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Zechmann, Andrea & Karsten Ingmar Paul (2019): Why do individuals suffer during unemployment? Analyzing the role of deprived psychological needs in a six-wave longitudinal study. In: Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Jg. 24, H. 6, S. 641–661. DOI:10.1037/ocp0000154

Abstract

"This 6-wave study addresses the psychological meaning of employment by examining the psychological need mechanisms predicting psychological distress during unemployment and reemployment. According to the deprivation model, unemployed people suffer, as unemployment deprives them of the latent functions of employment (i.e., time structure, social contact, status, activity, and collective purpose), which reflect psychological needs that are important for mental health. We tested whether the latent functions of employment, the manifest function of employment (i.e., one’s financial situation), and the additional psychological need functions of competence and autonomy mediate the associations between unemployment and distress. At Time 1, N = 1,061 participants, who were either unemployed or lost their jobs during the course of the study, took part. At Time 6, after two and a half years, 45.4% of the respondents were employed. Multilevel mediation analyses showed that reemployment predicted gains in each of the original latent and manifest functions, which, in turn, predicted reductions of distress. Collective purpose was found to be the most important latent function. The findings endorse the validity and robustness of the deprivation model. Additionally, they demonstrate that the neglected psychological need function of competence (but not autonomy) also is a latent function of employment that should be incorporated into the deprivation model. Contrary to the predictions of the deprivation model, we found that poverty also plays an important role for the distress associated with unemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Althoff, Jörg, Silke Anger, Frank Bauer, Mario Bossler, Kerstin Bruckmeier, Herbert Brücker, Hans Dietrich, Sandra Dummert, Johann Fuchs, Nicole Gürtzgen, Peter Haller, Christian Hohendanner, Elke Jahn, Klara Kaufmann, Regina Konle-Seidl, Thomas Kruppe, Alexander Kubis, Peter Kupka, Torsten Lietzmann, Philipp Ramos Lobato, Oliver Ludewig, Britta Matthes, Andreas Moczall, Joachim Möller, Christopher Osiander, Angela Rauch, Malte Reichelt, Nancy Reims, Thomas Rhein, Thomas Rothe, Barbara Schwengler, Holger Seibert, Steffen Sirries, Carina Sperber, Heiko Stüber, Uwe Sujata, Ehsan Vallizadeh, Basha Vicari, Ulrich Walwei, Enzo Weber, Gerd Zika & Joachim Wolff (2018): Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen. Nürnberg, 43 S.

Abstract

"Die hiesige Arbeitsmarktentwicklung ist nicht nur im Zeitvergleich bemerkenswert. Aus einer international vergleichenden Perspektive zeigt sich ebenfalls eine beachtliche Erfolgsgeschichte. Gleichwohl bestehen auch Schwachstellen und Risiken. So ist die Vererbung von schlechten Bildungs- und Arbeitsmarktchancen hierzulande stark ausgeprägt. Und als exportorientierte Volkswirtschaft kann sich Deutschland nicht von internationalen politischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen abkoppeln.
Die deutsche Arbeitsmarktpolitik steht zudem aus anderen Gründen vor großen Herausforderungen. Insbesondere gilt es, die Arbeit in der digitalisierten Welt zu gestalten, die Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit weiter abzubauen, die Aufstiegsmobilität zu verbessern, den Fachkräftebedarf zu sichern und Arbeitsmarktintegration von Geflüchteten zu fördern.
In der neu aufgelegten und erweiterten IAB-Broschüre 'Zentrale Befunde zu aktuellen Arbeitsmarktthemen' werden Ergebnisse aus der Forschungsarbeit des IAB zusammengefasst. Neben einer Standortbestimmung für den deutschen Arbeitsmarkt auch im internationalen Kontext gibt sie einen Überblick zu den Themen Struktur der Beschäftigung, Fachkräftesicherung, Arbeitslosigkeit und Leistungsbezug, Bildung und Beruf sowie zu arbeitsmarktpolitischen Maßnahmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bergemann, Annette, Erik Grönqvist & Soffia Guðbjörnsdóttir (2018): Diabetes morbidity after displacement. (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2018,15), Uppsala, 67 S.

