Gender und Arbeitsmarkt
Die IAB-Infoplattform "Gender und Arbeitsmarkt" bietet wissenschaftliche und politiknahe Veröffentlichungen zu den Themen Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen und Männern, Müttern und Vätern, Berufsrückkehrenden, Betreuung/Pflege und Arbeitsteilung in der Familie, Work-Life-Management, Determinanten der Erwerbsbeteiligung, geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede, familien- und steuerpolitische Regelungen sowie Arbeitsmarktpolitik für Frauen und Männer.
Zurück zur Übersicht- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug
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Literaturhinweis
Completed fertility effects of family policy measures: evidence from a life-cycle model (2014)
Abiry, Raphael; Stichnoth, Holger; Reuss, Karsten;Zitatform
Abiry, Raphael, Karsten Reuss & Holger Stichnoth (2014): Completed fertility effects of family policy measures. Evidence from a life-cycle model. (ZEW discussion paper 2014-068), Mannheim, 15 S.
Abstract
"We estimate a structural life-cycle model of fertility and female labour supply and use it to evaluate the effects of a number of key family policy measures based on data for Germany. Parental leave benefits, child benefits and subsidized childcare are found to have substantial fertility effects. Without these measures, completed fertility is estimated to be lower by 6%, 7%, and 10%, respectively. Income tax splitting, which is fiscally expensive, reduces female labour supply but has a negligible effect on fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Einfluss ehe- und familienbezogener Maßnahmen und Leistungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern: ergänzende Auswertungen der für die Evaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen in der Alterssicherung erhobenen Befragungsdaten (2014)
Albrecht, Martin; Schiffhorst, Guido; Taeger, Sara; Wolfschütz, Alina;Zitatform
Albrecht, Martin, Guido Schiffhorst, Sara Taeger & Alina Wolfschütz (2014): Einfluss ehe- und familienbezogener Maßnahmen und Leistungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern. Ergänzende Auswertungen der für die Evaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen in der Alterssicherung erhobenen Befragungsdaten. Berlin, 231 S.
Abstract
"Mütter kehren nach einer Geburt im Durchschnitt nach gut eineinhalb Jahren wieder in den Beruf zurück oder planen dies so. Jede zweite beginnt dabei in Teilzeit mit im Mittel rund 24 Wochenstunden. Knapp zwei Drittel von ihnen wären jedoch bereits früher oder mit mehr Arbeitsstunden eingestiegen, hätten sie dies organisatorisch realisieren können. Das geht aus einer Befragung des IGES Instituts im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend hervor. Dabei wurden Frauen interviewt, die zwischen 2008 und 2010 ein Kind bekommen hatten.
Danach hindern jede fünfte Mutter fehlende Betreuungsmöglichkeiten daran, schneller und umfassender (wieder) erwerbstätig zu sein. 16 Prozent hätten flexiblere Arbeitsbedingungen geholfen. Weitere 16 Prozent hatten überhaupt keinen passenden Arbeitsplatz. Allerdings ist für 31 Prozent die getroffene Planung persönlich in Ordnung, da sie ausreichend Zeit haben wollten, ihr Kind selbst zu betreuen.
Einen deutlich früheren Zeitpunkt beim (Wieder-)einstieg wählten selbstständige Mütter nach durchschnittlich knapp einem Jahr. Mit den meisten Stunden starten Mütter, die bereits vor Geburt in Vollzeit tätig waren und Mütter mit einem monatlichen Haushaltseinkommen von weniger als 2.000 Euro brutto (durchschnittlich rund 28 bzw. 26 Wochenstunden)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Guter Job - Kinder können warten: Frauen in Berufen mit Perspektiven schieben die Familiengründung auf (2014)
Zitatform
Althaber, Agnieszka & Michael Ruland (2014): Guter Job - Kinder können warten. Frauen in Berufen mit Perspektiven schieben die Familiengründung auf. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 143, S. 10-12.
Abstract
"Berufe unterscheiden sich bezüglich der Beschäftigungsperspektiven, die sie erwerbstätigen jungen Frauen bieten. Die Untersuchung bestimmter Charakteristika von Berufen zeigt, dass die beruflichen Rahmenbedingungen für Frauen direkte Auswirkungen auf die Planung und Entscheidung zur Familiengründung haben. Frauen in Berufen mit guten Beschäftigungsperspektiven beim Arbeitsmarkteinstieg bekommen ihr erstes Kind deutlich später als Frauen in Berufen mit schlechteren Beschäftigungsperspektiven. Das hat Konsequenzen für das gelebte Modell der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie und darauf, wie stark Frauen Abstriche im Berufsleben machen. In" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Female self-employment and children: the case of Sweden (2014)
Andersson Joona, Pernilla;Zitatform
Andersson Joona, Pernilla (2014): Female self-employment and children. The case of Sweden. (IZA discussion paper 8486), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"Previous studies, mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, find a positive correlation between the presence of young children in the household and self-employment probabilities among women. This has been seen as an indication of women with young children choosing self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. This paper studies the relationship between children and female self-employment in a country with family friendly policies and a generous welfare system: Sweden. The initial hypothesis is that we will not find evidence of a positive effect of children on self-employment among Swedish women since there are other institutions in place aiming at facilitating the combination of work and family. Using Swedish register data for the period 2004-2008 we do, however, find that the presence of young children increases the probability of choosing self-employment also among Swedish women. The effect is strongest for women with very young children, 0-3 years of age. These results also hold in a panel data model that takes individual unobserved heterogeneity into account. We also analyze time-use data and find, contrary to what has been found in many other countries, that self-employed women spend more, or as much, time on market work than wage-earning women. This raises doubts about whether women in Sweden chose self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. We suggest an alternative interpretation which is that women who chose self-employment while the children are young in fact are women with strong preferences for market work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The Effect of Grandparental Support on Mothers' Labour Market Participation: An Instrumental Variable Approach (2014)
Zitatform
Arpino, Bruno, Chiara D. Pronzato & Lara P. Tavares (2014): The Effect of Grandparental Support on Mothers' Labour Market Participation. An Instrumental Variable Approach. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 369-390. DOI:10.1007/s10680-014-9319-8
Abstract
"Childcare arrangements are key in women's ability to juggle motherhood and work outside the home. As such, the study of access to childcare and its use is of great policy relevance. We focus on a particular kind of informal childcare, the one provided by grandparents. Empirically, assessing the effect of grandparental childcare is not an easy task due to unobserved preferences. In light of the potential outcome framework, we interpret the biases resulting from unobserved preferences as arising from the non-compliance of mothers to the availability of grandparents and from preferences of grandparents for activities other than childcare. Using an instrumental variable approach on Italian data, we find that the effect of grandparental childcare on mothers' labour supply is positive, statistically significant and economically relevant. The effect is stronger for less educated mothers, with young children and living in northern and central Italy." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fixed-term employment and fertility: evidence from German micro data (2014)
Zitatform
Auer, Wolfgang & Natalia Danzer (2014): Fixed-term employment and fertility. Evidence from German micro data. (Ifo working paper 190), München, 34 S.
Abstract
"We study the short- to medium-run effects of starting a career on a fixed-term contract on subsequent fertility outcomes. We focus on the career start since we expect that temporary contracts and their inherent economic uncertainty implies a path dependency which might have spill-over effects on other domains of life. Our empirical analysis is based on rich data from the German Socio-Economic Panel which provides comprehensive information about individuals' labour market history as well as fertility behavior. Our main results are: Women (i) tend to postpone first birth due to fixed-term employment at labour market entry and (ii) reduce the number of children in the first 10 years after graduation. These associations are strongest in the subsample of native women with at least vocational training. (iii) In contrast, we find no significant correlations for men. We argue that these findings are robust to potential endogeneity threats." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Mothers' employment, education, and parenting (2014)
Augustine, Jennifer March;Zitatform
Augustine, Jennifer March (2014): Mothers' employment, education, and parenting. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 237-270. DOI:10.1177/0730888413501342
Abstract
"This study investigates whether mothers' education moderates the link between their work and parenting quality, differentiating among aspects of work that may negatively and positively influence it. Data came from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,345). The results revealed that part-time and higher status work were associated with increases in parenting quality for less educated women, but not for more educated women, thereby narrowing socioeconomic differences in the parenting behaviors linked to children's mobility. Yet non-employment among less educated women was associated with the lowest levels of parenting quality, pointing to a key source of inequality in the lives of children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments? (2014)
Azmat, Ghazala; Petrongolo, Barbara;Zitatform
Azmat, Ghazala & Barbara Petrongolo (2014): Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments? In: Labour economics, Jg. 30, H. October, S. 32-40. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.06.005
Abstract
"We discuss the contribution of the experimental literature to the understanding of both traditional and previously unexplored dimensions of gender differences and discuss their bearings on labor market outcomes. Experiments have offered new findings on gender discrimination, and while they have identified a bias against hiring women in some labor market segments, the discrimination detected in field experiments is less pervasive than that implied by the regression approach. Experiments have also offered new insights into gender differences in preferences: women appear to gain less from negotiation, have lower preferences than men for risk and competition, and may be more sensitive to social cues. These gender differences in preferences also have implications in group settings, whereby the gender composition of a group affects team decisions and performance. Most of the evidence on gender traits comes from the lab, and key open questions remain as to the source of gender preferences -- nature versus nurture, or their interaction -- and their role, if any, in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
From giving birth to paid labor: the effects of adult education for prime-aged mothers (2014)
Bergemann, Annette; Berg, Gerard J. van den;Zitatform
Bergemann, Annette & Gerard J. van den Berg (2014): From giving birth to paid labor. The effects of adult education for prime-aged mothers. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,05), Uppsala, 67 S.
Abstract
"Women without work after childbirth are at risk of losing their connection to the labor market. However, they may participate in adult education programs. We analyze the effect of this on the duration to work and on the wage rate, by applying conditional difference-in-differences approaches. We use Swedish matched longitudinal register data sets covering the full population. The Swedish adult education program is unprecedented in its size, and enrollment is universally available at virtually no cost. We focus on low-skilled women who have recently given birth. We take account of program accessibility, selection issues, course heterogeneity, the income received during adult education, parental leave, and child care fees. Adult education shows positive effects for the unemployed with respect to both the employment probability and wages. To explain the actual program participation rate, we model the enrollment decision from the mothers' point of view, using the estimates to calibrate a job search model. We conclude that non-pecuniary factors cause mothers not to enter adult education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Selection into labor force and gender unemployment gaps (2014)
Zitatform
Bičáková, Alena (2014): Selection into labor force and gender unemployment gaps. (CERGE-EI working paper 513), Prag, 15 S.
Abstract
"This paper sets the groundwork for analysis of the effect of selection into labor force on gender unemployment gaps. We derive the Manski bounds for gender unemployment gaps in 21 EU countries and show that in addition to the positive selection documented in the gender wage gap research, there is also evidence of negative selection into the labor force among women after childbirth. While positive selection of women into the labor force leads to downward bias in gender unemployment gaps, negative selection results in overestimation of gender unemployment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries (2014)
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite; Moral Carcedo, Julian;Zitatform
Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x
Abstract
"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Realisierungschancen egalitärer Erwerbsmodelle: Analysen zur Erwerbsbeteiligung in Partnerschaften mit Kindern auf Basis des Mikrozensus (2014)
Bohr, Jeanette;Zitatform
Bohr, Jeanette (2014): Realisierungschancen egalitärer Erwerbsmodelle. Analysen zur Erwerbsbeteiligung in Partnerschaften mit Kindern auf Basis des Mikrozensus. (GESIS-Schriftenreihe 14), Köln, 246 S.
Abstract
"Obwohl in vielen Partnerschaften ein gleichberechtigtes Rollenverständnis vorherrscht, führt die Geburt eines Kindes häufig zu einer geschlechtsspezifischen Aufgabenverteilung, bei der die Frau ihre Erwerbstätigkeit längerfristig reduziert. Die Studie geht der Frage nach, welche Mütter eine gleichmäßige Aufteilung der Erwerbsarbeit präferieren und unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen egalitäre Erwerbsmodelle in Partnerschaften mit Kindern realisiert werden. Dabei werden nicht nur die faktisch praktizierten Erwerbskonstellationen, sondern auch die darüber hinausgehenden Arbeitszeitwünsche von Müttern berücksichtigt. Als Datengrundlage dient der Mikrozensus, der die Möglichkeit bietet, das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen in Ost- und Westdeutschland unter Berücksichtigung zentraler sozioökonomischer Merkmale beider Partner sowie in unterschiedlichen Familienkonstellationen abzubilden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Familienpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland: Evaluationen und Bewertungen (2014)
Zitatform
Bonin, Holger, C. Katharina Spieß, Holger Stichnoth & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): Familienpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland. Evaluationen und Bewertungen. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 5-11. DOI:10.3790/vjh.83.1.5
Abstract
"Erstmalig wurde im Rahmen der Gesamtevaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen die deutsche Familienpolitik systematisch und umfassend evaluiert. Ein vergleichbares Unterfangen hatte es zuvor weder in Deutschland noch in anderen westlichen Industrieländern gegeben. Es ist eine weitere Besonderheit, dass diese Evaluation von zwei Ressorts gemeinsam getragen wurde, dem Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend und dem Bundesministerium der Finanzen. Das groß angelegte Projekt begann im Herbst 2009. Seitdem haben Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler unterschiedlicher Disziplinen mit unterschiedlichen methodischen Herangehensweisen auf der Basis unterschiedlicher Daten in einer Reihe von Einzelstudien untersucht, wie gut die zentralen öffentlich finanzierten Leistungen familienpolitische Ziele voranbringen. Dabei wurden die Ziele, die der Evaluation zugrunde liegen, von der Politik vorgegeben. Auch dies hat einen gewissen Neuigkeitswert, da die deutsche Familienpolitik im Kontext der 'nachhaltigen Familienpolitik' (vergleiche zum Beispiel Ristau-Winkler 2005) erstmalig explizit ihren Zielkatalog definierte: Die evaluierten Ziele umfassten die Sicherung der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität von Familien, eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, eine frühe Förderung von Kindern, die Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen und den Nachteilsausgleich zwischen den Familien. Die Evaluation untersuchte, inwiefern diese Ziele erreicht wurden (Effektivität), aber auch in welcher Relation die Zielerreichung zu dem damit verbundenen fiskalischen Aufwand steht (Effizienz). Damit wurde für Entscheidungsträger auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen und in unterschiedlichen Bereichen, welche mit Familienpolitik in Verbindung stehen, erstmalig eine empirisch begründete Basis für eine evidenzbasierte Weiterentwicklung der deutschen Familienpolitik geschaffen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Arbeitsmarktübergänge junger Eltern: Einflussfaktoren und Rahmenbedingungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Familienform. Abschlussbericht (2014)
Boockmann, Bernhard; Jakob, Lukas; Johann, Christina; Dreyer, Jane; Gabor, Fabian; Brändle, Tobias ; Storz, Angelika; Seidel, Katja; Seckler, Matthias; Burwitz, Hanno; Maier, Patrick ; Dengler, Carina; Meythaler, Nicole; Storz, Florian; Röder, Franziska; Verbeek, Hans; Schmid, Florian;Zitatform
Boockmann, Bernhard, Tobias Brändle, Carina Dengler, Katja Seidel, Hans Verbeek, Lukas Jakob, Christina Johann, Jane Dreyer, Fabian Gabor, Angelika Storz, Matthias Seckler, Hanno Burwitz, Patrick Maier, Nicole Meythaler, Florian Storz, Franziska Röder & Florian Schmid (2014): Arbeitsmarktübergänge junger Eltern. Einflussfaktoren und Rahmenbedingungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Familienform. Abschlussbericht. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht Arbeitsmarkt 440), Berlin, 215 S.
