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Heggebø, Kristian & Jon Ivar Elstad (2018): Is it Easier to Be Unemployed When the Experience Is More Widely Shared? Effects of Unemployment on Self-rated Health in 25 European Countries with Diverging Macroeconomic Conditions. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 1, S. 22-39. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx080

Abstract

"The economic crisis in Europe since 2008 has led to high unemployment levels in several countries. Previous research suggests that becoming unemployed is a health risk, but is job loss and unemployment easier to cope with when unemployment is widespread? Using EU-SILC panel data (2010 - 2013), this study examines short-term effects of unemployment on self-rated health (SRH) in 25 European countries with diverging macroeconomic conditions. Ordinary least squares regressions show that the unemployed are in worse health than the employed throughout Europe. The association is reduced considerably, but remains significant in several countries when time-invariant personal characteristics are accounted for using individual-level fixed-effects models. Propensity score kernel matching shows that both being and becoming unemployed are associated with slightly worse SRH. There is a weak tendency towards less health effects of unemployment in countries where the experience is widely shared. In particular, countries with a very low unemployment rate stand out with larger health effects. The results overall suggest that a changed composition of the unemployed population is an important explanation for the weaker unemployment -- health association in high-unemployment countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jäger, Simon, Benjamin Schoefer, Samuel Young & Josef Zweimüller (2018): Wages and the value of nonemployment. (CESifo working paper 7342), München, 113 S.

Abstract

"Nonemployment is often posited as a worker's outside option in wage setting models such as bargaining and wage posting. The value of this state is therefore a fundamental determinant of wages and, in turn, labor supply and job creation. We measure the effect of changes in the value of nonemployment on wages in existing jobs and among job switchers. Our quasi-experimental variation in nonemployment values arises from four large reforms of unemployment insurance (UI) benefit levels in Austria. We document that wages are insensitive to UI benefit levels: point estimates imply a wage response of less than $0.01 per $1.00 UI benefit increase, and we can reject sensitivities larger than 0.03. In contrast, a calibrated Nash bargaining model predicts a sensitivity of 0.39 - more than ten times larger. The empirical insensitivity holds even among workers with a priori low bargaining power, with low labor force attachment, with high predicted unemployment duration, among job switchers and recently unemployed workers, in areas of high unemployment, in firms with flexible pay policies, and when considering firmlevel bargaining. The insensitivity of wages to the nonemployment value we document presents a puzzle to widely used wage setting protocols, and implies that nonemployment may not constitute workers' relevant threat point. Our evidence supports wage-setting mechanisms that insulate wages from the value of nonemployment." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Krug, Gerhard & Andreas Eberl (2018): What explains the negative effect of unemployment on health? An analysis accounting for reverse causality. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 55, H. June, S. 25-39., 2018-03-06. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2018.03.001

Abstract

"The unemployed are often in poorer health than their employed counterparts. This cross-sectional correlation is often attributed to a causal effect of unemployment on health. Recent research analyzing longitudinal data often supports alternative explanations, such as spurious correlation and/or selection of unhealthy workers into unemployment (i.e., reverse causality). In this paper, we apply a dynamic panel data estimator (system GMM) to account for both unobserved confounders and reverse causality. Despite some evidence for health selection, we still find strong support for the causality thesis. Furthermore, we show that the adverse health effect is partially explained by the loss of self-perceived social status due to unemployment but not by the loss of household income or social contacts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kuka, Elira (2018): Quantifying the benefits of social insurance. Unemployment insurance and health. (IZA discussion paper 11629), Bonn, 55 S.

Abstract

"While the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program is one of the largest safety net program in the U.S., research on its benefits is limited. This paper exploits plausibly exogenous changes in state UI laws to empirically estimate whether UI generosity mitigates any of the previously documented negative health effects of job loss. The results show higher UI generosity increases health insurance coverage and utilization, and leads to improved self-reported health. Moreover, these effects are stronger during periods of high unemployment rates. Finally, I find no effects on risky behaviors nor on health conditions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Labigne, Anaël, Jana Priemer & Janina Kempf (2018): Arbeitsmarktintegration - Erfolgsfaktor Zivilgesellschaft. Gemeinnützige Organisationen als Arbeitsmarktakteure in Deutschland. Essen: Verwaltungsgesellschaft f. Wissenschaftspflege, 28 S.

