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Cascio, Elizabeth U., Steven J. Haider & Helena Skyt Nielsen (2015): The effectiveness of policies that promote labor force participation of women with children. A collection of national studies. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 64-71. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.08.002

Abstract

"Numerous countries have enacted policies to promote the labor force participation of women around the years of childbearing, and unsurprisingly, many research articles have been devoted to evaluating their effectiveness. Perhaps more surprisingly, however, six such articles were submitted independently over several months to Labour Economics and subsequently made it through the normal review process. These articles are collected in the Special Section that follows. This article provides additional background to facilitate the understanding of the policies that are evaluated in the Special Section articles and, more importantly, a discussion of what can be learned from the articles as a collection. Taken together, the articles are quite informative in demonstrating how the effectiveness of policies can vary across different national contexts and how this variation itself can be usefully examined with the standard theoretical framework." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chakraborty, Indraneel, Hans A. Holter & Serhiy Stepanchuk (2015): Marriage stability, taxation and aggregate labor supply in the U.S. vs. Europe. In: Journal of monetary economics, Jg. 72, H. May, S. 1-20. DOI:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2015.01.001

Abstract

"Americans work more than Europeans. Using micro-data from the United States and 17 European countries, we document that women are typically the largest contributors to the cross-country differences in work hours. We also show that there is a negative relation between taxes and annual hours worked, driven by men, and a positive relation between divorce rates and annual hours worked, driven by women. In a calibrated life-cycle model with heterogeneous agents, marriage and divorce, we find that the divorce and tax mechanisms together can explain 45% of the variation in labor supply between the United States and the European countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dieckhoff, Martina, Vanessa Gash & Nadia Steiber (2015): Measuring the effect of institutional change on gender inequality in the labour market. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 39, H. March, S. 59-75. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2014.12.001

Abstract

"This article examines the differential impact of labour market institutions on women and men. It carries out longitudinal analyses using repeat cross-sectional data from the EU Labour Force Survey 1992 - 2007 as well as time series data that measure institutional change over the same period. The results contribute to the literature on gendered employment, adding important insights into the impact of labour market institutions over and above family policies that have been the focus of most prior studies on the topic. We find differential effects of institutional change on male and female outcome. Our findings challenge the neo-classical literature on the topic. While our results suggest that men benefit more clearly than women from increases in employment protection, we do not find support for the neo-classical assertion that strong trade unions decrease female employment. Instead, increasing union strength is shown to have beneficial effects for both men's and women's likelihood of being employed on the standard employment contract. Furthermore, in line with other researchers, we find that rising levels of in kind state support to families improve women's employment opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Drahs, Sascha, Ulrich Schneider & Philipp Schrauth (2015): Geplante und tatsächliche Erwerbsunterbrechungen von Müttern. (DIW-Roundup 64), Berlin, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen in Deutschland befindet sich seit mehreren Jahrzehnten in einer stetigen Aufwärtsbewegung. Trotzdem gibt es immer noch große Unterschiede zwischen den Erwerbsverläufen von Frauen und Männern. Mit der Geburt eines Kindes beginnt für viele Frauen eine längere Erwerbsunterbrechung, oftmals gefolgt von einem Übergang in eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung. Dieser Beitrag stellt einige Zahlen und Fakten bezüglich der Erwerbsunterbrechung von Müttern zusammen. Auf der Basis der Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) kommen wir zu dem Schluss, dass Mütter zu Beginn der Auszeit deren Dauer häufig unterschätzen. Auch die zukünftigen Arbeitszeiten entwickeln sich oft anders als ursprünglich geplant." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ehlert, Martin (2015): Couples' strategies after job loss in West Germany and the United States. The Added Worker Effect and linked life courses. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 135, H. 1, S. 55-66. DOI:10.3790/schm.135.1.55

Abstract

"In couple households, income losses due to men's displacements may be offset by an increase in women's earnings, the so called 'Added Worker Effect' (AWE). I argue that previous research largely neglected the variation of the AWE due to intra-household characteristics. Following the idea of 'linked life courses', intra-household processes have an influence on the AWE and that this influence is structured by gender norms. I test the implications of this perspective using panel data from West Germany (GSOEP) and the United States (PSID). Results support my expectation that male breadwinner couples have lower AWE than modern and semi-modernized couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fischer, Justina A. V. & Francesco Pastore (2015): Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis. Religion and female employment over time. (IZA discussion paper 9244), Bonn, 9 S.

Abstract

"This study analyses whether the role of religion for employment of married women in Europe has changed over time and along women's life cycles. Using information on 44'000 married European women from the World Values Survey 1981-2013, we find that in OECD-Europe there is little difference among women of any age since 1997. For non-OECD-Europe, we find differences by religion among young women, but not among those older than 40 years, which we attribute to an upbringing under communist regimes. Only Muslim women show a lower employment probability that persists across time, regions, and life cycles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fortin, Nicole M. (2015): Gender role attitudes and women's labor market participation: opting-out, AIDS, and the persistent appeal of housewifery. In: Annals of economics and statistics H. 117/118, S. 379-401. DOI:10.15609/annaeconstat2009.117-118.379

Abstract

"After a century of remarkable growth, U.S. female labor force participation (FLP) has leveled-off in the late 1990s, despite continuous improvement in fundamental economic variables, such as educational attainment. Using data from the 1977-2006 General Social Surveys (GSS), this paper studies the impact of changing gender role attitudes on the evolution of FLP. The analysis uses a double prong instrumental variable strategy in the context of a variant of two-sample two-stage least squares (TS2LS). First, it appeals to extraneous attitudes found in the GSS, and second to an exogenous shock to attitudes, namely the AIDS scare, which may have acted as a counter-current to the 'Pill Revolution', using repeated cross-sectional data from the 1988-2006 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS). Gender role attitudes, whose progression stalled in the mid-1990s when the AIDS crisis peaked, are found to explain at least a third of the recent leveling-off in FLP that is, as much as all the usual variables combined." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Furtado, Delia (2015): Can immigrants help women "have it all"? Immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions. In: IZA journal of migration, Jg. 4, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40176-015-0043-x

Abstract

"This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the tradeoffs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high-skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24% of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the US between the years 1980 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gangl, Markus & Andrea Ziefle (2015): The making of a good woman: extended parental leave entitlements and mothers' work commitment in Germany. In: American Journal of Sociology, Jg. 121, H. 2, S. 511-563. DOI:10.1086/682419

Abstract

"The authors investigate the relationship between family policy and women's attachment to the labor market, focusing specifically on policy feedback on women's subjective work commitment. They utilize a quasi-experimental design to identify normative policy effects from changes in mothers' work commitment in conjunction with two policy changes that significantly extended the length of statutory parental leave entitlements in Germany. Using unique survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and difference-in-differences, triple-differenced, and instrumental variables estimators for panel data, they obtain consistent empirical evidence that increasing generosity of leave entitlements led to a decline in mothers' work commitment in both East and West Germany. They also probe potential mediating mechanisms and find strong evidence for role exposure and norm setting effects. Finally, they demonstrate that policy-induced shifts in mothers' preferences have contributed to retarding women's labor force participation after childbirth in Germany, especially as far as mothers' return to full-time employment is concerned." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gehringer, Agnieszka & Stephan Klasen (2015): Labor force participation of women in the EU - What role do family policies play? (Discussion papers, Center for European, Governance and Economic Development Research 242), Göttingen, 30 S.

Abstract

"We empirically study the role of different family policies in determining women┐s labor market behavior in the countries of the European Union between 1997 and 2008. Women tend to assume more family duties than men and, consequently, often participate less in the labor market. At the same time, family policies are to provide support to families while also helping women to reconcile family duties with labor market participation. Their impact, however, is not clear, especially when it comes to different forms of labor market activity. We use a static and dynamic panel econometric framework examining the link between four types of family policies and labor force participation and (part-time and full-time) employment. The results suggest no stable significant impact of any on overall labor force, but higher spending on family allowance, cash benefits daycare benefits appears to promote part-time employment, whereas only spending on parental leave schemes is a significant determinant of women's full-time employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geyer, Johannes, Peter Haan & Katharina Wrohlich (2015): The effects of family policy on maternal labor supply. Combining evidence from a structural model and a quasi-experimental approach. In: Labour economics, Jg. 36, H. October, S. 84-98. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2015.07.001

Abstract

"Parental leave and subsidized child care are prominent examples of family policies supporting the reconciliation of family life and labor market careers for mothers. In this paper, we combine different empirical strategies to evaluate the employment effects of these policies for mothers with young children. In particular we estimate a structural labor supply model and exploit quasi-experimental variation from a parental leave reform in Germany. Our findings suggest that a combination of parental leave benefits and subsidized child care leads to sizable employment effects of mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Glauber, Rebecca & Justin Robert Young (2015): On the fringe: Family-friendly benefits and the rural-urban gap among working women. In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 97-113. DOI:10.1007/s10834-014-9418-z

Abstract

"This study drew on longitudinal, nationally representative data to estimate rural-urban inequality in women's access to family-friendly benefits. Multivariate fixed effects regression models showed that compared to urban women, rural women's odds of reporting access were 11 % lower for flexible work scheduling, 24 % lower for job-protected maternity leave, 13 % lower for paid sick time, 21 % lower for vacation time, and 20 % lower for health insurance. The rural-urban gap in sick time was explained by differences in unionization, as rural women were less likely to be unionized than urban women. Our findings suggest that rural women's work - family experiences may be more constrained than urban women's work - family experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guetto, Raffaele, Ruud Luijkx & Stefani Scherer (2015): Religiosity, gender attitudes and women's labour market participation and fertility decisions in Europe. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 58, H. 2, S. 155-172. DOI:10.1177/0001699315573335

Abstract

"The Second Demographic Transition (SDT) theory underlines the importance of changing values and attitudes to explain the trend toward low fertility and raising female labour market participation. We contribute to this debate comparing religiosity and gender attitudes over several European countries using three waves of the European Values Study (1990, 1999 and 2008). By dealing with the issues of measurement invariance and endogeneity between values and behaviour, our results support some critiques of the SDT theory. The pace of the process of sociocultural change has not been the same across European countries and the forerunners of the SDT, that is, the most secularized and gender-egalitarian societies, now have the highest female labour market participation rates and the highest fertility. We provide evidence for a 'macro - micro paradox' regarding the role of values on family behaviours. Religiosity is positively correlated with fertility and housewifery, while gender attitudes are only correlated with women's labour market decisions. These correlations are stronger in more traditional countries, even if aggregate fertility is lower. We stress the necessity to integrate cultural and structural explanations, suggesting the lack of family policies and the rigidity of the family formation process as possible mechanisms to unravel this paradox." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Günalp, Burak, Seyit Mümin Cılasun & Elif Öznur Acar (2015): Male-female labor market participation and the extent of gender-based wage discrimination in Turkey. (Economics. Discussion papers 2015-56), Kiel, 30 S.

Abstract

"A gender differential in wages is considered to be discriminatory if the differential cannot be explained by gender differences in productivity. Numerous studies have been performed to measure the extent of gender wage discrimination in countries across the world, and most report a substantial amount of wage differential after adjusting for productivity differences. This differential has been attributed to labor market discrimination against women. Using data from 2003 and 2010 Household Budget Surveys conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute, this study examines the male-female earnings differentials and measures the extent of pay discrimination in Turkey. To analyze the components of the earnings gap, two methodologies are employed: The standard Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method and the Juhn-Murphy-Pierce decomposition method. The results of the study indicate that in both years, a significant portion of the observed wage differential is attributable to wage discrimination which records a rise over the period." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haan, Peter & Andreas Thiemann (2015): Ausweitung der in der Rentenversicherung anrechenbaren Kindererziehungszeiten. Mütter pausieren nicht länger vom Job. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 82, H. 47, S. 1119-1125.