Abstract

"We investigate how career disruptions in terms of job loss may impact morbidity for individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Combining unique, high-quality longitudinal data from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR) with matched employer-employee data, we focus on individuals diagnosed with T2D, who are established on the labor market and who lose their job in a mass layoff. Using a conditional Difference-in-Differences evaluation approach, our results give limited support for job loss having an impact on health behavior, diabetes progression and cardiovascular risk factors." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Cygan-Rehm, Kamila, Daniel Kühnle & Michael Oberfichtner (2018): Bounding the causal effect of unemployment on mental health. Nonparametric evidence from four countries. In: Health Economics, Jg. 26, H. 12, S. 1844-1861., 2017-02-21. DOI:10.1002/hec.3510

Abstract

"An important, yet unsettled, question in public health policy is the extent to which unemployment causally impacts mental health. The recent literature yields varying findings, which are likely due to differences in data, methods, samples, and institutional settings. Taking a more general approach, we provide comparable evidence for four countries with different institutional settings - Australia, Germany, the UK, and the United States - using a nonparametric bounds analysis. Relying on fairly weak and partially testable assumptions, our paper shows that unemployment has a significant negative effect on mental health in all countries. Our results rule out effects larger than a quarter of a standard deviation for Germany and half a standard deviation for the Anglo-Saxon countries. The effect is significant for both men and women and materialises already for short periods of unemployment. Public policy should hence focus on early prevention of mental health problems among the unemployed." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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De Moortel, Deborah, Paulien Hagedoorn, Christophe Vanroelen & Sylvie Gadeyne (2018): Employment status and mortality in the context of high and low regional unemployment levels in Belgium (2001-2011). A test of the social norm hypothesis across educational levels. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 2, S. 1-16. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0192526

Abstract

"Because of compositional effects (more highly educated unemployed) and differences in the vulnerability towards the health consequences of unemployment (i.e. disappointment paradox hypothesis and/or status inconsistency for highly educated unemployed), it is argued that indicators of educational attainment need to be included when investigating the social norm of unemployment. Data from the 2001 census linked to register data from 2001 - 2011 are used, selecting all Belgian employed and unemployed between 30 and 59-year-old at time of the census. Poisson multilevel modelling was used to account for clustering of respondents within sub-districts. For individuals with low education levels, the relative difference in mortality rate ratios between the unemployed and employed is smallest in those regions where aggregate unemployment levels are high. For highly educated, this social norm effect was not found. This study suggest that the social norm effect is stronger for workers with low education levels, while highly educated workers suffer from disappointment and status inconsistency." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fackler, Daniel, Steffen Müller & Jens Stegmaier (2018): Folgen von Arbeitsplatzverlusten: Vor allem aus Großbetrieben entlassene Arbeitnehmer müssen deutliche Lohneinbußen hinnehmen. In: Wirtschaft im Wandel, Jg. 24, H. 4, S. 59-62.

Abstract

"Schließungen und Massenentlassungen großer Unternehmen stoßen aufgrund der damit verbundenen Folgen für betroffene Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer meist auf breites öffentliches Interesse. Tatsächlich zeigt sich, dass die Verdienstausfälle betroffener Arbeitnehmer - bestehend aus Lohneinbußen bei späterer Wiederbeschäftigung und Beschäftigungsausfällen - deutlich mit der Größe des entlassenden Betriebs zunehmen. Dies liegt vor allem daran, dass aus Großbetrieben entlassene Arbeitnehmer im Gegensatz zu denen, die einen Arbeitsplatz in kleinen Betrieben verlieren, deutliche Lohneinbußen hinnehmen müssen, weil sie danach oft in kleineren und schlechter bezahlenden Betrieben beschäftigt sind. Zwar erleiden auch aus Kleinbetrieben entlassene Arbeitnehmer deutliche Verdienstausfälle, ihre Lohneinbußen sind aber geringer. Sie können sich bei der Entlohnung sogar verbessern, sofern sie das Glück haben, eine Anstellung in einem Großbetrieb zu finden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Farré, Lídia, Francesco Fasani & Hannes Mueller (2018): Feeling useless: The effect of unemployment on mental health in the Great Recession. In: IZA journal of labor economics, Jg. 7, S. 1-34. DOI:10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5

Abstract

"This article documents a strong connection between unemployment and mental distress using data from the Spanish National Health Survey. We exploit the collapse of the construction sector to identify the causal effect of job losses in different segments of the Spanish labor market. Our results suggest that an increase of the unemployment rate by 10 percentage points due to the breakdown in construction raised reported poor health and mental disorders in the affected population by 3 percentage points, respectively. We argue that the size of this effect responds to the fact that the construction sector was at the center of the economic recession. As a result, workers exposed to the negative labor demand shock faced very low chances of re-entering employment. We show that this led to long unemployment spells, stress, hopelessness, and feelings of uselessness. These effects point towards a potential channel for unemployment hysteresis." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gurr, Thomas, Stefanie Unger & Monika Jungbauer-Gans (2018): Gehen Sanktionen mit einem höheren Stigmabewusstsein bei Arbeitslosen einher? In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 2, S. 217-248., 2018-05-10. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0012

