Zitatform

Cabrita, Jorge, Catherine Cerf & David Foden (2022): Overtime in Europe: Regulation and practice. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 48 S. DOI:10.2806/095550

Abstract

"Despite the well-known adverse effects of regular long working hours on workers’ health, well-being and performance, many workers in the EU continue to work beyond their normal hours. Part of this additional working time is classified as overtime. This report takes a comparative overview of how overtime is regulated in the EU Member States, Norway and the United Kingdom, including its definition, the limits on its use and the compensation received by workers for working extra hours. The report assesses the extent of the phenomenon using national-level data, delves into the factors that explain it, and examines the potential consequences for workers and firms. Finally, the report summarises the current debate on the topic, as uncompensated working hours, structural overtime and monitoring of working hours are currently some of the most discussed work-related issues across the EU." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio & José Alberto Molina (2020): The Gender Gap in Time Allocation in Europe. (IZA discussion paper 13461), 42 S.

Abstract

"This article explores the gender gap in time allocation in Europe, offering up-to-date statistics and information on several factors that may help to explain these differences. Prior research has identified several factors affecting the time individuals devote to paid work, unpaid work, and child care, and the gender gaps in these activities, but most research refers to single countries, and general patterns are rarely explored. Cross-country evidence on gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care is offered, and explanations based on education, earnings, and household structure are presented, using data from the EUROSTAT and the Multinational Time Use Surveys. There are large cross-country differences in the gender gaps in paid work, unpaid work, and child care, which remain after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics, although the gender gap in paid work dissipates when the differential gendered relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and paid work is taken into account. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of gender gaps in Europe, helping to focus recent debates on how to tackle inequality in Europe, and clarifying the factors that contribute to gender inequalities in the uses of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Aumann, Annemarie & Melanie Hack (2016): Wahlarbeitszeit und Arbeitszeitflexibilisierung. Modelle einer selbstbestimmten Erwerbsbiografie in Deutschland und Norwegen. In: Zeitschrift für europäisches Sozial- und Arbeitsrecht, Jg. 15, H. 7, S. 266-276.

Abstract

"Der folgende Beitrag nimmt kritisch rechtliche Modelle flexibler Arbeitszeitgestaltung in Deutschland und Norwegen sowie den Entwurf des Deutschen Juristinnenbundes zur Schaffung eines Wahlarbeitszeitgesetzes in den Blick." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bick, Alexander, Bettina Brüggemann & Nicola Fuchs-Schündeln (2016): Hours worked in Europe and the US. New data, new answers. (IZA discussion paper 10179), Bonn, 44 S.

Abstract

"We use national labor force surveys from 1983 through 2011 to construct hours worked per person on the aggregate level and for different demographic groups for 18 European countries and the US. We find that Europeans work 19% fewer hours than US citizens. Differences in weeks worked and in the educational composition each account for one third to one half of this gap. Lower hours per person than in the US are in addition driven by lower weekly hours worked in Scandinavia and Western Europe, but by lower employment rates in Eastern and Southern Europe." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dulk, Laura den, Hana Hašková, Renata Kyzlinková, Sevil Sümer, Dominique Anxo, Dorota Szelewa & Laura den Dulk (2016): Working time options over the life course. New regulations and empirical findings in five European countries. (WSI study 07), Düsseldorf, 136 S.

