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Lohmann, Henning & Ive Marx (Hrsg.) (2018): Handbook on in-work poverty. Cheltenham: Elgar, 508 S. DOI:10.4337/9781784715632

Abstract

"There has been a rapid global expansion of academic and policy attention focusing on in-work poverty, acknowledging that across the world a large number of the poor are 'working poor'. Taking a global and multi-disciplinary perspective, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of current research at the intersection between work and poverty.
Authoritative contributions from leading researchers in the field provide comprehensive coverage of conceptual and measurement issues, causal drivers and mechanisms, key empirical findings, policy issues and debates. The Handbook is unique in offering perspectives from a wide range of regions and countries, stretching beyond developed countries. It also does justice to the paradigmatic diversity in approaches to in-work poverty, offering a wealth of variety in disciplinary approaches." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lohmann, Henning & Olaf Groh-Samberg (2018): Erwerbsarbeit, Einkommensarmut und materielle Deprivation. Entwicklung der Trennlinien zwischen Erwerbstätigen und Nicht-Erwerbstätigen. In: M. Giesselmann, K. Golsch, H. Lohmann & A. Schmidt-Catran (Hrsg.) (2018): Lebensbedingungen in Deutschland in der Längsschnittperspektive, S. 225-241. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-19206-8_13

Abstract

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag untersuchen wir unter Verwendung des Lebensstandardansatzes den Zusammenhang zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Armut. Ausgangspunkt für unsere Überlegungen ist das Spannungsverhältnis der gleichzeitigen Thematisierung von Arbeitslosigkeit und bestimmten Formen der Erwerbsarbeit als Armutsursachen. Damit verbunden ist die Frage, ob Erwerbsarbeit, selbst wenn sie mit unzureichenden Einkommen einhergeht, eine eigenständige Form der sozialen Teilhabe darstellt. In unseren empirischen Analysen nutzen wir die Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) der Jahre 2001 bis 2013. Grundsätzlich zeigt sich, dass auch bei gleichen finanziellen Ressourcen, Erwerbstätige weniger von Deprivation betroffen sind als Nicht-Erwerbstätige, was auf die mit der Erwerbstätigkeit verbundene Teilhabechancen verweist. Dies gilt aber nur ansatzweise für die Gruppe der zuvor arbeitslosen Erwerbstätigen. Ein Anwachsen dieser Gruppe wäre mit einer zunehmenden Abnahme der Unterscheide zwischen erwerbstätigen und nicht-erwerbstätigen Armen verbunden, wofür sich bislang allerdings kaum Anzeichen finden lassen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Lohmann, Henning (2018): Armut von Erwerbstätigen. In: P. Böhnke, J. Dittmann & J. Goebel (Hrsg.) (2018): Handbuch Armut : Ursachen, Trends, Maßnahmen, S. 198-212.

Abstract

Nach der einleitenden Erörterung von Fragen der Definition und Messung von Armut bei Erwerbstätigkeit geht der Autor im Folgenden auf deren empirisches Ausmaß in Deutschland ein. Datengrundlage bildet das Sozioökonomische Panel für die Jahre 1995 bis 2014. Fazit: Die Armut von Erwerbstätigen ist in diesem Zeitraum von 6,0 auf 8,5 Prozent angestiegen. 'Die Entwicklung verläuft weitestgehend parallel zur allgemeinen Armutsentwicklung.' Zusammengefasst zeigt sich vor allem eine Zunahme der Armut von Erwerbstätigen im Bereich der Niedriglohnbeschäftigung und Teilzeitbeschäftigung, an den Rändern des Altersspektrums und nach Arbeitslosigkeit. Der Beitrag schließt mit Ansätzen zur Armutsbekämpfung von Erwerbstätigen, wie z.B. Mindestlohn und Steuergutschriften sowie Familienleistungen. (IAB)

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Meyer, Bruce D. & Derek Wu (2018): The poverty reduction of social security and means-tested transfers. In: ILR review, Jg. 71, H. 5, S. 1106-1153. DOI:10.1177/0019793918790220

