Abstract

"Die vorliegende Studie zeigt, dass Frauen über die Erwerbsspanne hinweg in der Tat um ein Vielfaches höhere Einkommenseinbußen hinnehmen müssen als es die Momentaufnahme des 'Gender Pay Gap' nahelegt. Familienbedingte Auszeiten sind langfristig keinesfalls lohnneutral, wie bspw. die Studie von Görlich & de Grip (2007) - allerdings mit weitaus jüngeren Daten - ergab, im Gegenteil: Frauen erleiden, zumindest bis zum Simulationshorizont im Alter 45, beträchtliche Einkommensverluste gegenüber durchgängig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen gleicher Bildung. Insofern unterstützen die Ergebnisse dieser Studie die Ergebnisse von Beblo & Wolf (2003) sowie Kunze (2002) und Boll (2011). Die Unterbrechungseffekte sind im Umfang weitaus höher als die Geschlechtereffekte. Dennoch bestehen auch zwischen durchgängig vollzeitbeschäftigten Frauen und Männern nennenswerte Einkommensunterschiede. Schließlich bestimmt auch die Berufswahl die Einkommensentwicklung der Männer und Frauen. Ein genderuntypisches Berufswahlverhalten junger Frauen führt jedoch nicht generell zu höheren Fraueneinkommen. Im Gegenteil: Insbesondere in sozialpflegerischen Berufen können Frauen, die auf Unterbrechungen ihrer Vollzeitbeschäftigung weitgehend verzichten, höhere Einkommen als Männer und zudem höhere Einkommen als Frauen in männerdominierten gewerblichen Berufen erzielen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm, Matthias Giesecke & Holger Lüthen (2015): The dynamics of earnings in Germany. Evidence from social security records. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1514), Berlin, 41 S.

Abstract

"Dieses Papier untersucht Erwerbseinkommensdynamiken und ihre langfristigen Trends in Deutschland. Wir zerlegen die gesamte Varianz der Einkommen in kurzfristige Unsicherheit (transitorische Varianz) und langfristige Einkommensungleichheit (permanente Varianz). Die verwendeten Daten erfassen die vollständigen Erwerbsbiographien westdeutscher Männer aus 40 Geburtskohorten (1935 - 1974). Die Analyse basiert auf sozialversicherungspflichtigen Einkommen, die im primären Erwerbsalter zwischen dem 25. und 59. Lebensjahr erzielt wurden. Im Beobachtungszeitraum von 1960 bis 2009 durchläuft der deutsche Arbeitsmarkt einen ausgeprägten Transformationsprozess. Charakterisierende Entwicklungen sind eine starke Deregulierung, ein abnehmender gewerkschaftlicher Organisationsgrad und eine Verlagerung der Beschäftigung aus dem industriellen Sektor in den Dienstleistungssektor. Unsere Ergebnisse reflektieren die spezifischen Entwicklungsphasen am deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und zeigen insgesamt einen deutlichen Anstieg der Einkommensvolatilität sowohl in der permanenten als auch der transitorischen Komponente. Der Anstieg in der transitorischen Komponente ist für junge Arbeitnehmer in den frühen 1970er Jahren und den 1990er Jahren besonders ausgeprägt, während die permanente Komponente insbesondere bei älteren Arbeitnehmern in den frühen 1980er Jahren und den 2000er Jahren ansteigt. Diese Ergebnisse deuten nicht nur auf einen deutlich erschwerten Arbeitsmarkteinstieg hin, sondern zeigen auch einen starken Anstieg der Lohnspreizung unter etablierten Arbeitnehmern." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm, Giacomo Corneo & Holger Lüthen (2015): Lifetime earnings inequality in Germany. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 33, H. 1, S. 171-208. DOI:10.1086/677559

