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Gorsuch, Marina Mileo (2019): Gender, sexual orientation, and behavioral norms in the labor market. In: ILR review, Jg. 72, H. 4, S. 927-954. DOI:10.1177/0019793919832273

Abstract

"The author examines bias and behavioral norms based on sex and sexual orientation in the labor market. Using an online laboratory setting, participants were asked to evaluate résumés that were manipulated on sex, perceived LGBT status, and use of traditionally masculine or feminine adjectives. Findings show that male participants penalized résumés that included an LGBT activity, and the penalty was slightly stronger for male résumés. Additionally, men evaluated non-LGBT women who used feminine adjectives more positively than when they used masculine adjectives. Résumés of women with the LGBT activity and men were both immune to this effect. This outcome suggests that perceived-heterosexual women are discouraged from masculine behavior that would be rewarded in the labor market, whereas perceived-LGBT women are not. Men who had the strongest reaction to perceived-heterosexual women using masculine adjectives also had the strongest negative reaction to résumés with an LGBT activity. This pattern suggests that male decision makers are biased in ways that harm LGBT men, LGBT women, and heterosexual women in the labor market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jackson, Sarah E., Ruth A. Hackett, Igor Grabovac, Lee Smith & Andrew Steptoe (2019): Perceived discrimination, health and wellbeing among middle-aged and older lesbian, gay and bisexual people. A prospective study. In: PLoS ONE, Jg. 14, H. 5. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0216497

Abstract

"Objective: To examine cross-sectional and prospective associations between perceived discrimination in daily life (based on a range of attributes), sexual orientation discrimination, and health and wellbeing in middle-aged and older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people. Methods: Data were from 304 LGB men and women aged 41–85 years participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Perceived discrimination in daily life was reported in 2010/11. Participants could attribute their discrimination experience to characteristics including age, sex, race, physical disability, and sexual orientation. Self-rated health, limiting long-standing illness, depressive symptoms, quality of life, life satisfaction and loneliness were assessed in 2010/11 and 2016/17. Analyses adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, partnership status and socioeconomic position. Results: Perceived discrimination in daily life was reported by 144 (47.4%) participants. Cross-sectionally, perceived discrimination in daily life was associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms (OR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.02 to 5.21), loneliness (OR = 3.37, 95% CI 1.60 to 7.10) and lower quality of life (B = -3.31, 95% CI -5.49 to -1.12). Prospectively, perceived discrimination in daily life was associated with increased odds of loneliness (OR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.08 to 8.99) and lower quality of life (B = -2.08, 95% CI -3.85 to -0.31) and life satisfaction (B = -1.92, 95% CI -3.44 to -0.39) over six-year follow-up. Effect sizes were consistently larger for participants who attributed experiences of discrimination to their sexual orientation compared with those who attributed experiences of discrimination to other reasons (e.g. age, sex, race). Conclusion: These results provide cross-sectional and prospective evidence of associations between perceived discrimination in daily life and health and wellbeing outcomes in middle-aged and older LGB adults in England." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krüger, Heinz-Hermann, Kilian Hüfner, Catharina Keßler, Stephanie Kreuz, Patrick Leinhos & Daniela Winter (Hrsg.) (2019): Exklusive Bildungskarrieren von Jugendlichen und ihre Peers am Übergang in Hochschule und Beruf. Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie. (Studien zur Schul- und Bildungsforschung 75), Wiesbaden: Springer London, 337 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-23175-0

Abstract

"In dem Band werden zentrale Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Längsschnittstudie vorgestellt, die die Bildungskarrieren von Jugendlichen und ihre Peerbeziehungen von der gymnasialen Oberstufe bis zwei Jahre nach Schulabschluss untersucht hat. Thematisiert werden die Verläufe und Bedingungskontexte von internationalen Bildungskarrieren sowie sportlichen, tänzerischen oder musikalischen Profilkarrieren sowie die Bedeutung der Peers für diese Karrieren. In den Blick genommen werden auch Veränderungsprozesse in der Lebensphase junger Erwachsener sowie Fragen der Reproduktion und Transformation sozialer Ungleichheit am Übergang zwischen Schule und Hochschule oder Beruf." (Verlagsangaben, © Springer)

