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Mann, Samuel (2021): Transgender employment and gender marker laws. In: Labour Economics, Jg. 73. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102072

Abstract

"This paper uses data from the Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) over the period 2014–2019 to analyse the impact of removing surgical requirements to change legal gender. In many states transgender people are forced to undergo surgical procedures if they wish to change their gender on ID documents, which can be invasive, expensive, and is not always desired. In the present work state variation in the timing of the removal of surgical requirements is exploited within a triple difference framework to analyse the causal impact of these removals on the employment of transgender people, for the first time. The findings highlight that removing surgical requirements for transgender people to be able to reassign gender on birth certificates increases the employment of female to male transgender people, but has no effect on male to female or gender non-conforming transgender people." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2022 Elsevier) ((en))

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Martell, Michael E. (2021): Labor market differentials estimated with researcher-inferred and self-identified sexual orientation. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 205, S. 1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2021.109959

Abstract

"The impact of the common practice of inferring sexual orientation via cohabitation status on estimated labor market differentials for sexual minorities is understudied. Using the 2013–2018 National Health Interview Survey, I show that inferring sexual orientation via cohabitation status leads to similar estimated differentials for gay men but inflates outcomes for lesbian women. Estimates for all bisexual individuals are biased upwards, because bisexual individuals are less likely to cohabit and comprise less than ten percent of the same-sex cohabiting sample. Estimates of outcomes for sexual minority members of same-sex households are largely unaffected by the sample contamination resulting from potentially erroneous inclusion of heterosexual individuals. However, cohabitation based researcher inference of sexual orientation masks important heterogeneity in self-identified sexual orientation based labor market differentials. Results highlight the need for inclusion of sexual orientation identity on more large scale surveys." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2021 Elsevier) ((en))

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Mumford, Karen A., Edith Aguirre, Anna Einarsdóttir, Bridget Lockyer, Melisa Sayli & Benjamin A. Smith (2021): Pay Gaps in the National Health Service: Observability and Disclosure. (IZA discussion paper 14482), Bonn, 48 S.

Abstract

"Studies of the relationship between sexual orientation and pay have faced difficulties applying standard models of discrimination if orientation is not observable. Analogously, behavioural explanations of pay based on models of gender linked within-household specialization may not be as relevant in a non-heterosexual context. This article analyses pay gaps using information including earnings, gender, LGB identity, coupling status, and the disclosure of sexual orientation in English National Health Service (NHS) workplaces. The results reveal a robust gender pay gap of 4% in favour of males, but no overall LGB pay gap compared to heterosexuals. The latter is due to similar-sized offsetting effects from disclosure on LGB pay relative to comparable heterosexuals. Amongst LGB employees, disclosure is associated with 13% more pay, with three quarters of this gap related to unexplained differences in returns to observable characteristics. Supportive workplace practices are strongly associated with increased probability of disclosure, especially the availability of a LGB workplace network." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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O'Brien, Michelle Esther (2021): Why Queer Workers Make Good Organisers. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 819-836. DOI:10.1177/0950017020940147

Abstract

"LGBTQ retail workers act as leaders in workplace organising efforts, and union organisers identify their contributions as strengthening campaigns. What explains this propensity of queer and trans workers to labour organising and the resulting successful outcomes? Prior literature has identified that other demographics of oppressed workers similarly show strong support for labour organising, and the campaigns they lead are more likely to be successful, but without detailing what mechanisms may explain this link. Through in-depth interviews with labour organisers and worker-leaders in NYC retail worker rights and unionisation campaigns, this article finds queer workers bring to organising efforts their (1) prior experiences of workplace harassment and marginalisation, (2) prior social movement activity, (3) indigenous social networks, (4) affective skills developed in queer countercultures and (5) their use of creative expression. These factors could similarly explain the workplace organising efficacy of other oppressed social groups." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Der Expertisenband versammelt die Expertisen für den neunten Familienbericht "Eltern sein in Deutschland - Ansprüche, Anforderungen und Angebote bei wachsender Vielfalt". Wie auch bei vorangegangenen Berichten war der Entstehungsprozess des Berichts nicht nur von intensiven kommissionsinternen Diskussionen geprägt, es wurde auch auf Fachkenntnisse externer Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler zurückgegriffen. Die Kommission hat beschlossen, die Expertisen als Online-Publikation einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. (IAB-Doku)