Abstract

"We employ German social security records to investigate intragenerational lifetime earnings inequality and mobility of yearly earnings for 35 cohorts, starting with the birth year 1935. Our main result is a striking secular rise of intragenerational inequality in lifetime earnings: West German men born in the early 1960s are likely to experience about 85% more lifetime inequality than their fathers. In contrast, both short-term and long-term intragenerational mobility are stable. Longer unemployment spells of workers at the bottom of the distribution of younger cohorts contribute to explaining 20% - 40% of the overall increase in lifetime earnings inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dietz, Martin & Christopher Osiander (2015): Qualifizierung und Weiterbildung von Arbeitslosen. Rechtlicher Rahmen, Schwierigkeiten und Lösungsansätze. In: C. Kreklau (Hrsg.) (2015): Handbuch der Aus- und Weiterbildung : Grundlagen der Bildungsarbeit - Ausbildungsfoerderung, S. 1-12, 2015-03-02.

Abstract

"Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit IAB-Forschungsergebnissen zum Themenkomplex Weiterbildung. Es werden drei zentrale Themen erläutert: Die rechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen der Qualifizierung von Arbeitslosen in Deutschland, Ergebnisse einer Studie zu Schwierigkeiten und Herausforderungen im Rahmen möglicher Weiterbildungsteilnahmen und Lösungsansätze. Zudem wird auf die finanziellen Erträge eingegangen, die sich durch Bildung und Ausbildung im Lebensverlauf im Durchschnitt ergeben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Simon Wiederhold & Ludger Woessmann (2015): Returns to skills around the world. Evidence from PIAAC. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 73, H. January, S. 103-130. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.10.006

Abstract

"Existing estimates of the labor-market returns to human capital give a distorted picture of the role of skills across different economies. International comparisons of earnings analyses rely almost exclusively on school attainment measures of human capital, and evidence incorporating direct measures of cognitive skills is mostly restricted to early-career workers in the United States. Analysis of the new PIAAC survey of adult skills over the full lifecycle in 23 countries shows that the focus on early-career earnings leads to underestimating the lifetime returns to skills by about one quarter. On average, a one-standard-deviation increase in numeracy skills is associated with an 18 percent wage increase among prime-age workers. But this masks considerable heterogeneity across countries. Eight countries, including all Nordic countries, have returns between 12 and 15 percent, while six are above 21 percent with the largest return being 28 percent in the United States. Estimates are remarkably robust to different earnings and skill measures, additional controls, and various subgroups. Instrumental-variable models that use skill variation stemming from school attainment, parental education, or compulsory-schooling laws provide even higher estimates. Intriguingly, returns to skills are systematically lower in countries with higher union density, stricter employment protection, and larger public-sector shares." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lindahl, Mikael, Mårten Palme, Sofia Sandgren Massih & Anna Sjögren (2015): Long-term intergenerational persistence of human capital. An empirical analysis of four generations. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 50, H. 1, S. 1-33.

Abstract

"Most previous studies of intergenerational transmission of human capital are restricted to two generations: how parents influence their children. In this study, we use a Swedish data set that links individual measures of lifetime earnings for three generations and data on educational attainment for four generations. We find that estimates obtained from data on two generations severely underestimate long-run intergenerational persistence in both labor earnings and educational attainments. Long-run social mobility is hence much lower than previously thought. We attribute this additional persistence to 'dynastic human capital' - the influence on human capital of more distant family members than parents." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Nybom, Martin & Jan Stuhler (2015): Biases in standard measures of intergenerational income dependence. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2015,13), Uppsala, 25 S.

Abstract

"Estimates of the most common mobility measure, the intergenerational elasticity, can be severely biased if snapshots are used to approximate lifetime income. However, little is known about biases in other popular dependence measures. We use long Swedish income series to provide such evidence for linear and rank correlations, and rank-based transition probabilities. Attenuation bias is considerably weaker in rank-based measures. Life-cycle bias is strongest in the elasticity; moderate in the linear correlation; and small in rank-based measures. However, with important exceptions: persistence in the tails of the distribution is considerably higher, and long-distance downward mobility considerably lower, than estimates from short-run income suggest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard, Michael Graber & Magne Mogstad (2014): Labor income dynamics and the insurance from taxes, transfers, and the family. (IZA discussion paper 7916), Bonn, 43 S.