Abstract

"This article is the fourth in a series to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the ILR Review. The series features articles that analyze the state of research and future directions for important themes this journal has featured over many years of publication.
Starting with Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data from 2008 to 2013, the authors link administrative data from Social Security and five large means-tested transfers - Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), public assistance (PA), the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), and housing assistance - to minimize errors within the SIPP data. Social Security cuts the poverty rate by a third - more than twice the combined effect of the five means-tested transfers. Among means-tested transfers, the EITC and SNAP have the largest effects. All programs except for the EITC sharply reduce deep poverty. The relative importance of these programs differs by family subgroup. SSI, PA, and housing assistance have the highest share of benefits going to the pre-transfer poor, whereas the EITC has the lowest. Finally, the SIPP survey data alone provide fairly accurate estimates for the overall population at the poverty line, though they understate the effects of Social Security, SNAP, and PA. Differences in effects are striking, however, at other income cutoffs and for specific family types." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Romich, Jennifer & Heather D. Hill (2018): Coupling a federal minimum wage hike with public investments to make work pay and reduce poverty. In: RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Jg. 4, H. 3, S. 22-43. DOI:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.3.02

Abstract

"For more than a century, advocates have promoted minimum wage laws to protect workers and their families from poverty. Opponents counter that the policy has, at best, small poverty-reducing effects. We summarize the evidence and describe three factors that might dampen the policy's effects on poverty: imperfect targeting, heterogeneous labor market effects, and interactions with income support programs. To boost the poverty-reducing effects of the minimum wage, we propose increasing the federal minimum wage to $12 per hour and temporarily expanding an existing employer tax credit. This is a cost-saving proposal because it relies on regulation and creates no new administrative functions. We recommend using those savings to 'make work pay' and improve upward mobility for low-income workers through lower marginal tax rates." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Savage, Michael (2018): Poorest made poorer? Welfare implications of cross-sectional and longitudinal income changes during the Great Recession. In: Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Jg. 53, H. Feburary, S. 64-76. DOI:10.1016/j.rssm.2017.12.003

Abstract

Viele der am heftigsten von der Großen Rezession betroffenen Länder weisen regressive Muster der Einkommensentwicklung im betreffenden Zeitraum auf. Dabei scheint die ärmste Bevölkerungsgruppe disproportional am stärksten von Verlusten am Realeinkommen betroffen zu sein. Doch die Frage bleibt, in welchem Umfang die Verluste, die höher ausfielen als die Durchschnittsverluste des unteren Teils der Einkommensverteilung durch Personen hervorgerufen wurden, die schon vorher den ärmsten Bevölkerungsteil bildeten oder in welchem Ausmaß die Verluste durch Personen verursacht wurden, die erst im Verlauf der Rezession an die unterste Stelle der Einkommensverteilung geraten sind. Der Beitrag belegt für fünf europäische Länder, dass die überdurchschnittlichen Einkommensverluste in großem Maße durch die Änderung der Zusammensetzung am unteren Ende der Einkommensverteilung entstanden sind, weniger durch die Verluste bei der schon vorher niedrigsten Einkommensgruppe. (IAB)

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Sissons, Paul, Anne E. Green & Neil Lee (2018): Linking the sectoral employment structure and household poverty in the United Kingdom. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 32, H. 6, S. 1078-1098. DOI:10.1177/0950017017722939

Abstract

"Structural changes in the labour markets of developed economies, and changes in their institutional characteristics, have led to growing unease about the nature of low-paid employment. Related concerns have been expressed about the persistence of low pay, the fragmentation of work and the growth of under-employment. While all these factors have potential implications for individuals' earnings, less is known about the connection between labour market change, patterns of sectoral growth and decline, and household poverty outcomes. This article shows distinct patterns of poverty outcomes by sector of employment, after controlling for other factors. However, household characteristics, in particular the presence of a second earner, do strongly mitigate the poverty risk. Overall, the findings demonstrate that policymakers need to develop a coherent policy towards poverty that recognises the nature of jobs growth and the distribution of 'good jobs' across households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahrendt, Daphne, Eszter Sándor, Adam Revello, Jean-Marie Jungblut & Robert Anderson (2017): In-work poverty in the EU. (Eurofound research report / European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions), Dublin, 57 S. DOI:10.2806/125135

Abstract

"The 'working poor' are a substantial group, the latest estimate putting 10% of European workers at risk of poverty, up from 8% in 2007. This report describes the development of in-work poverty in the EU since the crisis of 2008, picking up where an earlier Eurofound report on this subject, published in 2010, ended and looks at what countries have done to combat the problem since. This endeavour is complicated by the policy focus on employment as a route out of poverty, underplaying the considerable financial, social and personal difficulties experienced by the working poor. The increase in non-standard forms of employment in many countries appears to have contributed to rising in-work poverty. The report argues the case for greater policy attention and action on the part of governments, employers and social partners, not only through direct measures associated with both the minimum and living wage, progressive taxation, in-work benefits and social assistance, but also and more importantly through indirect measures such as more flexible working arrangements, housing, upgrading of skills and childcare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jessen, Robin, Davud Rostam-Afschar & Viktor Steiner (2017): Getting the poor to work: three welfare increasing reforms for a busy Germany. In: Finanzarchiv, Jg. 73, H. 1, S. 1-41. DOI:10.1628/001522117X14864674910065

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Kenworthy, Lane & Ive Marx (2017): In-work poverty in the United States. (IZA discussion paper 10638), Bonn, 24 S.