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Ueno, Koji (2021): Gender-Stratified Labor Market, Heterosexual Marriage Expectation, and LGBQ Young Adults' Career Plans in Contemporary Japan. In: Socius, Jg. 7, S. 1-12. DOI:10.1177/23780231211052807

Abstract

"Previous U.S. studies showed that many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) young adults hold optimistic views about their occupational careers, despite their risk for facing labor market disadvantages as LGBQ workers. The present study uses Japan as a comparison case and illustrates how young LGBQ people plan their careers in a different national context. Analysis of in-depth interviews shows that many LGBQ young adults in Japan anticipate financial insecurity and consequently prioritize stability over pursuit of personal interests in their career planning. Their career concerns vary by gender and represent their responses to high levels of occupational gender segregation and earnings inequality as well as strong social expectations for heterosexual marriage and gendered division of household responsibilities. Overall, the study endorses ongoing efforts to understand occupational and economic disparities across sexuality groups from global perspectives by paying close attention to macro conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Vries, Lisa de (2021): Diversität oder Diskriminierung im Management? In: Arbeit. Zeitschrift für Arbeitsforschung, Arbeitsgestaltung und Arbeitspolitik, Jg. 30, H. 3, S. 215-237. DOI:10.1515/arbeit-2021-0016

Abstract

"Dieser Beitrag liefert einen Einblick in die bislang wenig untersuchte Arbeitsmarktsituation von lesbischen, schwulen und bisexuellen Führungskräften. Basierend auf Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) wird zunächst mittels deskriptiver Verteilungen (nach Branche, Unternehmensgröße und Arbeitszeit) die Arbeitsmarktsituation von Führungskräften nach sexueller Orientierung und Geschlecht betrachtet. Zusätzlich werden die Daten einer Online-Befragung (LGBielefeld 2019) mit 571 lesbischen, schwulen und bisexuellen Führungskräften verwendet, um Diskriminierung, Outing, emotionales Wohlbefinden und Lebenszufriedenheit dieser Führungskräfte zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zum einen, dass lesbische, schwule und bisexuelle Führungskräfte von Diskriminierung im Arbeitsleben betroffen sind und nicht immer offen über ihre sexuelle Orientierung am Arbeitsplatz sprechen (können). Zum anderen haben Diskriminierung im Arbeitsleben und der Umgang mit der sexuellen Orientierung am Arbeitsplatz einen Effekt auf die Lebenszufriedenheit und einzelne Dimensionen des emotionalen Wohlbefindens." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © De Gruyter)

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Wilkinson, Lindsey, Dara Shifrer & Jennifer Pearson (2021): Educational Outcomes Of Gender-Diverse Youth: A National Population-Based Study. In: Gender & Society, Jg. 35, H. 5, S. 806-837. DOI:10.1177/08912432211038689