Abstract

"Ein chancengerechter Arbeitsmarkt, der auch denjenigen adäquate Beschäftigungsmöglichkeiten bietet, die soziale Benachteiligung erfahren, ist für unsere Gesellschaft ebenso wie für eine prosperierende Wirtschaft in Deutschland von zentraler Bedeutung. Doch Arbeitsmarktintegration ist ein langes Wort. Und in der Praxis ist Arbeitsmarktintegration oftmals ein langer Prozess. Damit dieser Prozess gelingt, ist das Ineinandergreifen verschiedener Institutionen wesentlich. Neben Politik und Wirtschaft ist der sogenannte dritte Sektor, der gemeinnützige Organisationen bündelt, hierfür ein entscheidender Erfolgsfaktor.
Der Stifterverband und die JPMorgan Chase Foundation haben eine eigene bundesweite und repräsentative Organisationsbefragung sowie aktuelle Daten des statistischen Bundesamtes auswerten lassen, um die Rolle gemeinnütziger Organisationen für den Arbeitsmarkt zu verstehen und zu stärken." (Angaben des Hrsg., IAB-Doku)

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Lalé, Etienne (2018): Loss of skill and labor market fluctuations. In: Labour economics, Jg. 50, H. March, S. 20-31. DOI:10.1016/j.labeco.2017.03.004

Abstract

"In this paper, we examine how skill loss can contribute to aggregate labor market fluctuations in the Diamond-Mortensen-Pissarides model. We develop a computationally tractable stochastic version of that model wherein workers accumulate skills on the job and face a risk of skill loss after job destruction. We find that skill heterogeneity dampens the fluctuations of labor market variables, and that introducing skill loss offsets this effect and generates additional amplification. The main forces driving this result are pro-cyclical increases in the probability of skill loss during unemployment: these provide incentives to post proportionally more vacancies during upturns by raising the surplus from employing high-skill workers. Compositional changes in the unemployment pool, on the other hand, play a negligible role for empirically plausible rates of skill depreciation, which imply a relatively slow process compared to the duration of unemployment spells." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Linden, Philipp, Nadine Reibling & Stephan Krayter (2018): Lieber krank und arbeitslos als "nur" arbeitslos? Die Auswirkungen der Medikalisierung von arbeitslosen Personen auf Stigmatisierungsprozesse. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 431-461. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0022

Abstract

"Die Integration von (langzeit-)arbeitslosen Personen ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik. Aktivierung und die damit verknüpfte Konditionalität von Sozialleistungen haben bedeutende Implikationen für die Wahrnehmung von arbeitslosen Personen, die immer häufiger Stigmatisierungen erleben. Gesundheitliche Einschränkungen oder Behinderungen, die als einziger Grund für die Anerkennung einer (befristet) eingeschränkten Beschäftigungsfähigkeit gelten und eine Verknüpfung von Sozialleistungsbezug und Freistellung von der verpflichtenden Arbeitsaufnahme ermöglichen, erhalten damit eine neue Bedeutung. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob die Medikalisierung der Arbeitslosigkeit Stigmatisierung verringert. Wir untersuchen daher mit Daten des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) den Einfluss der Freistellung auf die wahrgenommene Stigmatisierung. Entropie-balancierte, multivariate OLS-Regressionen zeigen kein signifikant vermindertes Stigma für freigestellte Personen." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Maczulskij, Terhi, Petri Böckerman & Tuomas Kosonen (2018): Job displacement, inter-regional mobility and long-term earnings. (IZA discussion paper 11635), Bonn, 42 S.

Abstract

"We examine the effect of job displacement on regional mobility using linked employeremployee panel data for the 1995-2014 period. We also study whether displaced movers obtain earnings and employment gains compared to displaced stayers. The results show that job displacement increases the migration probability by ~70%. However, social capital in a region and housing characteristics decrease the propensity to move, indicating that people do not make the migration decisions solely based on short-term economic incentives. Migration has an immediate negative relationship with earnings, but the link diminishes as time passes and eventually turns positive for men. The link between migration and employment is nevertheless positive and persistent for both genders." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Mertel, Sabine, Reingard Schusser, Carolin Gumnior, Ines Hoffmann, Eileen Jauster, Rahel Kahn, Katharina Marks & Janine Schwanke (2018): Individuelles Einzelcoaching für Arbeitssuchende. Zur subjektiven Dimension von Arbeitslosigkeit und psychischer Belastung. (Sammlung Zettelburg 03), Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 188 S.