Abstract

"Sie stellt den aktuellen Stand der Regulierung von Arbeitszeitoptionen für eine lebensphasenorientierte Arbeitszeitgestaltung in fünf europäischen Ländern vor: Wissenschaftler/innen aus den Niederlanden, Schweden, Norwegen, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik gehen auf das Angebot an flexiblen Arbeitszeitarrangements per Gesetz und per Tarifvertrag ein und zeigen Zusammenhänge zur Geschlechtergleichstellung auf.
Zu finden sind die neuesten Daten zur Verfügbarkeit von Teilzeit, Elternzeit, Vaterschaftsurlaub und anderer Auszeiten. Die Wissenschaftler/innen stellen Forschungsergebnisse zur Nutzung der Optionen in den jeweiligen Ländern vor und behandeln die Veränderungen der letzten Jahre.
So gibt es in Ländern, in denen bisher feste Arbeitszeiten vorherrschten (Polen und Tschechische Republik) eine gewisse Zunahme von Arbeitszeitoptionen. Auch in diesen Ländern wird ein zunehmender Druck deutlich, das alte Arbeitszeitregime zu flexibilisieren.
In allen Ländern (Ausnahme: Schweden) zeigen sich Bestrebungen, flexible Arbeitszeiten (noch stärker) für wirtschaftliche Ziele nutzbar zu machen, das heißt, arbeitgeber- oder betriebsbezogene Flexibilität auszuweiten.
Die wenigen Studien, die zur Praxis der Nutzung von Arbeitszeitoptionen vorliegen, deuten darauf hin, dass in vielen Fällen die Einführung der Optionen nicht von einer Veränderung der betrieblichen Kultur begleitet war." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pollmann-Schult, Matthias (2016): What mothers want: The impact of structural and cultural factors on mothers' preferred working hours in Western Europe. In: Advances in life course research, Jg. 29, H. September, S. 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.alcr.2015.11.002

Abstract

"This study investigates how social policies, gender norms, and the national working time regime shape mothers' preferred working hours. Using data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 15 countries across Western Europe, the study reveals that generous public child care and cultural support for gender equality are associated with smaller gaps in the preferred working hours between mothers and childless women. High levels of financial support for families, in contrast, predict larger gaps in preferred working hours. The analysis also indicates that a low prevalence of non-standard work and high levels of work-time flexibility reduce the differences in preferred employment hours between mothers and non-mothers. Individual characteristics such as education, gender ideology, and the partners' socioeconomic status greatly impact women's preferred employment hours; however, they do not modify the effect of motherhood. This study concludes that the impact of parenthood on women's employment hours is highly contingent upon various institutional and cultural factors." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Landivar, Liana Christin (2015): The gender gap in employment hours. Do work-hour regulations matter? In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 29, H. 4, S. 550-570. DOI:10.1177/0950017014568139

Abstract

"In all developed countries, women, especially mothers, work fewer paid hours than their spouses. However, the magnitude of the gender gap varies significantly by country, ranging from 2 to 20 hours per week in this study. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, this article investigates whether work-hour regulations have a significant effect on household allocation of paid labour and gender work-hour inequality. Two main types of work-hour regulations are examined: standard weekly work hours and the maximum allowable weekly work hours. Results show that households in countries with shorter maximum weekly work hours had less work-hour inequality between spouses, as each additional allowable overtime hour over the standard working week increased the work-hour gap between couples by 20 minutes. These results indicate that couples' inequality in work hours and gender inequality in labour supply are associated with country-level work-hour regulations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nicolaisen, Heidi (2014): The end of the normal working day. A study of change in Irish, Norwegian and Swedish banking. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 245-266. DOI:10.1177/0143831X12475243

Abstract

"Since 1980 debates about the regulation of working time have been characterized by demands for flexibility and deregulation. This article looks at how the regulation of the normal working day has changed during the last 30 years and examines how these regulative changes interplay with new work practices. Based on theories on institutional change the article compares the development in working time regulations in the banking sector in three countries, Norway, Ireland and Sweden. Although the majority of the regulations remain intact, they have become considerably more flexible in all three countries. The normal working day is most weakened in Ireland, but it is also undermined in the two Nordic countries. New rules, practices and ideas result in more unsocial hours working, which increasingly remain uncompensated. These similarities across the countries are uncovered because of a research design that allows for examination of institutional change at a detailed level over a long period of time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ruppanner, Leah (2013): Conflict between work and family: An investigation of four policy measures. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 110, H. 1, S. 327-347. DOI:10.1007/s11205-011-9929-z