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Río, Coral del & Olga Alonso-Villar (2019): Occupational Achievements of Same‐Sex Couples in the United States by Gender and Race. In: Industrial Relations, Jg. 58, H. 4, S. 704-731. DOI:10.1111/irel.12246

Abstract

This article offers a framework that allows for the simultaneous comparison of all sexual orientation–gender–race/ethnicity groups after controlling for characteristics. The analysis suggests that occupations matter in explaining earnings differences among groups. The article also displays the high magnitude of the gender wage gap in an intersectional framework. The sexual orientation wage premium of lesbians is quite small for blacks and much higher for Hispanics and Asians than for whites. For men, departing from the white heterosexual model involves a substantial punishment; the racial penalty is larger for heterosexuals whereas the sexual orientation penalty is greater for whites. (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)

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Seeliger, Martin & Julia Gruhlich (Hrsg.) (2019): Intersektionalität, Arbeit und Organisation. (Arbeitsgesellschaft im Wandel), Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 210 S.

Abstract

"Soziale Ungleichheit und Vielfalt sind Schlüsselthemen der Arbeits- und Organisationsforschung, wurden bislang aber nur selten aus intersektionaler Perspektive betrachtet. Der Sammelband schließt diese Lücke. Er versammelt theoretische und empirische Beiträge, die aufzeigen, wie multiple Benachteiligungen und Diskriminierungen in Unternehmen, Universitäten, Forschung, Parteien, Krankenhäusern, Pflegeagenturen und Gewerkschaften produziert werden und was Organisationen davon abhält, allen Menschen unabhängig von ihrer sozialen Zugehörigkeit gleiche Arbeitsbedingungen zu bieten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Ueno, Koji, Jessi Grace & Emily D. Šaras (2019): Sexual orientation, partnership status, and work patterns among US young adults. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 62. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2019.100411

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Wang, Jing & Morley Gunderson (2019): Can pay gaps between gay men and lesbians shed light on male-female pay gaps? In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 40, H. 2, S. 178-189. DOI:10.1108/IJM-11-2017-0298

Abstract

"Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the relative importance of gender discrimination and differences in household responsibilities as determinants of the male - female pay gap.
Design/methodology/approach
It parses out the relative importance of those two factors by using the pay between gay men vs lesbian women as a comparison group that should reflect only gender discrimination. Subtracting the pay gap between gay men and lesbians (reflecting only gender discrimination) from the male - female pay gap for their heterosexual counterparts (reflecting both gender discrimination and household responsibilities) provides evidence of the relative importance of gender discrimination and household responsibilities in explaining the male - female pay gap.
Findings
The results show that essentially all of the male - female pay gap is attributed to differences in household responsibilities.
Originality/value
This paper advances the literature of gender wage gap by using a novel comparison group - gay men vs lesbian women - to estimate the relative importance of gender discrimination and differences in household responsibilities as determinants of the male - female pay gap." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2019): Diskriminierung in Jobcentern - Risiken, Erfahrungen, Abwehr. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion DIE LINKE (Drucksache 19/10139). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/11042 (24.06.2019)), 13 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der Fraktion DIE LINKE zum Thema Diskriminierung in Jobcentern - Risiken, Erfahrungen, Abwehr. (IAB-Doku)

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OECD (2019): Society at a glance 2019. OECD social indicators. (Society at a glance 09), Paris, 131 S. DOI:10.1787/soc_glance-2019-en

Abstract

"Wie steht es im OECD-Raum um die geschlechtlichen Minderheitengruppen und die sozioökonomische Lage von LGBT-Personen? Der Vergleich von existierenden Studien zeigt, dass LGBT-Personen sowohl beim Beschäftigungszugang als auch im Hinblick auf ihr Erwerbseinkommen benachteiligt sind: Ihre Beschäftigungswahrscheinlichkeit ist um sieben Prozent geringer und ihr Erwerbseinkommen um vier Prozent niedriger als das von Nicht-LGBT-Personen. Die OECD-Studie 'Society at a Glance 2019' umfasst 25 Sozialindikatoren zu Themen wie Einkommen, Beschäftigung, Ungleichheit bei Sozialausgaben, Lebenszufriedenheit sowie Tabak- und Alkoholkonsum. Es liegen Daten für die 36 OECD-Mitgliedstaaten und, soweit verfügbar, für Argentinien, Brasilien, China, Indien, Indonesien, Russland, Saudi-Arabien und Südafrika vor." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Aksoy, Cevat G., Christopher S. Carpenter & Jeff Frank (2018): Sexual orientation and earnings. New evidence from the United Kingdom. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 1, S. 242-272. DOI:10.1177/0019793916687759