Abstract
"Der Bericht bietet eine empirisch fundierte Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation und der sozio-ökonomischen Lage junger Eltern. Als solche werden alle Elternpaare oder Elternteile bezeichnet, bei denen die Mutter zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt des ersten Kindes wenigstens 16, aber höchstens 26 Jahre alt war. Eine frühe Elternschaft kann ein besonderes Risiko für den Qualifikationserwerb und die Arbeitsmarktintegration darstellen, deshalb werden die Übergänge ins Erwerbsleben und zwischen verschiedenen Erwerbszuständen besonders in den Blick genommen. Die Analysen stützen sich vor allem auf Auswertungen des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) 1996-2011 in Verbindung mit den ersten beiden Wellen der ergänzenden Stichprobe 'Familien in Deutschland (2010/2011)', teilweise auch auf den Mikrozensus und das 'Panel Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung' (PASS)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Adieu Rabenmutter: culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare (2014)
Zitatform
Borck, Rainald (2014): Adieu Rabenmutter: culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 739-765. DOI:10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z
Abstract
"This paper studies the effect of cultural attitudes on childcare provision, fertility, female labour supply and the gender wage gap. Cross-country data show that fertility, female labour force participation and childcare provision are positively correlated with each other, while the gender wage gap seems to be negatively correlated with these variables. The paper presents a model with endogenous fertility, female labour supply and childcare choices driven by cultural attitudes which fit these facts. There may exist multiple equilibria: one with zero childcare provision, low fertility and female labour supply and high wage gap and one with high childcare provision, high fertility and female labour supply and low wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out (2014)
Zitatform
Cahusac, Emma & Shireen Kanji (2014): Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 57-70. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12011
Abstract
"Explanations for professional and managerial mothers' departure from paid work concentrate on childcare and women's preferences or choices. In contrast, our study, based on in-depth interviews with professional and managerial mothers in London, shows that women's experiences within hegemonic masculine cultures play a key role. For example, working time norms require these mothers to work exceptionally long hours, to have permeable time boundaries even if they have negotiated reduced working hours and to 'socialize' in the evenings. Mothers are limited in their ability to protest or implement creative working time solutions because they feel they must hide their motherhood, which in itself creates tension. Mothers who are seemingly supported to work fewer hours are sidelined to lower-status roles for which they are underpaid and undervalued in relation to their experience and previous seniority. Unless mothers mimic successful men, they do not look the part for success in organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender gap and labour market participation: a composite indicator for the ranking of European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Castellano, Rosalia & Antonella Rocca (2014): Gender gap and labour market participation. A composite indicator for the ranking of European countries. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 345-367. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2012-0107
Abstract
"The measurement and comparison across countries of female conditions in labour market and gender gap in employment is a very complex task, given both its multidimensional nature and the different scenarios in terms of economic, social and cultural characteristics. The paper aims to discuss these issues. At this aim, different information about presence and engagement of women in labour market, gender pay gap, segregation, discrimination and human capital characteristics was combined and a ranking of 26 European countries is proposed through the composite indicator methodology. It satisfies the need to benchmark national gender gaps, grouping together economic, political and educational dimensions. The results show that female conditions in labour market are the best in Scandinavian countries and Ireland while many Eastern and Southern European countries result at the bottom of classification." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Female labour market participation in Europe: novel evidence on trends and shaping factors (2014)
Cipollone, Angela; Patacchini, Eleonora; Vallanti, Giovanna;Zitatform
Cipollone, Angela, Eleonora Patacchini & Giovanna Vallanti (2014): Female labour market participation in Europe. Novel evidence on trends and shaping factors. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-40. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-18
Abstract
"We investigate the changes in women's participation patterns across 15 EU countries over the last 20 years using individual data from ECHP and EUSILC databases. Our findings show that the observed trends in female participation differ substantially both across countries and across different groups of women. We explore such heterogeneity in trends by looking at the effects of policies and labour market institutional factors on the participation of women with different family and individual characteristics. Our estimates reveal a role of policies and institutions that is stronger than what has so far been assessed. Labour market institutions and family-oriented policies explain almost 25% of the actual increase in labour force participation for young women, and more than 30% for highly educated women. Surprisingly, changes in the institutional and policy settings contribute less in explaining the participation of low-skilled women. We also find that reforming the institutional framework towards a model of 'flexicure' labour market is effective in enhancing women labour supply only when deregulation is accompanied by sufficient social compensation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Teenage pregnancies and births in Germany: patterns and developments (2014)
Cygan-Rehm, Kamila; Riphahn, Regina T.;Zitatform
Cygan-Rehm, Kamila & Regina T. Riphahn (2014): Teenage pregnancies and births in Germany. Patterns and developments. (IZA discussion paper 8229), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"We study the development of teenage fertility in East and West Germany using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) and from the German Mikrozensus. Following the international literature we derive hypotheses on the patterns of teenage fertility and test whether they are relevant in the German case. We find that teenage fertility is associated with teenage age and education, with the income of the teenager's family, with migration status, residence in East Germany, and aggregate unemployment. Our evidence supports countercyclical teenage fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The miracle drugs: hormone replacement therapy and labor market behavior of middle-aged women (2014)
Daysal, N. Meltem; Orsini, Chiara;Zitatform
Daysal, N. Meltem & Chiara Orsini (2014): The miracle drugs. Hormone replacement therapy and labor market behavior of middle-aged women. (IZA discussion paper 7993), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"In an aging society, determining which factors contribute to the employment of older individuals is increasingly important. We examine the impact of medical innovations on the employment of middle-aged women focusing on the specific case of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), a common treatment for the alleviation of negative menopausal symptoms. HRT medications were among the most popular prescriptions in the United States until 2002 when the Women's Health Initiative Study - the largest randomized control trial on women ever undertaken - documented the health risks associated with their long term use. We exploit the release of these findings within a Fixed Effect Instrumental Variable framework to address the endogeneity in HRT use. Our results indicate substantial benefits of HRT use to the short-term employment of middle-aged women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Scenarios for the equal division of paid and unpaid work in the transition to parenthood in Germany (2014)
Zitatform
Dechant, Anne & Florian Schulz (2014): Scenarios for the equal division of paid and unpaid work in the transition to parenthood in Germany. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 615-644. DOI:10.4232/10.CPoS-2013-06en
Abstract
"Auf Basis einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie von 14 deutschen Paaren werden die notwendigen und hinreichenden Bedingungen einer partnerschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung beim Übergang zur Elternschaft explorativ untersucht. Ausgehend von der These, dass hochgebildet-homogame Paare am ehesten geneigt und durchsetzungsstark genug sein dürften, eine egalitäre Paarbeziehung zu etablieren, wird gezeigt, dass solche Arrangements ohne spezifische Randbedingungen nicht aufrecht erhalten oder erreicht werden können. Ein Vergleich von Einstellungen, Familienwerten und -normen mit der gelebten Alltagspraxis deutet in vielen Fällen zudem auf die bekannte 'verbale Aufgeschlossenheit bei weitgehender Verhaltensstarre' hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
deutschsprachige Fassung -
Literaturhinweis
Fertility and economic instability (2014)
Zitatform
Del Bono, Emilia, Andrea Weber & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2014): Fertility and economic instability. (ISER working paper 2014-06), Colchester, 23 S.
Abstract
"In this paper we study the separate effects of unemployment and job displacement on fertility in a sample of white collar women in Austria. Using an instrumental variables approach we show that unemployment incidence as such has no negative effect on fertility decisions, but the very fact of being displaced from a career-oriented job has. Fertility rates for women affected by a firm closure are significantly below those of a control group, even after six years, and this is so irrespective of the incidence or the duration of the associated unemployment spell." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Adult outcomes of teen mothers across birth cohorts (2014)
Driscoll, Anne;Zitatform
Driscoll, Anne (2014): Adult outcomes of teen mothers across birth cohorts. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 30, S. 1277-1292. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2014.30.44
Abstract
"Background: Teen and young adult mothers have lower socioeconomic status than older mothers.
Objective: This study analyzes the socioeconomic status (SES) of teen, young adult, and older adult mothers across four five-year birth cohorts from 1956 to 1975 who were teens from 1971 to 1994.
Methods: Data were pooled from the 1995, 2002, and 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Mothers were categorized by age at first birth and by their birth cohorts. The SES (education, single motherhood, poverty, employment) of teen, young adult, and older mothers was compared across cohorts and within cohorts.
Results: Among teen mothers, the odds of fulltime employment improved across birth cohorts and the odds of educational attainment beyond high school did not vary. Their odds of single motherhood and living in poverty increased across cohorts. The odds of higher education and single motherhood increased across birth cohorts for young adult mothers as did the odds of living in poverty, even if working fulltime. Among older adult mothers, educational attainment and the odds of single motherhood rose for recent cohorts.
Conclusions: Comparisons between teen mothers and both young adult and all adult mothers within cohorts suggest that gaps in single motherhood and poverty between teen and adult mothers have widened over time, to the detriment of teen mothers. Teen mothers have become more likely to be single and poor than in the past and compared to older mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Women's role in the Swiss economy (2014)
Dutu, Richard;Zitatform
Dutu, Richard (2014): Women's role in the Swiss economy. (OECD Economics Department working papers 1144), Paris, 47 S. DOI:10.1787/5jz123dzstkb-en
Abstract
"Swiss women are now as well educated as their male counterparts. However, progress remains to be made in the job market where both the supply and price of female labour are below that of men. While the participation rate for women is high and rising, it is offset by a heavy incidence of part-time work, reflecting both personal preferences and factors that limit their labour supply. The lack and high cost of childcare options for parents, as well as burdensome marginal income tax rates for second earners, create disincentives to work more. A falling but persistent net (i.e. unexplained) wage gap of about 7% in favour of men, coupled with under-representation of women as managers and entrepreneurs, further reduce the incentive for women to take full advantage of their high levels of human capital. Priority should be given to removing those barriers by increasing public spending on childcare and out-of-school-hours care at the cantonal and municipal levels. Existing regulations regarding childcare provision should also be investigated to see whether a broader range of price and quality childcare options is feasible. The implicit tax penalty for married women should also be removed, as the Federal Council is currently considering. More flexibility in working arrangements could further alleviate women's cost of reconciling work and family life. For instance, facilitating flexi-time, annualised hours, job-sharing, part-time and telework options for both, women and men, and creating paternity and/or consecutive, take-it-or-leave-it parental leave could facilitate transition in and out of the labour market. Increasing competition in product markets should help reduce the wage gap by replacing old habits with the hunt for talent regardless of gender. Finally, a corporate governance code in favour of a more equal representation of women in leadership positions, and setting ambitious quantitative targets for women on boards combined with the 'Comply or Explain' practise, or quotas, should help remove the so-called glass ceiling. This Working Paper relates to the 2013 OECD Economic Review of Switzerland." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants: a public-private comparison (2014)
Duvivier, Chloé; Narcy, Mathieu;Zitatform
Duvivier, Chloé & Mathieu Narcy (2014): The motherhood wage penalty and its determinants. A public-private comparison. (Centre d'Etudes de l'Emploi. Document de travail 172), Noisy-le-Grand, 34 S.