Abstract

"Welfare states enact a range of policies aimed at reducing work-family conflict. While welfare state policies have been assessed at the macro-level and work-family conflict at the individual-level, few studies have simultaneously addressed these relationships in a cross-national multi-level model. This study addresses this void by assessing the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and family-friendly policies in 10 countries. Applying a unique multi-level data set that couples country-level policy data with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the author analyzes the relationship between work-family and family-work conflict and four specific policy measures: family leave, work scheduling, school scheduling, and early childhood education and care. The results demonstrate that mothers and fathers report less family-work and mothers less work-family conflict in countries with more expansive family leave policies. Also, in countries with longer school schedules mothers report less and women without children more work-family conflict." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kjeldstad, Randi & Erik H. Nymoen (2012): Underemployment in a gender-segregated labour market. In: Economic and Industrial Democracy, Jg. 33, H. 2, S. 207-224. DOI:10.1177/0143831X11402238

Abstract

"This article analyses factors behind underemployment in Norway, with a focus on gender. The analysis, based on Labour Force Survey data, shows that economic fluctuations during the latest decade and a half have brought about changing underemployment levels among both women and men. The Norwegian labour market is strongly gender segregated and the processes and characteristics of underemployment differ between male- and female-dominated labour market sectors. The former sectors are generally more sensitive to economic fluctuations than the latter. It is indicated that underemployed men are predominantly temporarily expelled on a part-time basis from their jobs, while women are to a larger extent permanently excluded from longer working-hour contracts in their jobs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lappegård, Trude (2012): Couples' parental leave practices: The role of the workplace situation. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 298-305. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9291-6

Abstract

"We address the issue of the relationship between couples' parental leave practices and their workplace situation in a Nordic family policy setting described as both generous and gender egalitarian. The most common practice is that the father makes use of a mandatory fathers' quota and the mother uses the rest of the total of 12 months of paid leave. There is little limitations in parents' workplaces for fathers use of the father's quota. Parental leave practices involving couples where the father is taking longer leave than the father's quota and thereby the mother taking shorter leave compared with those taking maximum, are associated both with mothers' workplaces and fathers' workplaces." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lyness, Karen S., Janet C. Gornick, Pamela Stone & Angela R. Grotto (2012): It's all about control: worker control over schedule and hours in cross-national context. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 77, H. 6, S. 1023-1049. DOI:10.1177/0003122412465331

Abstract

"Workers' ability to control their work schedules and hours varies significantly among industrialized countries. We integrate and extend prior research from a variety of literatures to examine antecedents of control and worker outcomes. Using hierarchical linear modeling and data for 21 countries from the 1997 ISSP Work Orientations Survey supplemented with national indicators developed from a variety of sources, we find that control is associated with country characteristics (affluence, welfare state generosity, union coverage, and working-time regulations), worker attributes (being male, being older, and being better educated), and job characteristics (working part-time, being self-employed, having higher earnings, and having more advancement opportunities). We also examine the relationship of control to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and strain-based work-family conflict. Generally, low levels of control are linked to negative outcomes for workers, especially for women, an effect sometimes modulated by country-level policy measures." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ohanian, Lee E. & Andrea Raffo (2012): Aggregate hours worked in OECD countries. New measurement and implications for business cycles. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 59, H. 1, S. 40-56. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2011.11.005

Abstract

"We build a dataset of quarterly hours worked for 14 OECD countries. We document that hours are as volatile as output, that a large fraction of labor adjustment takes place along the intensive margin, and that the volatility of hours relative to output has increased over time. We use these data to reassess the Great Recession and prior recessions. The Great Recession in many countries is a puzzle in that labor wedges are small, while those in the U.S. Great Recession - and those in previous European recessions - are much larger." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Reich, Nora, Christina Boll & Julian Sebastian Leppin (2012): Fathers' childcare and parental leave policies. Evidence from western European countries and Canada. (HWWI research paper 115), Hamburg, 21 S.

Abstract

"The study at hand pursues the following question: How are national parental leave arrangements related to fathers' participation in and time used for childcare? To answer this question, we merge data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) with national parental leave characteristics. Specifically, we are using 30 surveys from eight industrialised countries from 1971 to 2005. Applying a selection model, we are estimating fathers' participation in childcare and the minutes per day spent on childcare. We control for the following parental leave characteristics: duration of leave, amount of benefits and the number of weeks reserved for the father. The main results are that duration of parental leave, exclusive weeks for the father and any benefit compared to no benefit have a positive impact on fathers' childcare participation. Parental leave weeks reserved for the father and parental leave benefits affect fathers' minutes of childcare positively. It is concluded that parental leave characteristics have effects on fathers' childcare participation and time spent on childcare, but that parental leave policies have to be evaluated within the framework of each country's family policy package." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ruppanner, Leah & Joy E. Pixley (2012): Work-to-family and family-to-work spillover: the implications of childcare policy and maximum work-hour legislation. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 283-297. DOI:10.1007/s10834-012-9303-6