Abstract

"Einer der Gründe, weshalb Frauen meist geringere Rentenansprüche haben als Männer, sind familienbedingte Auszeiten vom Beruf. Um dies abzumildern, rechnet die Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung Kindererziehungszeiten an, während derer Frauen Rentenanwartschaften erwerben, obwohl sie nicht in die Rentenversicherung einzahlen. Dies soll den Müttern eine weitgehend eigenständige Alterssicherung garantieren. Die zusätzlichen Entgeltpunkte aufgrund der Kindererziehungszeiten könnten Mütter jedoch auch dazu veranlassen, längere Erwerbsunterbrechungen nach der Geburt einzulegen oder früher in Rente zu gehen. Auf diese Weise würden die Rentenansprüche für Mütter dann wieder reduziert. Wie genau wirkt sich eine großzügigere Berücksichtigung von Kindererziehungszeiten also auf die Erwerbsunterbrechung von Frauen nach der Geburt aus? Das DIW Berlin hat dies in der vorliegenden Studie anhand der Rentenreform des Jahres 1992 auf Basis kombinierter Daten der Deutschen Rentenversicherung und der Bundesagentur für Arbeit untersucht. Damals wurde die Kindererziehungszeit von einem Jahr auf drei Jahre ausgeweitet. Das zentrale Ergebnis: Die Reform hat nicht dazu geführt, dass Frauen die Dauer ihrer Erwerbsunterbrechung nennenswert verändert haben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Herr, Jane Leber (2015): The labor supply effects of delayed first birth. In: The American economic review, Jg. 105, H. 5, S. 630-637. DOI:10.1257/aer.p20151119

Abstract

"In this paper I compare the relationship between first-birth timing and post-birth labor supply for high school and college graduate mothers. Given that pre-birth wages are increasing in fertility delay, the rising opportunity cost of time would suggest that among both groups, later mothers work more. Yet I only find this pattern for high school graduates. For college graduates, I instead find that there is a strong U-shaped pattern between hours worked within motherhood, and the career timing of first birth." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Icking, Maria & Katharina Czudaj (2015): Arbeitsmarktreport NRW 2015. Frauen am Arbeitsmarkt mit einem Sonderkapitel: Alleinerziehende am Arbeitsmarkt. Bottrop, 147 S.

Abstract

"Mit den Sonderberichten zum Arbeitsmarkt in NRW werden die regelmäßig vierteljährlich er-scheinenden Quartalsberichte zur Entwicklung des Arbeitsmarktes um ausgewählte Vertiefungsbereiche ergänzt.
Schwerpunkt des vorliegenden Sonderberichts ist die Analyse der Situation von Frauen auf dem Arbeitsmarkt, wobei sich diese Situation immer in den geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden zwischen Männern und Frauen spiegelt. Betrachtet werden ausgewählte Indikatoren zu Erwerbstätigkeit, Aus- und Weiterbildung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Grundsicherung.
Bei der Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation von Frauen kann die Lebenssituation von Frauen nicht außer Acht gelassen werden. Deswegen werden in diesem Bericht auch Indikatoren aufgenommen, die sich auf Familie, Kinder und Lebensformen beziehen.
Eine zentrale Rahmenbedingung für die Erwerbstätigkeit ist der Bildungsstand und die Berufsqualifikation. Hier zeigt sich im Zeitverlauf deutlich, dass jüngere Frauen Männer in Bezug auf das Niveau der Bildungsabschlüsse überholt haben, allerdings wird weiterhin eine starke Segmentierung der Berufsbereiche deutlich.
Die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen, dennoch sind große Unterschiede zwischen Männern und Frauen im Hinblick auf den Umfang der Erwerbstätigkeit bestehen geblieben. Hintergrund sind hier insbesondere die Familienaufgaben, die traditionell auch weiterhin von Frauen ausgeübt werden und den Umfang der Erwerbstätigkeit bestimmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern mit minderjährigen Kindern gesondert betrachtet." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Jepsen, Christopher & Lisa K. Jepsen (2015): Labor-market specialization within same-sex and difference-sex couples. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 109-130. DOI:10.1111/irel.12078

Abstract

"We use data from the 2000 decennial U.S. Census to compare differences in earnings, hours worked, and labor-force participation between members of different household types, including same-sex couples, different-sex couples, and roommates. Both same-sex and different-sex couples exhibit some degree of household specialization, whereas roommates show little or no degree of specialization. Of all household types, married couples exhibit by far the highest degree of specialization with respect to labor-market outcomes. With respect to differences in earnings and hours, gay male couples are more similar to married couples than lesbian or unmarried heterosexual couples are to married couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalb, Guyonne, Trinh Le & Felix Leung (2015): Outcomes for teenage mothers in the first years after birth. In: Australian Journal of Labour Economics, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 255-279.

Abstract

"This study compares the educational, employment, health and partnership outcomes of teenage mothers with outcomes of women first giving birth in their twenties and those without children. The study finds that teenage motherhood has a range of negative effects, some of which worsen over time (e.g. educational outcomes) and others diminish over time (e.g. employment effects). Although some of the associations of teenage motherhood with poorer outcomes in the first years after birth are unlikely to be causal since they disappear after ensuring treatment and control group are comparable, other associations remain strong. Propensity score matching analysis suggests that relative to childless women: teenage mothers are less likely to complete Year 12, be employed, and be in good health; they are more likely to smoke; and have less personal income." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kalísková, Klára (2015): Tax and transfer policies and female labor supply in the EU. (EUROMOD working paper 2015,01), Cambridge, 30 S.

Abstract

"This study contributes to the female labor supply responsiveness literature by measuring the effect of tax-benefit policies on female labor supply based on a broad sample of 26 European countries in 2005-2010. The tax-benefit microsimulation model EUROMOD is used to calculate a measure of work incentives at the extensive margin-the participation tax rate, which is then used as the main explanatory variable in a female employment equation. This allows me to deal with the endogeneity of income in a new way by using a simulated instrumental variable based on a fixed EU-wide sample of women. Results suggest that a 10 percentage point increase in the participation tax rate decreases the female employment probability by 2 percentage points. The effect is higher for single mothers, for women in the middle of the skills distribution, and in countries that have lower rates of female employment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Khoudja, Yassine & Fenella Fleischmann (2015): Ethnic differences in female labour force participation in the Netherlands. Adding gender role attitudes and religiosity to the explanation. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 91-102. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcu084

Abstract

"Female labour force participation varies greatly between different ethnic groups, but previous research on human capital and household conditions has not been able to fully explain these differences. Using large-scale representative survey data of four ethnic minority groups and the Dutch majority in the Netherlands, we add gender role attitudes and religiosity to the explanatory model. The results of heterogeneous choice models and interval regressions show that the predicted negative effects of traditional gender role attitudes and of religiosity contribute to the explanation of ethnic differences in female labour force participation, in addition to human capital and household conditions. These factors moreover partly explain differences between Dutch, Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese, and Antillean women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koelet, Suzana, Helga de Valk, Ignace Glorieux, Ilse Laurijssen & Didier Willaert (2015): The timing of family commitments in the early work career. Work-family trajectories of young adults in Flanders. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 32, S. 657-690. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2015.32.22

Abstract

"Objective: This article examines the diverse ways in which young adults develop both their professional career and family life in the years immediately after they complete their education. Building a career and starting a family often occur simultaneously in this stage of life. By studying the simultaneous developments in these life domains, we can gain a better understanding of this complex interplay.
Methods: The data consist of a sample of 1,657 young adults born in 1976 who were interviewed as part of the SONAR survey of Flanders at ages 23, 26, and 29 about their education, their entry into and early years on the labour market, and their family life. Sequence analysis is used to study the timing of union formation and having children among these young adults, as well as how these events are related to their work career. Multinomial regression analysis is applied to help us gain a better understanding of the extent to which these life course patterns are determined by education and economic status at the start of the career.
Results: The results reveal a set of work-family trajectories which vary in terms of the extent of labour market participation and the type and timing of family formation. Various aspects of the trajectory are found to be determined by different dimensions of an individual's educational career (duration, level, field of study). Education is more relevant for women than for men, as a man's trajectory is more likely than a woman's to be determined by the first job.
Conclusions: By using a simultaneous approach which takes into account both family and work, this life course analysis confirms that men have a head start on the labour market, and examines the factors which influence the distinct trajectories of young women and men." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koyama, Jill (2015): Constructing gender: refugee women working in the United States. In: Journal of Refugee Studies, Jg. 28, H. 2, S. 258-275. DOI:10.1093/jrs/feu026

Abstract

"Drawing on data collected during a 26-month ethnographic study of refugees in a city in upstate New York, I examine the gendered and gendering training and work contexts with which refugee women engage. Utilizing the notion of assemblage, a term often associated with actor-network theory (ANT), I ask, among other questions, how do the gathered collages of texts, aims, histories, resources, knowledges, and practices that instantiate what we might recognize as resources for newcomers, come to frame refugee women as they enter the workforce? I demonstrate that through the processes of becoming employed, certain material objects, such as completed job applications, combine with case workers' assessments of employability, and employers' ethnic and gender stereotypes, to create socio-material renderings of refugee women. However, even as they participate in the labour market, the refugee women push against the constraints imposed by their limited English-language ability, lack of formal education, initial lack of socio-economic connections, culturally-defined gender roles, and gender stereotypes. I argue that greater efforts through changes in the national policy and also the related practices of local resettlement agencies should address gender more explicitly. Greater time investment in educational programmes, a longer period of workforce training in more varied, less gender-stereotypical areas, and explicit programmes educating the receiving community about the refugees could result not only in greater economic adaptation, but also increased social integration for refugee women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kunadt, Susann (2015): Kinderbetreuungsangebote für eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie. Ergebnisse einer Evaluationsstudie aus den Jahren 2010/2011. (GESIS papers 2015,07), Mannheim, 32 S.

Abstract

Die Autorin thematisiert zunächst die Ursachen für die hohe Zahl kinderloser Wissenschaftler/innen sowie die Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen an deutschen Hochschulen. Hierzu zählen die prekären Beschäftigungsbedingungen, die spezifische Wissenschaftskultur sowie der Mangel an Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten. Im Folgenden wird die Evaluation eines Landesprogrammes zur Schaffung von Kinderbetreuungsmöglichkeiten an den Hochschulen in Baden-Württemberg vorgestellt. Hierzu wurde unter anderem von März bis Mai 2011 eine Online-Befragung des wissenschaftlichen Personals an einer ausgewählten, am Programm teilnehmenden Hochschule realisiert. Die Befragung diente dazu, die Wirkung von Kinderbetreuungsangeboten exemplarisch zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlichen Mehrbedarf an Kinderbetreuungsangeboten und ihren positiven Nutzen für die Wissenschaftler/innen mit Kind. Sie machen aber auch deutlich, dass neben Kinderbetreuung längerfristige Jobperspektiven für eine Familiengründung essentiell sind. (IAB)

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Lauber, Verena, Sarah Reiter & Johanna Storck (2015): Familienfreundlichkeit in Unternehmen. Status Quo in Deutschland und Forschungsstand. (DIW-Roundup 77), Berlin, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigkeit von Müttern hat in Deutschland sowie in den meisten industrialisierten Ländern in den vergangenen Jahren stetig zugenommen. In Deutschland ist die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen mit Kindern von 59 Prozent im Jahr 2000 auf rund 66 Prozent im Jahr 2012 angestiegen. Der Großteil der erwerbstätigen Mütter geht jedoch nach wie vor einer Teilzeitbeschäftigung nach. Dies kann ein Hinweis darauf sein, dass die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie nicht ausreichend gewährleistet ist. Tatsächlich berichten viele Eltern, dass sich Familie und Beruf in Deutschland nur schwer vereinbaren lassen. Auch für die USA lässt sich zeigen, dass Frauen, die Karriere und Familie gleichzeitig unter einen Hut bringen möchten, eine geringere Lebenszufriedenheit aufweisen, als Frauen, welche nur eines der beiden Ziele verfolgen. In Deutschland, wie auch in anderen Industrieländern, reagieren immer mehr Unternehmen auf die Bedürfnisse ihrer Arbeitnehmer und versuchen mithilfe von familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen qualifizierte Fachkräfte zu gewinnen bzw. an ihr Unternehmen zu binden. Zu der Frage, welche Maßnahmen Unternehmen in Deutschland ergreifen und inwiefern familienfreundliche Maßnahmen in Betrieben die elterlichen Arbeitsentscheidungen und die persönliche Zufriedenheit beeinflussen, gibt es für Deutschland bisher kaum repräsentative Forschungsergebnisse. Vor allem fehlt es an empirisch fundierten Analysen, welche auf einen Kausalzusammenhang zwischen familienfreundlichen Arbeitsplätzen einerseits und Zufriedenheit oder Arbeitsverhalten der Arbeitnehmer andererseits schließen lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Mannberg, Andrea & Tomas Sjögren (2015): Conflicting identities and social pressure. Effects on the long-run evolution of female labour supply. In: Oxford economic papers, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 269-290. DOI:10.1093/oep/gpu055