Abstract

"Most prior work on sexual orientation and labor market earnings has relied either on individual-level surveys with small samples of sexual minorities or on large samples of same-sex couples. For this study, the authors use a large individual-level data set from the United Kingdom that allows investigation of both constructs. They replicate the well-documented lesbian advantage and gay male penalty in couples-based comparisons but show that these effects are absent in similarly specified models of non-partnered workers. This finding suggests that couples-based samples overstate the true earnings differences attributable to a minority sexual orientation as well as that household specialization plays an important role in the lesbian earnings advantage. Results also show that no significant lesbian advantage or gay male penalty is observed in London. Finally, they find robust evidence that bisexual men earn significantly less than otherwise similar heterosexual men. The authors discuss how the effects reconcile with theories of specialization and discrimination." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burn, Ian (2018): Not All Laws are Created Equal: Legal Differences in State Non-Discrimination Laws and the Impact of LGBT Employment Protections. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 462-497. DOI:10.1007/s12122-018-9272-0

Abstract

"In this paper, I study the impact of legal differences in state employment nondiscrimination acts (ENDAs) for gay men and lesbian women on labor market outcomes. Employing a DDD approach, I show that enacting an employment non-discrimination act is associated with increased wages of gay men and decreased employment of lesbian women. If all employment non-discrimination acts are treated as identical, these laws increased the hourly wages of gay men by 2.7% and decreased the employment of lesbian women by 1.7% and their hours worked by 0.7 hours. The results show that the strength of the law can result in heteroge-neous effects of the laws for gay men, but not for lesbian women. ENDAs with both punitive and compensatory damage provisions resulted in smaller wage increases for gay men than ENDAs with only compensatory damage provisions. ENDAs with longer statutes of limitations for complaints increased the employment of gay men, whereas laws with shorter statutes of limitations decreased employment. Based on the estimates from the state-level employment non-discrimination acts, I argue that extending federal protections under Title VII would lead to a small increase in the wages of gay men, but would significantly reduce the employment of lesbian women." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dilmaghani, Maryam (2018): Sexual orientation, labour earnings, and household income in Canada. In: Journal of labor research, Jg. 39, H. 1, S. 41-55. DOI:10.1007/s12122-017-9249-4

Abstract

"Using five cycles of a large nationally representative Canadian health survey, covering 2008 to 2012, the present paper examines the extent of labour earnings and household income gaps among gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals. The data used in this paper has the advantage of allowing for a direct classification of sexual orientation, through respondent self-identification. In accord with previous reports, this paper finds that homosexual females holding fulltime employment earn statistically significantly above comparable heterosexual females. Homosexual males with fulltime employment, on the other hand, are found no different in their earnings, from otherwise identical heterosexual males. When household income is considered, data reveal that lesbian households have statistically significantly lower incomes compared with otherwise identical gay households, who outearn heterosexuals as well. This pattern, not previously reported for Canada but observed in some other countries, is likely due to the combined effects of the general gender wage gap, the fading of homosexual males' wage penalty, and the existence of two male income earners in a gay male household." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Evertsson, Marie & Katarina Boye (2018): The transition to parenthood and the division of parental leave in different-sex and female same-sex couples in Sweden. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 5, S. 471-485. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcy027

Abstract

"Research on the division of paid and unpaid work at the transition to parenthood has rarely been able to separate the social construction of gender and motherhood/fatherhood identities from labour market and financial factors. By bringing in female same-sex couples (SSC) and comparing how the transition to parenthood influences the division of parental leave in SSC and different-sex couples (DSC), we can isolate parents' gender as a predictor of the division of care from physiological and identity-forming aspects linked to being a birth-mother (or her partner). Analysing Swedish register data for couples who had their first child in 2003-2011, results show that (i) the (birth) mother's leave uptake is higher than the partner's uptake for both SSC and DSC, providing support for identity formation and internalized norms linked to the child's need of its (birth) mother; (ii) birth-mothers in SSC on average take 7 weeks less parental leave than mothers in DSC, indicating that the partner's gender plays a role; and (iii) the (birth) mother's parental leave share is negatively related to her income but unrelated to her partner's income, suggesting that her labour market prospects are more important in the division of leave than any financial, family-utility maximization." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Geijtenbeek, Lydia & Erik Plug (2018): Is there a penalty for registered women? Is there a premium for registered men? Evidence from a sample of transsexual workers. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 109, H. October, S. 334-347. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2017.12.006