Abstract

"Arbeit respektive Erwerbsarbeit hat in post-modernen Gesellschaften einen hohen Stellenwert, denn neben der Existenzsicherung bedeutet Arbeit auch Selbstwert, Sinnhaftigkeit sowie Anerkennung. Arbeitslosigkeit hingegen stellt ein Risiko sozialer Ausgrenzung und Diskriminierung dar - vor allem für Arbeitssuchende mit Vermittlungshemmnissen und psychischen Beeinträchtigungen sowie Erkrankungen. Das Angebot 'Individuelles Einzelcoaching' versteht sich als Maßnahme zur Stabilisierung und Integration in den Arbeitsmarkt von Menschen mit multiplen Problemen. Das Projekt wurde mittels qualitativer dialogischer Evaluation erforscht, um systematische Informationen zur Bedeutung, zum Fortschritt, zur Wirksamkeit und zur Effizienz des Angebotes zu erhalten.
Kooperationsprojekt der Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaft für Kunst (HAWK) Hildesheim und Daheim statt Heim Eingliederungshilfe UG (haftungsbeschränkt)" (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Mousteri, Victoria & Liam Delaney (2018): The scarring effect of unemployment on psychological well-being across Europe. In: Social science research, Jg. 72, H. May, S. 146-169. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.01.007

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Myck, Michal & Monika Oczkowska (2018): Shocked by therapy? Unemployment in the first years of the socio-economic transition in Poland and its long-term consequences. In: The economics of transition, Jg. 26, H. 4, S. 695-724. DOI:10.1111/ecot.12161

Abstract

"We examine the long-term implications of unemployment for material conditions and well-being using the Polish sample from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Retrospective data from the SHARELIFE survey are used to reconstruct labour market experiences across the threshold of the socio-economic transformation from a centrally planned to a free market economy in Poland. These individual experiences are matched with outcomes observed in the survey about 20 years later to examine their correlation with unemployment at the time of the transition. We find that becoming unemployed in the early 1990s correlates significantly with income, assets and a number of measures of well-being recorded in 2007 and 2012. Using plant closures to reflect exogenous changes to labour market status at the time of the transition, we are able to confirm the causal effect of unemployment on income and house ownership 20 years later, but find no evidence for a long-term causal relationship between unemployment and such measures of well-being as life satisfaction, depression and subjective assessment of material conditions." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Müller, Steffen & Renate Neubaeumer (2018): Size of training firms. The role of firms, luck, and ability in young workers' careers. In: International journal of manpower, Jg. 39, H. 5, S. 658-673. DOI:10.1108/IJM-07-2016-0155

Abstract

"Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze how long-run unemployment of former apprentices depends on the size of their training firm and their ability.
Design/methodology/approach: The authors use a large administrative data set that follows graduated apprentices during their working life. They show that training in large and medium-sized firms is associated with considerably less unemployment. This, however, may simply be the result of sorting processes, i.e. larger training firms with higher wage levels attract and choose the most able young workers. Therefore, the authors use a proxy for ability to estimate and control for the impact of ability on long-run unemployment. They assume that rank-order tournaments for the most attractive training positions take place and take into account an institutional peculiarity of the German training system, the empirically observable regional immobility of apprentices. Accordingly, they use a region-specific ranking based on training plants' size or median wages, respectively, to proxy for apprentices' ability.
Findings: The negative association between training plant size and long-run unemployment is muted but still statistically well determined even after controlling for the rank of an individual's training firm in the local plant size distribution or the local wage distribution, respectively. Thus, the rank itself is a predictor for long-run unemployment of apprentices. The fact that the position in the local size distribution matters conditional on plant size shows that there is a local competition for training places.
Practical implications: Lacking mobility may increases aggregate unemployment, as mobility reduces the risk of unemployment.
Social implications: The results imply that supporting regional mobility of young workers, e.g., by informing them better about existing mobility subsidies and dormitories for apprentices and by creating additional mobility incentives is warranted.
Originality/value: This is the first study to investigate long-run unemployment of former apprentices. Furthermore, the authors develop new variables to proxy for ability." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

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Peña Longobardo, Luz María & Juan Oliva-Moreno (2018): Differences in labour participation between people living with HIV and the general population. Results from Spain along the business cycle. In: PLoS one, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0195735