Abstract

"What do labor income dynamics look like over the life-cycle? What is the relative importance of persistent shocks, transitory shocks and heterogeneous profiles? To what extent do taxes, transfers and the family attenuate these various factors in the evolution of life-cycle inequality? In this paper, we use rich Norwegian data to answer these important questions. We let individuals with different education levels have a separate income process; and within each skill group, we allow for non-stationarity in age and time, heterogeneous experience profiles, and shocks of varying persistence. We find that the income processes differ systematically by age, skill level and their interaction. To accurately describe labor income dynamics over the life-cycle, it is necessary to allow for heterogeneity by education levels and account for non-stationarity in age and time. Our findings suggest that the progressive nature of the Norwegian tax-transfer system plays a key role in attenuating the magnitude and persistence of income shocks, especially among the low skilled. By comparison, spouse's income matters less for the dynamics of inequality over the life-cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Blundell, Richard (2014): Income dynamics and life-cycle inequality. Mechanisms and controversies. In: The economic journal, Jg. 124, H. 576, S. 289-318. DOI:10.1111/ecoj.12133

Abstract

"This study focuses on the transmission of inequality over the working life. A model of constrained intertemporal choice is used to provide structure to the distributional dynamics of wages, earnings, income and consumption. The mechanisms used to insure labour market shocks are examined in a partial-insurance setting where the manner and scope for insurance depends on the access to credit, the information available to consumers and the durability of income shocks. Drawing on recent research, family labour supply, the credit market and the tax system are all shown to play a key role. These mechanisms vary in importance across different points of the life cycle and the business cycle." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Bönke, Timm & Holger Lüthen (2014): Lebenseinkommen von Arbeitnehmern in Deutschland. Ungleichheit verdoppelt sich zwischen den Geburtsjahrgängen 1935 und 1972. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 81, H. 49, S. 1271-1277.

Abstract

"Einkommensungleichheit wird zumeist im Hinblick auf ihre aktuelle Entwicklung betrachtet. Eine längerfristige Perspektive bietet die Möglichkeit, die Einkommenssituation der heutigen Generation mit der ihrer Elterngeneration zu vergleichen. Mithilfe eines neuartigen Datensatzes wird hier erstmals die Ungleichheit von Löhnen und Gehältern, die über das gesamte Erwerbsleben erzielt wurden, gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Ungleichheit der Lebenseinkommen westdeutscher männlicher sozialversicherungspflichtiger Arbeitnehmer vom Jahrgang 1935 bis zum Jahrgang 1972 verdoppelt hat. Bis zu 40 Prozent dieses Anstiegs können auf die erhöhte Arbeitslosigkeit von Personen im unteren Bereich der Lohnverteilung zurückgeführt werden, der Rest wird durch eine verstärkte Spreizung der Löhne verursacht. Die gestiegene Ungleichheit in den Lebenseinkommen kann weitreichende Folgen haben. So ist zu erwarten, dass die Möglichkeiten, ein nennenswertes Vermögen aus eigener Anstrengung anzusparen, für die Bezieher unterer und mittlerer Lebenseinkommen für die hier betrachteten Geburtsjahrgänge zunehmend eingeschränkt werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dickson, Matt, Fabien Postel-Vinay & Hélène Turon (2014): The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector. The view from Europe. (IZA discussion paper 8159), Bonn, 91 S.

