Messung der Armut – Armutsforschung und Statistik
Armutsforschung und Sozialpolitik greifen bei der Definition und Messung von Armut auf verschiedene Konzepte, Daten und statistische Verfahren zurück. Verwendung finden dabei absolute und relative Armutsgrenzen, Warenkorbstandards aber auch Indikatoren für soziale Ungleichheit oder den Lebensstil. Dieses Themendossier präsentiert mit Literaturhinweisen wissenschaftliche Befunde und Diskussionen zur Armutsmessung.
Im Filter „Autorenschaft“ können Sie auf IAB-(Mit-)Autorenschaft eingrenzen.
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Literaturhinweis
Job market polarization and American poverty (2023)
Zitatform
Siddique, Abu Bakkar (2023): Job market polarization and American poverty. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00356-5
Abstract
"The article posits that the puzzles of stagnating poverty rates amidst high growth and declining unemployment in the United States can be substantially explained by polarized job markets characterized by job quality and job distribution. In recent decades, there has been an increased number of poor-quality jobs and an unequal distribution of jobs in the developed world, particularly in the United States. I have calculated measures of uneven job distribution indices that account for the distribution of jobs across households. A higher value of the uneven job distribution indices implies that there are relatively large numbers of households with multiple employed people and households with no employed people. Similarly, poor-quality jobs are those jobs that do not offer full-time work. Two-way fixed-effect models estimate that higher uneven job distribution across households worsens aggregated poverty at the state level. Similarly, good-quality jobs help households escape poverty, whereas poor-quality jobs do not. This paper suggests that eradicating poverty requires the government to direct labor market policies to be tailored more toward distributing jobs from individuals to households and altering bad jobs into good jobs, rather than merely creating more jobs in the economy. This paper contributes by elaborating on relations of employment and poverty, addressing employment quality and distribution, and providing empirical evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Wohlstand, Armut und Reichtum neu ermittelt: Materielle Teilhabe aus mehrdimensionaler Perspektive : Bericht zum ersten Modul des Projekts "Materielle Teilhabe im Lebensverlauf" (2022)
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Becker, Irene, Tanja Schmidt & Verena Tobsch (2022): Wohlstand, Armut und Reichtum neu ermittelt. Materielle Teilhabe aus mehrdimensionaler Perspektive : Bericht zum ersten Modul des Projekts "Materielle Teilhabe im Lebensverlauf". (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Study 472), Düsseldorf, 120 S.
Abstract
"Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt die Messung von Wohlstandsverteilungen in zweifacher Hinsicht weiter: Einkommen und Vermögen werden integrativ betrachtet; zudem wird mit der zusätzlichen Einbeziehung von Konsum und Sparen ein fundiertes Schichtungskonzept materieller Teilhabe für Deutschland entwickelt. Die Analysen führen zu einer mäßigen Modifizierung der gängigen Armuts- und Reichtumsgrenze. Seit 2000 hat die auf dieser Basis ermittelte Armutsquote deutlich zugenommen, wobei sich drastische Unterschiede nach Teilgruppen der Bevölkerung zeigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Coronabedingte Ungleichheit und Armut in Deutschland: Überschätzt oder unterschätzt? (2022)
Dauderstädt, Michael;Zitatform
Dauderstädt, Michael (2022): Coronabedingte Ungleichheit und Armut in Deutschland: Überschätzt oder unterschätzt? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 102, H. 1, S. 64-66. DOI:10.1007/s10273-022-3096-5
Abstract
"Anfang November 2021 veröffentlichten sowohl das europäische statistische Amt Eurostat als auch das deutsche Destatis die Ergebnisse der Haushaltsbefragung 2020 zu Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen (EU-SILC: Survey of Income and Living Conditions). Die Ergebnisse für Deutschland waren auf den ersten Blick schockierend: Die Ungleichheit, gemessen mit der Quintilsquote (S80/ S20-Quote), also das Verhältnis des Einkommens des reichsten Fünftels der Bevölkerung zu dem des ärmsten Fünftels, stieg von 4,89 auf 6,47. Die Armutsrisikoquote, die den Anteil der Bevölkerung mit einem Einkommen von weniger als 60 % des mittleren Einkommens angibt, kletterte von 17,4 % auf 24,0 %. Das wären über 5 Mio. zusätzlich von Armut(srisiken) betroffene Menschen in Deutschland. Tatsächlich dürfte die Entwicklung weit weniger dramatisch sein; denn Destatis hat 2020 sein Erhebungsverfahren verändert, weswegen die Werte für 2020 mit den Vorjahren nicht vergleichbar sind. Das lässt aber die Fragen offen, wie sich die Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland tatsächlich verändert hat und ob das alte oder das neue Erhebungsverfahren ein realistischeres Bild der deutschen Verhältnisse liefert. Wenden wir uns zuerst der Veränderung in der Pandemie zu." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)