Abstract

"This paper addresses the relationship between individual-level work-to-family and family-to-work spillover and two country-level policy measures: childcare policy and maximum work hour legislation. Coupling Gornick and Meyers' (Families that work: policies for reconciling parenthood and employment, 2003) policy measures with individual-level data (N=7,895) from the 2002 International Social Survey Programme, the authors analyze whether men and women in countries with stronger childcare policies and maximum work-hour legislation exhibit work-to-family and family-to-work spillover. The authors find that neither childcare policy nor maximum work-hour legislation is significantly associated with work-to-family spillover. Stronger childcare policy is associated with lower family-to-work spillover for women, especially for women with young children. Maximum-hour legislation is associated with greater family-to-work spillover for women, with a significantly larger effect for mothers of young children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Olsen, Karen M. & Svenn-Åge Dahl (2010): Working time: implications for sickness absence and the work-family balance. In: International journal of social welfare, Jg. 19, H. 1, S. 45-53. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2008.00619.x

Abstract

"The article analyses the impact of working time on two outcomes: sickness absence and the work-family balance. Working time is distinguished along two dimensions: irregular versus regular working hours and control versus no control over working time. There are three main findings. First, working irregular working hours with no control over time increased sickness absence, for men. Second, irregular hours, particularly with no flexibility, caused distress to the work-family balance, for both women and men. Third, flexibility in the work schedule when working regular hours had no effect on sickness absence nor on the work-family balance. This last finding may be explained by the institutional setting: employees in Norway already have substantial flexibility in, for instance, access to leave of absence. The findings suggest that increasing flexibility may benefit employees who work irregular hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Fleck, Susan E. (2009): International comparisons of hours worked: an assessment of the statistics. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 132, H. 5, S. 3-31.

Abstract

"A study of 13 countries reveals that measures of hours worked based on administrative sources are relatively low while measures based on establishment and labor force surveys are relatively high; thus, although ever improving, these measures cannot yet be taken at face value and are useful only for broad comparisons." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Carley, Mark (2008): Working time developments 2008. Dublin, 35 S.

Abstract

"In 2008, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union stood at 38.6 hours; agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in metalworking (38.7), followed by the banking and local government sectors (both 38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement was 25.2 days across the EU in 2008, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and the new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours. This annual update looks at a number of aspects of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2008, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study examines the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time. The report provides a general overview of the current situation and developments regarding working time, but the figures provided should be read with caution, and the various notes and explanations borne in mind. This reflects the fact that there are a number of problems in international comparisons of the length of working time. Comparable data are not collected in all countries, while particular difficulties include the following: the existence of different ways of calculating working time, with annual, rather than weekly calculation increasingly common in some countries (TN0308101S); the fact that working time reductions in some countries have been introduced through extra days off or cuts in annual working hours, leaving the normal working week relatively unchanged; the increasing use of schemes whereby weekly working hours may vary considerably, with an average being maintained over a reference period; the treatment of part-time workers; the differing roles of collective bargaining and legislation, with the latter having an impact on actual hours in some countries, but acting only as a maximum 'safety net' in others." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Presser, Harriet B., Janet C. Gornick & Sangeeta Parashar (2008): Gender and nonstandard work hours in 12 European countries. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 131, H. 2, S. 83-103.