Abstract
"In this paper, we investigate whether public and private sector employees bear a different wage penalty from having children. Using data from the Families and Employers survey, we are able to address three potential biases: self-selection into employment, self-selection into sectors, and unobserved heterogeneity. We find that mothers of two or more children suffer from a much larger penalty when they work in the private sector. In addition, in both sectors, we find no unexplained penalty once we control for all the potential determinants of the family pay gap, namely, a reduced labour supply of mothers, child-related career interruptions, less access to management positions, and adjustments in working conditions. However, these factors play different roles in explaining the motherhood penalty in each sector; most notably, child-related career interruptions are much more harmful in the private sector than in the public sector." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Divorce risk, wages and working wives: a quantitative life-cycle analysis of female labour force participation (2014)
Fernandez, Raquel; Wong, Joyce Cheng;Zitatform
Fernandez, Raquel & Joyce Cheng Wong (2014): Divorce risk, wages and working wives. A quantitative life-cycle analysis of female labour force participation. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 319-358. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12136
Abstract
"This article develops a quantitative life-cycle model to study the increase in married women's labour force participation (LFP). We calibrate the model to match key life-cycle statistics for the 1935 cohort and use it to assess the changed environment faced by the 1955 cohort. We find that a higher divorce probability and changes in wage structure are each able to explain a large proportion of the LFP increase. Higher divorce risk increases LFP not because the latter contributes to higher marital assets or greater labour market experience, however. Instead, it is the result of conflicting spousal preferences towards the adjustment of marital consumption in the face of increased divorce risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Unilateral divorce, the decreasing gender gap, and married women's labor force participation (2014)
Fernández, Raquel; Wong, Joyce;Zitatform
Fernández, Raquel & Joyce Wong (2014): Unilateral divorce, the decreasing gender gap, and married women's labor force participation. In: The American economic review, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 342-347. DOI:10.1257/aer.104.5.342
Abstract
"Married women's labor force participation (LFP) increased dramatically in the United States between the 1940 and 1960 cohort. The two cohorts lived under different divorce regimes (unilateral divorce rather than mutual consent). The 1960 cohort also had a lower gender wage gap. We use a quantitative dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marital status, calibrated to key statistics for the 1940 cohort, to study the effects of these two changes. We find that both drivers combined are able to account for over 50 percent of the increase in married women's LFP and also generate large movements in marriage and divorce rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Doing gender: Elternschaft, Erwerbsarbeit und Weiterbildungsteilnahme (2014)
Friebel, Harry;Zitatform
Friebel, Harry (2014): Doing gender. Elternschaft, Erwerbsarbeit und Weiterbildungsteilnahme. In: Leviathan, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 420-432. DOI:10.5771/0340-0425-2014-3-420
Abstract
"Die lebenslauforientierte empirische Analyse verweist auf ein 'doing gender' in der Weiterbildungsteilnahme. In Abhängigkeit von der Familienbildung und der Berufsarbeit realisieren sich erheblich unterschiedliche Weiterbildungskarrieren von Müttern und Vätern - aufgrund unterschiedlicher Familienrollen und Arbeitserfahrungen. Datengrundlage ist das Hamburger Biografie- und Lebenslaufpanel (HBLP) - eine Panelstudie von 1980 bis 2012. Die hier vorgestellte Kontext-Analyse zur Weiterbildung verschränkt die Individualperspektive (Teilnehmer/in) mit der Institutionenperspektive (Familie/Arbeitswelt), um sowohl individuelle als auch strukturelle Einflüsse in einem gemeinsamen Paradigma zu verfugen: Weiterbildungsverhalten und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten stehen in einem Zusammenhang." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
When is the best time to give birth? (2014)
Zitatform
Frühwirth-Schnatter, Sylvia, Christoph Pamminger, Andrea Weber & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2014): When is the best time to give birth? (IZA discussion paper 8396), Bonn, 27 S.
Abstract
"Using Bayesian Markov chain clustering analysis we investigate career paths of Austrian women after their first birth. This data-driven method allows characterizing long-term career paths of mothers over up to 19 years by transitions between parental leave, non-employment and different forms of employment. We, thus, classify women into five cluster-groups with very different long-run career costs of childbearing. We model group membership with a multinomial specification within the finite mixture model. This approach gives insights into the determinants of the long-run family gap. Giving birth late in life may lead very diverse outcomes: on the one hand, it increases the odds to drop out of labor force, and on the other hand, it increases the odds to reach a high-wage career track." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Can immigrants help women "have it all"?: immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions (2014)
Furtado, Delia;Zitatform
Furtado, Delia (2014): Can immigrants help women "have it all"? Immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions. (IZA discussion paper 8614), Bonn, 31 S.
Abstract
"This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the trade-offs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24 percent of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the U.S. between the years 1980 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Economic development, structural change, and women's labor force participation: a reexamination of the feminization U hypothesis (2014)
Gaddis, Isis; Klasen, Stephan;Zitatform
Gaddis, Isis & Stephan Klasen (2014): Economic development, structural change, and women's labor force participation. A reexamination of the feminization U hypothesis. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 639-681. DOI:10.1007/s00148-013-0488-2
Abstract
"A sizable literature claims that female labor force participation (FLFP) follows a U-shaped trend as countries develop due to structural change, education, and fertility dynamics. We show that empirical support for this secular trend is feeble and depends on the data sources used, especially GDP estimates. The U also vanishes under dynamic panel estimations. Moreover, cross-country differences in levels of FLFP related to historical contingencies are more important than the muted U patterns found in some specifications. Given the large error margins in international GDP estimates and the sensitivity of the U relationship, we propose a more direct approach to explore the effect of structural change on FLFP using sector-specific growth rates. The results suggest that structural change affects FLFP consistent with a U pattern, but the effects are small. We conclude that the feminization U hypothesis as an overarching secular trend driving FLFP in the development process has little empirical support." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Looks and labor: do attractive people work more? (2014)
Gehrsitz, Markus;Zitatform
Gehrsitz, Markus (2014): Looks and labor. Do attractive people work more? In: Labour, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 269-287. DOI:10.1111/labr.12035
Abstract
"Using the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) 2008, I investigate how looks affect an individual's labor supply decision. My results are, by and large, in line with predictions derived from the neoclassical model of labor supply. Applying regular probit, bivariate probit, Tobit and Heckman selection regression models, I find that good looks go hand in hand with higher employment probabilities and more hours of market work. Furthermore, physical attractiveness is positively associated with spousal income and spousal employment. Hence, beauty appears to affect labor supply decisions both directly and through the marriage market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of family policy on mothers' labor supply: combining evidence from a structural model and a natural experiment (2014)
Zitatform
Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): The effects of family policy on mothers' labor supply. Combining evidence from a structural model and a natural experiment. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1366), Berlin, 41 S.
Abstract
"Parental leave and subsidized child care are prominent examples of family policies supporting the reconciliation of family life and labor market careers for mothers. In this paper, we combine different empirical strategies to evaluate the employment effects of these policies for mothers in Germany. In particular we estimate a structural labor supply model and exploit a natural experiment, i.e. the reform of parental leave benefits. By exploiting and combining the advantages of the different methods, i.e the internal validity of the natural experiment and the external validity of the structural model, we can go beyond evaluation studies restricted to one particular methodology. Our findings suggest that a combination of parental leave benefits and subsidized child care leads to sizable employment effects of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
What makes single mothers expand or reduce employment? (2014)
Hancioglu, Mine; Hartmann, Bastian;Zitatform
Hancioglu, Mine & Bastian Hartmann (2014): What makes single mothers expand or reduce employment? In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 27-39. DOI:10.1007/s10834-013-9355-2
Abstract
"To explore single mothers' labor market participation we analyzed specific circumstances and dynamics in their life courses. We focused on the question which individual and institutional factors determine both professional advancement and professional descent. The German Socio-Economic Panel (1984 - 2010) provides all necessary information identifying episodes of single motherhood and analyzing restrictions and interruptions of employment during life courses. Since family statuses of single mothers are partially endogenous and can end in multiple ways, we used semi-parametric survival models. Competing risks estimations showed that occupational careers of single mothers are influenced by individual factors such as appointed and reliable working hours, and further by the institutional determinants childcare or welfare benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The global gender gap report 2014 (2014)
Hausmann, Ricardo; Zahidi, Saadia; Tyson, Laura D.; Bekhouche, Yasmina;Zitatform
Hausmann, Ricardo, Laura D. Tyson, Yasmina Bekhouche & Saadia Zahidi (2014): The global gender gap report 2014. (The global gender gap report), Genf, 385 S.
Abstract
"Through the Global Gender Gap Report 2014, the World Economic Forum quantifies the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracks their progress over time. While no single measure can capture the complete situation, the Global Gender Gap Index presented in this Report seeks to measure one important aspect of gender equality: the relative gaps between women and men across four key areas: health, education, economy and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Child-care subsidies and family well-being (2014)
Healy, Olivia; Dunifon, Rachel;Zitatform
Healy, Olivia & Rachel Dunifon (2014): Child-care subsidies and family well-being. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 493-528.
Abstract
"Many low-income families receive child-care subsidies, and a small but growing literature examines the relationship between subsidies and family well-being. Some studies find a negative association between subsidy receipt and family well-being, raising questions about the processes that mediate the two. Drawing on a subsample of 1,189 subsidy recipients and eligible mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we investigate the relationship between child-care subsidies and maternal and child well-being using measures of parenting stress, maternal depression, and child cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Within a sample limited to working mothers, and after addressing issues of selection, we find little evidence to suggest relationships between subsidy receipt and maternal and child well-being, despite significant negative bivariate associations between subsidy receipt and measures of well-being. Null findings are consistent with those of other recent studies and suggest that subsidy receipt in and of itself is not associated with decreased well-being of either children or mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Familien mit Migrationshintergrund: Analysen zur Lebenssituation, Erwerbsbeteiligung und Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf (2014)
Henkel, Melanie; Braukmann, Jan; Steidle, Hanna;Zitatform
Henkel, Melanie, Hanna Steidle & Jan Braukmann (2014): Familien mit Migrationshintergrund. Analysen zur Lebenssituation, Erwerbsbeteiligung und Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. Berlin, 80 S.
Abstract
"Im Schnittpunkt integrationspolitischer, familien- und sozialpolitischer Fragestellungen waren Familien mit Migrationshintergrund lange ein blinder Fleck. Im Jahr 2010 hat das Bundesfamilienministerium erstmals systematisch die Lebensrealität von Familien mit Migrationshintergrund untersucht. Das vorliegende Dossier aktualisiert zentrale Kennziffern des Berichtes von 2010 und beleuchtet neue Aspekte.
Im Mittelpunkt steht die Lebenssituation von Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf ihrer Erwerbsintegration. Denn der Erwerbsintegration von Müttern mit Migrationshintergrund kommt eine entscheidende Rolle zu, wenn nach der ökonomischen Situation von Familien mit Migrationshintergrund und dem Integrationsgrad der gesamten Familie gefragt wird. Zudem kann eine vermehrte Integration von Müttern mit Zuwanderungsgeschichte zur Fachkräftesicherung beitragen.
Zentrale Datengrundlage des Dossiers ist eine Sonderauswertung des Mikrozensus 2012." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Maternity leave in the context of couples: the impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market (2014)
Hoherz, Stefanie;Zitatform
Hoherz, Stefanie (2014): Maternity leave in the context of couples. The impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 647), Berlin, 36 S.
Abstract
"This research focuses on re-entry for mothers after maternity leave. The empirical analysis focuses on the first twenty-two years of post-reunification Germany, using proportional hazards models. Results show that the re-entry into part-time employment is primarily affected by the mothers own resources and former career, the return to full-time work is more linked to the partners resources. This behaviour is especially prevalent in families where the mother has a higher earning potential than the father, a group having the highest re- entry chances for mothers, especially into full-time employment. The results concerning experiences of unemployment for the male partner show that mothers try to compensate uncertainties with increased labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: ISER working paper , 2014-15 -
Literaturhinweis
Maternity leave in the context of couples: the impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market (2014)
Hoherz, Stefanie;Zitatform
Hoherz, Stefanie (2014): Maternity leave in the context of couples. The impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market. (ISER working paper 2014-15), Colchester, 37 S.
Abstract
"This research focuses on re-entry for mothers after maternity leave. The empirical analysis focuses on the first twenty-two years of post-reunification Germany, using proportional hazards models. Results show that the re-entry into part-time employment is primarily affected by the mothers own resources and former career, the return to full-time work is more linked to the partners resources. This behaviour is especially prevalent in families where the mother has a higher earning potential than the father, a group having the highest re- entry chances for mothers, especially into full-time employment. The results concerning experiences of unemployment for the male partner show that mothers try to compensate uncertainties with increased labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Bei der Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen liegt Ostdeutschland vorn (2014)
Holst, Elke; Wieber, Anna;Zitatform
Holst, Elke & Anna Wieber (2014): Bei der Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen liegt Ostdeutschland vorn. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 81, H. 40, S. 967-975.
Abstract
"Auch fast ein Vierteljahrhundert nach dem Mauerfall liegt die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in Ostdeutschland immer noch höher als in Westdeutschland. Der Abstand ist heute allerdings gering. Gestartet sind die beiden Regionen von höchst unterschiedlichen Niveaus. Im Westen lag die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen kurz nach der Wende (1991) bei 54,6 Prozent und ist seitdem von Jahr zu Jahr auf 67,5 Prozent (2012) gestiegen. In Ostdeutschland ging sie nach der Wende zunächst massiv zurück, stieg dann aber wieder deutlich an und lag 2012 mit 69,1 Prozent leicht höher als im Westen. In beiden Teilen Deutschlands arbeiten Frauen häufiger in Teilzeit als früher, im Osten lag der tatsächliche Arbeitsumfang mit 27,8 Wochenstunden 2013 aber deutlich höher als im Westen (21,7 Stunden). Viele von ihnen, das zeigt die Studie des DIW Berlin auf Grundlage des SOEP, würden gern mehr Wochenstunden leisten. Vergleicht man die gewünschte, vereinbarte und tatsächliche Wochenarbeitszeit von Frauen in Ost und West, so liegen in der Durchschnittsbetrachtung die ostdeutschen Frauen in allen drei Kategorien über dem höchsten Wert aller Arbeitszeitgrößen im Westen. Die meisten erwerbstätigen Männer in Ost und West wollten 2013 hingegen 40 Wochenstunden arbeiten, tatsächlich tun dies aber im Westen nur 22,6 Prozent und im Osten 29,2 Prozent. Die meisten sind länger erwerbstätig; obwohl lange Arbeitszeiten auch bei den Männern unbeliebt sind. Die Veränderungen nach der Wende hatten erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Lebensformen in Paarhaushalten mit Kindern: Das modernisierte Ernährermodell (Vater Vollzeit / Mutter Teilzeit) hat in beiden Teilen Deutschlands an Gewicht hinzugewonnen - in Westdeutschland auf Kosten des Alleinernährermodells (Vater Alleinverdiener), im Osten auf Kosten des Egalitätsmodells mit zwei Vollzeitbeschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Convergences in men's and women's life patterns: lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment (2014)
Zitatform
Jacobsen, Joyce, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2014): Convergences in men's and women's life patterns. Lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment. (IZA discussion paper 8425), Bonn, 40 S.