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Literaturhinweis
Measuring Poverty Persistence (2022)
Zitatform
Fusco, Alessio & Philippe Van Kerm (2022): Measuring Poverty Persistence. (LISER working papers 2022,02), Esch-sur-Alzette, 14 S.
Abstract
"This chapter reviews the literature on the measurement of poverty persistence. The review has two parts. We first cover the literature on poverty persistence indicators which develops “principled”, descriptive summary measures. We then review the econometric literature which teases out the determinants of poverty persistence. Finally, we describe the challenges and limitations the literature on poverty persistence face." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A new poverty indicator for Europe: The extended headcount ratio (2022)
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Goedemé, Tim, Benoit Decerf & Karel van den Bosch (2022): A new poverty indicator for Europe: The extended headcount ratio. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 287-301. DOI:10.1177/09589287221080414
Abstract
"The methodology currently used to measure poverty in the European Union faces some important limitations. Capturing key aspects of poverty is done using a dashboard of indicators, which often tell conflicting stories. We propose a new income-based measure of poverty for Europe that captures in a consistent way in a single indicator the level of relative poverty, the intensity of poverty, poverty with a threshold anchored in time and a pan-European perspective on poverty. To do so, we work with a recently developed poverty index, the extended headcount ratio (EHC) and derive the relevant poverty lines to apply the index to poverty in Europe. We show empirically that our measure consistently captures the aspects typically monitored using a variety of indicators and yields rankings that seem more aligned with intuitions than those obtained by these individual indicators. According to our measure, Eastern Europe has a much higher level of poverty than Southern Europe, which, in turn, has a considerably higher level of poverty than North-Western Europe. In North-Western Europe, the evolution of our measure over time correlates most strongly with the at-risk-of-poverty rate, while in Southern and Eastern Europe, it correlates most strongly with at-risk-of-poverty with the threshold anchored in time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient (2022)
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Grothe, Oliver, Fabian Kächele & Friedrich Schmid (2022): A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 727-748. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09533-x
Abstract
"We propose an extension of the univariate Lorenz curve and of the Gini coefficient to the multivariate case, i.e., to simultaneously measure inequality in more than one variable. Our extensions are based on copulas and measure inequality stemming from inequality in each single variable as well as inequality stemming from the dependence structure of the variables. We derive simple nonparametric estimators for both instruments and exemplary apply them to data of individual income and wealth for various countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Global Trends in Income Inequality and Income Dynamics: New Insights from GRID (2022)
Guvenen, Fatih; Pistaferri, Luigi; Violante, Giovanni L.;Zitatform
Guvenen, Fatih, Luigi Pistaferri & Giovanni L. Violante (2022): Global Trends in Income Inequality and Income Dynamics. New Insights from GRID. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 1321-1360. DOI:10.3982/QE2260
Abstract
"The Global Repository of Income Dynamics (GRID) is a new open-access, cross- country database that contains a wide range of micro statistics on income inequality, dynamics, and mobility. It has four key characteristics: it is built on micro panel data drawn from administrative records; it fully exploits the longitudinal dimension of the underlying datasets; it offers granular descriptions of income inequality and income dynamics for finely defined subpopulations; and it is designed from the ground up with the goals of harmonization and cross-country comparability. This paper introduces the database and presents a set of global trends in income inequality and income dynamics across the 13 countries that are currently in GRID. Our results are based on the statistics created for GRID by the 13 country teams who also contributed to this special issue with individual articles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
Ähnliche Treffer
auch erschienen als: NBER working paper, 30524 -
Literaturhinweis
Income-Dependent Equivalence Scales and Choice Theory: Implications for Poverty Measurement (2022)
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Koulovatianos, Christos & Carsten Schröder (2022): Income-Dependent Equivalence Scales and Choice Theory: Implications for Poverty Measurement. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1991), Berlin, 14 S.