Abstract

"Das Stigmabewusstsein Arbeitsloser ist ein bisher weitgehend unerforschtes Feld. Dieser Artikel untersucht unter Verwendung von quantitativen und qualitativen Daten (Mixed Methods) den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Erleben von Sanktionen im Vermittlungsprozess und dem Ausmaß, in dem die Betroffenen glauben, aufgrund von Arbeitslosigkeit stigmatisiert zu sein. Die quantitative Analyse zeigt, dass Sanktionen nicht mit dem Stigmabewusstsein aufgrund von Arbeitslosigkeit korrelieren. In anschließenden, komplementären Analysen von qualitativen Daten werden vier Mechanismen herausgearbeitet, die erklären können, warum erwartete signifikante Korrelationen zwischen der konkreten Sanktionierung und dem Stigmabewusstsein ausbleiben. Ein zentraler Faktor ist hier die weite Verbreitung und ständige Androhung von Sanktionen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Heggebø, Kristian & Jon Ivar Elstad (2018): Is it Easier to Be Unemployed When the Experience Is More Widely Shared? Effects of Unemployment on Self-rated Health in 25 European Countries with Diverging Macroeconomic Conditions. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 22-39. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx080

Abstract

"The economic crisis in Europe since 2008 has led to high unemployment levels in several countries. Previous research suggests that becoming unemployed is a health risk, but is job loss and unemployment easier to cope with when unemployment is widespread? Using EU-SILC panel data (2010 - 2013), this study examines short-term effects of unemployment on self-rated health (SRH) in 25 European countries with diverging macroeconomic conditions. Ordinary least squares regressions show that the unemployed are in worse health than the employed throughout Europe. The association is reduced considerably, but remains significant in several countries when time-invariant personal characteristics are accounted for using individual-level fixed-effects models. Propensity score kernel matching shows that both being and becoming unemployed are associated with slightly worse SRH. There is a weak tendency towards less health effects of unemployment in countries where the experience is widely shared. In particular, countries with a very low unemployment rate stand out with larger health effects. The results overall suggest that a changed composition of the unemployed population is an important explanation for the weaker unemployment -- health association in high-unemployment countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jäger, Simon, Benjamin Schoefer, Samuel Young & Josef Zweimüller (2018): Wages and the value of nonemployment. (CESifo working paper 7342), München, 113 S.

Abstract

"Nonemployment is often posited as a worker's outside option in wage setting models such as bargaining and wage posting. The value of this state is therefore a fundamental determinant of wages and, in turn, labor supply and job creation. We measure the effect of changes in the value of nonemployment on wages in existing jobs and among job switchers. Our quasi-experimental variation in nonemployment values arises from four large reforms of unemployment insurance (UI) benefit levels in Austria. We document that wages are insensitive to UI benefit levels: point estimates imply a wage response of less than $0.01 per $1.00 UI benefit increase, and we can reject sensitivities larger than 0.03. In contrast, a calibrated Nash bargaining model predicts a sensitivity of 0.39 - more than ten times larger. The empirical insensitivity holds even among workers with a priori low bargaining power, with low labor force attachment, with high predicted unemployment duration, among job switchers and recently unemployed workers, in areas of high unemployment, in firms with flexible pay policies, and when considering firmlevel bargaining. The insensitivity of wages to the nonemployment value we document presents a puzzle to widely used wage setting protocols, and implies that nonemployment may not constitute workers' relevant threat point. Our evidence supports wage-setting mechanisms that insulate wages from the value of nonemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krug, Gerhard & Andreas Eberl (2018): What explains the negative effect of unemployment on health? An analysis accounting for reverse causality. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 55, H. June, S. 25-39., 2018-03-06. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.03.001