Abstract

"In-work poverty became a prominent policy issue in the United States long before the term itself acquired any meaning and relevance in other industrialized countries. With America's embrace of an employment-centered antipoverty strategy, the working poor have become even more of an issue. This paper reviews some key trends, drivers and policy issues. How much in-work poverty is there in the United States? How does the US compare to other rich democracies? Has America's in-work poverty rate changed over time? Who are the in-work poor? What are the main drivers of levels and changes in in-work poverty? Finally, what are the prospects for America's working poor going forward?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Spannagel, Dorothee, Daniel Seikel, Karin Schulze Buschoff & Helge Baumann (2017): Aktivierungspolitik und Erwerbsarmut. (WSI-Report 36), Düsseldorf, 18 S.

Abstract

"Erwerbsarmut - auch bekannt als working poor - ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen in ganz Europa. Deutschland ist hierbei keine Ausnahme. Im Jahr 2014 war in Deutschland nahezu jeder zehnte Erwerbstätige zwischen 18 und 64 erwerbsarm. Wie lässt sich Erwerbsarmut wirksam bekämpfen? Welchen Einfluss hat die Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik auf Erwerbsarmut? Ist aktivierende Arbeitsmarktpolitik ein geeignetes Mittel, um Erwerbsarmut zu senken?
Der vorliegende Report analysiert auf Grundlage eines systematischen Vergleichs zwischen 18 EU-Mitgliedstaaten die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitischer Instrumente auf Erwerbsarmut." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Bailey, Nick (2016): Exclusionary employment in Britain's broken labour market. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 82-103. DOI:10.1177/0261018315601800

Abstract

"There is growing evidence of the problematic nature of the UK's 'flexible labour market' with rising levels of in-work poverty and insecurity. Yet successive governments have stressed that paid work is the route to inclusion, focussing attention on the divide between employed and unemployed. Past efforts to measure social exclusion have tended to make the same distinction. The aim of this article is to apply Levitas et al.'s (2007) framework to assess levels of exclusionary employment, i.e. exclusion arising directly from an individual's labour market situation. Using data from the Poverty and Social Exclusion UK survey, results show that one in three adults in paid work is in poverty, or in insecure or poor quality employment. One third of this group have not seen any progression in their labour market situation in the last five years. The policy focus needs to shift from 'Broken Britain' to Britain's broken labour market." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Fusaro, Vincent A. & H. Luke Shaefer (2016): How should we define "low-wage" work? An analysis using the Current Population Survey. In: Monthly labor review, Jg. 139, H. Oktober, S. 1-11.

Abstract

"Low-wage work is a central concept in considerable research, yet it lacks an agreed-upon definition. Using data from the Current Population Survey's Annual Social and Economic Supplement, the analysis presented in this article suggests that defining low-wage work on the basis of alternative hourly wage cutoffs changes the size of the low-wage population, but does not noticeably alter time trends in the rate of change. The analysis also indicates that different definitions capture groups of workers with substantively different demographic, social, and economic characteristics. Although the individuals in any of the categories examined might reasonably be considered low-wage workers, a single definition obscures these distinctions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gautié, Jérôme & Sophie Ponthieux (2016): Employment and the working poor. In: D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty, S. 486-504. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.22

Abstract

"This article examines the phenomenon of working poverty and issues relating to employment and the working poor. It first provides an overview of the problems of definition and measurement regarding the working poor, along with the consequences of the diversity of definitions. In particular, it considers different current definitions of the statistical category 'working poor' and how definitions affect the assessment of the in-work poverty phenomenon. It also provides a 'statistical' portrait of the working poor and explores how the risk of working poverty has evolved in the 2000s. Finally, it discusses the causes of working poverty, including low income at the individual level and the role of welfare states, and outlines potential remedies in terms of public policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Horemans, Jeroen, Ive Marx & Brian Nolan (2016): Hanging in, but only just. Part-time employment and in-work poverty throughout the crisis. In: IZA journal of European Labor Studies, Jg. 5, S. 1-19. DOI:10.1186/s40174-016-0053-6

