; its achievements appear more significant when viewed from a perspective which emphasises the case-oriented rather than variables-oriented aims of comparative research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wolbers, Maarten H. J. (2014): Introduction: Research on school-to-work transitions in Europe. In: European Societies, Jg. 16, H. 2, S. 167-174. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2013.827230

Abstract

"The transition from school to work can be considered as an important, modern rite de passage in the lives of individuals. It refers to the period between the end of individuals' enrolment in initial education or training and their stable and secure settlement in the labour market. Qualifications are an important criterion in the allocation of school-leavers to jobs and the knowledge and skills obtained in education or training form the basis for career advancement and professional development. Although the transition stage is in theory only the start of a long working life, there is substantial empirical evidence that the initial labour market position determines to a large extent the subsequent working career of individuals (see, for a recent publication, Barone and Schizzerotto 2011). So, a smooth labour market integration is crucial for young people, as it not only minimises their experiences of unemployment and inactivity when entering the labour market, but also in the long run." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bibbee, Alexandra (2013): Improving school-to-work transitions in New Zealand. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1087), Paris, 61 S. DOI:10.1787/5k40d6b633hl-en

Abstract

"The NZ labour market is among the most flexible in the OECD, and outcomes for its young people have been among the best. However, labour-market opportunities are heavily determined by initial education, where New Zealand's system is also successful and innovative in many ways. Average PISA results are among the OECD's highest, but the dispersion of performance is also high, indicating a sizable group of underachievers. Those in disadvantaged groups tend to have poor scholastic outcomes. These initial educational handicaps show up in higher drop-out rates and youth joblessness, greatly limiting these youths' future life chances. Indeed, intergenerational persistence in educational and employment outcomes appears very high. From both a social and economic point of view, it will be essential to develop more fully the human capital of the fast growing demographic group of ethnic minorities. Better teaching quality is needed, with more attention devoted to diversity of student needs and learning approaches to keep children in school. A related problem is the apparently large divergence between the nature of skills supplied by the education sector and the skills demanded by employers. A greater role for youth apprenticeships could help to raise skill levels while aligning them better to the economy's needs. All this has an important bearing on the government's ambition to secure strong and sustainable growth with rising living standards and equal opportunities for all. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/new-zealand-2maori013.htm)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fischer, Andreas & Dietmar Frommberger (Hrsg.) (2013): Vielfalt an Übergängen in der beruflichen Bildung - Zwölf Ansichten. Berufliche Bildung und zukünftige Entwicklung. (Leuphana-Schriften zur Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik 06), Baltmannsweiler: Schneider-Verl. Hohengehren, 242 S.

Abstract

"Verschiedene Bedeutungen und Beispiele für Übergange werden aus Sicht der Berufs- und Wirtschaftspädagogik betrachtet: Übergänge zwischen Berufen, Übergänge zwischen (nationalen) Berufsbildungs- und Beschäftigungssystemen, zwischen Berufs- und Lebenswelten, zwischen berufsspezifischen und berufsübergreifenden Kompetenzen, Übergänge zwischen Wissenschafts- und Situationsorientierung, zwischen Beschäftigungs- und Bildungssystem, zwischen traditionellen und 'neuen' Wertvorstellungen, Übergänge vom nicht-nachhaltigen hin zum nachhaltigen Wirtschaften, zwischen Anpassung und Veränderungen, zwischen Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung oder Übergänge vom Lernenden zum Lehrenden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rottmann, Joachim, Gabriele Böheim-Galehr, Christian Brühwiler & Philipp Gonon (Hrsg.) (2013): Berufsorientierung und regionales Übergangsmanagement in der internationalen Bodenseeregion. Chancen, Kompetenzen, Entwicklungspotenziale. Beiträge zur Fachtagung an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Weingarten 2012. (Studien zur beruflichen Kompetenzentwicklung 02), Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 244 S. DOI:10.3726/978-3-653-03486-8

Abstract

"Das international vergleichend angelegte Forschungsprojekt BRÜCKE untersucht die Bedingungen des Übergangs Heranwachsender vom allgemeinbildenden Schulsystem in die berufliche Ausbildung. Erstmals werden hierzu die besonderen Übergangsbedingungen in der Internationalen Bodenseeregion in den Blick genommen. Es gilt dabei ein hoch differenziertes Gesamtbild ordnungspolitischer, organisationaler und personaler Rahmenbedingungen für individuelle Übergänge aufzudecken. Auf der Grundlage eines umfassenden Lagebilds sollen sich, so die Erwartung, Hinweise zur Optimierung der (individuellen) Übergangsvorbereitung wie -gestaltung in der Region finden lassen. Der Band stellt erste Ergebnisse des Projekts dar und entwickelt Perspektiven für die Optimierung des regionalen Übergangsmanagements." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Seifried, Jürgen & Eveline Wuttke (Hrsg.) (2013): Transitions in vocational education. (Research in Vocational Education 02), Opladen: Budrich, Barbara, 330 S.