Abstract

"In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community Household Panel over the period 1994-2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Dickson, Matt, Fabien Postel-Vinay & Hélène Turon (2014): The lifetime earnings premium in the public sector. The view from Europe. In: Labour economics, Jg. 31, H. December, S. 141-161. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.015

Abstract

"In a context of widespread concern about budget deficits, it is important to assess whether public sector pay is in line with the private sector. Our paper proposes an estimation of differences in lifetime values of employment between public and private sectors for five European countries. We use data from the European Community Household Panel over the period 1994-2001 for Germany, the Netherlands, France, Italy and Spain. We look at lifetime values instead of wage levels because, as we show in our results, differences in earnings mobility, earnings volatility and job loss risk across sectors occur in many instances and these will matter to forward-looking individuals. When aggregated into a measure of lifetime value of employment in either sector, these differences yield estimates of the lifetime premium in the public sector for these five countries. We also present differences in the institutional and labour market structures in these countries and find that countries for which we estimate a positive lifetime premium in the public sector, i.e. France and Spain, are also the countries where access to the public sector requires costly entry procedures. This paper is to the best of our knowledge the first to use this dynamic approach applied to Europe, which we are able to do with a common dataset, time-period and model." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Guvenen, Fatih, Greg Kaplan & Jae Song (2014): The glass ceiling and the paper floor. Gender differences among top earners, 1981-2012. (NBER working paper 20560), Cambridge, Mass., 41 S. DOI:10.3386/w20560

Abstract

"We analyze changes in the gender structure at the top of the earnings distribution in the United States over the last 30 years using a 10% sample of individual earnings histories from the Social Security Administration. Despite making large inroads, females still constitute a small proportion of the top percentiles: the glass ceiling, albeit a thinner one, remains. We measure the contribution of changes in labor force participation, changes in the persistence of top earnings, and changes in industry and age composition to the change in the gender composition of top earners. A large proportion of the increased share of females among top earners is accounted for by the mending of, what we refer to as, the paper floor - the phenomenon whereby female top earners were much more likely than male top earners to drop out of the top percentiles. We also provide new evidence at the top of the earnings distribution for both genders: the rising share of top earnings accruing to workers in the Finance and Insurance industry, the relative transitory status of top earners, the emergence of top earnings gender gaps over the life cycle, and gender differences among lifetime top earners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Hidalgo-Hidalgo, Marisa (2014): Tracking can be more equitable than mixing. In: The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Jg. 116, H. 4, S. 964-981. DOI:10.1111/sjoe.12074

Abstract

"Parents and policy-makers often wonder whether and how the choice of a tracked or mixed educational system affects the equality of opportunity. I answer this question by analyzing the influence of peers on future educational results. I define an equal opportunity policy as one that maximizes the average lifetime income of the worst-off type of individuals in society (i.e., students from disadvantaged backgrounds). I find that tracking maximizes average lifetime income if the opportunity cost of college attendance is sufficiently high." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jacobsen, Joyce, Melanie Khamis & Mutlu Yuksel (2014): Convergences in men's and women's life patterns. Lifetime work, lifetime earnings, and human capital investment. (IZA discussion paper 8425), Bonn, 40 S.

Abstract

"The changes in women and men's work lives have been considerable in recent decades. Yet much of the recent research on gender differences in employment and earnings has been of a more snapshot nature rather than taking a longer comparative look at evolving patterns. In this paper, we use 50 years (1964-2013) of US Census Annual Demographic Files (March Current Population Survey) to track the changing returns to human capital (measured as both educational attainment and potential work experience), estimating comparable earnings equations by gender at each point in time. We consider the effects of sample selection over time for both women and men and show the rising effect of selection for women in recent years. Returns to education diverge for women and men over this period in the selection-adjusted results but converge in the OLS results, while returns to potential experience converge in both sets of results. We also create annual calculations of synthetic lifetime labor force participation, hours, and earnings that indicate convergence by gender in worklife patterns, but less convergence in recent years in lifetime earnings. Thus, while some convergence has indeed occurred, the underlying mechanisms causing convergence differ for women and men, reflecting continued fundamental differences in women's and men's life experiences." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Karimi, Arizo (2014): The spacing of births and women's subsequent earnings. Evidence from a natural experiment. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2014,18), Uppsala, 37 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the consequences of the spacing of births for women's subsequent labor income and wages. Spacing births in longer intervals may allow women to re-enter the labor market between childbearing events, thereby avoiding expanded work interruptions and, in turn, reducing the negative effects of subsequent children. Based on arguably exogenous variation in birth spacing induced by pregnancy loss between the first two live births, the evidence provided in this paper supports this hypothesis and suggest that delaying the second birth by one year, on average, increases the probability of re-entering the labor market between births. Moreover, spacing births are found to increase both labor market participation and labor income over a long time period after second birth. Also long-run wages are positively affected, with a more pronounced effect for highly educated mothers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kässi, Otto (2014): Earnings dynamics of men and women in Finland. Permanent inequality versus earnings instability. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 46, H. 2, S. 451-478. DOI:10.1007/s00181-013-0693-6