Abstract

"Drawing on psychological theories of social identity and cognitive dissonance, we develop a dynamic model for the evolution of female labour supply. We assume that agents, in addition to consumption and leisure, also derive utility from complying with social and personal norms such that deviations from norms induce psychological costs. An important contribution is that we allow for conflicting norms and we assume that the weight of these norms in the agent's utility is endogenous. We show that conflicting norm incentives may have long-run effects on labour supply: for example, the long-run effect of a wage increase on labour supply is reinforced if agents can adjust the weight attached to a given norm, and that women may be prevented from making a full transition from homemakers to breadwinners if such a transition make them outsiders in society." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Paulitz, Tanja, Melanie Goisauf & Sarah Zapusek (2015): Work-Life-Balance + Wissenschaft = unvereinbar? Zur exkludierenden Vergeschlechtlichung einer entgrenzten Lebensform. In: Gender, Jg. 7, H. 2, S. 130-144. DOI:10.3224/gender.v7i2.19317

Abstract

"Work-Life-Balance (WLB) gilt als vielversprechendes Konzept, um Arbeit und Leben zu vereinbaren und die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter voranzutreiben. Der Artikel geht der Frage nach, wie sich dieser Anspruch im traditionell entgrenzten Feld der Wissenschaft darstellt, besonders im Hinblick auf den im Konzept verankerten Anspruch der Geschlechtsneutralität. Auf der Grundlage einer qualitativen empirischen Studie an einer österreichischen Universität argumentieren wir, dass sich die Annahme einer grundsätzlichen Unvereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie zu einem exkludierenden Diskurs im Feld ausgeformt hat: WLB wird auf die Frage der Vereinbarkeit von Kindern und Karriere verkürzt und diese wird insbesondere Frauen zugewiesen; dadurch wird ihnen zugleich der Rang einer vollständigen Wissenschaftlerin abgesprochen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Pencavel, John (2015): Whose preferences are revealed in hours of work? (IZA discussion paper 9182), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"It has become orthodox in economics research to interpret the association between hourly earnings and working hours as the expression of the preferences of workers. This convention originated in H. Gregg Lewis' explanation for the decline in hours of work since the nineteenth century. His explanation rested on an explicit resolution of the identification problem inherent in any quantity (hours) - price (wage) relation. For over forty years, researchers have neglected this identification problem with the result that the findings in the purported 'labor supply' literature are of questionable value." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Peukert, Almut (2015): Aushandlungen von Paaren zur Elternzeit. Arbeitsteilung unter neuen Vorzeichen? (Geschlecht und Gesellschaft 61), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 312 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-07071-7

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht mit empirischen Methoden, wie Paare die Kindererziehungszeiten organisieren und verhandeln und wie sich das Elterngeld auf die geschlechtergerechte Aufteilung der Familienarbeit ausgewirkt hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Piasna, Agnieszka & Anke Plagnol (2015): Job quality and women's labour market participation. (European Trade Union Institute. Policy brief 2015,06), Brüssel, 5 S.

Abstract

"This Policy Brief provides an overview of female employment in the EU and of how it is affected by a transition to motherhood, as well as of recent policies devised to remedy the post-2008 unemployment crisis.
It also investigates the link between job quality and women's employment patterns. The study concludes that the EU should concentrate on putting job quality back on to the policy agenda, e.g. through increased use of employment indicators, in particular job quality indicators, in the process of monitoring social and employment developments." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Pronzato, Chiara Daniela & Giuseppe Sorrenti (2015): When context does matter. Childcare and maternal employment. Trying to solve the puzzle. In: CESifo DICE report, Jg. 13, H. 1, S. 3-8.

Abstract

"This paper reviews the recent literature on childcare provision and maternal employment, and uses simple statistics to show this relationship across European countries and regions. In particular, it studies how the association between childcare availability and mothers' labour market participation may vary across different European contexts. Studies using data from Nordic countries - where levels of female market participation are relatively high - tend to find smaller effects of childcare provision than studies using data from Southern countries. The same relationship has been found at a micro-level: focusing on Italy, a country characterised by low female work participation, we have found that childcare availability is more crucial to less labour-attached mothers. This result is in line with studies which find that family policies are particularly important for less educated women (Del Boca, Pasqua and Pronzato 2009; Pronzato 2009)." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Röhr-Sendlmeier, Una M. & Anna Katharina Pracht (2015): Die öffentliche Diskussion um Mütter im Beruf. Argumentationslinien in Printmedien und Online-Publikationen seit 2005. In: Bildung und Erziehung, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 495-514. DOI:10.7788/bue-2015-0408

Abstract

"On the basis of widely read print and online media, the public discussion in Germany on working mothers since 2005 is analyzed applying the technique of theoretical sampling. After documenting how the general situation of mothers at work was seen in Germany, the content analysis focusses on different positions regarding social and political schemes. Dominant topics were the proportion of women in top managerial positions, part time employment, financial support for families and legal regulations concerning out-of-family care for children younger than three years of age. Initiatives and flexibilities of companies were discussed. A shift in the published discourse was found from a critical view on the situation of working mothers towards greater attention given to the question of how both parents could find an adequate work-lifebalance. Published opinion showed to be biased with respect to the importance given to singular issues. Lately, more people have taken to expressing their own opinion on the internet aside the established print and online media." (Author's abstract, © Böhlau Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Röhr-Sendlmeier, Uma M. (2015): Wieviel Mutter braucht das Kind? Zur Situation berufstätiger Mütter und ihrer Kinder. (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Analysen und Argumente 188), Sankt Augustin, 10 S.

Abstract

"In der Diskussion um die Berufstätigkeit von Müttern wird immer wieder die Frage nach den Auswirkungen der mütterlichen Abwesenheit auf das Kindeswohl aufgeworfen. Die Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen werden nur nach und nach im öffentlichen Diskurs berücksichtigt. Zu den aktuellen entwicklungspsychologischen Forschungsergebnissen zur Bindungssicherheit und zur frühkindlichen Betreuung außerhalb der Familie und den Zusammenhängen zwischen mütterlicher Berufstätigkeit und den schulischen Leistungen sowie der Lebenszufriedenheit und den sozial-emotionalen Kompetenzen der Kinder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Rønsen, Marit & Ragni Hege Kitterød (2015): Gender-equalizing family policies and mothers' entry into paid work. Recent evidence from Norway. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 59-89. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.927584

Abstract

"Universal parental leaves with job protection and earnings compensation increase women's labor market attachment, but very long leaves may have negative consequences at both individual and societal levels. Using panel data from the period 1996 - 2010, we study whether it is possible to offset the potential negative effects on women's labor supply of long parental leaves by policies targeted especially at fathers, and policies making formal daycare cheaper and more easily available. Norway is used as example, since all recent extensions in the parental leave scheme have been reserved for fathers and at the same time the daycare sector has expanded rapidly. We find that Norwegian mothers did enter work faster after childbirth in the late 2000s than a decade earlier. The latest initiatives may thus have contributed to a shortening of women's career interruptions and a more equal division of paid and unpaid work among parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schilling, Elisabeth (2015): Unterbrochene Karrieren. Wandel weiblicher Erwerbsverläufe in der öffentlichen Verwaltung. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 153 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-03903-5

Abstract

"Das Buch analysiert, wie Beschäftigte der öffentlichen Verwaltung mit unterbrochenen Erwerbsverläufen ihr Arbeitsleben gestalten, welche Bedeutung Partizipation in der Arbeitswelt für sie hat, wie sie beruflichen Erfolg definieren und die Balance zwischen dem Beruflichen und dem Privaten herstellen. Der Analyse liegt eine qualitative Studie mit biographischen Interviews zugrunde. Frauen erzählten über ihre Erfahrungen des Aus- und Wiedereinstiegs, über ihre Wünsche, Hindernisse auf dem Weg zur Verwirklichung dieser Wünsche und Realitäten im Arbeitsalltag. Durch die Vorstellung der Typologie von Übergangserfahrungen werden diese Erkenntnisse systematisiert und für den Leser greifbar gemacht. Zum Schluss werden Vorschläge für spezifische Personalentwicklungsmaßnahmen gemacht." (Verlagsangaben)

Zitatform

Schober, Pia S. & Gundula Zoch (2015): Change in the gender division of domestic work after mummy or daddy took leave. An examination of alternative explanations. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 803), Berlin, 39 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates how the duration of child care leave taken by mothers and fathers relates to changes in couples' division of housework and child care after postnatal labour market return in Germany. It explores whether take-up of child care related leave may impact the gender division of domestic work beyond the period of leave and examines three theoretical explanations: 1) development of domestic work skills, 2) bargaining power based on economic resources, and 3) adaptations in gender role or parenting identities. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (1992-2012) on 797 and 762 couples with a first or second birth, respectively, we applied OLS regression models with lagged dependent variables in combination with Heckman selection correction. The results suggested that dual-earner couples where mothers took longer leaves experienced a greater shift towards a gender-traditional division of domestic labour after childbirth even in the medium-term after labour market return. The linear relationship and stronger effects on the division of child care than for housework lent support to identity-based explanations. Paternal leave take-up was associated with a more equal division of housework and child care after first births but not after second birth transitions. The relationship with the leave duration was less clear. In terms of explaining the mechanisms for fathers, the findings provided greatest support for explanations relating to domestic skills development possibly in combination with changes in fathering identities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Steffens, Melanie C. & Ma. Àngels Viladot (2015): Gender at work. A social psychological perspective. (Language as social action 18), New York: Lang, 312 S.

Abstract

"While many women receive equal education, such equality is nowhere in sight when it comes to women's and men's career success: men still earn significantly more than women and are more likely to be promoted. In this book, the authors offer a state of the art review of applied social-psychological research on gender at work, shedding light on all the different ways that work-related perceptions, attributions, outcomes, and the like differ for women and men. Focusing on domains (e.g., engineering) and positions (e.g., leadership) that are marked by women's underrepresentation, the first part of the book looks at gender at work in terms of stereotypes, attitudes, and social roles, including parenthood, while the second part takes a social identity and communication perspective, exploring the situations in which men and women interact at work. Many chapters focus on applied questions, such as career choice, effects of role models, and sexual harassment at work. Theories and findings are applied to these topics, with conclusions and recommendations drawn throughout the book." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Stockhammer, Hilde (2015): Gender Gaps am Arbeitsmarkt. In: Wiso. Wirtschafts- und sozialpolitische Zeitschrift des ISW, Jg. 38, H. 3, S. 45-59.

Abstract

"Im 'Gleichstellungsindex Arbeitsmarkt' werden 30 Indikatoren aggregiert, die die Positionierung von Frauen und Männern auf dem Arbeitsmarkt beeinflussen. Gender Gaps werden auf einen Blick sichtbar. Der Index ermöglicht eine rasche Überprüfung und Beobachtung von Veränderungen der Gleichstellung am Arbeitsmarkt und an dessen Schnittstellen. Gleichzeitig sollen die wichtigsten Handlungsfelder für Gleichstellungsmaßnahmen identifiziert werden. Der Gesamtwert des Gleichstellungsindex Arbeitsmarkt liegt bei 71%. Das heißt, auf Basis der verwendeten Indikatoren erreichten Frauen im Jahr 2013 durchschnittlich 71% der Männerwerte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Thiemann, Andreas (2015): Pension wealth and maternal employment. Evidence from a reform of the German child care pension benefit. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1499), Berlin, 45 S.