Abstract

"The crisis has deepened pre-existing concerns regarding low-wage and non-standard employment. Countries where unemployment increased most strongly during the crisis period also saw part-time employment increasing, particularly involuntary part-time work. With involuntary part-time workers, as a particular group of underemployed, facing especially high poverty rates, this was accompanied by an increase, on average, in the poverty risk associated with working part-time. However, this was not reflected in a marked increase in the overall in-work poverty rate because full-time work remains dominant and its poverty risk did not change markedly. The household context is of the essence when considering policy implications." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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McKnight, Abigail, Kitty Stewart, Sam Mohun Himmelweit & Marco Palillo (2016): Low pay and in-work poverty. Preventative measures and preventative approaches. Evidence review. Brüssel, 136 S. DOI:10.2767/43829

Abstract

"This review pulls together the existing evidence from across the European Union on the effectiveness of different policy interventions aimed at reducing low pay and in-work poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Plum, Alexander (2016): Can low-wage employment help people escape from the no-pay - low-income trap? In: The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy, Jg. 16, H. 4, S. 1-28. DOI:10.1515/bejeap-2016-0078

Abstract

"The experience of unemployment itself increases the risk of staying unemployed, and the unemployed face a high poverty risk. Moreover, experiencing poverty reduces the chances of reemployment. As wage inequality has expanded in recent decades, low-paid employment and in-work poverty have both risen. This study analyzes whether low-pay employment helps people escape the no-pay - low-income trap. Survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel for the period 1995 - 2012 are used to estimate correlated random-effects probit models on the labor-market and income dynamics. The findings suggest that low-paid employment is especially helpful to exit the no-pay - low-income trap for persons who are long-term unemployed, as well as for those over 40 who have been unemployed for a short period of time. No indications of a low-pay - low-income trap are found." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Wagner, Bettina & Anke Hassel (2016): Posting, subcontracting and low-wage employment in the German meat industry. In: Transfer, Jg. 22, H. 2, S. 163-178. DOI:10.1177/1024258916636012

Abstract

"During the last few decades, the German meat industry has experienced an incomparable economic expansion, becoming one of the largest European producers and exporters in the sector. At the same time, Germany, traditionally characterized as a coordinated market economy with strong social partners and labour market institutions, has been nationally as well as internationally criticized for establishing a system of institutional exploitation of mobile and migrant labour in the industry. The aim of this article is to analyse how it was possible to create and maintain such a system under the eyes of social partners and to identify the defining factors for this development." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Giesselmann, Marco (2015): Differences in the patterns of in-work poverty in Germany and the UK. In: European Societies, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 27-46. DOI:10.1080/14616696.2014.968796

Abstract

"This study analyses differences in individual-level working poverty determinants between Germany and the UK. These differences are linked to institutional patterns at the country level. Here, we observe that the two countries differ especially in bargaining centralisation, employment protection legislation and family policy. At the same time, the levels of decommodification and labour market regulation are no longer core differences in the institutional settings of Germany and the UK, which is interpreted as a consequence of Germany's departure from a traditional conservative regime since the mid-1990s. Adopting economic and sociological approaches, we explain how Germany's closed employment system channels the effects of deregulation policies to the periphery of the labour market. Additionally, we argue that open employment relationships that dominate in the UK put specifically older employees at risk. Finally, we identify country-specific differences in the economic dependency of women, resulting from a stronger male breadwinner orientation of family policy in Germany. Accordingly, multivariate analyses based on harmonised versions of the British Household Panel Study (2002 - 2005) and the Socio-Economic Panel Study (2003 - 2006) reveal that entrants and re-entrants to the labour market, women and - unexpectedly - low-educated persons are particularly affected by in-work poverty in Germany; whereas older workers are more likely to face precarious economic conditions in the UK." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Halleröd, Björn, Hans Ekbrand & Mattias Bengtsson (2015): In-work poverty and labour market trajectories. Poverty risks among the working population in 22 European countries. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 25, H. 5, S. 473-488. DOI:10.1177/0958928715608794

Abstract

"Is in-work poverty a low-wage or an unemployment problem, and is it the same problem all across Europe? Because of the definitional ambiguity, we really do not know. In this article, we use longitudinal European Union-Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data from 22 countries and derive a set of distinct clusters of labour market trajectories (LMTs) from information about monthly labour market position from a 36-month observation window and estimate in-work poverty risk for each LMT. The results show that in-work poverty is a problem that affects the self-employed and people in a marginal labour market position, that is, those who for different reasons move in and out of employment. Hence, in-work poverty is mainly an unemployment problem, not a low-wage problem. Besides the fact that the size of LMTs varies between countries, we also expected to find systematic country differences in the effect of LMTs. The analysis did not support that assumption." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))