Abstract

"Despite the growing population of youth identifying with a transgender or nonbinary gender identity, research on gender-diverse individuals’ educational outcomes is limited. This study takes advantage of the first nationally representative, population-based data set that includes measures of gender identity and educational outcomes: the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009. Using minority stress and structural symbolic interactionist frameworks, we examine the association between gender identity and high school and college educational outcomes. We compare the educational outcomes of gender-diverse youth—binary transgender, nonbinary, and gender unsure—with those of cisgender youth, and also examine differences within the gender-diverse population. Given the strong link between minority stress and educational experiences among gender-diverse youth, we examine differences in outcomes before and after accounting for school belonging and emotional distress. We also account for individuals’ social-structural location, arguing that social positionality shapes both gender identity and educational outcomes. Results indicate important differences in educational outcomes within the gender-diverse population: Whereas binary transgender and gender-unsure youth exhibit educational disadvantage, relative to cisgender youth, nonbinary youth do not. The gender-unsure disadvantage remains even after accounting for differences in social-structural location and social-psychological factors associated with minority stress." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Wilson, Tom, Jeromey Temple & Anthony Lyons (2021): Projecting the sexual minority population: Methods, data, and illustrative projections for Australia. In: Demographic Research, Jg. 45, S. 361-396. DOI:10.4054/DemRes.2021.45.12

Abstract

"Background: Attitudes to sexual minorities have undergone a transformation in many Western countries in recent decades. With much greater public acceptance, and an increase in policies and legislation to support equality and outlaw discrimination, the need for population statistics on sexual minority populations has grown. However, such statistics remain rare: Only a few sets of population estimates have been produced in a small number of countries, and there are no population projections of which we are aware. Objective: The aims of this paper are to introduce a model for producing projections of a national population by sexual identity, suggest ways in which data and conceptual limitations can be handled, and present illustrative population projections for Australia. Methods: An adapted multistate cohort-component is described, along with various data sources and approaches for preparing plausible projection assumptions. Two illustrative scenarios for the future of Australia’s sexual minority population over the 2016–2041 period are presented. Results: According to the selected scenarios, Australia’s sexual minority population is projected to increase rapidly over the coming decades, rising from 0.65 million in 2016 to between 1.25 and 1.57 million by 2041. This growth is generated by sexual minority cohort flow – the gradual replacement of cohorts with lower proportions of sexual minority identification by those with the higher proportions – and identification change. The overall share of the population identifying with a sexual minority identity is likely to increase. Conclusions: Although the projections remain illustrative and approximate, the likely coming growth of the sexual minority population signals multiple social, health, and economic policy implications ahead. Contribution: The paper presents a novel projection method and example projections of an under-researched and stigmatised population." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

Dass LGBTI, d. h. Lesben, Schwule, Bisexuelle, Transgender und Intersexuelle, ihre Identität ausleben können, ohne diskriminiert oder angegriffen zu werden, ist weltweit ein Anliegen. Diskriminierung von LGBTI ist weiterhin allgegenwärtig und verursacht massive Kosten: Über Mobbing in der Schule verringert sie beispielsweise die Investitionen in die Kompetenzentwicklung. Außerdem reduziert sie die Wirt­schaftsleistung, da dadurch talentierte und qualifizierte Kräfte vom Arbeitsmarkt ausgeschlossen werden. Zudem beeinträchtigt sie die psychische und physische Gesundheit der Betroffenen und damit auch ihre Produktivität. Dieser Bericht bietet einen umfassenden Überblick darüber, inwieweit die Gleichstellung von Lesben, Schwulen, Bisexuellen, Transgender und Intersexuellen im OECD-Raum gesetzlich gesichert ist und mit welchen ergänzenden Maßnahmen ihre Rechte und Chancen gestärkt werden können. Dazu umreißt er zunächst den für die Gleichstellung sexueller und geschlechtlicher Minderheiten wesentlichen Rechtsrahmen in den Bereichen Bürgerrechte, Schutz vor Diskriminierung und Gewalt sowie Gesundheits­versorgung. Anschließend untersucht er, ob die entsprechenden Rechts­vorschriften in den OECD-Ländern in Kraft sind und wo noch Verbesserungsbedarf besteht. Das letzte Kapitel befasst sich schließlich mit allgemeineren Maßnahmen, die die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zur Sicherung der Rechte und Chancen von LGBTI flankieren sollten.