Abstract

"This paper uses administrative data to investigate how a change in pension wealth affects a mother's employment decision after child birth. I exploit the extension of the child care pension benefit in 1992 as a natural experiment in a regression discontinuity design to estimate short- and medium-run employment effects. In comparison to most family benefits, the child care pension benefit is accumulated upon child birth but only becomes effective on the verge of retirement. Hence, the employment response depends on how a mother discounts future pension benefits. The results suggest that the change in pension wealth does not affect maternal employment, which is not in line with a forward looking rational behavior. Therefore, the child care pension benefit increases maternal old-age income without causing negative employment reactions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Uunk, Wilfred (2015): Does the cultural context matter? The effect of a country's gender-role attitudes on female labor supply. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 2, S. 176-198. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2014.995772

Abstract

"Despite substantial country variation in gender-role attitudes and female labor supply and theoretical arguments stressing the consequences of contextual attitudes for individual behavior, prior research did not find evidence for an effect of a country's gender-role attitudes on female labor supply. In this study I reassess this finding using a powerful multilevel design on the 2008 wave of the European Values Study on 33 countries. I find a substantial positive and independent effect of a country's egalitarian gender-role attitudes on individual women's odds of labor market attachment. The original, gross effect can for one-fourth be attributed to an effect of individual gender-role attitudes and one-tenth to an institutional effect. These findings indicate that the cultural (attitude) context matters for female labor supply." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vandecasteele, Leen & Frederike Esche (2015): Women's labour force exit. The role of her partner's socio-economic position. In: Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jg. 135, H. 1, S. 35-46. DOI:10.3790/schm.135.1.35

Abstract

"Using the longitudinal data of the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) we studied the effect of both partners' education and occupational status on womens likelihood to exit the labour market and to become a housewife. The event-history analyses show that women partnered with high status men were more likely to exit the labour force than women with lower status partners. Yet, stronger than the effects of the partner's resources is the deterring effect of a woman's own education and occupation. Hence, both partners' resources work in different directions. We illustrate that considering the combined effect of both partners' statuses as well as relative status differences is essential to assess the role of partner effects on female labour market exits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Waffenschmidt, Brigitte (2015): Familienleben und Erwerbsarbeit bei Doppelkarrierepaaren. Auswirkungen betrieblicher und staatlicher Maßnahmen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 262 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-09825-4

Abstract

"Auf Basis von sechzehn qualitativ geführten Leitfadeninterwies mit Doppelkarrierepaaren untersucht Brigitte Waffenschmidt die Wirkungsweise familienbezogener Maßnahmen staatlicher Institutionen und personalpolitische Instrumente der Erwerbsorganisationen zur Lösung des Vereinbarkeitskonflikts von Familienleben und Erwerbsarbeit. Die Autorin analysiert die Akzeptanz der Vereinbarkeitsmaßnahmen im staatlichen und beruflichen Umfeld von Doppelkarrierepaare sowie die Wechselwirkung der verschiedenen Maßnahmen. Bewertet wird die Wirkungsweise der Vereinbarkeitsmaßnahmen anhand eines normativen Bezugsrahmens, der sich aus den Merkmalen Anerkennung, Umverteilung, Chancengleichheit und Wahlmöglichkeiten zusammensetzt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Wanger, Susanne (2015): Frauen und Männer am Arbeitsmarkt: Traditionelle Erwerbs- und Arbeitszeitmuster sind nach wie vor verbreitet. (IAB-Kurzbericht 04/2015), Nürnberg, 8 S.

Abstract

"Die Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen ist in den vergangenen Jahren kontinuierlich gestiegen. Inzwischen sind fast genauso viele Frauen wie Männer erwerbstätig. Doch betrachtet man die Arbeitsstunden als Bezugsgröße, zeigen sich deutliche Unterschiede. Der hohe Anteil von Frauen, die Teilzeit arbeiten, führt zu einer ausgeprägten Arbeitszeitlücke zwischen Frauen und Männern. Vor allem in der Familienphase verfestigen sich die Unterschiede in den geleisteten Arbeitszeiten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and womens' supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1517), Berlin, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study (SOEP) we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to non-market work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Wieber, Anna & Elke Holst (2015): Gender identity and women's supply of labor and non-market work. Panel data evidence for Germany. (IZA discussion paper 9471), Bonn, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to verify results of the innovative study on gender identity for the USA by Bertrand et al. (2015) for Germany. They found that women who would earn more than their husbands distort their labor market outcome in order not to violate traditional gender identity norms. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study we also find that the distribution of the share of income earned by the wife exhibits a sharp drop to the right of the half, where the wife's income exceeds the husband's income. The results of the fixed effects regression confirm that gender identity has an impact on the labor supply of full time working women, but only in Western Germany. We also show that gender identity affects the supply of housework but in contrast to the US where women increase their contribution to nonmarket work when they actually have a higher income than their husbands, we find for Germany that women only barely reduce their weekly hours of non-market work once their income exceeds that of their husbands." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wippermann, Carsten (2015): 25 Jahre Deutsche Einheit. Gleichstellung und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit in Ostdeutschland und Westdeutschland. Berlin, 120 S.

Abstract

"Zum Jubiläum '25 Jahre Deutsche Einheit' beantwortet die Untersuchung die Frage der Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern in beiden Teilen Deutschlands: Wie waren Geschlechterverhältnisse von Frauen und Männer in Ost und West vor der Wiedervereinigung und wie haben sie sich bis heute entwickelt, etwa im Bereich der Erwerbstätigkeit, dem Zugang zu Führungspositionen, den Aufgaben im Haushalt, der Kinderbetreuung und anderem? Mit einer aktuellen bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Befragung vermittelt die Untersuchung ein differenziertes Bild der Gleichstellungsentwicklung und entlarvt zum Teil noch bestehende Vorurteile und Verklärungen. Die deutsche Einheit ist nach 25 Jahren auch hinsichtlich der Gleichstellung vorangekommen, doch zeigt sich in einigen Bereichen eine 'Verspätung' Westdeutschlands im Vergleich zu Ostdeutschland." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Zagheni, Emilio, Marina Zannella, Gabriel Movsesyan & Brittney Wagner (2015): A comparative analysis of European time transfers between generations and genders. (SpringerBriefs in population studies), Dordrecht: Springer London, 48 S. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-9591-3

Abstract

"This comparative study of European time transfers reveals the full extent of transfers in the form of unpaid work and highlights the existence of important gender differences in household time production. A large quantity of goods and services are produced by household members for their own consumption, without involving market transactions. Despite the economic and social importance of unpaid work, these productive activities are largely invisible to traditional national economic accounts. As a consequence, standard measures of intergenerational transfers typically ignore household production, and thus underestimate the overall value of goods and services produced over the life cycle; in particular, the economic contribution of females. The book uses a life course approach to offer policy-relevant insights into the effect of demographic and social change on intergenerational ties and gender inequality in household production." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Europäische Kommission. Generaldirektion Justiz und Verbraucher (2015): Report on equality between women and men 2014. (Report on equality between women and men), Brüssel, 60 S.

Abstract

"The Report on equality between women and men 2014 presents the latest figures illustrating the most recent developments. The report presents key EU actions on gender equality, which combine legislation, policy measures and funding. It includes projects at national and grass-roots level, highlighting the joint efforts by the EU and its Member States. In line with its obligations under the treaties, the EU promotes gender equality in all its activities, from education to work, from research to external policy." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Die Entscheidung von Eltern, wer nach der Geburt der Kinder welchen Anteil der Erwerbs- und der Familienarbeit übernimmt, prägt die (Erwerbs-)Biographien von Müttern und Vätern. Zudem nimmt sie in vielen Familien Einfluss auf die wirtschaftliche Stabilität, die soziale Teilhabe und die jeweiligen Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der Partner bis hin zur Absicherung für das Alter. Die im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend erstellte Studie untersucht diese Weichenstellung im Familienleben anhand einer repräsentative Befragung von Müttern und Vätern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"Die Berufsorientierung von Frauen, insbesondere die von Müttern, ist enorm gewachsen, Karrierewünsche inbegriffen. Immer mehr Männer wünschen sich, mehr Zeit mit ihren Kindern zu verbringen. Ausgewogene Vereinbarkeit, Partnerschaftlichkeit und stabile Einkommensverhältnisse - darum geht es Familien heute. Gleichzeitig befinden wir uns mitten in einem umfassenden gesellschaftlichen Wandel: Digitalisierung, demografischer Wandel, Globalisierung und die Beschleunigung von Arbeitsprozessen führen zu neuen Herausforderungen. So sind im demografischen Wandel eine wachsende Zahl älterer Menschen im Fall der Pflegebedürftigkeit durch immer weniger junge Menschen zu betreuen, denn der Wunsch, soweit es geht in der Familie zu pflegen, ist nach wie vor groß. Auf der anderen Seite wird Arbeit flexibler, die Familienformen sind vielfältiger geworden - und das führt zu mehr Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten. Diese Veränderungen bieten die Chance für einen Qualitätssprung für eine NEUE Vereinbarkeit." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Abendroth, Anja-Kristin, Matt L. Huffman & Judith Treas (2014): The parity penalty in life course perspective. Motherhood and occupational status in 13 European countries. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 79, H. 5, S. 993-1014. DOI:10.1177/0003122414545986

Abstract

"Research documents a wage penalty for mothers compared to childless women. We demonstrate there is also an occupational status penalty to motherhood. Interrogating supply- and demand-side explanations of the motherhood penalty from the life course perspective, we formulate and test original hypotheses about the short-term and long-run career implications of parity-specific births. We analyze longitudinal data from the European Community and Household Panel for 13 European countries and eight time points between 1994 and 2001. Our fixed-effects models show that status losses for a first birth are not just short-term but accumulate over the career. The timing of a birth in a woman's life course matters only for older women, who experience a significant penalty to third births. Although the personal strategies that women use to minimize the career costs of motherhood (e.g., having only one child) prove ineffective, our cross-national evidence shows that public policies are linked to the motherhood penalty in occupational status." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Abiry, Raphael, Christina Boll, Irene Gerlach, Karsten Hank, Inga Laß, Marc-André Nehrkorn-Ludwig, Nora Reich, Karsten Reuß, Reinhold Schnabel, Holger Stichnoth & Christina B. Wilke (2014): Evaluation der Wirkung ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen auf die Geburtenrate/Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen. Endbericht. Gutachten für die Prognos AG. Mannheim, 229 S.

Abstract

"Die Evaluation zeigt, dass eine gute Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf auch die Erreichung der anderen genannten familienpolitischen Ziele fördert. Eine gelungene Vereinbarkeit ist der Dreh- und Angelpunkt einer wirksamen Familienpolitik. Zu den Leistungen mit den besten Wirkungen gehören die subventionierte Kinderbetreuung und das Elterngeld. Ohne die öffentlichen Gelder, die in die Kinderbetreuung fließen, wären 100.000 Mütter mit Kindern zwischen einem und drei Jahren nicht erwerbstätig.
Für die Gesamtevaluation wurden folgende zentrale ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen betrachtet: Kindergeld und Kinderfreibetrag, Elterngeld, höheres Arbeitslosengeld für Arbeitslose mit Kindern, Sozialgeld für Kinder, Kinderzuschlag, Wohngeld für Haushalte mit Kindern, beitragsfreie Mitversicherung des Ehepartners in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung, relativ ermäßigter Beitrag zur gesetzlichen Pflegeversicherung für Eltern mit Kindern im Vergleich zu Kinderlosen, Ehegattensplitting, steuerlicher Entlastungsbetrag für Alleinerziehende, Absetzbarkeit der Kinderbetreuungskosten, Kinderbetreuung, Unterhaltsvorschuss für Alleinerziehende. Zusätzlich wurden die ehe- und familienbezogenen Leistungen in der Alterssicherung untersucht, dies sind die Kindererziehungs- und Kinderberücksichtigungszeiten in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung, die Hinterbliebenenversorgung und das Rentensplitting sowie die Kinderzulage bei der Riester-Rente." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Abiry, Raphael, Karsten Reuss & Holger Stichnoth (2014): Completed fertility effects of family policy measures. Evidence from a life-cycle model. (ZEW discussion paper 2014-068), Mannheim, 15 S.