Abstract

"Labor force surveys conducted in several European countries in 2005 indicate high levels of nonstandard work hours, varying by gender; by contrast, nonstandard work hours for both men and women vary little by whether they have or do not have children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"This annual update provides an overview of the duration of working time in the European Union and Norway in 2007, based on contributions from the European Industrial Relations Observatory (EIRO) national centres. The study considers the following issues: average weekly working hours as set by collective agreements - both at national level and for three specific economic sectors; statutory limits on weekly and daily working time; average actual weekly working hours; annual leave entitlement, as set by collective agreements and law; and estimates of average collectively agreed annual working time.
In 2007, average collectively agreed weekly working time in the European Union was 38.6 hours, while agreed normal annual working time averaged about 1,740 hours. Of the three economic sectors examined in this study, agreed weekly working hours are highest in retail (38.8), followed by the chemicals industry (38.6) and the civil service (38.3). Average collectively agreed paid annual leave entitlement stood at 25.2 days across the EU in 2007, although the total varied significantly between the 'old' and new Member States. This report also examines statutory working time and leave limits, and actual working hours." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kitterød, Ragni Hege & Silje Vatne Pettersen (2006): Making up for mothers' employed working hours? Housework and childcare among Norwegian fathers. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 473-492. DOI:10.1177/0950017006066997

Abstract

"It is an important aim in Norwegian work-family policy to enhance fathers' family role, and some argue that we now have a father-friendly welfare state. Norwegian time-use surveys show an increase in fathers' family-work, but we know little about the factors influencing fathers' domestic labour. In this article we ask whether fathers increase their housework and childcare in response to mothers' employment. Using the latest Norwegian time-use survey, we find a non-linear relationship between the mother's working hours and the couple's non-overlapping working hours on the one hand, and the mother's working hours and the father's family-work on the other.The father makes up for the mother's absence only when she works short hours and only for certain chores. Full-time employment for the mother does not increase the father's contribution in any types of family-work. This suggests that dual-earner parents rely mostly on external childcare to substitute for the mother's absence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bowles, Samuel & Yongjin Park (2005): Emulation, inequality, and work hours. Was Thorsten Veblen right? In: The economic journal, Jg. 115, H. 507, S. F397-F412.

Abstract

"We investigate the manner in which a desire to emulate the rich influences individuals' allocation of time between labour and leisure, greater inequality inducing longer work hours as a result. Data on work hours in ten countries over the period 1963-98 show that greater inequality is indeed associated longer work hours. These 'Veblen effects' are large and the estimates are robust using country fixed effects and other specifications. Because consumption inequality is a public bad, a social welfare optimum cannot be implemented by a flat tax on consumption but may be accomplished by more complicated (progressive) consumption taxes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Muszynska, Magdalena (2004): Employment after childbearing. A comparative study of Italy and Norway. (MPIDR working paper 2004-030), Rostock, 39 S.

Abstract

"In this study we look at the circumstances under which motherhood and employment are compatible. Comparing two countries, Italy and Norway, we analyze the impact of macro factors and individual characteristics on employment decisions of first- and second-time mothers. Our results show that in Norway, where flexible forms of employment are a popular way to reconcile family life and employment, not only many women start to work when their child is small, but the fertility is also relatively high. In Italy, characterized by high rigidities of the labor market and where flexible forms of employment are hardly available, relatively few mothers enter employment and fertility is low. In addition, we found that in both countries better educated women and women with more work experience return to their jobs relatively soon after childbirth. The majority of women with a low level of education and who did not work before the childbirth do not take up work when the child is small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schief, Sebastian (2004): Fünfundfünfzig, weiblich, ohne Ausbildung sucht... Anmerkungen zur Beschäftigungsintensität in der Europäischen Union, Norwegen und der Schweiz. In: Institut Arbeit und Technik (Hrsg.) (2004): Institut Arbeit und Technik : Jahrbuch 2003/2004, S. 35-52.