Abstract

"In this paper, we study the earnings of transsexual workers using a large administrative sample drawn from the Dutch labor force. In particular, we make two comparisons. First, we compare transsexual workers to other women and men, and find that they earn more than women and less than men. Second, we compare transsexual workers before and after their administrative gender transition, and find that male-to-female transsexual workers earn less as registered women and female-to-male transsexual workers earn as much (if not marginally more) as registered men. These patterns hold for annual and hourly earnings, and do not change when we account for individual fixed effects. Together, our results are consistent with a labor market model in which transsexual workers are discriminated against as a registered female as well as a LGBT worker." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Gerhards, Jürgen & Tim Sawert (2018): "Deconstructing Diversity": Soziale Herkunft als die vergessene Seite des Diversitätsdiskurses. In: Leviathan, Jg. 46, H. 4, S. 527-550. DOI:10.5771/0340-0425-2018-4-527

Abstract

"Der hochschulpolitische Diskurs über Diversität definiert vor allem das Geschlecht und die sexuelle Orientierung als die zentralen Merkmale von Verschiedenheit, während die soziale Herkunft einer Person in den Klassifikationssystemen keine Rolle spielt. Am Beispiel des Zugangs zur Universität untersuchen wir, in welchem Maße sich verschiedene Merkmale einer Person auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit auswirken, zur Gruppe der Studierenden zu gehören. Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass gerade diejenigen Gruppen, die im Fokus der politischen Diversitätsdebatte und der Gleichstellungspolitik stehen, unter Studierenden nicht unter-, sondern eher leicht überrepräsentiert sind, während diejenigen Gruppen, die im Klassifikationssystem der Diskursordnung keine oder nur eine marginale Rolle spielen - Personen mit Migrationshintergrund und vor allem Personen aus den unteren Schichten - in den Universitäten deutlich unterrepräsentiert sind. Eine Intersektionalitätsanalyse kommt zu dem überraschenden Ergebnis, dass es kein Zusammenspiel vermeintlich negativ diskriminierender Faktoren gibt, sondern dass ganz im Gegenteil die Merkmalskombination 'weiblich' und 'bi-/homosexuell' die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, zur Gruppe der Studierenden zu gehören, was uns zu der Schlussfolgerung bringt, dass der Diskurs über die Benachteiligung verschiedener gesellschaftlicher Gruppen von den real existierenden Ungleichheiten weitgehend entkoppelt ist." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Neumark, David (2018): Experimental research on labor market discrimination. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 799-866. DOI:10.1257/jel.20161309

Abstract

"Understanding whether labor market discrimination explains inferior labor market outcomes for many groups has drawn the attention of labor economists for decades - at least since the publication of Gary Becker's The Economics of Discrimination in 1957. The decades of research on discrimination in labor markets began with a regression-based 'decomposition' approach, asking whether raw wage or earnings differences between groups - which might constitute prima facie evidence of discrimination - were in fact attributable to other productivity-related factors. Subsequent research - responding in large part to limitations of the regression-based approach - moved on to other approaches, such as using firm-level data to estimate both marginal productivity and wage differentials. In recent years, however, there has been substantial growth in experimental research on labor market discrimination - although the earliest experiments were done decades ago. Some experimental research on labor market discrimination takes place in the lab. But far more of it is done in the field, which makes this particular area of experimental research unique relative to the explosion of experimental economic research more generally. This paper surveys the full range of experimental literature on labor market discrimination, places it in the context of the broader research literature on labor market discrimination, discusses the experimental literature from many different perspectives (empirical, theoretical, and policy), and reviews both what this literature has taught us thus far, and what remains to be done." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Stenger, Sebastien & Thomas J Roulet (2018): Pride against prejudice? The stakes of concealment and disclosure of a stigmatized identity for gay and lesbian auditors. In: Work, employment and society, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 257-273. DOI:10.1177/0950017016682459