Abstract

"I decompose the earnings variance of Finnish male and female workers into its permanent and transitory components using the approach of Baker (J Labor Econ,15:338 - 375, 1997) and Haider (J Labor Econ, 19:799 - 836, 2001) in the spirit of scientific replication. I find that the increasing earnings inequality of men and women is driven by both the transitory and permanent components of earnings. In addition, I find considerable differences in the earnings dynamics of men and women, that have been largely neglected in previous studies of earnings dynamics. The inequality among men is dominated by the permanent component. Conversely, permanent and transitory components are of comparable magnitudes to women. As a corollary, men experience more stable income paths but display larger permanent earnings differences.Women, on the other hand, face more unstable earnings profiles but show smaller permanent differences in earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Schmillen, Achim & Heiko Stüber (2014): Lebensverdienste nach Qualifikation: Bildung lohnt sich ein Leben lang. (IAB-Kurzbericht 01/2014), Nürnberg, 7 S.

Abstract

"Bildung zahlt sich aus. Berechnungen des IAB zeigen, dass Hochschulabsolventen durchschnittlich bis zum 2,7-Fachen dessen verdienen, was Personen ohne beruflichen Abschluss erhalten. Aber auch eine Berufsausbildung ist ihr Geld wert. Über das ganze Erwerbsleben hinweg addieren sich die Bildungsprämien zu beachtlichen Summen - für alle Berufsabschlüsse, für Männer wie Frauen und in Ost wie West. Allerdings unterscheiden sich die Bildungsprämien zwischen den betrachteten Gruppen durchaus erheblich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Böckerman, Petri & Jari Vaniomäki (2013): Stature and life-time labor market outcomes. Accounting for unobserved differences. In: Labour economics, Jg. 24, H. October, S. 86-96. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2013.06.003

Abstract

"We use twin data matched to register-based individual information on earnings and employment to examine the effect of height on life-time labor market outcomes. The use of twin data allows us to remove otherwise unobserved ability and other differences. The twin pair difference estimates from instrumental variable estimation for genetically identical twins reveal a significant height - wage premium for women but not for men. This result implies that cognitive ability explains the effect of height on life-time earnings for men. Additional findings using capital income as the outcome variable suggest that discrimination against short persons may play a role for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Cervellati, Matteo & Uwe Sunde (2013): Life expectancy, schooling, and lifetime labor supply. Theory and evidence revisited. In: Econometrica, Jg. 81, H. 5, S. 2055-2086. DOI:10.3982/ECTA11169

Abstract

"This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the role of life expectancy for optimal schooling and lifetime labor supply. The results of a simple prototype Ben-Porath model with age-specific survival rates show that an increase in lifetime labor supply is not a necessary, or a sufficient, condition for greater life expectancy to increase optimal schooling. The observed increase in survival rates during working ages that follows from the 'rectangularization' of the survival function is crucial for schooling and labor supply. The empirical results suggest that the relative benefits of schooling have been increasing across cohorts of U.S. men born between 1840 and 1930. A simple quantitative analysis shows that a realistic shift in the survival function can lead to an increase in schooling and a reduction in lifetime labor hours." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))