Abstract

"'Mehr und bessere Arbeitsplätze' war eine der Forderungen in den Schlussfolgerungen des Europäischen Rates in Lissabon im Jahr 2000. Als ehrgeiziges Ziel wurde die Erhöhung des Anteils der Personen in Beschäftigung um etwa 10 Prozentpunkte formuliert. Zudem wird in Deutschland im Moment heftig über die Verlängerung der Arbeitszeiten auf bis zu 42 Stunden diskutiert. Es stellt sich nun die Frage, wie Beschäftigungsquoten - also der Anteil der Personen in Arbeit an allen Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter - und Arbeitszeiten zusammen hängen. Denn welcher Anteil der Bevölkerung erwerbstätig ist, hängt neben der Höhe des Arbeitsvolumens einer Volkswirtschaft auch von der Länge der Arbeitszeit der Erwerbstätigen ab. Im Beitrag wird untersucht, welche Kombinationen aus Beschäftigungsquoten, Arbeitszeiten und Arbeitsvolumen in den Ländern der Europäischen Union, der Schweiz und Norwegen zu finden sind. Ausgangspunkt unserer Überlegungen sind dabei zwei aus den Lissabonner Schlussfolgerungen ableitbare Prämissen: 1. Es ist sinnvoll und wünschenswert, Erwerbsarbeit auf möglichst viele Personen zu verteilen, um diesen zumindest die Möglichkeit zu geben, ihren eigenen Lebensunterhalt zu verdienen. 2. Das Arbeitsvolumen einer Volkswirtschaft sollte ausreichen, um allen Personen, die einer Erwerbsarbeit nachgehen wollen, diese auch zu ermöglichen. Ausgehend von diesen Annahmen werden wir innerhalb dieses Beitrages untersuchen, wie sich die Konfigurationen in den Ländern der EU, der Schweiz und Norwegen im Jahr 2002 darstellen. Mit Konfiguration ist im Folgenden die spezifische Verbindung von Beschäftigungsquote, Arbeitszeit und Arbeitsvolumen einer Gesellschaft gemeint. Zudem untersuchen wir, aufgrund welcher Kombinationen von Arbeitszeit und Beschäftigungsquoten welche Beschäftigungsintensität zustande kommt, und welcher Zusammenhang zwischen Konfigurationen und den Variablen Alter, Qualifikation und Geschlecht besteht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Schief, Sebastian (2004): Beschäftigungsquoten, Arbeitszeiten und Arbeitsvolumina in der Europäischen Union, der Schweiz und Norwegen. Eine Analyse von Beschäftigungsquoten, Arbeitszeiten und Arbeitsvolumina verschiedener Altersgruppen mit dem Schwerpunkt auf ältere Personen. Berlin, 41 S.

Abstract

In den Ländern der Europäischen Union gilt der gleitende Übergang in den Ruhestand im Gegensatz zum Vorruhestand als förderungswürdiges Instrument der nationalen Arbeitsmarktpolitik. Damit sollen die soziale Ausgrenzung älterer Menschen vermindert, wertvolle Qualifikationen in den Unternehmen bewahrt und die Rentensysteme entlastet werden. Bei der Analyse der Europäischen Arbeitskräftestichprobe der Jahre 1992 und 2002 werden die 25- bis über 65-Jährigen in acht Alterskohorten eingeteilt. Es wird gefragt, wie hoch die Erwerbsbeteiligung älterer Menschen in der EU, der Schweiz und Norwegen ist, welche Arbeitszeiten sie haben, wie intensiv ihre Arbeitskraft gesamtgesellschaftlich genutzt wird und welchen Einfluss die Merkmale Geschlecht, Qualifikation und Nationalität auf die Beschäftigungsquoten, Arbeitszeiten und Arbeitsvolumina haben. In allen Ländern ist das Ausscheiden aus dem Erwerbsleben vor Erreichen des gesetzlichen Rentenalters weit verbreitet, Formen des gleitenden Übergangs in den Ruhestand sind kaum nachweisbar, und die gesellschaftliche Nutzung der Arbeitskraft Älterer ist von Land zu Land sehr unterschiedlich. In allen Ländern ist die Nutzung von Arbeitskraft hoch Qualifizierter deutlich stärker als die der niedrig Qualifizierten, die Nutzung der Arbeitskraft älterer Frauen niedriger als die älterer Männer, und es gibt große Unterschiede in der Beschäftigungsintensität älterer Ausländer. Die Hypothesen über die Praxis der Frühverrentung und des gleitenden Übergangs in den Ruhestand werden an Hand anderer Studien sowie eigener bivariater Analysen überprüft. Dabei zeigt sich u.a., dass bei hoch Qualifizierten und bei Männern eine hohe 'Teilzeitresistenz' gegen einen gleitenden Übergang in den Ruhestand besteht, dass Skandinavien die Arbeitskraft Älterer am stärksten nutzt und Deutschland mit am wenigsten. (IAB)