Abstract

"The unemployed are often in poorer health than their employed counterparts. This cross-sectional correlation is often attributed to a causal effect of unemployment on health. Recent research analyzing longitudinal data often supports alternative explanations, such as spurious correlation and/or selection of unhealthy workers into unemployment (i.e., reverse causality). In this paper, we apply a dynamic panel data estimator (system GMM) to account for both unobserved confounders and reverse causality. Despite some evidence for health selection, we still find strong support for the causality thesis. Furthermore, we show that the adverse health effect is partially explained by the loss of self-perceived social status due to unemployment but not by the loss of household income or social contacts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kuka, Elira (2018): Quantifying the benefits of social insurance. Unemployment insurance and health. (IZA discussion paper 11629), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"While the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program is one of the largest safety net program in the U.S., research on its benefits is limited. This paper exploits plausibly exogenous changes in state UI laws to empirically estimate whether UI generosity mitigates any of the previously documented negative health effects of job loss. The results show higher UI generosity increases health insurance coverage and utilization, and leads to improved self-reported health. Moreover, these effects are stronger during periods of high unemployment rates. Finally, I find no effects on risky behaviors nor on health conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Labigne, Anaël, Jana Priemer & Janina Kempf (2018): Arbeitsmarktintegration - Erfolgsfaktor Zivilgesellschaft. Gemeinnützige Organisationen als Arbeitsmarktakteure in Deutschland. Essen: Verwaltungsgesellschaft f. Wissenschaftspflege, 28 S.

Abstract

"Ein chancengerechter Arbeitsmarkt, der auch denjenigen adäquate Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten bietet, die soziale Benachteiligung erfahren, ist für unsere Gesellschaft ebenso wie für eine prosperierende Wirtschaft in Deutschland von zentraler Bedeutung. Doch Arbeitsmarktintegration ist ein langes Wort. Und in der Praxis ist Arbeitsmarktintegration oftmals ein langer Prozess. Damit dieser Prozess gelingt, ist das Ineinandergreifen verschiedener Institutionen wesentlich. Neben Politik und Wirtschaft ist der sogenannte dritte Sektor, der gemeinnützige Organisationen bündelt, hierfür ein entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor.
Der Stifterverband und die JPMorgan Chase Foundation haben eine eigene bundesweite und repräsentative Organisationsbefragung sowie aktuelle Daten des statistischen Bundesamtes auswerten lassen, um die Rolle gemeinnütziger Organisationen für den Arbeitsmarkt zu verstehen und zu stärken." (Angaben des Hrsg., IAB-Doku)

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Lalé, Etienne (2018): Loss of skill and labor market fluctuations. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 20-31. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.03.004

Abstract

"In this paper, we examine how skill loss can contribute to aggregate labor market fluctuations in the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model. We develop a computationally tractable stochastic version of that model wherein workers accumulate skills on the job and face a risk of skill loss after job destruction. We find that skill heterogeneity dampens the fluctuations of labor market variables, and that introducing skill loss offsets this effect and generates additional amplification. The main forces driving this result are pro-cyclical increases in the probability of skill loss during unemployment: these provide incentives to post proportionally more vacancies during upturns by raising the surplus from employing high-skill workers. Compositional changes in the unemployment pool, on the other hand, play a negligible role for empirically plausible rates of skill depreciation, which imply a relatively slow process compared to the duration of unemployment spells." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Linden, Philipp, Nadine Reibling & Stephan Krayter (2018): Lieber krank und arbeitslos als "nur" arbeitslos? Die Auswirkungen der Medikalisierung von arbeitslosen Personen auf Stigmatisierungsprozesse. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 431-461. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0022

Abstract

"Die Integration von (langzeit-)arbeitslosen Personen ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik. Aktivierung und die damit verknüpfte Konditionalität von Sozialleistungen haben bedeutende Implikationen für die Wahrnehmung von arbeitslosen Personen, die immer häufiger Stigmatisierungen erleben. Gesundheitliche Einschränkungen oder Behinderungen, die als einziger Grund für die Anerkennung einer (befristet) eingeschränkten Beschäftigungsfähigkeit gelten und eine Verknüpfung von Sozialleistungsbezug und Freistellung von der verpflichtenden Arbeitsaufnahme ermöglichen, erhalten damit eine neue Bedeutung. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob die Medikalisierung der Arbeitslosigkeit Stigmatisierung verringert. Wir untersuchen daher mit Daten des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) den Einfluss der Freistellung auf die wahrgenommene Stigmatisierung. Entropie-balancierte, multivariate OLS-Regressionen zeigen kein signifikant vermindertes Stigma für freigestellte Personen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Maczulskij, Terhi, Petri Böckerman & Tuomas Kosonen (2018): Job displacement, inter-regional mobility and long-term earnings. (IZA discussion paper 11635), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"We examine the effect of job displacement on regional mobility using linked employeremployee panel data for the 1995-2014 period. We also study whether displaced movers obtain earnings and employment gains compared to displaced stayers. The results show that job displacement increases the migration probability by ~70%. However, social capital in a region and housing characteristics decrease the propensity to move, indicating that people do not make the migration decisions solely based on short-term economic incentives. Migration has an immediate negative relationship with earnings, but the link diminishes as time passes and eventually turns positive for men. The link between migration and employment is nevertheless positive and persistent for both genders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mertel, Sabine, Reingard Schusser, Carolin Gumnior, Ines Hoffmann, Eileen Jauster, Rahel Kahn, Katharina Marks & Janine Schwanke (2018): Individuelles Einzelcoaching für Arbeitssuchende. Zur subjektiven Dimension von Arbeitslosigkeit und psychischer Belastung. (Sammlung Zettelburg 03), Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 188 S.