Abstract
"The changes in women and men's work lives have been considerable in recent decades. Yet much of the recent research on gender differences in employment and earnings has been of a more snapshot nature rather than taking a longer comparative look at evolving patterns. In this paper, we use 50 years (1964-2013) of US Census Annual Demographic Files (March Current Population Survey) to track the changing returns to human capital (measured as both educational attainment and potential work experience), estimating comparable earnings equations by gender at each point in time. We consider the effects of sample selection over time for both women and men and show the rising effect of selection for women in recent years. Returns to education diverge for women and men over this period in the selection-adjusted results but converge in the OLS results, while returns to potential experience converge in both sets of results. We also create annual calculations of synthetic lifetime labor force participation, hours, and earnings that indicate convergence by gender in worklife patterns, but less convergence in recent years in lifetime earnings. Thus, while some convergence has indeed occurred, the underlying mechanisms causing convergence differ for women and men, reflecting continued fundamental differences in women's and men's life experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ein Vergleich über Jahrzehnte zeigt: Immer noch unterbrechen Mütter oft ihre Erwerbstätigkeit (2014)
Zitatform
Kelle, Nadiya (2014): Ein Vergleich über Jahrzehnte zeigt: Immer noch unterbrechen Mütter oft ihre Erwerbstätigkeit. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 143, S. 13-15.
Abstract
"Wie verändern sich die Erwerbsverläufe von westdeutschen Frauen nach der Geburt ihres ersten Kindes? Der Vergleich von drei Geburtskohorten (1936 - 45, 1946 - 55 und 1956 - 65) zeigt, dass die Geburt des ersten Kindes durchweg einen klaren Einschnitt in Erwerbsverläufe bedeutet. Zwar steigt die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen insgesamt, dies ist jedoch eher auf die spätere Familiengründung zurückzuführen. Der Wandel von Erwerbsverläufen nach der Geburt eines Kindes ist also nur schwach ausgeprägt. Eine Ausnahme bildet lediglich die steigende Teilzeitbeschäftigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Mittelfristige Effekte der Elterngeldreform in Ost- und Westdeutschland (2014)
Kluve, Jochen; Schmitz, Sebastian;Zitatform
Kluve, Jochen & Sebastian Schmitz (2014): Mittelfristige Effekte der Elterngeldreform in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 163-182.
Abstract
"Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert anhand eines natürlichen Experiments die mittelfristigen Effekte der Elterngeldreform in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Einführung des Elterngelds im Jahr 2007 hat zu substanziellen Veränderungen in der mittelfristigen Erwerbsbeteiligung (drei bis fünf Jahre nach der Geburt des Kindes) geführt: Im gesamten Bundesgebiet beobachten wir, dass eine größere Anzahl gut ausgebildeter (Erst-)Mütter eine Teilzeitarbeit antritt, anstelle dem Arbeitsmarkt fern zu bleiben. In Westdeutschland zeigt sich außerdem, dass karriere-orientierte Mütter schneller und nachhaltiger in Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit zurückkehren. In Ostdeutschland hingegen beobachten wir eine Substitution weg von Vollzeit- hin zu mehr Teilzeitbeschäftigung; der Nettoeffekt ist allerdings auch hier positiv. In Ost- und Westdeutschland hat das Elterngeld die Arbeitsmarktbindung der Mütter verbessert: Sowohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Rückkehr zum Arbeitgeber vor der Geburt als auch der Anteil unbefristeter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse haben sich erhöht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Dossier Müttererwerbstätigkeit: Erwerbstätigkeit, Erwerbsumfang und Erwerbsvolumen 2012 (2014)
Knittel, Tilmann; Henkel, Melanie; Krämer, Lisa; Lopp, Rosalie; Schein, Corinna;Zitatform
Knittel, Tilmann, Melanie Henkel, Lisa Krämer, Rosalie Lopp & Corinna Schein (2014): Dossier Müttererwerbstätigkeit. Erwerbstätigkeit, Erwerbsumfang und Erwerbsvolumen 2012. Berlin, 77 S.
Abstract
"Immer mehr Mütter kehren nach der Geburt eines Kindes früher wieder in den Beruf zurück. Seit 2007 steigen die Erwerbstätigkeit und der Erwerbsumfang von Müttern kontinuierlich an. Das 'Dossier Müttererwerbstätigkeit' analysiert die Entwicklungen der Müttererwerbstätigkeit anhand aktueller Daten von 2012." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Active labour market programmes for women with a partner: challenge or replication of traditional gender roles (2014)
Zitatform
Kopf, Eva & Cordula Zabel (2014): Active labour market programmes for women with a partner. Challenge or replication of traditional gender roles. (IAB-Discussion Paper 06/2014), Nürnberg, 43 S.
Abstract
"Ein Ziel der Hartz IV Reformen im Jahr 2005 war eine stärkere Aktivierung von Personen, die bisher nicht am Arbeitsmarkt beteiligt waren. Bei Paarhaushalten wird somit ein 'adult worker' Modell angestrebt, bei dem beide Partner erwerbstätig sind und zum Haushaltseinkommen beitragen. Eine wichtige Hypothese unserer Studie ist jedoch, dass Vermittlungen in Programme der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik, wie beispielsweise Trainingsmaßnahmen oder Arbeitsgelegenheiten, in der Praxis weiterhin die Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt replizieren, an die sich Paare gewöhnt haben. Die Ansichten von Sachbearbeitern in den Jobcentern sowie der ALG II Empfänger selbst hinsichtlich der Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt können den Prozess der Vermittlung in Programme der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik beeinflussen. Wir bilden verschiedene Haushaltsklassifikationen basierend auf dem kumulativen Einkommen beider Partner während der zehn Jahre vor Beginn der Zeit als erwerbslose Leistungsbezieher. Wir vergleichen die Eintrittsraten in Programme der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik zwischen Frauen in Haushalten mit einem vormaligen männlichen Hauptverdiener, in vormaligen Doppelverdienerhaushalten, in Haushalten ohne vormaligen Hauptverdiener, sowie in vormaligen weiblichen Hauptverdienerhaushalten. Unsere Analysen beruhen auf administrativen Daten, und wir wenden Methoden der Ereignisanalyse an. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Vermittlungen in Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Westdeutschland tatsächlich die vormalige Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt replizieren. In Ostdeutschland werden Frauen in vormaligen männlichen Hauptverdiener Haushalten dagegen in einige Maßnahmen sogar vermehrt vermittelt verglichen mit Frauen aus Haushalten ohne vormals klare Arbeitsteilung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Working mums and informal care givers: the anticipation effect (2014)
Zitatform
Korn, Evelyn & Matthias Wrede (2014): Working mums and informal care givers. The anticipation effect. In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 14, H. 2, S. 473-498. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2012-0023
Abstract
"Fertility and the provision of long-term care are connected by an aspect that has not received attention so far: both are time consuming activities that can be produced within the household or bought at the market and are, thus, connected through the intertemporal budget constraint of the household that accounts for time and money. This paper models that link and analyzes the effect of intervention in the long-term-care market on female labor-market related decisions. It shows that women's fertility and their labor supply when young are affected by such policies. The overall effect can be decomposed into an opportunity-cost effect and a consumption-smoothing effect that each impact fertility as well as labor supply in opposite directions. Using survey data, the paper provides some evidence that in the member states of the European Union the consumption-smoothing effect is dominant." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parenthood and productivity of highly skilled labor: evidence from the groves of academe (2014)
Krapf, Matthias; Ursprung, Heinrich W.; Zimmermann, Christian;Zitatform
Krapf, Matthias, Heinrich W. Ursprung & Christian Zimmermann (2014): Parenthood and productivity of highly skilled labor. Evidence from the groves of academe. (CESifo working paper 4641), München, 63 S.
Abstract
"We examine the effect of pregnancy and parenthood on the research productivity of academic economists. Combining the survey responses of nearly 10,000 economists with their publication records as documented in their RePEc accounts, we do not find that motherhood is associated with low research productivity. Nor do we find a statistically significant unconditional effect of a first child on research productivity. Conditional difference-in-differences estimates, however, suggest that the effect of parenthood on research productivity is negative for unmarried women and positive for untenured men. Moreover, becoming a mother before 30 years of age appears to have a detrimental effect on research productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 7904 -
Literaturhinweis
European women: the link between money, career, and financial satisfaction (2014)
Zitatform
Kulic, Nevena (2014): European women. The link between money, career, and financial satisfaction. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 287-301. DOI:10.1093/esr/jct030
Abstract
"This study goes beyond economic research on women's economic independence, which relies only on income in explaining women's economic well-being within a household, and adopts a perspective that recognizes the importance of their actual employment patterns and occupational choices (Gerson, 1993, Hakim, 2000). Using the data on financial satisfaction from the European Community Household Panel from 1994 - 2001, this article compares married and cohabiting women from five industrialized European countries. Analyses indicate that it is not relative income or pure employment that matters the most for a woman's financial satisfaction but, more likely, the choice of continuous and full-time labour market involvement. The data also offer other interesting findings: a homemaking career may be as beneficial for a woman's financial satisfaction as continuous employment, while a discontinuous employment path seems to be detrimental for a woman's financial satisfaction. Cross-country comparison shows that institutions alter women's economic well-being independently of their individual achievements, suggesting that more research is needed to disentangle the institutional components that most influence the relation between women's paid and unpaid employment, and their economic well-being." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Parental leave and mothers' careers: the relative importance of job protection and cash benefits (2014)
Lalive, Rafael; Schlosser, Analia; Zweimüller, Josef; Steinhauer, Andreas;Zitatform
Lalive, Rafael, Analia Schlosser, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2014): Parental leave and mothers' careers. The relative importance of job protection and cash benefits. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 81, H. 1, S. 219-265. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdt028
Abstract
"Parental leave regulations in most OECD countries have two key policy instruments: job protection and cash benefits. This paper studies how mothers' return to work behavior and labor market outcomes are affected by alternative mixes of these key policy parameters. Exploiting a series of major parental leave policy changes in Austria, we find that longer cash benefits lead to a significant delay in return to work and that the magnitude of this effect depends on the relative length of job protection and cash benefits. However, despite their impact on time on leave, we do not find a significant effect on mothers' labor market outcomes in the medium run, neither of benefit duration nor of job-protection duration. To understand the relative importance (and interaction) of the two policy instruments in shaping mothers' return to work behavior, we set up a non-stationary job search model in which cash benefits and job protection determine decisions of when to return to work and whether or not to return to the pre-birth employer. Despite its lean structure, the model does surprisingly well in matching empirically observed return to work profiles. The simulation of alternative counterfactual regimes shows that a policy that combines both job protection and benefits payments succeeds to induce mothers to spend some time with the child after birth without jeopardizing their medium run labor market attachment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 5792 -
Literaturhinweis
Gender equality and parental leave policies in Switzerland: a discursive and feminist perspective (2014)
Zitatform
Lanfranconi, Lucia M. & Isabel Valarino (2014): Gender equality and parental leave policies in Switzerland. A discursive and feminist perspective. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 538-560. DOI:10.1177/0261018314536132
Abstract
"Taking a discursive and feminist perspective, this paper aims to understand policy changes as well as gendered outcomes in two policy areas within the Swiss welfare state: gender equality and parental leave policies. We conduct a discourse analysis from a social science perspective of policy documents and interviews from 1996 to 2011. Our results show similar discourses concerning welfare responsibility between the two case studies. Specifically, there are opposing state- and economic-oriented discourses, which reveal different gendered assumptions. However, the time period under study shows an increasing mobilisation of discourses arguing for nonstate, negotiated solutions between social partners or within work organisations. We discuss the potential risks of gender and class inequalities as well as scenarios for further policy change. Our findings call for an integrative approach to discourse and gender for welfare state analysis in general." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie von Paaren mit nicht schulpflichtigen Kindern - unter spezifischer Berücksichtigung der Erwerbskonstellation beider Partner: ausgewählte Ergebnisse auf der Basis der FiD-Daten ("Familien in Deutschland") (2014)
Zitatform
Lauber, Verena, Johanna Storck, C. Katharina Spieß & Nittaya Fuchs (2014): Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie von Paaren mit nicht schulpflichtigen Kindern - unter spezifischer Berücksichtigung der Erwerbskonstellation beider Partner. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse auf der Basis der FiD-Daten ("Familien in Deutschland"). (DIW Berlin. Politikberatung kompakt 88), Berlin, 99 S.
Abstract
"Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ist ein zentrales familienpolitisches Thema. Mit unterschiedlichen familienpolitischen Maßnahmen setzt die Familienpolitik daran an, die Vereinbarkeit zu verbessern. In jüngster Vergangenheit wird in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere die Arbeitsteilung zwischen den Geschlechtern fokussiert - dabei geht es primär um Mütter und Väter mit Kindern, die noch nicht schulpflichtig sind.
Die familienwissenschaftliche Forschung hat zu diesem Thema bereits einige wichtige Analysen hervorgebracht - vielfach konnten jedoch detaillierte Analysen für einzelne Gruppen, d.h. Paar- und Haushaltskonstellationen nicht durchgeführt werden, da die Datenbasis dies nicht ermöglichte. Mit den vier Wellen des Datensatzes 'Familien in Deutschland' (FiD) sind detaillierte Analysen für Paare mit nicht schulpflichtigen Kindern möglich. Die in diesem Bericht zusammengestellten empirischen Untersuchungen veranschaulichen beispielhaft die mit den FiD-Daten in diesem Kontext möglichen Analysen. Dabei handelt es sich um bivariate und multivariate deskriptive Analysen, welche am Anfang tiefergehender Analysen stehen können und den an ähnlichen Fragestellungen interessierten Forschern aufzeigen sollen, welche Möglichkeiten die Daten geben. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie, wie sich die Paar- und Haushaltskonstellation nach Erwerbstätigkeit beider Partner differenziert darstellt. Die diesem Bericht zugrundeliegenden Analysen erfolgten im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
The plateau in U.S. women's labor force participation: a cohort analysis (2014)
Lee, Jin Young;Zitatform
Lee, Jin Young (2014): The plateau in U.S. women's labor force participation. A cohort analysis. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 53, H. 1, S. 46-71. DOI:10.1111/irel.12046
Abstract
"After going up steadily for the last century, the female labor force participation (FLFP) rate in the United States suddenly leveled off in the early 1990s. Using March Current Population Survey data, I find that the FLFP stopped rising for birth cohorts from the 1950s on. My shift-share analyses show that both the plateau and the earlier upward trend in FLFP appeared within almost every category broken down by education, marital status, and child-rearing." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Home computers and married women's labor supply (2014)
Lembcke, Alexander C.;Zitatform
Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): Home computers and married women's labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1260), London, 42 S.