Abstract

"We estimate a structural life-cycle model of fertility and female labour supply and use it to evaluate the effects of a number of key family policy measures based on data for Germany. Parental leave benefits, child benefits and subsidized childcare are found to have substantial fertility effects. Without these measures, completed fertility is estimated to be lower by 6%, 7%, and 10%, respectively. Income tax splitting, which is fiscally expensive, reduces female labour supply but has a negligible effect on fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Albrecht, Martin, Guido Schiffhorst, Sara Taeger & Alina Wolfschütz (2014): Einfluss ehe- und familienbezogener Maßnahmen und Leistungen auf die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Müttern. Ergänzende Auswertungen der für die Evaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen in der Alterssicherung erhobenen Befragungsdaten. Berlin, 231 S.

Abstract

"Mütter kehren nach einer Geburt im Durchschnitt nach gut eineinhalb Jahren wieder in den Beruf zurück oder planen dies so. Jede zweite beginnt dabei in Teilzeit mit im Mittel rund 24 Wochenstunden. Knapp zwei Drittel von ihnen wären jedoch bereits früher oder mit mehr Arbeitsstunden eingestiegen, hätten sie dies organisatorisch realisieren können. Das geht aus einer Befragung des IGES Instituts im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend hervor. Dabei wurden Frauen interviewt, die zwischen 2008 und 2010 ein Kind bekommen hatten.
Danach hindern jede fünfte Mutter fehlende Betreuungsmöglichkeiten daran, schneller und umfassender (wieder) erwerbstätig zu sein. 16 Prozent hätten flexiblere Arbeitsbedingungen geholfen. Weitere 16 Prozent hatten überhaupt keinen passenden Arbeitsplatz. Allerdings ist für 31 Prozent die getroffene Planung persönlich in Ordnung, da sie ausreichend Zeit haben wollten, ihr Kind selbst zu betreuen.
Einen deutlich früheren Zeitpunkt beim (Wieder-)einstieg wählten selbstständige Mütter nach durchschnittlich knapp einem Jahr. Mit den meisten Stunden starten Mütter, die bereits vor Geburt in Vollzeit tätig waren und Mütter mit einem monatlichen Haushaltseinkommen von weniger als 2.000 Euro brutto (durchschnittlich rund 28 bzw. 26 Wochenstunden)" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Althaber, Agnieszka & Michael Ruland (2014): Guter Job - Kinder können warten. Frauen in Berufen mit Perspektiven schieben die Familiengründung auf. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 143, S. 10-12.

Abstract

"Berufe unterscheiden sich bezüglich der Beschäftigungsperspektiven, die sie erwerbstätigen jungen Frauen bieten. Die Untersuchung bestimmter Charakteristika von Berufen zeigt, dass die beruflichen Rahmenbedingungen für Frauen direkte Auswirkungen auf die Planung und Entscheidung zur Familiengründung haben. Frauen in Berufen mit guten Beschäftigungsperspektiven beim Arbeitsmarkteinstieg bekommen ihr erstes Kind deutlich später als Frauen in Berufen mit schlechteren Beschäftigungsperspektiven. Das hat Konsequenzen für das gelebte Modell der Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie und darauf, wie stark Frauen Abstriche im Berufsleben machen. In" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Andersson Joona, Pernilla (2014): Female self-employment and children. The case of Sweden. (IZA discussion paper 8486), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"Previous studies, mostly from Anglo-Saxon countries, find a positive correlation between the presence of young children in the household and self-employment probabilities among women. This has been seen as an indication of women with young children choosing self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. This paper studies the relationship between children and female self-employment in a country with family friendly policies and a generous welfare system: Sweden. The initial hypothesis is that we will not find evidence of a positive effect of children on self-employment among Swedish women since there are other institutions in place aiming at facilitating the combination of work and family. Using Swedish register data for the period 2004-2008 we do, however, find that the presence of young children increases the probability of choosing self-employment also among Swedish women. The effect is strongest for women with very young children, 0-3 years of age. These results also hold in a panel data model that takes individual unobserved heterogeneity into account. We also analyze time-use data and find, contrary to what has been found in many other countries, that self-employed women spend more, or as much, time on market work than wage-earning women. This raises doubts about whether women in Sweden chose self-employment as a way of balancing work and family commitments. We suggest an alternative interpretation which is that women who chose self-employment while the children are young in fact are women with strong preferences for market work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Arpino, Bruno, Chiara D. Pronzato & Lara P. Tavares (2014): The Effect of Grandparental Support on Mothers' Labour Market Participation. An Instrumental Variable Approach. In: European Journal of Population, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 369-390. DOI:10.1007/s10680-014-9319-8

Abstract

"Childcare arrangements are key in women's ability to juggle motherhood and work outside the home. As such, the study of access to childcare and its use is of great policy relevance. We focus on a particular kind of informal childcare, the one provided by grandparents. Empirically, assessing the effect of grandparental childcare is not an easy task due to unobserved preferences. In light of the potential outcome framework, we interpret the biases resulting from unobserved preferences as arising from the non-compliance of mothers to the availability of grandparents and from preferences of grandparents for activities other than childcare. Using an instrumental variable approach on Italian data, we find that the effect of grandparental childcare on mothers' labour supply is positive, statistically significant and economically relevant. The effect is stronger for less educated mothers, with young children and living in northern and central Italy." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Auer, Wolfgang & Natalia Danzer (2014): Fixed-term employment and fertility. Evidence from German micro data. (Ifo working paper 190), München, 34 S.

Abstract

"We study the short- to medium-run effects of starting a career on a fixed-term contract on subsequent fertility outcomes. We focus on the career start since we expect that temporary contracts and their inherent economic uncertainty implies a path dependency which might have spill-over effects on other domains of life. Our empirical analysis is based on rich data from the German Socio-Economic Panel which provides comprehensive information about individuals' labour market history as well as fertility behavior. Our main results are: Women (i) tend to postpone first birth due to fixed-term employment at labour market entry and (ii) reduce the number of children in the first 10 years after graduation. These associations are strongest in the subsample of native women with at least vocational training. (iii) In contrast, we find no significant correlations for men. We argue that these findings are robust to potential endogeneity threats." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Augustine, Jennifer March (2014): Mothers' employment, education, and parenting. In: Work and occupations, Jg. 41, H. 2, S. 237-270. DOI:10.1177/0730888413501342

Abstract

"This study investigates whether mothers' education moderates the link between their work and parenting quality, differentiating among aspects of work that may negatively and positively influence it. Data came from the National Institute of Child Health and Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n = 1,345). The results revealed that part-time and higher status work were associated with increases in parenting quality for less educated women, but not for more educated women, thereby narrowing socioeconomic differences in the parenting behaviors linked to children's mobility. Yet non-employment among less educated women was associated with the lowest levels of parenting quality, pointing to a key source of inequality in the lives of children." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Azmat, Ghazala & Barbara Petrongolo (2014): Gender and the labor market: What have we learned from field and lab experiments? In: Labour economics, Jg. 30, H. October, S. 32-40. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.06.005

Abstract

"We discuss the contribution of the experimental literature to the understanding of both traditional and previously unexplored dimensions of gender differences and discuss their bearings on labor market outcomes. Experiments have offered new findings on gender discrimination, and while they have identified a bias against hiring women in some labor market segments, the discrimination detected in field experiments is less pervasive than that implied by the regression approach. Experiments have also offered new insights into gender differences in preferences: women appear to gain less from negotiation, have lower preferences than men for risk and competition, and may be more sensitive to social cues. These gender differences in preferences also have implications in group settings, whereby the gender composition of a group affects team decisions and performance. Most of the evidence on gender traits comes from the lab, and key open questions remain as to the source of gender preferences -- nature versus nurture, or their interaction -- and their role, if any, in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bergemann, Annette & Gerard J. van den Berg (2014): From giving birth to paid labor. The effects of adult education for prime-aged mothers. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,05), Uppsala, 67 S.

Abstract

"Women without work after childbirth are at risk of losing their connection to the labor market. However, they may participate in adult education programs. We analyze the effect of this on the duration to work and on the wage rate, by applying conditional difference-in-differences approaches. We use Swedish matched longitudinal register data sets covering the full population. The Swedish adult education program is unprecedented in its size, and enrollment is universally available at virtually no cost. We focus on low-skilled women who have recently given birth. We take account of program accessibility, selection issues, course heterogeneity, the income received during adult education, parental leave, and child care fees. Adult education shows positive effects for the unemployed with respect to both the employment probability and wages. To explain the actual program participation rate, we model the enrollment decision from the mothers' point of view, using the estimates to calibrate a job search model. We conclude that non-pecuniary factors cause mothers not to enter adult education." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bičáková, Alena (2014): Selection into labor force and gender unemployment gaps. (CERGE-EI working paper 513), Prag, 15 S.

Abstract

"This paper sets the groundwork for analysis of the effect of selection into labor force on gender unemployment gaps. We derive the Manski bounds for gender unemployment gaps in 21 EU countries and show that in addition to the positive selection documented in the gender wage gap research, there is also evidence of negative selection into the labor force among women after childbirth. While positive selection of women into the labor force leads to downward bias in gender unemployment gaps, negative selection results in overestimation of gender unemployment gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Blazquez-Cuesta, Maite & Julian Moral Carcedo (2014): Women's part-time jobs: "Flexirisky" employment in five European countries. In: International Labour Review, Jg. 150, H. 2, S. 269-292. DOI:10.1111/j.1564-913X.2014.00204.x

Abstract

"European countries currently have segmented labour markets with flexible but insecure - 'flexirisky' - jobs, resulting in significant inequality between different categories of workers. Part-time jobs are one example: their flexibility may help workers reconcile work and family life, and increase women's labour force participation, but part-time employment can also result in new forms of inequality, thereby undermining EU equal opportunity policies. Empirically analysing labour market transitions in Denmark, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain, this article Shows part-timers - who are mostly women - to be at higher risk of unemployment. lt calls for strengthening equality between part-time and full-time workers in terms of employment stability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bohr, Jeanette (2014): Realisierungschancen egalitärer Erwerbsmodelle. Analysen zur Erwerbsbeteiligung in Partnerschaften mit Kindern auf Basis des Mikrozensus. (GESIS-Schriftenreihe 14), Köln, 246 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl in vielen Partnerschaften ein gleichberechtigtes Rollenverständnis vorherrscht, führt die Geburt eines Kindes häufig zu einer geschlechtsspezifischen Aufgabenverteilung, bei der die Frau ihre Erwerbstätigkeit längerfristig reduziert. Die Studie geht der Frage nach, welche Mütter eine gleichmäßige Aufteilung der Erwerbsarbeit präferieren und unter welchen Rahmenbedingungen egalitäre Erwerbsmodelle in Partnerschaften mit Kindern realisiert werden. Dabei werden nicht nur die faktisch praktizierten Erwerbskonstellationen, sondern auch die darüber hinausgehenden Arbeitszeitwünsche von Müttern berücksichtigt. Als Datengrundlage dient der Mikrozensus, der die Möglichkeit bietet, das Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen in Ost- und Westdeutschland unter Berücksichtigung zentraler sozioökonomischer Merkmale beider Partner sowie in unterschiedlichen Familienkonstellationen abzubilden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bonin, Holger, C. Katharina Spieß, Holger Stichnoth & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): Familienpolitische Maßnahmen in Deutschland. Evaluationen und Bewertungen. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 5-11. DOI:10.3790/vjh.83.1.5