Abstract

"Arbeit respektive Erwerbsarbeit hat in post-modernen Gesellschaften einen hohen Stellenwert, denn neben der Existenzsicherung bedeutet Arbeit auch Selbstwert, Sinnhaftigkeit sowie Anerkennung. Arbeitslosigkeit hingegen stellt ein Risiko sozialer Ausgrenzung und Diskriminierung dar - vor allem für Arbeitssuchende mit Vermittlungshemmnissen und psychischen Beeinträchtigungen sowie Erkrankungen. Das Angebot 'Individuelles Einzelcoaching' versteht sich als Maßnahme zur Stabilisierung und Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt von Menschen mit multiplen Problemen. Das Projekt wurde mittels qualitativer dialogischer Evaluation erforscht, um systematische Informationen zur Bedeutung, zum Fortschritt, zur Wirksamkeit und zur Effizienz des Angebotes zu erhalten.
Kooperationsprojekt der Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft für Kunst (HAWK) Hildesheim und Daheim statt Heim Eingliederungshilfe UG (haftungsbeschränkt)" (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Mousteri, Victoria & Liam Delaney (2018): The scarring effect of unemployment on psychological well-being across Europe. In: Social science research, Jg. 72, H. May, S. 146-169. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.01.007

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Myck, Michal & Monika Oczkowska (2018): Shocked by therapy? Unemployment in the first years of the socio-economic transition in Poland and its long-term consequences. In: The economics of transition, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 695-724. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12161

Abstract

"We examine the long-term implications of unemployment for material conditions and well-being using the Polish sample from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Retrospective data from the SHARELIFE survey are used to reconstruct labour market experiences across the threshold of the socio-economic transformation from a centrally planned to a free market economy in Poland. These individual experiences are matched with outcomes observed in the survey about 20 years later to examine their correlation with unemployment at the time of the transition. We find that becoming unemployed in the early 1990s correlates significantly with income, assets and a number of measures of well-being recorded in 2007 and 2012. Using plant closures to reflect exogenous changes to labour market status at the time of the transition, we are able to confirm the causal effect of unemployment on income and house ownership 20 years later, but find no evidence for a long-term causal relationship between unemployment and such measures of well-being as life satisfaction, depression and subjective assessment of material conditions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Müller, Steffen & Renate Neubaeumer (2018): Size of training firms. The role of firms, luck, and ability in young workers' careers. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 5, S. 658-673. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0155

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how long-run unemployment of former apprentices depends on the size of their training firm and their ability.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors use a large administrative data set that follows graduated apprentices during their working life. They show that training in large and medium-sized firms is associated with considerably less unemployment. This, however, may simply be the result of sorting processes, i.e. larger training firms with higher wage levels attract and choose the most able young workers. Therefore, the authors use a proxy for ability to estimate and control for the impact of ability on long-run unemployment. They assume that rank-order tournaments for the most attractive training positions take place and take into account an institutional peculiarity of the German training system, the empirically observable regional immobility of apprentices. Accordingly, they use a region-specific ranking based on training plants' size or median wages, respectively, to proxy for apprentices' ability.
Findings: The negative association between training plant size and long-run unemployment is muted but still statistically well determined even after controlling for the rank of an individual's training firm in the local plant size distribution or the local wage distribution, respectively. Thus, the rank itself is a predictor for long-run unemployment of apprentices. The fact that the position in the local size distribution matters conditional on plant size shows that there is a local competition for training places.
Practical implications: Lacking mobility may increases aggregate unemployment, as mobility reduces the risk of unemployment.
Social implications: The results imply that supporting regional mobility of young workers, e.g., by informing them better about existing mobility subsidies and dormitories for apprentices and by creating additional mobility incentives is warranted.
Originality/value: This is the first study to investigate long-run unemployment of former apprentices. Furthermore, the authors develop new variables to proxy for ability." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))