Abstract
"I consider how the availability of a personal computer at home changed employment for married women. I develop a theoretical model that motivates the empirical specifications. Using data from the US CPS from 1984 to 2003, I find that employment is 1.5 to 7 percentage points higher for women in households with a computer. The model predicts that the increase in employment is driven by higher wages. I find having a computer at home is associated with higher wages, and employment in more computer intensive occupations, which is consistent with the model. Decomposing the changes by educational attainment shows that both women with low levels of education (high school diploma or less) and women with the highest levels of education (Master's degree or more) have high returns from home computers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of mandatory entitlement to paid leave on employment in the UK (2014)
Lembcke, Alexander C.;Zitatform
Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): The impact of mandatory entitlement to paid leave on employment in the UK. (CEP discussion paper 1262), London, 80 S.
Abstract
"I evaluate the impact of the UK Working Time Regulations 1998, which introduced mandatory paid holiday entitlement. The regulation gave (nearly) all workers the right to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid holiday per a year. With constant weekly pay this change amounts effectively to an increase in the real hourly wage of about 8.5% for someone going from 0 to 4 weeks paid holiday per year, which should lead to adjustments in employment. For employees I use complementary log-log regression to account for right-censoring of employment spells. I find no increase in the hazard to exit employment within a year after treatment. Adjustments in wages cannot explain this result as they are increasing for the treated groups relative to the control. I also evaluate the long run trend in aggregate employment, using the predicted treatment probabilities in a difference-in-difference framework. Here I find a small and statistically significant decrease in employment. This effect is driven by a trend reversal in employment, coinciding with the treatment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit: Gut für die Work-Life Balance?: Analysen zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeitarrangements und Work-Life Balance in Europa (2014)
Zitatform
Lott, Yvonne (2014): Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit: Gut für die Work-Life Balance? Analysen zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeitarrangements und Work-Life Balance in Europa. (WSI-Report 18), Düsseldorf, 16 S.
Abstract
"Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit haben das Potenzial, Beschäftigte in ihrer Work-Life Balance zu unterstützten. Aber tun sie das auch tatsächlich? Forschungsergebnisse zeigen: Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit sind generell mit einer guten Work-Life Balance verbunden. Jedoch gilt dies für Männer in der Regel weniger als für Frauen. Zudem spielen Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik, Sozialpartnerschaft und die betriebliche Arbeitsorganisation für den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitszeitautonomie und Work-Life Balance eine entscheidende Rolle. Gewerkschaften und Mitbestimmung haben damit die Möglichkeit und auch die Aufgabe die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit im Interesse der Beschäftigten zu gestalten. So muss für eine Arbeitsorganisation gesorgt werden, die die Vorteile von Arbeitszeitautonomie zur Geltung bringt. Gewerkschaften und Betriebsräte sollten letztlich eine Betriebskultur fördern, in der Männer ermuntert werden, Arbeitszeitautonomie für ihre Aktivitäten außerhalb der Arbeit tatsächlich auch zu nutzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Expansions in maternity leave coverage and mothers' labor market outcomes after childbirth (2014)
Ludsteck, Johannes; Schönberg, Uta;Zitatform
Ludsteck, Johannes & Uta Schönberg (2014): Expansions in maternity leave coverage and mothers' labor market outcomes after childbirth. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 469-505., 2013-09-02.
Abstract
"This article analyzes the impact of five major expansions in maternity leave coverage in Germany on mothers' labor market outcomes after childbirth. To identify the causal impact of the reforms, we use a difference-in-difference design that compares labor market outcomes of mothers who give birth shortly before and shortly after a change in maternity leave legislation in years of policy changes and years when no changes have taken place. Each expansion in leave coverage reduced mothers' postbirth employment rates in the short run. The longer-run effects of the expansions on mothers' postbirth labor market outcomes are, however, small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility effects on female labor supply: IV evidence from IVF treatments (2014)
Lundborg, Petter; Plug, Erik; Würtz Rasmussen, Astrid;Zitatform
Lundborg, Petter, Erik Plug & Astrid Würtz Rasmussen (2014): Fertility effects on female labor supply: IV evidence from IVF treatments. (IZA discussion paper 8609), Bonn, 37 S.
Abstract
"This paper introduces a new IV strategy based on IVF induced fertility variation in childless families to estimate the causal effect of having children on female labor supply using IVF treated women in Denmark. Because observed chances of IVF success do not depend on labor market histories, IVF treatment success provides a plausible instrument for childbearing. Our IV estimates indicate that fertility effects are: (a) negative, large and long lasting; (b) much stronger at the extensive margin than at the intensive margin; and (c) similar for mothers, not treated with IVF, which suggests that IVF findings have a wider generalizability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age: a matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries (2014)
Zitatform
Matteazzi, Eleonora, Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz (2014): Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age. A matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 955-985. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537457
Abstract
"Using the European Union Statistics an Income and Living Conditions data for the year 2009, the authors evaluate how vertical and horizontal job segregation explains the differential between fulltime and part-time pay for prime-age women in four European countries: Austria, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The selected countries are representative of different welfare state regimes, Labor market regulations, and extents and forms of parttime employment. Full-time hourly wages exceed part-time hourly wages, especially in market-oriented economies, such as Poland and the United Kingdom. Results using the Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods show that most of the full-time -- part-time wage gap is driven by job segregation, especially its vertical dimension. Vertical segregation explains an especially large Part of the pay gap in Poland and die United Kingdom, where, more than elsewhere, part-timers are concentrated in low-skilled occupations and the wage disparities across occupations are quite large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Labor supply and household dynamics (2014)
Zitatform
Mazzocco, Maurizio, Claudia Ruiz & Shintaro Yamaguchi (2014): Labor supply and household dynamics. In: The American economic review, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 354-359. DOI:10.1257/aer.104.5.354
Abstract
"Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we provide evidence that to understand household decisions and evaluate policies designed to affect individual welfare, it is important to add an intertemporal dimension to the by-now standard static collective models of the household. Specifically, we document that the observed differences in labor supply by gender and marital status do not arise suddenly at the time of marriage, but rather emerge gradually over time. We then propose an intertemporal collective model that has the potential of explaining the observed patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wiedereinstieg mit besonderen Herausforderungen (2014)
Meier-Gräwe, Uta; Buck, Katharina; Kriege-Steffen, Astrid;Zitatform
Meier-Gräwe, Uta, Katharina Buck & Astrid Kriege-Steffen (2014): Wiedereinstieg mit besonderen Herausforderungen. Düsseldorf: verlag selbstbestimmtes leben, 68 S.
Abstract
"Die Publikation stellt die Situation von Frauen mit besonderen Herausforderungen dar und ihre Chancen, die Betreuung eines behinderten Kindes mit einer Berufstätigkeit zu vereinbaren. Es werden Faktoren beschrieben, welche die Vereinbarkeit und den Wiedereinstieg beeinträchtigen und befördern können. Auf dieser Basis werden Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, wie Frauen mit besonderen Herausforderungen im beruflichen Wiedereinstieg angemessen unterstützt werden können und wie - als Voraussetzung dafür - die Situation von Familien, in denen Kinder mit Behinderungen leben, verbessert werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Karrierefaktor Kind: zur generativen Diskriminierung im Hochschulsystem (2014)
Metz-Göckel, Sigrid; Möller, Christina; Schürmann, Ramona; Heusgen, Kirsten; Selent, Petra;Zitatform
Metz-Göckel, Sigrid, Kirsten Heusgen, Christina Möller, Ramona Schürmann & Petra Selent (2014): Karrierefaktor Kind. Zur generativen Diskriminierung im Hochschulsystem. Opladen: Budrich, 202 S.
Abstract
"Wie lässt sich die hohe Kinderlosigkeit von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern erklären? Wer bekommt Kinder und wer keine? Hierzu stellt das Buch 'Karrierefaktor Kind' repräsentative Ergebnisse für die Universitäten und Fachhochschulen vor.
Zentrale Analysekategorien sind die relativ prekäre Beschäftigung und der Lebenszusammenhang als Einheit von wissenschaftlicher Arbeit und persönlichen Beziehungen. Den Kinderwunsch in seiner Realisierung auf ein höheres Lebensalter zu verschieben bzw. auf Kinder zu verzichten, sind Reaktionen der Wissenschaftler/innen, mit der Prekarisierung und Subjektivierung ihrer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit umzugehen. Insgesamt zeigt sich eine generative Diskriminierung junger Eltern im Hochschulsystem. Offensichtlich wird, dass die Integration von Frauen in die Wissenschaft weiterreichende Folgen hat auf die Paarbildung und die Vorstellung von der wissenschaftlichen Persönlichkeit. Dieser Zusammenhang zwischen den Beschäftigungsbedingungen und dem generativen Verhalten der wissenschaftlichen Mitarbeiter/innen und Professor/innen wird auf repräsentativer Datenbasis alters- und geschlechterdifferenziert dargestellt.
Die diagnostizierten Veränderungen stellen die Wissenschaftskultur in Deutschland vor tiefergehende Herausforderungen, auf die das Hochschulsystem mit strukturellen Reformen reagieren sollte. Das Buch zeigt hierzu Rahmenbedingungen für eine elternzugewandte Wissenschaftskultur auf." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
The road to Egalitaria: sex differences in employment for parents of young children (2014)
Milligan, Kevin;Zitatform
Milligan, Kevin (2014): The road to Egalitaria. Sex differences in employment for parents of young children. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 257-279. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifu008
Abstract
"In 1985, Gary Becker predicted employment and childcare sex gaps may 'disappear or be greatly attenuated in the near future.' In this article, I examine trends in the employment gap between mothers and fathers of young children over the last 40 years. I review theoretical explanations for the gap, then proceed to analyse the gap empirically in data for Canada, the USA, the UK, and Germany. Substantial closing of the gap in the 1970s and 1980s was followed by stability since then. Evidence from Canada finds childcare subsidies have a bigger impact on the gap than parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Two steps forward - one step back?: evaluating contradicting child care policies in Germany (2014)
Zitatform
Müller, Kai-Uwe & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): Two steps forward - one step back? Evaluating contradicting child care policies in Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 684), Berlin, 48 S.
Abstract
"We apply a structural model of mothers' labor supply and child care choices to evaluate the effects of two childcare reforms in Germany that were introduced simultaneously in August 2013. First, a legal claim to subsidized child care became effective for all children aged one year or older. Second, a new benefit called 'Betreuungsgeld' came into effect that is granted to families who do not use public or publicly subsidized child care. Both reforms target children of the same age group and are unconditional on the parents' income or employment status, yet affect mothers' incentives for labor supply and child care choices in opposite directions. Our model facilitates estimating the joint reform impact as well as disentangling the individual effects of both policies. A comprehensive data set with information on labor supply, the use of and potential access restrictions to various child care arrangements provides the basis for the empirical analysis. We find the overall effect of both reforms to be small but positive as far as mother's labor supply and the use of formal care is concerned. The legal claim's positive impact on mothers' labor supply and the use of formal child care is largely offset by the negative effect on both outcomes resulting from the introduction of the 'Betreuungsgeld'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The impact of child behaviour problems on maternal employment: a longitudinal cohort study (2014)
Nes, Ragnhild Bang; Hauge, Lars Johan; Kristensen, Petter; Landolt, Markus A.; Kornstad, Tom; Eskedal, Leif T.; Vollrath, Margarete E.; Irgens, Lorentz M.;Zitatform
Nes, Ragnhild Bang, Lars Johan Hauge, Tom Kornstad, Petter Kristensen, Markus A. Landolt, Leif T. Eskedal, Lorentz M. Irgens & Margarete E. Vollrath (2014): The impact of child behaviour problems on maternal employment. A longitudinal cohort study. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 35, H. 3, S. 351-361. DOI:10.1007/s10834-013-9378-8
Abstract
"This prospective population-based study examined associations between children's behaviour problems and maternal employment. Information on children's behaviour problems at 3 years from 22.115 mothers employed before pregnancy and participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study were linked to national register data on employment and relevant social background factors, mothers' self-reported susceptibility to anxiety/depression and mother-reports of day-care attendance and fathers' income. Mothers reporting their child to have severe (>2 SD) internalizing or severe combined behaviour problems (5 %) had excess risk of leaving paid employment irrespective of other important characteristics generally associated with maternal employment (RR 1.24 - 1.31). The attributable risk percent ranged from 30.3 % (internalizing problems) to 32.4 % (combined problems). Externalizing behaviour problems were not uniquely associated with mothers leaving employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The labor force effects of unplanned childbearing (2014)
Nuevo-Chiquero, Ana;Zitatform
Nuevo-Chiquero, Ana (2014): The labor force effects of unplanned childbearing. In: Labour economics, Jg. 29, H. August, S. 91-101. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.006
Abstract
"This paper explores the impact of unplanned births on female labor force participation and income. I estimate the causal effect of birth analyzing a sample of unplanned pregnancies, defined as those that happened while the woman was using contraception. Women with high labor force attachment may be more likely to use contraception or to have an induced abortion if contraception fails. I use spontaneous fetal losses as a source of exogenous variation in births. Unplanned births significantly reduce labor force participation, especially at the beginning of the sample period (1973 - 2004) and when the child is below 6 years of age. This effect is remarkably higher than the estimates traditionally reported in the literature, suggesting that family planning plays a key role in the limited magnitude of previous estimates. The negative impact decreases over the sample period. There are no significant differences in the effect of an unplanned birth by level of education and its impact on income is small." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Exploring the relationship between educational field and transition to parenthood: an analysis of women and men in western Germany (2014)
Oppermann, Anja;Zitatform
Oppermann, Anja (2014): Exploring the relationship between educational field and transition to parenthood. An analysis of women and men in western Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 728-749. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcu070
Abstract
"The extensive existing research on the relationship between educational attainment and fertility behaviour has been expanded by adding the new dimension of the specific field of education This article addresses the question of how the educational field influences the transition to parenthood of women and men in western Germany. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) (1984 - 2010), discrete-time event history models are applied, looking at the time after graduation up until the first child is born. The results show that educational fields only affect the transition to parenthood for women and not for men. However, the findings also point at the importance of the educational level for the probability of men becoming fathers. High transition rates are found among women educated in both female-dominated and male-dominated fields while low rates are found among women educated in public sector fields. Further analysis implies that the relationship between women's educational field and their transition to parenthood is also affected by an underlying set of person-specific preferences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Culture and household decision making: balance of power and labor supply choices of US-born and foreign-born couples (2014)
Zitatform
Oreffice, Sonia (2014): Culture and household decision making. Balance of power and labor supply choices of US-born and foreign-born couples. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 35, H. 2, S. 162-184. DOI:10.1007/s12122-014-9177-5
Abstract
"This study investigates how spouses' cultural backgrounds mediate the role of intra-household bargaining in the labor supply decisions of foreign-born and US-born couples, in a collective-household framework. Using data from the 2000 US Census, I show that the hours worked by US-born couples, and by those foreign-born coming from countries with gender roles similar to the US, are significantly related to common bargaining power forces such as differences between spouses in age and non-labor income, controlling for both spouses' demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Households whose culture of origin supports strict and unequal gender roles do not exhibit any association of these power factors with their labor supply decisions. This cultural asymmetry suggests that spousal attributes are assessed differently across couples within the US, and that how spouses make use of their outside opportunities and economic and institutional environment may depend on their ethnicities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: IZA discussion paper , 7997 -
Literaturhinweis
Beyond inequality accounting: marital sorting and couple labor supply (2014)
Pestel, Nico;Zitatform
Pestel, Nico (2014): Beyond inequality accounting. Marital sorting and couple labor supply. (IZA discussion paper 8482), Bonn, 29 S.