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(2021): Soziale und gesundheitliche Situation von Lesben, Schwulen, Bisexuellen, trans- und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen (LSBTI) in Deutschland. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN (Drucksache 19/16992). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/28233 (01.04.2021)), 91 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der Fraktion Bündnis 90/DIE GRÜNEN zur sozialen und gesundheitlichen Situation von Lesben, Schwulen, Bisexuellen, trans- und intergeschlechtlichen Menschen (LSBTI) in Deutschland u.a. mit Studienergebnissen zu Einkommensunterschieden von LSBTI-Personen gegenüber der heterosexuellen Bevölkerung. (IAB-Doku)

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Borm, Hannah van, Marlot Dhoop, Allien Van Acker & Stijn Baert (2020): What Does Someone’s Gender Identity Signal to Employers? In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 753-777. DOI:10.1108/IJM-03-2019-0164

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the mechanisms underlying hiring discrimination against transgender men. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conduct a scenario experiment with final-year business students in which fictitious hiring decisions are made about transgender or cisgender male job candidates. More importantly, these candidates are scored on statements related to theoretical reasons for hiring discrimination given in the literature. The resulting data are analysed using a bivariate analysis. Additionally, a multiple mediation model is run. Findings: Suggestive evidence is found for co-worker and customer taste-based discrimination, but not for employer taste-based discrimination. In addition, results show that transgender men are perceived as being in worse health, being more autonomous and assertive, and have a lower probability to go on parental leave, compared with cisgender men, revealing evidence for (positive and negative) statistical discrimination. Social implications: Targeted policy measures are needed given the substantial labour market discrimination against transgender individuals measured in former studies. However, to combat this discrimination effectively, one needs to understand its underlying mechanisms. This study provides the first comprehensive exploration of these mechanisms. Originality/value: This study innovates in being one of the first to explore the relative empirical importance of dominant (theoretical) explanations for hiring discrimination against transgender men. Thereby, the authors take the logical next step in the literature on labour market discrimination against transgender individuals." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Calvard, Thomas, Michelle O'Toole & Hannah Hardwick (2020): Rainbow Lanyards: Bisexuality, Queering and the Corporatisation of LGBT Inclusion. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 356-368. DOI:10.1177/0950017019865686

Abstract

"This article presents the powerful account of Hannah, a woman working in a UK university who identifies as bisexual and queer. Hannah’s voice reflects a younger generation of workers who have come of age with the emergence of queer theory and activism supporting greater LGBT rights. Her narrative illustrates the tensions around developing an inclusive stance towards diverse sexual identities at work. Hannah’s account resonates with critical views of diversity management and inclusion practices, where non-normative minority identities are reduced to corporate categories and initiatives for management by majorities. More specifically, the account presented also covers the complexities and challenges of discussing and disclosing gendered sexualities at work, namely bisexuality, which serves as an illustration of ‘queering’ – a resistance towards understanding identities as fixed, manageable and binary. The article provides insight into how and why sexual identity matters for issues of power and conflict at work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cech, Erin A. & William R. Rothwell (2020): LGBT workplace inequality in the federal workforce. Intersectional processes, organizational contexts, and turnover considerations. In: ILR review, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 25-60. DOI:10.1177/0019793919843508

Abstract

"How do lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) employees fare in US workplaces? Beyond formal discrimination, do LGBT workers encounter biases that degrade the quality of their day-to-day workplace experiences? Using a representative sample of more than 300,000 employees in 28 'best case' organizations - federal agencies with LGBT-inclusive policies - the authors examine not only whether these informal workplace inequalities occur but also where and for whom they are most exaggerated. LGBT employees report worse workplace experiences than their colleagues across 16 measures of employee treatment, workplace fairness, and job satisfaction. These inequalities are amplified or tempered by organizational contexts and can even affect turnover intentions. They are also intersectional: LGBT women and people of color have consistently more negative experiences than do men and white LGBT workers. These results help map the landscape of LGBT workplace inequality and underscore the importance of considering intersectional and organizational contexts therein." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ciprikis, Klavs, Damien Cassells & Jenny Berrill (2020): Transgender labour market outcomes. Evidence from the United States. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 6, S. 1378-1401. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12501