Abstract

"Der fast 4ward Europa-Report zeigt: Schwedische Väter im bezahlten Elternurlaub, weibliche Erwerbstätigkeit in Frankreich, Teilzeit in den Niederlanden sind selbstverständlicher Alltag. Mit der Umwandlung des Erziehungsurlaubs in Elternzeit im Jahr 2001 besitzt Deutschland eine der fortschrittlichsten Gesetzgebungen für Eltern Europas. Trotzdem weist Deutschland einen deutlichen Rückstand bei der Integration von Eltern in den Arbeitsmarkt auf. Die Konsequenzen werden sichtbar in der seit Jahren rückläufigen Geburtenquote, Tendenz weiter fallend, obwohl deutsche Frauen im statistischen Mittel ihre Kinder früher bekommen als ihre europäischen Nachbarinnen. In welcher Weise Frauen und Männer in Ländern wie Frankreich, den Niederlanden oder Schweden Beruf und Familie vereinbaren und welche zentralen Vorgaben und Rahmenbedingungen von der Politik gesetzt werden, sind Fragen, die im Mittelpunkt des fast 4ward Europa-Reports stehen. Analysiert und gegenübergestellt werden Gesetze und Regelungen europäischer Länder, die eine höhere Geburtenrate als Deutschland aufweisen und bei der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie als vorbildlich gelten. Außerdem bieten Interviews mit Frauen der jeweiligen Länder eine subjektive Momentaufnahme vom Leben und Arbeiten mit Kindern im Nachbarland. Der Europa-Report soll Anhaltspunkte und Handlungsoptionen aufzeigen, wie Deutschland die Balance zwischen Arbeits- und Privatleben - insbesondere bei der Integration von Müttern in das Erwerbsleben - stärken und fördern kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gornick, Janet C. & Marcia K. Meyers (2003): Supports for working families: Work and care policies across welfare states. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 1, H. 4, S. 13-18.

Abstract

Eltern überall in Europa und den USA teilen das gleiche Problem, nämlich eine Balance zwischen den Verpflichtungen des Arbeitsmarkts und der Familie herzustellen. Die notwendige Arbeitsteilung muss sowohl gerecht als auch ökonomisch vertretbar sein. Unter dieser Perspektive werden die sozialpolitischen Maßnahmen, die zehn industrielle Wohlfahrtsstaaten auf diesem Gebiet getroffen haben, beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Der internationale Vergleich bezieht sich auf Belgien, Dänemark, Finnland, Frankreich, Deutschland, die Niederlande, Norwegen, Schweden, Großbritannien und die USA. Im allgemeinen lässt sich feststellen, dass sozialdemokratisch regierte Länder die großzügigsten Regelungen haben, die zudem für beide Geschlechter gleich gelten. Konservativ regierte europäische Länder unterstützen zwar Maßnahmen zur Bereitstellung der notwendigen Betreuungszeit und zur ökonomischen Stabilisierung der familiären Situation, sind aber weit weniger aktiv, was die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern bei bezahlter und unbezahlter Arbeit angeht. In diesen Ländern sind die Ungleichheiten in der Aufteilung von Arbeit unter den Geschlechtern am offensichtlichsten. Die Staaten wiederum wie Großbritannien und vor allem die USA, die sich am Konzept der freien Marktwirtschaft orientieren, stellen kaum Unterstützung für berufstätige Eltern bereit. In diesen Ländern sind die meisten Eltern auf das Wohlwollen ihrer Arbeitgeber angewiesen, wenn es um bezahlten Familienurlaub, geringere Arbeitszeiten oder mehr Freizeit geht. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bosch, Gerhard & Alexandra Wagner (2002): Konvergenz der Arbeitszeitwünsche in Westeuropa. Konturen eines neuen Arbeitszeitstandards. (IAT-Report 2002-01), Gelsenkirchen, 9 S.