Abstract

"Erstmalig wurde im Rahmen der Gesamtevaluation ehe- und familienbezogener Leistungen die deutsche Familienpolitik systematisch und umfassend evaluiert. Ein vergleichbares Unterfangen hatte es zuvor weder in Deutschland noch in anderen westlichen Industrieländern gegeben. Es ist eine weitere Besonderheit, dass diese Evaluation von zwei Ressorts gemeinsam getragen wurde, dem Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend und dem Bundesministerium der Finanzen. Das groß angelegte Projekt begann im Herbst 2009. Seitdem haben Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler unterschiedlicher Disziplinen mit unterschiedlichen methodischen Herangehensweisen auf der Basis unterschiedlicher Daten in einer Reihe von Einzelstudien untersucht, wie gut die zentralen öffentlich finanzierten Leistungen familienpolitische Ziele voranbringen. Dabei wurden die Ziele, die der Evaluation zugrunde liegen, von der Politik vorgegeben. Auch dies hat einen gewissen Neuigkeitswert, da die deutsche Familienpolitik im Kontext der 'nachhaltigen Familienpolitik' (vergleiche zum Beispiel Ristau-Winkler 2005) erstmalig explizit ihren Zielkatalog definierte: Die evaluierten Ziele umfassten die Sicherung der wirtschaftlichen Stabilität von Familien, eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf, eine frühe Förderung von Kindern, die Erfüllung von Kinderwünschen und den Nachteilsausgleich zwischen den Familien. Die Evaluation untersuchte, inwiefern diese Ziele erreicht wurden (Effektivität), aber auch in welcher Relation die Zielerreichung zu dem damit verbundenen fiskalischen Aufwand steht (Effizienz). Damit wurde für Entscheidungsträger auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen und in unterschiedlichen Bereichen, welche mit Familienpolitik in Verbindung stehen, erstmalig eine empirisch begründete Basis für eine evidenzbasierte Weiterentwicklung der deutschen Familienpolitik geschaffen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Boockmann, Bernhard, Tobias Brändle, Carina Dengler, Katja Seidel, Hans Verbeek, Lukas Jakob, Christina Johann, Jane Dreyer, Fabian Gabor, Angelika Storz, Matthias Seckler, Hanno Burwitz, Patrick Maier, Nicole Meythaler, Florian Storz, Franziska Röder & Florian Schmid (2014): Arbeitsmarktübergänge junger Eltern. Einflussfaktoren und Rahmenbedingungen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Familienform. Abschlussbericht. (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales. Forschungsbericht Arbeitsmarkt 440), Berlin, 215 S.

Abstract

"Der Bericht bietet eine empirisch fundierte Analyse der Arbeitsmarktsituation und der sozio-ökonomischen Lage junger Eltern. Als solche werden alle Elternpaare oder Elternteile bezeichnet, bei denen die Mutter zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt des ersten Kindes wenigstens 16, aber höchstens 26 Jahre alt war. Eine frühe Elternschaft kann ein besonderes Risiko für den Qualifikationserwerb und die Arbeitsmarktintegration darstellen, deshalb werden die Übergänge ins Erwerbsleben und zwischen verschiedenen Erwerbszuständen besonders in den Blick genommen. Die Analysen stützen sich vor allem auf Auswertungen des Sozio-Ökonomischen Panels (SOEP) 1996-2011 in Verbindung mit den ersten beiden Wellen der ergänzenden Stichprobe 'Familien in Deutschland (2010/2011)', teilweise auch auf den Mikrozensus und das 'Panel Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung' (PASS)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Borck, Rainald (2014): Adieu Rabenmutter: culture, fertility, female labour supply, the gender wage gap and childcare. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 27, H. 3, S. 739-765. DOI:10.1007/s00148-013-0499-z

Abstract

"This paper studies the effect of cultural attitudes on childcare provision, fertility, female labour supply and the gender wage gap. Cross-country data show that fertility, female labour force participation and childcare provision are positively correlated with each other, while the gender wage gap seems to be negatively correlated with these variables. The paper presents a model with endogenous fertility, female labour supply and childcare choices driven by cultural attitudes which fit these facts. There may exist multiple equilibria: one with zero childcare provision, low fertility and female labour supply and high wage gap and one with high childcare provision, high fertility and female labour supply and low wage gap." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cahusac, Emma & Shireen Kanji (2014): Giving up: how gendered organizational cultures push mothers out. In: Gender, Work and Organization, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 57-70. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12011

Abstract

"Explanations for professional and managerial mothers' departure from paid work concentrate on childcare and women's preferences or choices. In contrast, our study, based on in-depth interviews with professional and managerial mothers in London, shows that women's experiences within hegemonic masculine cultures play a key role. For example, working time norms require these mothers to work exceptionally long hours, to have permeable time boundaries even if they have negotiated reduced working hours and to 'socialize' in the evenings. Mothers are limited in their ability to protest or implement creative working time solutions because they feel they must hide their motherhood, which in itself creates tension. Mothers who are seemingly supported to work fewer hours are sidelined to lower-status roles for which they are underpaid and undervalued in relation to their experience and previous seniority. Unless mothers mimic successful men, they do not look the part for success in organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cipollone, Angela, Eleonora Patacchini & Giovanna Vallanti (2014): Female labour market participation in Europe. Novel evidence on trends and shaping factors. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 3, S. 1-40. DOI:10.1186/2193-9012-3-18

Abstract

"We investigate the changes in women's participation patterns across 15 EU countries over the last 20 years using individual data from ECHP and EUSILC databases. Our findings show that the observed trends in female participation differ substantially both across countries and across different groups of women. We explore such heterogeneity in trends by looking at the effects of policies and labour market institutional factors on the participation of women with different family and individual characteristics. Our estimates reveal a role of policies and institutions that is stronger than what has so far been assessed. Labour market institutions and family-oriented policies explain almost 25% of the actual increase in labour force participation for young women, and more than 30% for highly educated women. Surprisingly, changes in the institutional and policy settings contribute less in explaining the participation of low-skilled women. We also find that reforming the institutional framework towards a model of 'flexicure' labour market is effective in enhancing women labour supply only when deregulation is accompanied by sufficient social compensation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cygan-Rehm, Kamila & Regina T. Riphahn (2014): Teenage pregnancies and births in Germany. Patterns and developments. (IZA discussion paper 8229), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"We study the development of teenage fertility in East and West Germany using data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) and from the German Mikrozensus. Following the international literature we derive hypotheses on the patterns of teenage fertility and test whether they are relevant in the German case. We find that teenage fertility is associated with teenage age and education, with the income of the teenager's family, with migration status, residence in East Germany, and aggregate unemployment. Our evidence supports countercyclical teenage fertility." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Daysal, N. Meltem & Chiara Orsini (2014): The miracle drugs. Hormone replacement therapy and labor market behavior of middle-aged women. (IZA discussion paper 7993), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"In an aging society, determining which factors contribute to the employment of older individuals is increasingly important. We examine the impact of medical innovations on the employment of middle-aged women focusing on the specific case of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), a common treatment for the alleviation of negative menopausal symptoms. HRT medications were among the most popular prescriptions in the United States until 2002 when the Women's Health Initiative Study - the largest randomized control trial on women ever undertaken - documented the health risks associated with their long term use. We exploit the release of these findings within a Fixed Effect Instrumental Variable framework to address the endogeneity in HRT use. Our results indicate substantial benefits of HRT use to the short-term employment of middle-aged women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Dechant, Anne & Florian Schulz (2014): Scenarios for the equal division of paid and unpaid work in the transition to parenthood in Germany. In: Comparative Population Studies, Jg. 39, H. 3, S. 615-644. DOI:10.4232/10.CPoS-2013-06en

Abstract

"Auf Basis einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie von 14 deutschen Paaren werden die notwendigen und hinreichenden Bedingungen einer partnerschaftlichen Arbeitsteilung beim Übergang zur Elternschaft explorativ untersucht. Ausgehend von der These, dass hochgebildet-homogame Paare am ehesten geneigt und durchsetzungsstark genug sein dürften, eine egalitäre Paarbeziehung zu etablieren, wird gezeigt, dass solche Arrangements ohne spezifische Randbedingungen nicht aufrecht erhalten oder erreicht werden können. Ein Vergleich von Einstellungen, Familienwerten und -normen mit der gelebten Alltagspraxis deutet in vielen Fällen zudem auf die bekannte 'verbale Aufgeschlossenheit bei weitgehender Verhaltensstarre' hin." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Del Bono, Emilia, Andrea Weber & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2014): Fertility and economic instability. (ISER working paper 2014-06), Colchester, 23 S.

Abstract

"In this paper we study the separate effects of unemployment and job displacement on fertility in a sample of white collar women in Austria. Using an instrumental variables approach we show that unemployment incidence as such has no negative effect on fertility decisions, but the very fact of being displaced from a career-oriented job has. Fertility rates for women affected by a firm closure are significantly below those of a control group, even after six years, and this is so irrespective of the incidence or the duration of the associated unemployment spell." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernandez, Raquel & Joyce Cheng Wong (2014): Divorce risk, wages and working wives. A quantitative life-cycle analysis of female labour force participation. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 319-358. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12136

Abstract

"This article develops a quantitative life-cycle model to study the increase in married women's labour force participation (LFP). We calibrate the model to match key life-cycle statistics for the 1935 cohort and use it to assess the changed environment faced by the 1955 cohort. We find that a higher divorce probability and changes in wage structure are each able to explain a large proportion of the LFP increase. Higher divorce risk increases LFP not because the latter contributes to higher marital assets or greater labour market experience, however. Instead, it is the result of conflicting spousal preferences towards the adjustment of marital consumption in the face of increased divorce risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fernández, Raquel & Joyce Wong (2014): Unilateral divorce, the decreasing gender gap, and married women's labor force participation. In: The American economic review, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 342-347. DOI:10.1257/aer.104.5.342

Abstract

"Married women's labor force participation (LFP) increased dramatically in the United States between the 1940 and 1960 cohort. The two cohorts lived under different divorce regimes (unilateral divorce rather than mutual consent). The 1960 cohort also had a lower gender wage gap. We use a quantitative dynamic life-cycle model of endogenous marital status, calibrated to key statistics for the 1940 cohort, to study the effects of these two changes. We find that both drivers combined are able to account for over 50 percent of the increase in married women's LFP and also generate large movements in marriage and divorce rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Friebel, Harry (2014): Doing gender. Elternschaft, Erwerbsarbeit und Weiterbildungsteilnahme. In: Leviathan, Jg. 42, H. 3, S. 420-432. DOI:10.5771/0340-0425-2014-3-420

Abstract

"Die lebenslauforientierte empirische Analyse verweist auf ein 'doing gender' in der Weiterbildungsteilnahme. In Abhängigkeit von der Familienbildung und der Berufsarbeit realisieren sich erheblich unterschiedliche Weiterbildungskarrieren von Müttern und Vätern - aufgrund unterschiedlicher Familienrollen und Arbeitserfahrungen. Datengrundlage ist das Hamburger Biografie- und Lebenslaufpanel (HBLP) - eine Panelstudie von 1980 bis 2012. Die hier vorgestellte Kontext-Analyse zur Weiterbildung verschränkt die Individualperspektive (Teilnehmer/in) mit der Institutionenperspektive (Familie/Arbeitswelt), um sowohl individuelle als auch strukturelle Einflüsse in einem gemeinsamen Paradigma zu verfugen: Weiterbildungsverhalten und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten stehen in einem Zusammenhang." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Frühwirth-Schnatter, Sylvia, Christoph Pamminger, Andrea Weber & Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2014): When is the best time to give birth? (IZA discussion paper 8396), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Using Bayesian Markov chain clustering analysis we investigate career paths of Austrian women after their first birth. This data-driven method allows characterizing long-term career paths of mothers over up to 19 years by transitions between parental leave, non-employment and different forms of employment. We, thus, classify women into five cluster-groups with very different long-run career costs of childbearing. We model group membership with a multinomial specification within the finite mixture model. This approach gives insights into the determinants of the long-run family gap. Giving birth late in life may lead very diverse outcomes: on the one hand, it increases the odds to drop out of labor force, and on the other hand, it increases the odds to reach a high-wage career track." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Furtado, Delia (2014): Can immigrants help women "have it all"? Immigrant labor and women's joint fertility and labor supply decisions. (IZA discussion paper 8614), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the trade-offs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24 percent of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the U.S. between the years 1980 and 2000." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gehrsitz, Markus (2014): Looks and labor. Do attractive people work more? In: Labour, Jg. 28, H. 3, S. 269-287. DOI:10.1111/labr.12035