Abstract
"This paper examines to what extent non-random sorting of spouses affects earnings inequality while explicitly disentangling effects from increasing assortativeness in couple formation from changing patterns of couples' labor supply behavior. Using German micro data, earnings distributions of observed and randomly matched couples are compared to each other. Earnings of hypothetical couples are adjusted for changes in hours worked given the differences in the household context using predictions based on a structural model of labor supply. The main finding is that the impact of marital sorting on earnings inequality has been underestimated in previous approaches. Predicting hours worked for hypothetical couples reveals a strong disequalizing impact of non-random sorting on inequality which is stable since the 1980s. Taking labor supply choices as given would suggest a smaller effect. This suggests that increasing earnings correlation among couples is to a considerable extent driven by changing patterns of labor market behavior rather than changes in the assortativeness in couple formation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Erwerbstätigkeit: Vermittlungshandeln in einem komplexen Spannungsfeld (2014)
Preuß, Maren;Zitatform
Preuß, Maren (2014): Vereinbarkeit von Pflege und Erwerbstätigkeit. Vermittlungshandeln in einem komplexen Spannungsfeld. (Vechtaer Beiträge zur Gerontologie), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 460 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-04122-9
Abstract
"Maren Preuß untersucht, auf welche Weise Frauen ihr tägliches Leben arrangieren, um die Pflege eines älteren Familienmitglieds und die eigene Erwerbstätigkeit miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Hierzu bildet sie zunächst einen heuristisch-analytischen Theorierahmen, indem sie Konzepte aus dem Ansatz Alltäglicher Lebensführung der gleichnamigen Projektgruppe und aus Hartmut Essers Frame- und Skriptselektionstheorie zusammenführt. Diesen Rahmen entwickelt die Autorin anhand einer Literaturanalyse und einer qualitativen Untersuchung zum theoretischen Modell der Vermittlung erwerbstätiger pflegender Frauen fort. Es verdeutlicht die Funktionslogik des vermittelnden Handelns und konkretisiert den Einfluss struktureller und kultureller Rahmenbedingungen. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden außerdem herangezogen, um eine Idealtypologie zu erstellen, die einen Überblick über Muster des Vermittlungshandelns bietet." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Making dough or baking dough? Spousal housework responsibilities in Germany, 1992-2011 (2014)
Procher, Vivien; Ritter, Nolan; Vance, Colin;Zitatform
Procher, Vivien, Nolan Ritter & Colin Vance (2014): Making dough or baking dough? Spousal housework responsibilities in Germany, 1992-2011. (Ruhr economic papers 472), Essen, 29 S. DOI:10.4419/86788532
Abstract
"Basierend auf deutschen Haushaltsdaten von 1992 bis 2011 wird in diesem Papier untersucht, wie verheiratete Paare die Hausarbeit untereinander aufteilen. Der Fokus richtet sich auf die folgenden Fragen: (1) Wird die Hausarbeitszeit, die eine Person aufbringt, vom absoluten bzw. relativen individuellen Einkommen beeinflusst? (2) Wenn ja, sind die Einkommenseffekte für Frauen und Männer gleich? (3) Wie wichtig sind heutzutage noch traditionelle Geschlechterrollen in Bezug auf die Verteilung der Hausarbeit? Mithilfe von Quantils-Panelschätzungen kann gezeigt werden, dass die individuelle Hausarbeit abnimmt, wenn das absolute oder das relative Einkommen dieser Person ansteigt. Die Einkommenseffekte sind für beide Geschlechter nicht signifikant unterschiedlich. Traditionelle Geschlechterrollen scheinen noch immer die Aufteilung zu beeinflussen, denn die Hausarbeit steigt selbst dann für die Frau, wenn ihr Gehalt das ihres Partners übersteigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
A transaction cost approach to outsourcing by households (2014)
Raz-Yurovich, Liat;Zitatform
Raz-Yurovich, Liat (2014): A transaction cost approach to outsourcing by households. In: Population and Development Review, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 293-309. DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00674.x
Abstract
"Below-replacement fertility and late marriage reflect, in part, the incompatibility of women's family and paid work roles. The outsourcing of childcare and housework to market and state service providers offers a strategy for reconciling work - family conflicts. By referring to the household as an organizational unit, I use the transaction cost approach (TCA) of organizational economics to discuss the factors that facilitate or impede outsourcing by households. In my analysis the frequency, specificity, and uncertainty level of the transaction, as well as normative and social beliefs, can facilitate or impede the household's decision to outsource. Monetary considerations, preferences, and government policies might moderate the effect of the transaction cost on this decision. The analysis further demonstrates that gender is an important factor, because transaction costs are often not distributed equally within households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Women and part-time work in Europe (2014)
Salladarré, Frédéric; Hlaimi, Stephane;Zitatform
Salladarré, Frédéric & Stephane Hlaimi (2014): Women and part-time work in Europe. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 153, H. 2, S. 293-310. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00205.x
Abstract
"This article examines female part-time employment in 23 European countries, distinguishing between 'short' and 'long' part-time employment. The short form, defined as less than 20 hours per week, is associated with the youngest and oldest age groups, slight disability, a higher number of children, lower skill levels, and employment in community, social and personal services. Although the incidence of part-time employment varies considerably across countries, long part-time employment is generally more widespread than short part-time employment, albeit with matching cross-country variations in the incidence of the two types. This suggests that they are complementary, rather than substitutes for one another." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Does it pay to be a woman?: labour demand effects of maternity-related job protection and replacement incomes (2014)
Scheubel, Beatrice;Zitatform
Scheubel, Beatrice (2014): Does it pay to be a woman? Labour demand effects of maternity-related job protection and replacement incomes. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 685), Berlin, 41 S.
Abstract
"In countries with strong employment protection laws it is often considered to be unwise to hire a woman in childbearing age because she might get pregnant. However, such labour demand effects of job protection measures related to maternity leave are often rather anecdotal. To provide analytical evidence, this paper studies the impact of changes in maternity-related job protection in Germany on employment opportunities for women in childbearing age without children for whom the observed effects should be largely demand-related. Exogenous, discrete policy changes in the German labour market of the 1980s and 1990s constitute the setting for a difference-in-differences analysis of the transition into employment as well as wages. The data for this study are taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel and from the German Microcensus. Doubling the job-protected leave period from 6 months to 12 months between 1986 and 1988 led to an approximately 6% lower probability of being hired for women in childbearing age without a university degree. In addition, I find a 5-10% increase in wages for women in childbearing age who already have a job. Since this effect disappears when controlling for having a child in the future, this may indicate an increased need to signal commitment by increased effort after the reform." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Generation, Geschlecht und Wohlfahrtsstaat: intergenerationelle Unterstützung in Europa (2014)
Schmid, Tina;Zitatform
Schmid, Tina (2014): Generation, Geschlecht und Wohlfahrtsstaat. Intergenerationelle Unterstützung in Europa. (Research), Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien, 235 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-04346-9
Abstract
"Praktische Hilfe, Enkelbetreuung und Pflege in der Familie wurden traditionell von Frauen erbracht aber helfen Frauen ihren erwachsenen Kindern und pflegebedürftigen Eltern heute noch häufiger und zeitintensiver als Männer? Tina Schmid untersucht für vierzehn europäische Länder auf der Grundlage des Survey of Health, Ageing and Retriement in Europe' folgende Fragen: Gibt es Geschlechterunterschiede in der Verbreitung, Intensität oder Art der geleisteten Unterstützung zwischen erwachsenen Familiengenerationen? Wie beeinflussen individuelle und familiale Faktoren diese Geschlechterunterschiede? Welche Rollen spielen kulturelle Normen und wohlfahrtsstaatliche Institutionen? Die Autorin präsentiert sowohl wertvolle vergleichende Befunde als auch substanzielle Einsichten in die Besonderheiten der jeweiligen (Wohlfahrts-)Staaten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Weiterführende Informationen
Inhaltsverzeichnis bei der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek -
Literaturhinweis
Geschlechterarrangements und Ehestabilität in Ost- und Westdeutschland (2014)
Schmitt, Christian; Trappe, Heike;Zitatform
Schmitt, Christian & Heike Trappe (2014): Geschlechterarrangements und Ehestabilität in Ost- und Westdeutschland. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 682), Berlin, 12 S.
Abstract
"Auch zwei Jahrzehnte nach der Wiedervereinigung bestehen in beiden Teilen Deutschlands unterschiedliche Muster im generativen Verhalten und in der Wahl privater Lebensformen fort. Unterschiede bestehen auch in den Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen, der häusliche Arbeitsteilung und in den in Partnerschaften praktizierten Erwerbsarrangements fort. Der Osten Deutschlands stellt sich hierbei in vielerlei Hinsicht als egalitärer dar. Dies spiegelt sich in einer geringeren Skepsis gegenüber den Konsequenzen von Frauenerwerbstätigkeit für Partnerschaft und Familie, einer etwas stärkeren Beteiligung von Männern an häuslichen Aufgaben und einer stärkeren Partizipation von Müttern am Erwerbsleben wider (Wengler u.a. 2008). Deutlicher Ausdruck dieser fortbestehenden Unterschiede sind Differenzen in der partnerschaftlichen Erwerbsarbeitsteilung: So folgte im Jahr 2008 in Westdeutschland der überwiegende Anteil von Paaren im erwerbsfähigen Alter einem modernisierten Ernährermodell mit einem vollzeitbeschäftigten Mann und einer teilzeitbeschäftigten Frau, während in Ostdeutschland das doppelte Vollzeitmodell nach wie vor dominiert (SOEPmonitor 2008; Steiber/Haas 2010). Ziel unserer Analysen ist es, den Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlechterarrangements der Arbeitsteilung in Partnerschaften und der Dauer beziehungsweise der Stabilität ehelicher Lebensgemeinschaften in Ost und West näher zu untersuchen." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Local day-care quality and maternal employment: evidence from East and West Germany (2014)
Zitatform
Schober, Pia S. & Katharina C. Spieß (2014): Local day-care quality and maternal employment. Evidence from East and West Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 649), Berlin, 35 S.
Abstract
"By investigating how locally available early childhood education and care quality relates to maternal employment choices, this study extended the literature which has mostly focused on the importance of day-care availability or costs. We provided differentiated analyses by the youngest child's age and for West and East Germany to examine moderating influences of varying day-care supply and work-care cultures. The empirical analysis linked the Socio-Economic Panel and the 'Families in Germany'-Study for 2010 and 2011 (N=3,301 mothers) with regional structural quality data. We used regression models of employment status and work hours changes, respectively. In East Germany, mothers with a child aged under three years who lived in districts with smaller day-care groups were more likely to be employed and to extend their work hours. In West Germany, the negative association of child-teacher-ratios with maternal employment was marginally significant. For mothers with older children, day-care quality was unrelated to employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Staatlich gewährleistete Kinderbetreuung als Instrument zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf (2014)
Seiler, Christian;Zitatform
Seiler, Christian (2014): Staatlich gewährleistete Kinderbetreuung als Instrument zur Förderung der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf. In: Recht der Jugend und des Bildungswesens H. 1, S. 59-68.
Abstract
Der Beitrag gibt zunächst einen Überblick über die in den letzten Jahren gelegten Grundlagen für einen erheblichen Ausbau der öffentlichen Betreuungsinfrastruktur - insbesondere für die außerfamiliäre Betreuung kleiner Kinder. Für eine verfassungsrechtliche Einordnung dieser Entwicklung gilt es sich zunächst Rechenschaft über die damit angestrebten Ziele und den dahinter stehenden Schutzgütern abzulegen: gesamtgesellschaftliche Anliegen, gleichberechtigte Persönlichkeitsentfaltung von Müttern und Vätern, das Kindeswohl als ausschlaggebendes Kriterium. Im Anschluss daran zieht der Beitrag Folgerungen für die nähere Ausgestaltung der Kinderbetreuung hinsichtlich des Angebotscharaktes der staatlich gewährleisteten Kinderbetreuung, der Folgepflicht zur Qualitätssicherung und der Einordnung in den finanzverfassungsrechtlichen Rahmen. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
The ups and downs in women's employment: shifting composition or behavior from 1970 to 2010? (2014)
Smith, Kristin E.;Zitatform
Smith, Kristin E. (2014): The ups and downs in women's employment. Shifting composition or behavior from 1970 to 2010? (Upjohn Institute working paper 211), Kalamazoo, Mich., 54 S.