Abstract

"This volume focuses on the different passages and transitions in Vocational Education and professional work life. Exploring the personal experiences of coping with the transition from school to vocational education, vocational education to work, and - finally - from work life to retirement, the book takes account of the rapidly changing conditions under which these processes take place." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garrouste, Christelle & Margarida Rodrigues (2012): The employability of young graduates in Europe - analysis of the ET2020 benchmark. (EUR. Scientific and Technical Research Reports 25624), Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 69 S. DOI:10.2788/69842

Abstract

"The Education Council has adopted in May 2012 a new benchmark on the employability of graduates from education and training that aims at measuring the contribution of education and training to the transition from education to employment. This new benchmark is defined as the share of young people employed among the 20-34 years old, who graduated 1, 2 or 3 years before, and are not currently in education or training. It is computed using the annual Labour Force Survey (LFS) microdata. This report aims at analyzing the determinants of the employability of the individuals targeted by the benchmark. It starts with a short presentation of the benchmark indicator. It then estimates the probability of being employed for the 20-34 years old cohort that graduated one to three years before and is not currently enrolled in any further education or training activity, controlling for individual characteristics and institutional factors. In addition to the annual LFS data, we also make use of the LFS ad-hoc module of 2009 to identify more specifically, at country level, the role played by the orientation of the degree and the acquisition of a professional experience during the time of studies. Among those who are employed, we then analyze the nature of that employment by estimating the probability of having a permanent vs. temporary contract and the probability of working full-time vs. part-time. Regarding the probability of being employed, we find that the contribution of education attainment is significant and constant, even after controlling for labour market contextual variables. Whereas education attainment is an important determinant for working full-time, it does not play a role in explaining the probability of having a permanent contract. We find that, overall, having a vocational oriented degree and/or working during studies does not affect significantly the probability of having a job. On the other hand, for a few countries, these two factors are important and our analysis shows that among the two, working during studies proves to be a more significant factor than the sole orientation of the degree." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pilz, Matthias, Susanne Berger & Roy Canning (Hrsg.) (2012): Fit for business. Pre-vocational education in European schools. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 216 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-531-19028-0

Abstract

"Within compulsory education, prevocational education is intended primarily to introduce participants to the world of work. This book considers curriculum design and pedagogical practice in pre-vocational education during the last two years of compulsory education. The study focuses on seven European countries (Scotland, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Portugal) and presents an analysis of the curriculum as it relates both to knowledge-based competencies in economics and business and to self- and social competencies. It then discusses the differences between the prescribed and the enacted curriculum as identified by means of a subsequent survey of teachers. The authors conclude with a comparative assessment of each country case study, combined with supranational recommendations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brzinsky-Fay, Christian (2011): School-to-work transitions in international comparison. (Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1126), Tampere, 208 S.

Abstract

"The transition from school to work is becoming more and more complex in the last decades, reflecting increasing flexibilisation in labour markets. This trend can be observed in many countries, even though to a different extent. The reasons for these disparities can be found mainly on the level of institutional arrangements. Thus, social science is very much engaged in analysing institutional effects on individual outcomes. The major limitations of this research regarding school-to-work transitions are, first, the neglect of periodical character of transitions processes and, second, the complex causal relationships between institutional arrangements and individual outcomes.
The transition from school to work is generally defined as the change from the status 'education' to the status 'employment' or from the status 'unemployment' to 'employment'. But, because of transition processes' increasing complexity this is not longer appropriate. Therefore, a new methodological tool is presented, namely 'sequence analysis', which is able to explore and reduces this complexity by identifying ideal types of transitions, which provides a basis for further research. Additionally, the analysis of institutional conditions for transition outcomes remains on a very basic level, because researchers only examine net effects of single institutions and not effects of institutions in combination with each other. Here, the application of configurational methods, namely Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), helps to overcome this limitation of analysis.
The application of both methods can help to overcome the limitations of contemporary school-to-work transition research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Brzinsky-Fay, Christian (2011): What difference does it make? The outcome effects of the European Employment Strategy on the transition from education to work. In: German Policy Studies, Jg. 7, H. 1, S. 45-72.

Abstract

"This article aims at assessing the effects of the EES on youth labour market outcomes in the EU-15 countries within the recent decade. With the European Employment Strategy, which was established in 1998, and the Lisbon objectives in education and training, which came into force in 2000, the European Union among other topics started focussing on young people and their chances in entering and succeeding the labour market. The political instrument for the implementation was the Open Method of Coordination (OMC), which aims at taking into account different complex institutional frameworks while formulating common targets that have to be reached using different policies. The analysis of the effects looks at both the output (i.e. the implementation of youth employment policies) and at the outcome dimension (i.e. youth labour market indicators). Within the field of school-to-work transitions, like in other fields of social and employment policy, effects of the EES on the policy making process can be observed, while the effect on the outcome dimension - that is the relative youth unemployment and the employment rate among 15 to 24 years old people - hardly can be detected: Regarding the youth policies that were set up by the national governments, it can be shown that youth labour markets and their institutional frameworks between countries differ in the same way as the effects of the EES and the policies, and so do the outcomes. However, some general trends can be observed. The switch from employment to education issues might be one reason for the lack of empirical success regarding youth labour market indicators. The concentration on education issues has overshadowed the youth labour market policies, which appears in the non-development of such policies as well as in the lack of any empirical outcome effects. Finally, the main result is that, for the EU-15 countries, the assumption that the EES has affected policy making processes could be supported. Furthermore, the degree of effectiveness with respect to the policy making process depends on the degree of pre-existing compliance between the EES and national employment policy. In other words, those countries, which were very much in line with the targets of the EES beforehand, showed little compliance regarding the formulation of youth policies. Surprisingly enough, out of this group of countries, Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom show worsening outcome indicators, despite the fact that all of them launched youth programmes. In countries with low compliance beforehand, the outcome indicators also show no significant improvement. In a nutshell, the induction of active youth labour market policies through the EES shows indeed effects on the output dimension, but hardly on the outcome level." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))