Abstract

"Background: HIV/AIDS (Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome) not only has a strong impact on the health of the worldwide population but also affects the labour status of HIV-positive people. The primary aim of this paper is to compare the labour participation of people living with HIV (PlwHIV) with the labour participation of the general population along the last business cycle in Spain.
Method: The data used are from the Hospital Survey on HIV-AIDS, with a total sample size of 4,651 PlwHIV and the Labour Force Survey from 2001 to 2010, with a total sample size of 660,674 individuals as general population. Propensity Score Matching method was used to analyse the differences between the labour participation of PlwHIV and the general population. Additionally, several specific models categorised into different subgroups (gender, education, source of infection and level of defences) were also performed.
Results: We identified a convergence in labour participation across the period in the two populations considered: PlwHIV was 23% less likely to have a job than the general population during 2001-2002 and 14% less likely during 2009-2010. This convergence is mainly explained by two facts: first, the positive evolution of people infected by sex; second, the change in the PlwHIV population composition with a decreasing weight of people infected by drug use throughout the decade. Thereby, at the end of period, there was no statistical difference in the employment rate between PlwHIV infected through sex and the general population but there was strongly difference in PlwHIV infected through drugs.
Conclusion: Inmunological status, source of infection and level of education play a relevant role among the PlwHIV population when comparing their labour participation with the general population. In spite of this positive result, the likelihood of being employed in HIV-positive people continues to be different from that of non-carriers. Our study shows that institutional features of labour markets are relevant and should be considered in comparison between countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pikos, Anna Katharina (2018): Work-related mental health problems increase with rising aggregate unemployment. (Universität Hannover, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät. Diskussionspapier 639), Hannover, 23 S.

Abstract

"This paper analyzes the relationship between work-related mental health of the German working population and unemployment on the occupation-region level measured one year before the outcome. Rising unemployment is significantly associated with a higher risk for emotional strain, emotional exhaustion, absenteeism, and presenteeism among employed individuals. Occupation specific unemployment drives this relationship, while the regional dimension is less important. The relationship is driven by individuals with own past unemployment experience." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Portugal, Pedro & António Rua (2018): Zooming the ins and outs of the U.S. unemployment with a wavelet lens. (IZA discussion paper 11559), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"To better understand unemployment dynamics it is key to assess the role played by job creation and job destruction. Although the U.S. case has been studied extensively, the importance of job finding and employment exit rates to unemployment variability remains unsettled. The aim of this paper is to contribute to this debate by adopting a novel lens, wavelet analysis. We resort to wavelet analysis to unveil time- and frequency-varying features regarding the contribution of the job finding and job separation rates for the U.S. unemployment rate dynamics. Drawing on this approach, we are able to reconcile some apparently contradictory findings reported in previous literature. We find that the job finding rate is more influential for the overall unemployment behavior but the job separation rate also plays a critical role, especially during recessions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Reinhard, Hans-Joachim (2018): Die Anpassung von Alterssicherungssystemen an geänderte Erwerbsbiografien - das Beispiel Deutschland. In: E. M. Hohnerlein, S. Hennion & O. Kaufmann (Hrsg.) (2018): Erwerbsverlauf und sozialer Schutz in Europa, S. 561-569. DOI:10.1007/978-3-662-56033-4_53

Abstract

"Das deutsche gesetzliche System der sozialen Absicherung im Alter beruht in seiner Grundkonzeption immer noch auf dem sog. Bismarck'schen System der gesetzlichen Alterssicherung. Bismarck selbst strebte eine Art Volksversicherung für alle bedürftigen Bürgerinnen und Bürger an, musste dann aber ein System einführen, welches er selbst in dieser Form eigentlich nicht wollte. Das Modell basiert auf abhängiger Erwerbsarbeit und hat später Nachahmer in vielen Ländern gefunden. Der Autor betont die Wichtigkeit auskömmlicher Altersrenten und verweist auf ausländische Beispiele, die im Vergleich zu Deutschland erfolgreicher in der Gewährleistung angemessener Renten sind." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Scherbaum, N., M. Specka, C. Kaspar, T. Mikoteit & B. Lieb (2018): Arbeitslosigkeit und Sucht - das SUNRISE-Projekt. In: Das Gesundheitswesen, Jg. 80, H. 1, S. 73-78. DOI:10.1055/s-0042-107345