Abstract

"Using the German General Social Survey (ALLBUS) 2008, I investigate how looks affect an individual's labor supply decision. My results are, by and large, in line with predictions derived from the neoclassical model of labor supply. Applying regular probit, bivariate probit, Tobit and Heckman selection regression models, I find that good looks go hand in hand with higher employment probabilities and more hours of market work. Furthermore, physical attractiveness is positively associated with spousal income and spousal employment. Hence, beauty appears to affect labor supply decisions both directly and through the marriage market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hancioglu, Mine & Bastian Hartmann (2014): What makes single mothers expand or reduce employment? In: Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Jg. 35, H. 1, S. 27-39. DOI:10.1007/s10834-013-9355-2

Abstract

"To explore single mothers' labor market participation we analyzed specific circumstances and dynamics in their life courses. We focused on the question which individual and institutional factors determine both professional advancement and professional descent. The German Socio-Economic Panel (1984 - 2010) provides all necessary information identifying episodes of single motherhood and analyzing restrictions and interruptions of employment during life courses. Since family statuses of single mothers are partially endogenous and can end in multiple ways, we used semi-parametric survival models. Competing risks estimations showed that occupational careers of single mothers are influenced by individual factors such as appointed and reliable working hours, and further by the institutional determinants childcare or welfare benefits." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hausmann, Ricardo, Laura D. Tyson, Yasmina Bekhouche & Saadia Zahidi (2014): The global gender gap report 2014. (The global gender gap report), Genf, 385 S.

Abstract

"Through the Global Gender Gap Report 2014, the World Economic Forum quantifies the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracks their progress over time. While no single measure can capture the complete situation, the Global Gender Gap Index presented in this Report seeks to measure one important aspect of gender equality: the relative gaps between women and men across four key areas: health, education, economy and politics." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Healy, Olivia & Rachel Dunifon (2014): Child-care subsidies and family well-being. In: Social Service Review, Jg. 88, H. 3, S. 493-528.

Abstract

"Many low-income families receive child-care subsidies, and a small but growing literature examines the relationship between subsidies and family well-being. Some studies find a negative association between subsidy receipt and family well-being, raising questions about the processes that mediate the two. Drawing on a subsample of 1,189 subsidy recipients and eligible mothers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we investigate the relationship between child-care subsidies and maternal and child well-being using measures of parenting stress, maternal depression, and child cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Within a sample limited to working mothers, and after addressing issues of selection, we find little evidence to suggest relationships between subsidy receipt and maternal and child well-being, despite significant negative bivariate associations between subsidy receipt and measures of well-being. Null findings are consistent with those of other recent studies and suggest that subsidy receipt in and of itself is not associated with decreased well-being of either children or mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Hoherz, Stefanie (2014): Maternity leave in the context of couples. The impact of both partners' characteristics and employment experiences on mothers' re-entry into the labour market. (ISER working paper 2014-15), Colchester, 37 S.

Abstract

"This research focuses on re-entry for mothers after maternity leave. The empirical analysis focuses on the first twenty-two years of post-reunification Germany, using proportional hazards models. Results show that the re-entry into part-time employment is primarily affected by the mothers own resources and former career, the return to full-time work is more linked to the partners resources. This behaviour is especially prevalent in families where the mother has a higher earning potential than the father, a group having the highest re- entry chances for mothers, especially into full-time employment. The results concerning experiences of unemployment for the male partner show that mothers try to compensate uncertainties with increased labour force participation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Holst, Elke & Anna Wieber (2014): Bei der Erwerbstätigkeit der Frauen liegt Ostdeutschland vorn. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 81, H. 40, S. 967-975.

Abstract

"Auch fast ein Vierteljahrhundert nach dem Mauerfall liegt die Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen in Ostdeutschland immer noch höher als in Westdeutschland. Der Abstand ist heute allerdings gering. Gestartet sind die beiden Regionen von höchst unterschiedlichen Niveaus. Im Westen lag die Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen kurz nach der Wende (1991) bei 54,6 Prozent und ist seitdem von Jahr zu Jahr auf 67,5 Prozent (2012) gestiegen. In Ostdeutschland ging sie nach der Wende zunächst massiv zurück, stieg dann aber wieder deutlich an und lag 2012 mit 69,1 Prozent leicht höher als im Westen. In beiden Teilen Deutschlands arbeiten Frauen häufiger in Teilzeit als früher, im Osten lag der tatsächliche Arbeitsumfang mit 27,8 Wochenstunden 2013 aber deutlich höher als im Westen (21,7 Stunden). Viele von ihnen, das zeigt die Studie des DIW Berlin auf Grundlage des SOEP, würden gern mehr Wochenstunden leisten. Vergleicht man die gewünschte, vereinbarte und tatsächliche Wochenarbeitszeit von Frauen in Ost und West, so liegen in der Durchschnittsbetrachtung die ostdeutschen Frauen in allen drei Kategorien über dem höchsten Wert aller Arbeitszeitgrößen im Westen. Die meisten erwerbstätigen Männer in Ost und West wollten 2013 hingegen 40 Wochenstunden arbeiten, tatsächlich tun dies aber im Westen nur 22,6 Prozent und im Osten 29,2 Prozent. Die meisten sind länger erwerbstätig; obwohl lange Arbeitszeiten auch bei den Männern unbeliebt sind. Die Veränderungen nach der Wende hatten erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Lebensformen in Paarhaushalten mit Kindern: Das modernisierte Ernährermodell (Vater Vollzeit / Mutter Teilzeit) hat in beiden Teilen Deutschlands an Gewicht hinzugewonnen - in Westdeutschland auf Kosten des Alleinernährermodells (Vater Alleinverdiener), im Osten auf Kosten des Egalitätsmodells mit zwei Vollzeitbeschäftigten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Jacobsen, Joyce, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2014): Convergences in men's and women's life patterns. Lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment. (IZA discussion paper 8425), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"The changes in women and men's work lives have been considerable in recent decades. Yet much of the recent research on gender differences in employment and earnings has been of a more snapshot nature rather than taking a longer comparative look at evolving patterns. In this paper, we use 50 years (1964-2013) of US Census Annual Demographic Files (March Current Population Survey) to track the changing returns to human capital (measured as both educational attainment and potential work experience), estimating comparable earnings equations by gender at each point in time. We consider the effects of sample selection over time for both women and men and show the rising effect of selection for women in recent years. Returns to education diverge for women and men over this period in the selection-adjusted results but converge in the OLS results, while returns to potential experience converge in both sets of results. We also create annual calculations of synthetic lifetime labor force participation, hours, and earnings that indicate convergence by gender in worklife patterns, but less convergence in recent years in lifetime earnings. Thus, while some convergence has indeed occurred, the underlying mechanisms causing convergence differ for women and men, reflecting continued fundamental differences in women's and men's life experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kelle, Nadiya (2014): Ein Vergleich über Jahrzehnte zeigt: Immer noch unterbrechen Mütter oft ihre Erwerbstätigkeit. In: WZB-Mitteilungen H. 143, S. 13-15.

Abstract

"Wie verändern sich die Erwerbsverläufe von westdeutschen Frauen nach der Geburt ihres ersten Kindes? Der Vergleich von drei Geburtskohorten (1936 - 45, 1946 - 55 und 1956 - 65) zeigt, dass die Geburt des ersten Kindes durchweg einen klaren Einschnitt in Erwerbsverläufe bedeutet. Zwar steigt die Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen insgesamt, dies ist jedoch eher auf die spätere Familiengründung zurückzuführen. Der Wandel von Erwerbsverläufen nach der Geburt eines Kindes ist also nur schwach ausgeprägt. Eine Ausnahme bildet lediglich die steigende Teilzeitbeschäftigung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kluve, Jochen & Sebastian Schmitz (2014): Mittelfristige Effekte der Elterngeldreform in Ost- und Westdeutschland. In: Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung, Jg. 83, H. 1, S. 163-182.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert anhand eines natürlichen Experiments die mittelfristigen Effekte der Elterngeldreform in Ost- und Westdeutschland. Die Einführung des Elterngelds im Jahr 2007 hat zu substanziellen Veränderungen in der mittelfristigen Erwerbsbeteiligung (drei bis fünf Jahre nach der Geburt des Kindes) geführt: Im gesamten Bundesgebiet beobachten wir, dass eine größere Anzahl gut ausgebildeter (Erst-)Mütter eine Teilzeitarbeit antritt, anstelle dem Arbeitsmarkt fern zu bleiben. In Westdeutschland zeigt sich außerdem, dass karriere-orientierte Mütter schneller und nachhaltiger in Vollzeiterwerbstätigkeit zurückkehren. In Ostdeutschland hingegen beobachten wir eine Substitution weg von Vollzeit- hin zu mehr Teilzeitbeschäftigung; der Nettoeffekt ist allerdings auch hier positiv. In Ost- und Westdeutschland hat das Elterngeld die Arbeitsmarktbindung der Mütter verbessert: Sowohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Rückkehr zum Arbeitgeber vor der Geburt als auch der Anteil unbefristeter Beschäftigungsverhältnisse haben sich erhöht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kopf, Eva & Cordula Zabel (2014): Active labour market programmes for women with a partner. Challenge or replication of traditional gender roles. (IAB-Discussion Paper 06/2014), Nürnberg, 43 S.

Abstract

"Ein Ziel der Hartz IV Reformen im Jahr 2005 war eine stärkere Aktivierung von Personen, die bisher nicht am Arbeitsmarkt beteiligt waren. Bei Paarhaushalten wird somit ein 'adult worker' Modell angestrebt, bei dem beide Partner erwerbstätig sind und zum Haushaltseinkommen beitragen. Eine wichtige Hypothese unserer Studie ist jedoch, dass Vermittlungen in Programme der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik, wie beispielsweise Trainingsmaßnahmen oder Arbeitsgelegenheiten, in der Praxis weiterhin die Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt replizieren, an die sich Paare gewöhnt haben. Die Ansichten von Sachbearbeitern in den Jobcentern sowie der ALG II Empfänger selbst hinsichtlich der Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt können den Prozess der Vermittlung in Programme der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik beeinflussen. Wir bilden verschiedene Haushaltsklassifikationen basierend auf dem kumulativen Einkommen beider Partner während der zehn Jahre vor Beginn der Zeit als erwerbslose Leistungsbezieher. Wir vergleichen die Eintrittsraten in Programme der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik zwischen Frauen in Haushalten mit einem vormaligen männlichen Hauptverdiener, in vormaligen Doppelverdienerhaushalten, in Haushalten ohne vormaligen Hauptverdiener, sowie in vormaligen weiblichen Hauptverdienerhaushalten. Unsere Analysen beruhen auf administrativen Daten, und wir wenden Methoden der Ereignisanalyse an. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Vermittlungen in Maßnahmen der aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Westdeutschland tatsächlich die vormalige Arbeitsteilung im Haushalt replizieren. In Ostdeutschland werden Frauen in vormaligen männlichen Hauptverdiener Haushalten dagegen in einige Maßnahmen sogar vermehrt vermittelt verglichen mit Frauen aus Haushalten ohne vormals klare Arbeitsteilung." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lalive, Rafael, Analia Schlosser, Andreas Steinhauer & Josef Zweimüller (2014): Parental leave and mothers' careers. The relative importance of job protection and cash benefits. In: The Review of Economic Studies, Jg. 81, H. 1, S. 219-265. DOI:10.1093/restud/rdt028