Abstract
"This paper tracks factors contributing to the ups and downs in women's employment from 1970 to 2010 using regression decompositions focusing on whether changes are due to shifts in the means (composition of women) or due to shifts in coefficients (inclinations of women to work for pay). Compositional shifts in education exerted a positive effect on women's employment across all decades, while shifts in the composition of other family income, particularly at the highest deciles, depressed married women's employment over the 1990s contributing to the slowdown in this decade. A positive coefficient effect of education was found in all decades, except the 1990s, when the effect was negative, depressing women's employment. Further, positive coefficient results for other family income at the highest deciles bolstered married women's employment over the 1990s. Models are run separately for married and single women demonstrating the varying results of other family income by marital status. This research was supported in part by an Upjohn Institute Early Career Research Award." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Do values matter?: the impact of work ethic and traditional gender role values on female labour market supply (2014)
Zitatform
Stam, Kirsten, Ellen Verbakel & Paul M. de Graaf (2014): Do values matter? The impact of work ethic and traditional gender role values on female labour market supply. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 116, H. 2, S. 593-610. DOI:10.1007/s11205-013-0287-x
Abstract
"This article aims to gain a better understanding of the explanatory value of work ethic and traditional gender role values with regard to variation in female labour market supply. Although women's labour market participation has increased dramatically over the past decades, it still lacks behind that of men. A high female participation rate is desirable for several reasons, for instance to cover rising costs due to the ageing of society. The existing literature has mostly focused on micro-economic and macro factors to explain differences between women in participation rate. However, more recently it has been argued that women's values may also play an important role in women's labour market decisions. Work ethic, expressing the moral duty to work in terms of paid employment, is argued to positively affect women's labour supply. However, it is argued that it can have negative implications too if women who hold more traditional gender role values interpret work and work ethic in terms of housework or in terms of paid employment for men only. This exemplifies the need to study both values at the same time. We used longitudinal Dutch data (LISS panel, 2007 - 2010) and estimated both cross-sectional and longitudinal models. Both types of models revealed a similar pattern: work ethic is positively associated with women's labour market participation, but only if we take into account women's gender role values, which negatively relate to women's labour market supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender, added-worker effects, and the 2007-2009 recession: looking within the household (2014)
Starr, Martha A.;Zitatform
Starr, Martha A. (2014): Gender, added-worker effects, and the 2007-2009 recession. Looking within the household. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 12, H. 2, S. 209-235. DOI:10.1007/s11150-013-9181-1
Abstract
"The U.S. recession of 2007 - 2009 saw unemployment rates for men rise by significantly more than those for women, resulting in the downturn's characterization as a 'mancession'. This paper uses data from the Census Bureau's American Community Survey to reexamine gender-related dimensions of the 2007 - 2009 recession. Unlike most previous work, we analyze data that connects men's and women's employment status to that of their spouses. A difference-in-difference framework is used to characterize how labor-market outcomes for one spouse varied according to outcomes for the other. Results show that that employment rates of women whose husbands were non-employed rose significantly in the recession, while those for people in other situations held steady or fell -- consistent with the view that women took on additional bread-winning responsibilities to make up for lost income. However, probabilities of non-participation did not rise by more for men with working wives than they did for other men, casting doubt on ideas that men in this situation made weaker efforts to return to work because they could count on their wives' paychecks to support the household." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Renteneintritt und Hausarbeit (2014)
Zitatform
Stich, David & Moritz Hess (2014): Renteneintritt und Hausarbeit. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 683), Berlin, 22 S.
Abstract
"Dieses Papier untersucht wie sich der Renteneintritt eines Partners auf die Verteilung der Hausarbeit in Paaren auswirkt. Zur Erklärung wie Hausarbeit zwischen den Partner verteilt wird, gibt es zwei Theoriestränge. Die ökonomischen Theorien gehen davon aus, dass der- oder diejenige der Partner, welcher am Arbeitsmarkt weniger Geld verdient, mehr Hausarbeit übernehmen wird unabhängig von seinem oder ihrem Geschlecht. Die normbasierten Theorien hingegen basieren auf Werten und Vorstellungen. In konservativen Paaren übernehmen Frauen den Haushalt, während Paare mit modernen Vorstellungen die Hausarbeit egalitärere verteilen. Aufbauend auf den ökonomischen und normbasierten Theorien lassen sich in Bezug auf den Renteneintritt dazu zwei gegensätzliche Hypothesen aufstellen. 1) Mit dem Renteneintritt verändert sich die Verteilung der Hausarbeit nicht. 2) Diejenige Person, welche in Rente geht, übernimmt einen größeren Anteil der Hausarbeit. Diese Hypothesen werden mit Fixed-Effects Modellen und Daten des SOEP getestet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl Männer wie auch Frauen nach der Verrentung mehr Zeit für Hausarbeit aufwenden, als dies in der Erwerbsphase der Fall ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Short-run fertility effects of parental leave benefits: evidence from a structural model (2014)
Stichnoth, Holger;Zitatform
Stichnoth, Holger (2014): Short-run fertility effects of parental leave benefits. Evidence from a structural model. (ZEW discussion paper 2014-069), Mannheim, 41 S.
Abstract
"Based on a structural model of fertility and female labour force supply with unobserved heterogeneity and state dependence, we evaluate the 2007 reform of parental leave benefits in Germany, which replaced a flat, means-tested benefit by a generous earnings-related transfer. The model predicts a short-term fertility effect of about 4%, which is consistent with recent quasi-experimental evidence. The fertility effect is strongest for first births and increases with income. We use the model for a number of counterfactual policy experiments in which we vary the generosity of parental leave benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen in: Empirical economics , 59 (2020), 1, 143-168 -
Literaturhinweis
Unemployment and fatherhood: gender, culture and national context (2014)
Strier, Roni;Zitatform
Strier, Roni (2014): Unemployment and fatherhood: gender, culture and national context. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 5, S. 395-410. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12044
Abstract
"Hegemonic representations of masculinity and dominant images of fatherhood have usually been linked to the domain of work. This article explores the experiences of men under the hardship of unemployment and the impact of these experiences on the construction of their gender identities, specifically on the construction of their fatherhood identity. In addition, the article examines how culture and national context affect the interrelationship between unemployment and fatherhood. Drawing on a post-structural constructivist theoretical perspective, the article describes a qualitative study of low-income unemployed Palestinian fathers in Israel. The study examines three areas of interest: perceptions of fatherhood, the experience of unemployment and the impact of unemployment on the construction of fatherhood. On the theoretical level, the article proposes a conceptualization of the relationship between unemployment and fatherhood. It argues that in order to generalize the impact of unemployment on fatherhood, we must first examine the context in which gendered and cultural perceptions of fatherhood are embedded. On a policy level, the article offers some recommendations for developing more contextualized, gender- and culturalsensitive policies for unemployed fathers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Ist der Beruf entscheidend?: zum Einfluss beruflicher Eigenschaften auf die Dauer familienbedingter Nichterwerbsphasen von Frauen (2014)
Zitatform
Stuth, Stefan & Marina Hennig (2014): Ist der Beruf entscheidend? Zum Einfluss beruflicher Eigenschaften auf die Dauer familienbedingter Nichterwerbsphasen von Frauen. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2014-006), Berlin, 39 S.
Abstract
"Die Forschung zum Themenfeld der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie schenkt dem Beruf selten Beachtung. In diesem Aufsatz gehen wir deshalb der Frage nach, inwieweit der Beruf die Dauer von familienbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechungen beeinflusst. Welche Bedeutung hat die berufliche Schließung, die Signalfunktion von Berufen oder die Einbindung von Berufen in strukturierte oder unstrukturierte Teilarbeitsmärkte für die Dauer von familienbedingten Nichterwerbsphasen?
Das mehrebenenanalytische Design basiert auf den Daten des Mikrozensus 2007. Die Analyse zeigt, dass der zuletzt ausgeübte Beruf mit der Dauer der Nichterwerbsphasen von Frauen eng verbunden ist. Die Möglichkeit Nichterwerbsphasen möglichst kurz zu halten, ist nicht allein von individuellen Charakteristika abhängig, sondern wird stark von außerindividuellen beruflichen Merkmalen beeinflusst." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
Freiwilliges Engagement - ein Patentrezept für Wiedereinsteigerinnen? (2014)
Zitatform
Stuth, Stefan, Julia Schorlemmer, Marina Hennig & Jutta Allmendinger (2014): Freiwilliges Engagement - ein Patentrezept für Wiedereinsteigerinnen? (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2014-007), Berlin, 51 S.
Abstract
"Begünstigt freiwilliges Engagement die Integration von Wiedereinsteigerinnen in das Erwerbsleben? In Wissenschaft und Politik wird vermehrt diskutiert, wie Frauen, besonders nach familienbedingten Erwerbsunterbrechungen, schneller in den Arbeitsmarkt integriert werden können. Aus politischer Sicht wird das freiwillige Engagement als ein Instrument betrachtet, das Frauen beim Wiedereinstieg in das Erwerbsleben helfen kann. Doch welche Potentiale bietet freiwilliges Engagement für den Wiedereinstieg nicht erwerbstätiger Frauen in den Arbeitsmarkt tatsächlich? Ist es berechtigt den Wiedereinsteigerinnen Hoffnung zu machen und das auf altruistischen Gedanken beruhende und am Gemeinwohl orientierte freiwillige Engagement für den Arbeitsmarkt zu instrumentalisieren? Der vorliegende Text geht im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Familien, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend geförderten Projektes 'Berufsrückkehrerinnen: Die Potentiale nicht erwerbstätiger Frauen für den Arbeitsmarkt' dieser Frage nach und bewertet systematisch die schlechte Datenlage zum Thema." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Women's employment in Germany: robust in crisis but vulnerable in job quality (2014)
Weinkopf, Claudia;Zitatform
Weinkopf, Claudia (2014): Women's employment in Germany. Robust in crisis but vulnerable in job quality. In: Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques (2014): European labour markets in times of crisis : a gender perspective (Observatoire Francais des Conjonctures Economiques. Debates and policies, 133), S. 198-214.
Abstract
"The paper seeks to provide some insights into the trends and patterns of female employment in Germany and their underlying institutional framework. It is argued that the main challenge facing female employment in Germany is often the low quality of jobs. The so-called German 'employment miracle' has been accompanied by a rising prevalence of low hourly pay and atypical work forms in recent years. Women's employment growth is primarily based on a steadily rising numbers of part-time and mini-jobs - a very particular German institution that provides incentives to keep the monthly earnings below EURO450. It is argued that real progress to more gender equality in the German labour market has been hindered by the institutional framework which still remains very ambiguous and inconsistent, as regards the role of women in the labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Das neue ElterngeldPlus: Teilzeit während der Elternzeit soll sich lohnen (2014)
Winkel, Rolf;Zitatform
Winkel, Rolf (2014): Das neue ElterngeldPlus: Teilzeit während der Elternzeit soll sich lohnen. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 63, H. 11, S. 410-413.
Abstract
"Während des Bezugs von Elterngeld ist zwar eine Erwerbstätigkeit - in Teilzeit - möglich. Sie spielt jedoch derzeit nur eine verschwindend geringe Rolle. Ganze 5% aller Elterngeld-Bezieherinnen sind derzeit teilzeitbeschäftigt, 95% sind dagegen 'Vollzeit-Mütter'. Das soll sich ändern. Dies ist das erklärte Ziel des 'Gesetzes zur Einführung des ElterngeldPlus mit Partnerschaftsbonus und einer flexibleren Elternzeit im Bundeselterngeld- und Elternzeitgesetz' das am 7. November 2014 vom Bundestag verabschiedet wurde. Das Gesetz soll am 1. Januar in Kraft treten und für Geburten ab Juli 2015 gelten. Es bringt wesentliche Änderungen beim Elterngeld und bei der Elternzeit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Do women respond to changes in family policy?: a quasi-experimental study of the duration of mothers' employment interruptions in Germany (2014)
Zitatform
Ziefle, Andrea & Markus Gangl (2014): Do women respond to changes in family policy? A quasi-experimental study of the duration of mothers' employment interruptions in Germany. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 30, H. 5, S. 562-581. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcu056
Abstract
"Based on a sequence of policy changes in Germany's parental leave programme, the article uses an interrupted time-series design to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between mothers' labour force behaviour and family policy. Using event history modelling techniques and 1984 - 2010 data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, the analysis shows that mothers have strongly responded to various changes to Germany's parental leave programme, including both entitlement extensions and incentives to speed their return to work. As transition rates at which mothers return to employment generally fall while being covered by parental leave entitlements but peak when entitlements are exhausted, five consecutive entitlement extensions between 1986 and 1992 have empirically been accompanied by respective increases in the duration of employment interruptions following childbirth. This upward trend has partly been reversed by stronger monetary and procedural incentives for shorter leave-taking implemented in 2001, but more consistently so by the introduction of Germany's new 12-month earnings-related parental leave benefit programme in 2007. Respective behavioural changes are observable among both East and West German mothers despite long-standing differences in gender culture and availability of public childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Steigende Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen und ihre anhaltende Benachteiligung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt: Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/525) (2014)
Zitatform
Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2014): Steigende Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen und ihre anhaltende Benachteiligung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 18/525). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 18/734 (07.03.2014)), 41 S.