Abstract

"How do individuals choose to conceal a stigmatized attribute and what are the consequences of such a choice? We answer this question by looking at how gay and lesbian employees make sense of their homosexuality in the highly normative context of audit firms. As a first step, we unveil the subtle pressures exerted on those who possess concealable stigmatized identities. Homosexual auditors engage in partial or full concealment of their sexuality. They live in the fear of being misjudged and cast out of a context in which male values are tantamount. However, the efforts required to conceal create a situation of unrest, which eventually interferes with their social integration at work. We draw on rich ethnographic material in French audit firms, benefitting from the exogenous shock of a gay marriage bill. The study's findings shed new light on audit as a gendered profession and the cost of concealing stigmatized invisible identities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wang, Jing, Morley Gunderson & David Wicks (2018): The earnings effect of sexual orientation. British evidence from worker-firm matched data. In: BJIR, Jg. 56, H. 4, S. 744-769. DOI:10.1111/bjir.12304

Abstract

"Using the British Workplace Employment Relations Study (WERS) with its preferred self-identified measure of sexual orientation as well as its organizational-level variables, we find that gay men earn about the same as heterosexual men and lesbians earn significantly more than heterosexual women. Working in an organization with a diversity and equity management (DEM) policy generally has a positive effect on the earnings of gay men and lesbians, especially if they are single. Implications for theories of diversity management, discrimination and market versus household production are discussed." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Zajak, Sabrina & Ines Gottschalk (Hrsg.) (2018): Flüchtlingshilfe als neues Engagementfeld. Chancen und Herausforderungen des Engagements für Geflüchtete. (Migration & Integration 06), Baden-Baden: Nomos, 260 S. DOI:10.5771/9783845286983

Abstract

"Seit dem 'Sommer der Migration 2015' ist ein breites bürgerschaftliches Engagement entstanden, welches sich von früheren Formen der Geflüchtetenhilfe in Umfang und Ausdrucksformen unterscheidet. Dieser Sammelband liefert tiefe Einblicke in verschiedenste Facetten des Flüchtlingsengagements in unterschiedlichen Tätigkeitsfeldern (medizinische Versorgung, Vormundschaften, kulturelle Projekte, Engagement für LSBTI-Geflüchtete). Die Beiträge beschäftigen sich mit gesellschaftlichen Wahrnehmungen, Motiven, Vernetzungspraktiken und Strukturen und loten den Beitrag zu (Re-)Solidarisierung und gesellschaftlicher Teilhabe ebenso aus wie die Herausforderungen des Engagements im Kontext unzureichender staatlicher Steuerung. Die Texte resultieren in großen Teilen aus einem einjährigen Lehrforschungsprojekt an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Der Band ist somit auch beispielhaft für kollektive Lern- und Forschungsprozesse mit Studierenden in einem gesellschaftspolitisch relevanten Themenfeld." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

Stellenanzeigen sind das Einstiegstor zum Job. Sie können entscheidend beeinflussen, ob sich jemand von einer Stelle angesprochen fühlt und sich bei einem Arbeitgeber bewirbt. Diskriminierungssensible Stellenanzeigen können die Vielfalt in einem Unternehmen fördern und es erleichtern, Fachkräfte zu gewinnen, wenn es gelingt, unterschiedliche Zielgruppen anzusprechen. Andererseits können Arbeitgeber mit Stellenanzeigen, die Diskriminierungsrisiken enthalten oder gar gegen das AGG verstoßen, bestimmte Gruppen von Bewerbenden ausschließen bzw. von der Bewerbung abschrecken, selbst wenn der Arbeitgeber gar keine Diskriminierung beabsichtigt hat.
Um zu prüfen, ob Stellenanzeigen einerseits Diskriminierung oder Diskriminierungsrisiken enthalten und sie andererseits von der Möglichkeit Gebrauch machen, spezifische Personengruppen wie Frauen oder Menschen mit Schwerbehinderung zu einer Bewerbung aufzufordern, hat die Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes insgesamt 5.667 Stellenanzeigen bundesweit inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)