Abstract

"Parental leave regulations in most OECD countries have two key policy instruments: job protection and cash benefits. This paper studies how mothers' return to work behavior and labor market outcomes are affected by alternative mixes of these key policy parameters. Exploiting a series of major parental leave policy changes in Austria, we find that longer cash benefits lead to a significant delay in return to work and that the magnitude of this effect depends on the relative length of job protection and cash benefits. However, despite their impact on time on leave, we do not find a significant effect on mothers' labor market outcomes in the medium run, neither of benefit duration nor of job-protection duration. To understand the relative importance (and interaction) of the two policy instruments in shaping mothers' return to work behavior, we set up a non-stationary job search model in which cash benefits and job protection determine decisions of when to return to work and whether or not to return to the pre-birth employer. Despite its lean structure, the model does surprisingly well in matching empirically observed return to work profiles. The simulation of alternative counterfactual regimes shows that a policy that combines both job protection and benefits payments succeeds to induce mothers to spend some time with the child after birth without jeopardizing their medium run labor market attachment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lanfranconi, Lucia M. & Isabel Valarino (2014): Gender equality and parental leave policies in Switzerland. A discursive and feminist perspective. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 34, H. 4, S. 538-560. DOI:10.1177/0261018314536132

Abstract

"Taking a discursive and feminist perspective, this paper aims to understand policy changes as well as gendered outcomes in two policy areas within the Swiss welfare state: gender equality and parental leave policies. We conduct a discourse analysis from a social science perspective of policy documents and interviews from 1996 to 2011. Our results show similar discourses concerning welfare responsibility between the two case studies. Specifically, there are opposing state- and economic-oriented discourses, which reveal different gendered assumptions. However, the time period under study shows an increasing mobilisation of discourses arguing for nonstate, negotiated solutions between social partners or within work organisations. We discuss the potential risks of gender and class inequalities as well as scenarios for further policy change. Our findings call for an integrative approach to discourse and gender for welfare state analysis in general." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lauber, Verena, Johanna Storck, C. Katharina Spieß & Nittaya Fuchs (2014): Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie von Paaren mit nicht schulpflichtigen Kindern - unter spezifischer Berücksichtigung der Erwerbskonstellation beider Partner. Ausgewählte Ergebnisse auf der Basis der FiD-Daten ("Familien in Deutschland"). (DIW Berlin. Politikberatung kompakt 88), Berlin, 99 S.

Abstract

"Die Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf ist ein zentrales familienpolitisches Thema. Mit unterschiedlichen familienpolitischen Maßnahmen setzt die Familienpolitik daran an, die Vereinbarkeit zu verbessern. In jüngster Vergangenheit wird in diesem Zusammenhang insbesondere die Arbeitsteilung zwischen den Geschlechtern fokussiert - dabei geht es primär um Mütter und Väter mit Kindern, die noch nicht schulpflichtig sind.
Die familienwissenschaftliche Forschung hat zu diesem Thema bereits einige wichtige Analysen hervorgebracht - vielfach konnten jedoch detaillierte Analysen für einzelne Gruppen, d.h. Paar- und Haushaltskonstellationen nicht durchgeführt werden, da die Datenbasis dies nicht ermöglichte. Mit den vier Wellen des Datensatzes 'Familien in Deutschland' (FiD) sind detaillierte Analysen für Paare mit nicht schulpflichtigen Kindern möglich. Die in diesem Bericht zusammengestellten empirischen Untersuchungen veranschaulichen beispielhaft die mit den FiD-Daten in diesem Kontext möglichen Analysen. Dabei handelt es sich um bivariate und multivariate deskriptive Analysen, welche am Anfang tiefergehender Analysen stehen können und den an ähnlichen Fragestellungen interessierten Forschern aufzeigen sollen, welche Möglichkeiten die Daten geben. Darüber hinaus zeigen sie, wie sich die Paar- und Haushaltskonstellation nach Erwerbstätigkeit beider Partner differenziert darstellt. Die diesem Bericht zugrundeliegenden Analysen erfolgten im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend (BMFSFJ)." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): Home computers and married women's labor supply. (CEP discussion paper 1260), London, 42 S.

Abstract

"I consider how the availability of a personal computer at home changed employment for married women. I develop a theoretical model that motivates the empirical specifications. Using data from the US CPS from 1984 to 2003, I find that employment is 1.5 to 7 percentage points higher for women in households with a computer. The model predicts that the increase in employment is driven by higher wages. I find having a computer at home is associated with higher wages, and employment in more computer intensive occupations, which is consistent with the model. Decomposing the changes by educational attainment shows that both women with low levels of education (high school diploma or less) and women with the highest levels of education (Master's degree or more) have high returns from home computers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lembcke, Alexander C. (2014): The impact of mandatory entitlement to paid leave on employment in the UK. (CEP discussion paper 1262), London, 80 S.

Abstract

"I evaluate the impact of the UK Working Time Regulations 1998, which introduced mandatory paid holiday entitlement. The regulation gave (nearly) all workers the right to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid holiday per a year. With constant weekly pay this change amounts effectively to an increase in the real hourly wage of about 8.5% for someone going from 0 to 4 weeks paid holiday per year, which should lead to adjustments in employment. For employees I use complementary log-log regression to account for right-censoring of employment spells. I find no increase in the hazard to exit employment within a year after treatment. Adjustments in wages cannot explain this result as they are increasing for the treated groups relative to the control. I also evaluate the long run trend in aggregate employment, using the predicted treatment probabilities in a difference-in-difference framework. Here I find a small and statistically significant decrease in employment. This effect is driven by a trend reversal in employment, coinciding with the treatment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lott, Yvonne (2014): Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit: Gut für die Work-Life Balance? Analysen zum Zusammenhang von Arbeitszeitarrangements und Work-Life Balance in Europa. (WSI-Report 18), Düsseldorf, 16 S.

Abstract

"Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit haben das Potenzial, Beschäftigte in ihrer Work-Life Balance zu unterstützten. Aber tun sie das auch tatsächlich? Forschungsergebnisse zeigen: Flexibilität und Autonomie in der Arbeitszeit sind generell mit einer guten Work-Life Balance verbunden. Jedoch gilt dies für Männer in der Regel weniger als für Frauen. Zudem spielen Arbeitsmarkt- und Familienpolitik, Sozialpartnerschaft und die betriebliche Arbeitsorganisation für den Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitszeitautonomie und Work-Life Balance eine entscheidende Rolle. Gewerkschaften und Mitbestimmung haben damit die Möglichkeit und auch die Aufgabe die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeit im Interesse der Beschäftigten zu gestalten. So muss für eine Arbeitsorganisation gesorgt werden, die die Vorteile von Arbeitszeitautonomie zur Geltung bringt. Gewerkschaften und Betriebsräte sollten letztlich eine Betriebskultur fördern, in der Männer ermuntert werden, Arbeitszeitautonomie für ihre Aktivitäten außerhalb der Arbeit tatsächlich auch zu nutzen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Lundborg, Petter, Erik Plug & Astrid Würtz Rasmussen (2014): Fertility effects on female labor supply: IV evidence from IVF treatments. (IZA discussion paper 8609), Bonn, 37 S.

Abstract

"This paper introduces a new IV strategy based on IVF induced fertility variation in childless families to estimate the causal effect of having children on female labor supply using IVF treated women in Denmark. Because observed chances of IVF success do not depend on labor market histories, IVF treatment success provides a plausible instrument for childbearing. Our IV estimates indicate that fertility effects are: (a) negative, large and long lasting; (b) much stronger at the extensive margin than at the intensive margin; and (c) similar for mothers, not treated with IVF, which suggests that IVF findings have a wider generalizability." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Matteazzi, Eleonora, Ariane Pailhe & Anne Solaz (2014): Part-time wage penalties for women in prime age. A matter of selection or segregation? evidence from four European countries. In: ILR review, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 955-985. DOI:10.1177/0019793914537457

Abstract

"Using the European Union Statistics an Income and Living Conditions data for the year 2009, the authors evaluate how vertical and horizontal job segregation explains the differential between fulltime and part-time pay for prime-age women in four European countries: Austria, Italy, Poland, and the United Kingdom. The selected countries are representative of different welfare state regimes, Labor market regulations, and extents and forms of parttime employment. Full-time hourly wages exceed part-time hourly wages, especially in market-oriented economies, such as Poland and the United Kingdom. Results using the Neuman-Oaxaca decomposition methods show that most of the full-time -- part-time wage gap is driven by job segregation, especially its vertical dimension. Vertical segregation explains an especially large Part of the pay gap in Poland and die United Kingdom, where, more than elsewhere, part-timers are concentrated in low-skilled occupations and the wage disparities across occupations are quite large." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mazzocco, Maurizio, Claudia Ruiz & Shintaro Yamaguchi (2014): Labor supply and household dynamics. In: The American economic review, Jg. 104, H. 5, S. 354-359. DOI:10.1257/aer.104.5.354

Abstract

"Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we provide evidence that to understand household decisions and evaluate policies designed to affect individual welfare, it is important to add an intertemporal dimension to the by-now standard static collective models of the household. Specifically, we document that the observed differences in labor supply by gender and marital status do not arise suddenly at the time of marriage, but rather emerge gradually over time. We then propose an intertemporal collective model that has the potential of explaining the observed patterns." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meier-Gräwe, Uta, Katharina Buck & Astrid Kriege-Steffen (2014): Wiedereinstieg mit besonderen Herausforderungen. Düsseldorf: verlag selbstbestimmtes leben, 68 S.

Abstract

"Die Publikation stellt die Situation von Frauen mit besonderen Herausforderungen dar und ihre Chancen, die Betreuung eines behinderten Kindes mit einer Berufstätigkeit zu vereinbaren. Es werden Faktoren beschrieben, welche die Vereinbarkeit und den Wiedereinstieg beeinträchtigen und befördern können. Auf dieser Basis werden Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, wie Frauen mit besonderen Herausforderungen im beruflichen Wiedereinstieg angemessen unterstützt werden können und wie - als Voraussetzung dafür - die Situation von Familien, in denen Kinder mit Behinderungen leben, verbessert werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Milligan, Kevin (2014): The road to Egalitaria. Sex differences in employment for parents of young children. In: CESIfo Economic Studies, Jg. 60, H. 2, S. 257-279. DOI:10.1093/cesifo/ifu008

Abstract

"In 1985, Gary Becker predicted employment and childcare sex gaps may 'disappear or be greatly attenuated in the near future.' In this article, I examine trends in the employment gap between mothers and fathers of young children over the last 40 years. I review theoretical explanations for the gap, then proceed to analyse the gap empirically in data for Canada, the USA, the UK, and Germany. Substantial closing of the gap in the 1970s and 1980s was followed by stability since then. Evidence from Canada finds childcare subsidies have a bigger impact on the gap than parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Müller, Kai-Uwe & Katharina Wrohlich (2014): Two steps forward - one step back? Evaluating contradicting child care policies in Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 684), Berlin, 48 S.

Abstract

"We apply a structural model of mothers' labor supply and child care choices to evaluate the effects of two childcare reforms in Germany that were introduced simultaneously in August 2013. First, a legal claim to subsidized child care became effective for all children aged one year or older. Second, a new benefit called 'Betreuungsgeld' came into effect that is granted to families who do not use public or publicly subsidized child care. Both reforms target children of the same age group and are unconditional on the parents' income or employment status, yet affect mothers' incentives for labor supply and child care choices in opposite directions. Our model facilitates estimating the joint reform impact as well as disentangling the individual effects of both policies. A comprehensive data set with information on labor supply, the use of and potential access restrictions to various child care arrangements provides the basis for the empirical analysis. We find the overall effect of both reforms to be small but positive as far as mother's labor supply and the use of formal care is concerned. The legal claim's positive impact on mothers' labor supply and the use of formal child care is largely offset by the negative effect on both outcomes resulting from the introduction of the 'Betreuungsgeld'." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))