Abstract

Im Rahmen einer umfangreichen Erhebung über die Erwerbswünsche der Zukunft, die im zweiten Halbjahr 1998 in den 15 Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union und Norwegen durchgeführt wurde, wurden 12600 Erwerbstätige und 17900 zurzeit nicht Erwerbstätige zu ihren Arbeitszeitwünschen befragt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durchschnittlich kürzere Arbeitszeiten gewünscht als derzeit praktiziert werden. Die Arbeitszeitwünsche liegen innerhalb der Länder und auch zwischen den Ländern enger beieinander als die tatsächlichen Arbeitszeiten. Bei einer Realisierung der Arbeitszeitwünsche würde die Grenze zwischen Voll- und Teilzeitarbeit fließend, und die Arbeitszeitunterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen würden geringer. Kurze Teilzeit und überlange Arbeitszeiten würden kaum noch auftreten. In Paarhaushalten würden bei annähernd gleichen Gesamtarbeitszeiten beider Partner Frauen einen größeren Anteil der bezahlten Arbeit leisten als bisher. Abschließend werden auf der Grundlage der erhobenen Wünsche Herausforderungen für die europäische Arbeitszeitpolitik beschrieben. (IAB2)

Zitatform

Raghuram, Sumita, Manuel London & Henrik Holt Larsen (2001): Flexible employment practices in Europe. Country versus culture. In: The international journal of human resource management, Jg. 12, H. 5, S. 738-753.

Abstract

Die Autoren vergleichen die Personalpraxis von Unternehmen aus 14 Ländern zu flexibler Beschäftigung. (IAB)

Zitatform

Bielenski, Harald (2000): Erwerbswünsche und Arbeitszeitpräferenzen in Deutschland und Europa. Ergebnisse einer Repräsentativbefragung. In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 228-237.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag basiert auf einer Repräsentativbefragung bei mehr als 30 000 Personen im erwerbsfähigen Alter, die 1998 in allen 15 Mitgliedstaaten der EU und in Norwegen durchgeführt wurde. Es wird gezeigt, dass es in Deutschland und in Europa einen nicht unerheblichen Bedarf an zusätzlichen Arbeitsplätzen der quantitativ weit größer ist als die aktuellen Arbeitslosenzahlen vermuten lassen. Gleichzeitig gibt es ein großes Interesse an kürzeren Arbeitszeiten - insbesondere an mehr Möglichkeiten, in Teilzeit zu arbeiten -, sowie den Wunsch, Überstunden vermehrt durch Freizeit auszugleichen, und ein Interesse an Langzeiturlauben. Daraus ergibt sich ein erhebliches Potential für Arbeitsumverteilung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Gershuny, Jonathan (2000): Changing times. Work and leisure in postindustrial society. Oxford u.a.: Oxford University Press, 304 S.

Abstract

"Time allocation, whether considered at the level of the individual or of the society, is a major focus of public concern. Yet there is surprisingly little substantive evidence of how individuals and societies spend their time, and of how this has changed in the developed world over the recent past. The book brings together, for the first time, data gathered in some forty national scale 'time-diary' studies, from twenty countries, and covering the last third of the twentieth century. It examines the newly emerging political economy of time, in the light of new estimates of how time is actually spent, and of how this has changed, in the developed world." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hernoes, Erik, Marte Sollie & Steinar Strom (2000): Early retirement and economic incentives. In: The Scandinavian journal of economics, Jg. 102, H. 3, S. 481-502.

Abstract

"In Norway, early retirement programmes have gradually reduced the retirement age from 67 to 62 for a majority of the labour force. Based on micro data for 1990 and 1992, we estimate a competing-risk model with three states: full retirement, partial retirement/part-time work and full-time work. We then use the estimated model in simulations to study how financial incentives can be strengthened to extend working life. Financial incentives, educational background and industry affiliation are found to influence retirement behaviour. For low and medium incomes, the tax system shifts the incentives heavily towards early retirement and, in particular, towards partial retirement combined with part-time work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Latulippe, Denis & John Turner (2000): Partial retirement and pension policy in industrialized countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 139, H. 2, S. 179-195.

Abstract

Die Autoren diskutieren Auswirkungen und Vor- und Nachteile der Altersteilzeit in Industrieländern und geben einen knappen Überblick über die einschlägigen Regelungen in acht Ländern (Deutschland, Frankreich, Belgien, Niederlande, Japan, USA, Norwegen, Schweden). (IAB)