Abstract
Die Bundesregierung berichtet über ihre gleichstellungspolitischen Ziele bezüglich der gleichberechtigten Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern am Erwerbsleben. Die wichtigsten politischen Handlungsfelder in dieser Legislaturperiode sieht sie 'in den umfassenden Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Entgeltungleichheit zwischen Frauen und Männern sowie zur signifikanten Erhöhung des Frauenanteils in Führungspositionen der Wirtschaft wie auch im Bereich der Wissenschaft und der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Nicht zuletzt gilt es im Sinne einer lebensverlaufsorientierten Zeitpolitik für Frauen und Männer, bessere Anreize für die Beteiligung am Arbeitsmarkt unter Stärkung einer vollzeitnahen Beschäftigung zu setzen.' Weiterhin soll das Elterngeld flexibler gestaltet werden und mit dem so genannten ElterngeldPlus die Inanspruchnahme des Elterngeldes in Kombination mit einer nicht geringfügigen Teilzeitarbeit ermöglicht und damit der Wiedereinstieg für Mütter erleichtert werden. Der Bericht enthält weiterhin statistische Daten zur Entwicklung der Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen und Männern für die letzten zehn Jahre mit Angaben zur Arbeitszeit, Entlohnung und Beschäftigungsform. (IAB)
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Literaturhinweis
Auf dem Weg zur Gleichstellung?: Bildung, Arbeit und Soziales - Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern (2014)
Zitatform
Statistisches Bundesamt (2014): Auf dem Weg zur Gleichstellung? Bildung, Arbeit und Soziales - Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern. (DeStatis : wissen, nutzen), Wiesbaden, 48 S.
Abstract
"Das Begleitmaterial zur Pressekonferenz 'Auf dem Weg zur Gleichstellung? Bildung, Arbeit und Soziales - Unterschiede zwischen Frauen und Männern' bietet ausführliche Daten zur Lebenssituation von Frauen und Männern in Deutschland. Vergleichsmöglichkeiten ergeben sich sowohl im Zeitverlauf als auch in der europäischen Perspektive. Die ausgewählten Themen Bildung, Erwerbstätigkeit, Kinderbetreuung, Verdienste, Armut, soziale Ausgrenzung, ältere Menschen orientieren sich an den Indikatoren zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter, die das Statistische Amt der Europäischen Union (Eurostat) zusammengestellt hat, um Fortschritte zu beobachten." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Frauen in der Arbeitswelt - ein Aktionsprogramm (2014)
Zitatform
Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft (2014): Frauen in der Arbeitswelt - ein Aktionsprogramm. (Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft. Position), München, 32 S.
Abstract
"Frauen stellen mehr als die Hälfte der deutschen Bevölkerung. In vielen Bereichen entspricht ihre Beteiligung am Erwerbsleben diesem Anteil aber nicht. Deshalb fordert die bayerische Wirtschaft bessere Rahmenbedingungen für Frauen in der Arbeitswelt.
Um mehr Frauen für den Arbeitsmarkt zu aktivieren, bedarf es einer gesamtgesellschaftlichen Anstrengung. Statt einer Verengung der Diskussion auf einen Teilbereich brauchen wir eine Gesamtstrategie, die alle gesellschaftlichen Gruppen fordert. Mit dem vorliegenden Aktionsprogramm stellt die vbw - Vereinigung der Bayerischen Wirtschaft e. V. dazu einen auf vier Säulen basierenden Vorschlag zur Diskussion.
Ziel der gemeinsamen Anstrengungen - sowohl von Politik und Gesellschaft als auch von Arbeitnehmern und Arbeitgebern - muss es sein, attraktive Rahmenbedingungen zu schaffen und die Hemmnisse abzubauen, die Frauen viele Chancen auf allen Ebenen des Arbeitsmarkts verbauen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku) -
Literaturhinweis
U.S. versus Sweden: the effect of alternative in-work tax credit policies on labour supply of single mothers (2013)
Aaberge, Rolf; Flood, Lennart;Zitatform
Aaberge, Rolf & Lennart Flood (2013): U.S. versus Sweden. The effect of alternative in-work tax credit policies on labour supply of single mothers. (IZA discussion paper 7706), Bonn, 39 S.
Abstract
"An essential difference between the design of the Swedish and the US in-work tax credit systems relates to their functional forms. Where the US earned income tax credit (EITC) is phased out and favours low and medium earnings, the Swedish system is not phased out and offers 17 and 7 per cent tax credit for low and medium low incomes and a lump-sum tax deduction equal to approximately 2300 USD for medium and higher incomes. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency and distributional effects of these two alternative tax credit designs. We pay particular attention to labour market exclusion; i.e. individuals within as well as outside the labour force are included in the analysis. To highlight the importance of the joint effects from the tax and the benefit systems it appears particular relevant to analyse the labour supply behaviour of single mothers. To this end, we estimate a structural random utility model of labour supply and welfare participation. The model accounts for heterogeneity in consumption-leisure preferences as well as for heterogeneity and constraints in job opportunities. The results of the evaluation show that the Swedish system without phase-out generates substantial larger labour supply responses than the US version of the tax credit. Due to increased labour supply and decline in welfare participation we find that the Swedish reform is self-financing for single mothers, whereas a 10 per cent deficit follows from the adapted EITC version used in this study. However, where income inequality rises modestly under the Swedish tax credit system, the US version with phase-out leads to a significant reduction in the income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Caring for children and dependants: effect on careers of young workers (2013)
Ahrendt, Daphne; Pirklbauer, Sybille; Anderson, Robert; Sándor, Eszter; Jungblut, Jean-Marie; Molinuevo, Daniel; Buxbaum, Adi;Zitatform
Ahrendt, Daphne, Robert Anderson, Jean-Marie Jungblut, Daniel Molinuevo, Eszter Sándor, Adi Buxbaum & Sybille Pirklbauer (2013): Caring for children and dependants. Effect on careers of young workers. Dublin, 11 S.
Abstract
"This background paper aims to give an overview of the effects that the lack of childcare and care facilities for other dependants has on the career choices and situation of young men and women in the labour market, with a particular focus on the effects of the crisis on the accessibility of those services. The paper was prepared on request from the European Parliament for expert input on the effects of caring for children and other dependants on the employability of young men and women. It includes an analysis of the data from Eurofound's third European Quality of Life Survey of 2011 (EQLS), the 2013 European Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the 2011 Eurobarometer survey." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Fertility intentions: an approach based on the theory of planned behavior (2013)
Aizen, Icek; Klobas, Jane;Zitatform
Aizen, Icek & Jane Klobas (2013): Fertility intentions. An approach based on the theory of planned behavior. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 28, S. 203-232. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.8
Abstract
"Objective - To discuss issues and concerns in the application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to the decision to have a child.
Methods - We review the basic structure of the TPB, its principles, and its assumptions as they apply to fertility decisions. Among other issues we consider attitudes, subjective norms, and perceptions of control as antecedents to the decision to have a child; the expectancy-value model for understanding the formation of these antecedents; and the role of background factors, such as institutional policies, societal values, and personal characteristics. We illustrate key elements of the TPB using results from a multinational research project and end by considering a number of open questions for TPB-guided fertility research.
Conclusions - We conclude that the TPB can usefully be employed to further our understanding of fertility decisions. By examining behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about having a child we can identify important considerations that influence this decision. The information obtained can also guide adoption of policies or interventions designed to encourage (or discourage) couples to have more children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) -
Literaturhinweis
Lebensentwürfe heute: wie junge Frauen und Männer in Deutschland leben wollen. Kommentierte Ergebnisse der Befragung 2012 (2013)
Allmendinger, Jutta; Fliegner, Florian; Haarbrücker, Julia;Zitatform
Allmendinger, Jutta & Julia Haarbrücker (2013): Lebensentwürfe heute. Wie junge Frauen und Männer in Deutschland leben wollen. Kommentierte Ergebnisse der Befragung 2012. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2013-002), Berlin, 75 S.
Abstract
"Zwischen 2007 und 2012 haben wir die Lebensentwürfe und Lebensverläufe von jungen Frauen und Männern verfolgt. Heute sind die Befragten 21 bis 34 Jahre alt. Welche Einstellungen haben sie zu Familie, Arbeit und Leben? Wie haben sich ihre Hoffnungen, Träume und Pläne über die Zeit verändert? Das vorliegende Discussion Paper stellt die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung dar und kommentiert diese im Licht aktueller gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Female employment and the economic crisis: social change in Northern and Southern Italy (2013)
Zitatform
Andreotti, Alberta, Enzo Mingione & Jonathan Pratschke (2013): Female employment and the economic crisis. Social change in Northern and Southern Italy. In: European Societies, Jg. 15, H. 4, S. 617-635. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2013.836406
Abstract
"One of the characteristics of the Italian peninsula is a sharp North-South gradient on many economic and labour market variables. This gradient is particularly marked in relation to female employment, making Italy a particularly useful 'laboratory' for studying changes in gender roles. Esping-Andersen's description of the decline of the 'male breadwinner' model and the search for a 'new equilibrium' in gender roles is suggestive, but the assumption that current processes will inevitably converge towards a relatively homogeneous social configuration (exemplified by the Scandinavian countries) is rather unconvincing. We will show in this article that the Italian case comprises macro-regions with very different female employment rates and highly differentiated welfare systems. Furthermore, one of the effects of the economic crisis has been to obstruct the entry of women into paid work, particularly in the South where employment rates are already at a very low level. When discussing trends and changes in women's roles, it is important to remember that the resulting transformations are plural, contingent and discontinuous and strongly shaped by prevailing socio-economic conditions. In the context of a prolonged and severe crisis, the differences between Northern and Southern Italy have been further accentuated, impeding the development of coherent policy responses and obstructing change in gender roles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Gender differences in sickness absence and the gender division of family responsibilities (2013)
Zitatform
Angelov, Nikolay, Per Johansson & Erica Lindahl (2013): Gender differences in sickness absence and the gender division of family responsibilities. (IZA discussion paper 7379), Bonn, 53 S.
Abstract
"This study investigates possible reasons for the gender difference in sickness absence. We estimate both short- and long-term effects of parenthood in a within-couple analysis based on the timing of parenthood. We find that after entering parenthood, women increase their sickness absence by between 0.5 days per month (during the child's third year) and 0.85 days per month (during year 17) more than their spouse. By investigating possible explanations for the observed effect, we conclude that the effect mainly stems from higher home commitment, which reduces women's labour market attachment and, in turn, increases female sickness absence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Public child care and mothers' labor supply: evidence from two quasi-experiments (2013)
Bauernschuster, Stefan; Schlotter, Martin;Zitatform
Bauernschuster, Stefan & Martin Schlotter (2013): Public child care and mothers' labor supply. Evidence from two quasi-experiments. (CESifo working paper 4191), München, 52 S.
Abstract
"Public child care is expected to assist families in reconciling work with family life. Yet, empirical evidence for the relevance of public child care to maternal employment is inconclusive. We exploit the introduction of a legal claim to a place in kindergarten in Germany, which was contingent on day-of-birth cut-off dates and resulted in a marked increase in kindergarten attendance of three-year olds in the following years. Instrumental variable and difference-indifferences estimations on two individual-level data sets yield large and positive effects of public child care on maternal employment. A set of placebo treatment tests corroborate the validity of our identification strategies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
The effects of paid family leave in California on labor market outcomes (2013)
Baum, Charles L.; Ruhm, Christopher J.;Zitatform
Baum, Charles L. & Christopher J. Ruhm (2013): The effects of paid family leave in California on labor market outcomes. (NBER working paper 19741), Cambridge, Mass., 48 S. DOI:10.3386/w19741
Abstract
"Using data from the 1997 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY-97), we examine the effects of California's first in the nation government-mandated paid family leave program (CA-PFL) on mothers' and fathers' use of leave during the period surrounding child birth, and on the timing of mothers' return to work, the probability of eventually returning to pre-childbirth jobs, and subsequent labor market outcomes. Our results show that CA-PFL raised leave-taking by around 2.4 weeks for the average mother and just under one week for the average father. The timing of the increased leave use - immediately after birth for men and around the time that temporary disability insurance benefits are exhausted for women - is consistent with causal effects of CA-PFL. Rights to paid leave are also associated with higher work and employment probabilities for mothers nine to twelve months after birth, possibly because they increase job continuity among those with relatively weak labor force attachments. We also find positive effects of California's program on hours and weeks of work during their child's second year of life and possibly also on wages." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Beschäftigungsmuster von Frauen und Männern: Auswertungen des IAB-Betriebspanels 2012 (2013)
Bechmann, Sebastian; Tschersich, Nikolai; Dahms, Vera; Frei, Marek; Leber, Ute; Schwengler, Barbara;Zitatform
Bechmann, Sebastian, Vera Dahms, Nikolai Tschersich, Marek Frei, Ute Leber & Barbara Schwengler (2013): Beschäftigungsmuster von Frauen und Männern. Auswertungen des IAB-Betriebspanels 2012. (IAB-Forschungsbericht 14/2013), Nürnberg, 93 S.
Abstract
"Seit vielen Jahren wird die Integration von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, insbesondere die Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern oder die Beteiligung von Frauen an der Betriebsführung rege diskutiert. Bereits 2008 wurden diese Themen mit den Daten des IAB-Betriebspanels aus betrieblicher Sicht beleuchtet. Der dies jährige Forschungsbericht versteht sich als eine aktualisierte Bestandsaufnahme. Die AutorInnen prüfen, ob und inwieweit sich in den vergangenen vier Jahren Veränderungen gezeigt haben: In welchen Betrieben arbeiten überdurchschnittlich häufig Frauen und in welchen Betrieben Männer? In welchen Punkten unterscheiden sich weibliche von männlichen Beschäftigungsverhältnissen? Inwiefern unterscheiden sich ausschließlich männergeführte Betriebe von ausschließlich frauengeführten Betrieben oder von Betrieben, die sowohl von Frauen als auch von Männern geführt werden? Gibt es Unterschiede in den betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen zur Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie, in der Förderung der Chancengleichheit von Frauen und Männern oder im Aus- und Weiterbildungsverhalten der Betriebe?" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
Aspekt auswählen:
Aspekt zurücksetzen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen
- Erwerbsbeteiligung von Männern
- Kinderbetreuung und Pflege
- Berufliche Geschlechtersegregation
- Berufsrückkehrende – Wiedereinstieg in den Arbeitsmarkt
- Dual-Career-Couples
- Work-Life
- Geschlechtsspezifische Lohnunterschiede
- Familienpolitische Rahmenbedingungen
- Aktive/aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- Arbeitslosigkeit und passive Arbeitsmarktpolitik
- geografischer Bezug