Abstract

"Die starke Zuwanderung der letzten Jahre hat zu einer deutlichen Verschiebung der demografischen Strukturen in Deutschland geführt. So wären die Zahl der 20- bis 29-Jährigen ohne die seit 2007 Zugewanderten im Jahr 2017 um 1,26 Millionen und ihr Anteil an der Gesamtbevölkerung um 0,9 Prozentpunkte niedriger gewesen. Auch bei den 0- bis 9-Jährigen und den 30- bis 39-Jährigen zeigen sich durch die Neuzuwanderer und ihre in Deutschland geborenen Kinder deutliche Gewinne. Hingegen ergeben sich bei den 10- bis 19-Jährigen und den 40- bis 49-Jährigen keine maßgeblichen Veränderungen und bei den Älteren Rückgänge der Bevölkerungsanteile. Dabei besteht aus demografischer Sicht gerade bei den im Jahr 2017 im Teenageralter befindlichen Personen ein besonders großer Bedarf an Zuwanderern, da diese die geburtenstarken Jahrgänge am Arbeitsmarkt ersetzen müssen. Die Potenziale der Mobilität innerhalb der EU, die eine tragende Säule der Zuwanderung der letzten Jahre war, sind hier sehr begrenzt. Denn in den Herkunftsländern der europäischen Zuwanderer in dieser Altersgruppe bestehen ebenfalls große demografische Lücken. Daher muss die Zuwanderungspolitik ihren Fokus in den nächsten Jahren vermehrt auf demografiestarke Drittstaaten richten. Der Schwerpunkt sollte dabei auf der Erwerbs- und Bildungsmigration liegen, da das Gelingen der Integration in den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt darüber entscheidet, welchen Beitrag die Zuwanderung zur Bewältigung der mit dem demografischen Wandel einhergehenden Herausforderungen tatsächlich leisten kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dray, Kelly K., Vaughn R. E. Smith, Toni P. Kostecki, Isaac E. Sabat & Cassidy R. Thomson (2020): Moving beyond the gender binary: Examining workplace perceptions of nonbinary and transgender employees. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 27, H. 6, S. 1181-1191. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12455

Abstract

"This study is one of the first to experimentally examine the workplace prejudice faced by nonbinary employees, or those who identify outside of the man/woman gender binary. Participants (N = 249) were presented with a vignette which included a description of a fictitious co-worker’s sex and gender identity, and asked to rate the co-worker’s likeability and perceived job performance. Results revealed that the assigned sex and the gender of hypothetical employees interactively impacted interpersonal and workplace perceptions. For individuals assigned male at birth, identifying as a man led to the most positive ratings, followed by identifying as a transgender woman, followed by identifying as a nonbinary person. This work expands upon gender schema theory and highlights some of the unexplored challenges faced by nonbinary and transgender employees. We end with suggestions for future research, such as incorporating qualitative data to highlight the unique experiences of these gender minorities in organizations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Finnigan, Ryan (2020): Rainbow-Collar Jobs? Occupational Segregation by Sexual Orientation in the United States. In: Socius, Jg. 6, S. 1-17. DOI:10.1177/2378023120954795

Abstract

"Lesbian and gay workers hold different occupations than straight workers, partly reflecting lesbian and gay workers' tendency to avoid same-gender-dominated occupations. Previous studies have grappled with significant data limitations, obscuring patterns for bisexual workers and potentially biasing estimates of occupational segregation by sexual orientation. In this study the author addresses these limitations using large-scale, nationally representative data from the 2013-2018 National Health Interview Survey. Occupational segregation by sexual orientation is stronger among men than women. Within gender, lesbian/gay and bisexual workers are as segregated from each other as they are from straight workers. These differences are structured by both occupational gender composition and education: occupational segregation by sexual orientation is greatest among less educated workers and when correlated with occupational gender composition. These findings contribute to a more detailed empirical description of labor market inequalities by sexual orientation and offer some empirical puzzles for further theoretical development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Flage, Alexandre (2020): Discrimination against gays and lesbians in hiring decisions: a meta-analysis. In: International Journal of Manpower, Jg. 41, H. 6, S. 671-691. DOI:10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0239