Abstract

"Ziel der Studie: Im SUNRISE-Projekt werden Langzeitarbeitslose (SGB II) der Altersgruppe 25-49 Jahre im Auftrag des JobCenters in Hinblick auf das Vorliegen substanzbezogener Störungen und Arbeitsfähigkeit begutachtet. In der vorliegenden Studie sollen etwaige Defizite in der Schul- und Berufsausbildung, substanzbezogene und andere psychische Störungen sowie der zeitliche Zusammenhang zwischen Arbeitslosigkeit und substanzbezogener Störung dargestellt werden. Methodik: Leistungsempfänger, bei denen Sachbearbeiter des JobCenters das Vorliegen einer substanzbezogenen Störung vermuteten, stellten sich zur sozialmedizinischen Begutachtung vor. Die Klienten wurden mit dem Europ-ASI interviewt, Diagnosen psychischer Störungen erfolgten mithilfe des SKID. Ergebnisse: Bei 87 der ersten 100 begutachteten Personen wurde eine substanzbezogene Störung diagnostiziert, meist eine alkoholbezogene Störung, oft auch mehrere substanzbezogene Störungen. Die Betroffenen waren im Durchschnitt 40 Jahre alt (SD 8,5) und zu 83,9% männlich. 51,2% hatten die Schule nicht über Klasse 9 hinaus absolviert, 55,2% verfügten über keine abgeschlossene Berufsausbildung. Die mediane längste Dauer einer sozialversicherungspflichtigen Tätigkeit betrug 3 Jahre. 51,7% erhielten weitere psychiatrische Diagnosen. Die substanzbezogene Störung hatte zumeist bereits im Jugend- bzw. im jungen Erwachsenenalter begonnen. Nur bei einer Minderheit (7,4%) war die aktuelle Arbeitslosigkeit zeitlich dem Beginn des regelmäßigen Konsums der Haupt-Problemsubstanz vorausgegangen. Schlussfolgerung: Das SUNRISE-Projekt wurde erfolgreich implementiert. Die untersuchten Langzeitarbeitslosen waren in hohem Ausmaß belastet von Defiziten in der Schul- und Berufsausbildung, von früh beginnenden substanzbezogenen Störungen sowie von weiteren psychischen Störungen. Die substanzbezogene Störung entwickelte sich also nicht erst nach Beginn der Arbeitslosigkeit bei zuvor beruflich integrierten Personen. Vielmehr handelt es sich um eine Gruppe komplex psychosozial belasteter Personen. Hier sind die Sektoren Arbeitsmarkt und Gesundheitssystem übergreifende Maßnahmen notwendig." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Thompson, Owen (2018): Head start's long-run impact. Evidence from the program's introduction. In: The Journal of Human Resources, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 1100-1139. DOI:10.3368/jhr.53.4.0216.7735R1

Abstract

"This paper estimates the effect of Head Start on health, education, and labor market outcomes observed through age 48. I combine outcome data from the NLSY79 with archival records on early Head Start funding levels and for identification exploit differences across counties in the introduction timing and size of local Head Start programs. This allows me to compare the long-term outcomes of children who were too old for Head Start when the program was introduced in their county with the outcomes of children who were sufficiently young to be eligible. I find that individuals from counties that had an average-sized program when they were in Head Start's target age range experienced a $2,199 increase in annual adult earnings, completed 0.125 additional years of education, were 4.6 percentage points less likely to have a health limitation at age 40, and overall experienced a 0.081 standard deviation improvement in a summary index of these and other outcome measures. Funding levels at ages outside of Head Start's target range are not significantly correlated with long-term outcomes. Estimated treatment effects are largest among blacks, the children of lower-education parents, and children exposed to better funded Head Start programs - heterogeneity that is consistent with a causal program impact." (Author's abstract, 䗏 the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System) ((en))

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Voßemer, Jonas, Michael Gebel, Kadri Täht, Marge Unt, Björn Högberg & Mattias Strandh (2018): The Effects of Unemployment and Insecure Jobs on Well-Being and Health: The Moderating Role of Labor Market Policies. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 138, H. 3, S. 1229-1257. DOI:10.1007/s11205-017-1697-y

Abstract

"Labor market insecurities have been growing in Europe and previous research has illustrated that unemployment and insecure jobs negatively affect individuals' well-being and health. Although empirical evidence suggests that these effects vary substantially across different welfare states, we still know little about the moderating role of specific labor market policies. Taking a cross-national comparative perspective, this article investigates how passive and active labor market policies (PLMP, ALMP) as well as employment protection legislation (EPL) shape the experience of unemployment and insecure jobs. We complement micro data of round 1 - 6 (2002 - 2012) of the European Social Survey with time-varying macro indicators of PLMP, ALMP, and EPL. The data include about 89,000 individuals nested in 112 country-rounds and 26 countries respectively. We apply three-level random intercept models as well as pooled linear regression models including country fixed effects. The results show that labor market policies are important in shaping the experience of unemployment, but are less relevant for workers in insecure jobs. Specifically, higher unemployment benefit generosity buffers the negative effects of unemployment on well-being but not health. Moreover, we discuss different interpretations for the finding that higher ALMP expenditures are associated with more negative effects of unemployment on well-being and health. With respect to EPL it is found that in countries with high insider protection, deregulating the restrictions on the use of temporary employment increases the negative effects of unemployment on well-being and health." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales (2018): Bundesprogramm Soziale Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten und der Fraktion der AfD (Drucksache 19/4145). (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 19/4639 (28.09.2018)), 10 S.

Abstract

Die Bundesregierung antwortet auf die Anfrage der Afd-Fraktion zu Umsetzung und Erfolg des Bundesprogramms Soziale Teilhabe am Arbeitsmarkt. (IAB)