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the true level of discrimination against openly gay and lesbian applicants in hiring decisions in OECD countries as well as on its determinants. Design/methodology/approach: The author presents an overview of all studies conducted in order to test for discrimination against homosexual applicants in the labor market by the correspondence testing method. Moreover, the author performs a meta-analysis of correspondence tests from 18 separate studies conducted in OECD countries to test sexual orientation discrimination, containing more than 70 estimates of effects and representing a total of more than 50,000 resumes sent to employers. In addition to presenting overall results, the author focus on subgroups of specific correspondence tests in order to highlight the differences across gender, type of jobs, procedure, continent and type of information provided in applications. Findings: The author provides evidence that sexual orientation discrimination occurs in the labor market in OECD countries, such that openly homosexual applicants face similar discrimination as ethnic minority applicants. Discrimination is significantly greater in the selection process for low-skilled than for high-skilled jobs. In the selection process for low-skilled jobs, lesbian candidates face significantly lower discrimination than gays (except in jobs that are considered “women's” jobs). Discrimination is significantly higher in Europe than in North America. Moreover, the way sexual orientation is signaled may influence the level of discrimination found. Finally, discrimination against homosexual applicants is not only a matter of preferences: providing more positive information in applications significantly reduces the level of discrimination. Originality/value: This paper offers the first quantitative analysis of sexual orientation discrimination in OECD countries through meta-analyses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Frohn, Dominic & Florian Meinhold (2020): LSBT*-Personen in Arbeit und Wirtschaft: Diversity und (Anti-)Diskriminierung. In: S. Timmermanns & M. Böhm (Hrsg.) (2020): Sexuelle und geschlechtliche Vielfalt, S. 89-107.

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Artikel möchte die aktuelle Arbeitssituation von LSBT*-Personen anhand wesentlicher wissenschaftlicher Befunde strukturiert darstellen. Nach einer kurzen historischen Aufarbeitung und einer theoretischen Verortung des Themas wird anschließend auf der Basis aktueller Forschungsergebnisse die Situation von lesbischen, schwulen und bisexuellen Beschäftigten sowie Trans*-Personen im Arbeits- und Wirtschaftskontext dargestellt. Abschließend werden künftige wissenschaftliche (Weiter-)Entwicklungen besprochen, die in diesem Themenfeld relevant erscheinen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Graml, Regine, Tobias Hagen, Yvonne Ziegler, Kristine Khachatryan & Ricky Astrida Herman (2020): Lesbische Frauen in der Arbeitswelt: The L-Word in Business. (Working papers / Fachbereich Wirtschaft und Recht, Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences 15), Frankfurt am Main, 35 S.

Abstract

"Diese aktuelle Studie untersucht die Arbeitssituation von lesbischen Frauen in Deutschland. Dabei vergleicht sie die Erfahrungen erwerbstätiger lesbischer Frauen mit denen heterosexueller Frauen und untersucht Diskriminierung im Bewerbungsverfahren von Berufseinsteigerinnen. Die Ergebnisse eines Experiments mit Bewerbungen zeigen, dass lesbische Frauen schon zu Berufsbeginn in Einstellungsverfahren Diskriminierung erleben, indem sie z.B. seltener zu Interviews eingeladen werden. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis einer gleichfalls durchgeführten Befragung unter lesbischen und heterosexuellen Frauen zeigt, dass lesbische Frauen in ihrem Arbeitsumfeld stärker Diskriminierung aufgrund des Geschlechts als Diskriminierung aufgrund der sexuellen Identität erleben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)