Abstract
"Equivalence Scales are a tool for removing the heterogeneity of household sizes in the measurement of inequality, and affect poverty assessments and poverty lines. We address the disadvantage that poor households may suffer due to their reduced ability to share goods within the household. This disadvantage is important to estimate and embed in standard analysis, as it seems to have a substantial quantitative impact on the measurement of poverty. We also suggest that future research on the role of subsistence incomes of different household types in utility functions may shed light on explanations for poverty and may guide anti-poverty policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty? (2022)
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Lakner, Christoph, Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Mario Negre & Espen Beer Prydz (2022): How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty? In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 559-585. DOI:10.1007/s10888-021-09510-w
Abstract
"The goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and working towards a more equal distribution of incomes are part of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Using data from 166 countries comprising 97.5% of the world's population, we simulate scenarios for global poverty from 2019 to 2030 under various assumptions about growth and inequality. We use different assumptions about growth incidence curves to model changes in inequality, and rely on a machine-learning algorithm called model-based recursive partitioning to model how growth in GDP is passed through to growth as observed in household surveys. When holding within-country inequality unchanged and letting GDP per capita grow according to World Bank forecasts and historically observed growth rates, our simulations suggest that the number of extreme poor (living on less than $1.90/day) will remain above 600 million in 2030, resulting in a global extreme poverty rate of 7.4%. If the Gini index in each country decreases by 1% per year, the global poverty rate could reduce to around 6.3% in 2030, equivalent to 89 million fewer people living in extreme poverty. Reducing each country's Gini index by 1% per year has a larger impact on global poverty than increasing each country's annual growth 1 percentage point above forecasts. We also study the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and find that the pandemic may have driven around 60 million people into extreme poverty in 2020. If the pandemic increased the Gini index by 2% in all countries, then more than 90 million may have been driven into extreme poverty in 2020." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Measurement error and its impact on estimates of income dynamics (2022)
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Lee, Nayoung (2022): Measurement error and its impact on estimates of income dynamics. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 63, H. 5, S. 2539-2550. DOI:10.1007/s00181-022-02218-4
Abstract
"This paper examines whether reported income generates biases for studies on economic mobility and poverty dynamics. Using a linear measurement error model capturing mean-reverting measurement error, this study finds that substantial classical measurement error exists in reported data, leading to a bias toward zero in the estimate of income dynamics. Time-invariant non-classical measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity offset the effect of classical measurement error. This study also identifies the standard deviation of the measurement error, which is estimated to be about 70% of that of the equation error in the income model, suggesting that random measurement error is substantial." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Are survey data underestimating the inequality of wealth? (2022)
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Meriküll, Jaanika & Tairi Rõõm (2022): Are survey data underestimating the inequality of wealth? In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 339-374. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02030-6
Abstract
"This paper studies households' response behaviour in a wealth survey. We analyse how unit non-response and item non-response contribute to the estimated distribution of wealth. Our findings imply that wealth inequality is underestimated in the survey. The downward bias is originating from item non-response and not from unit non-response. Wealthier households are less likely to provide answers to wealth-related questions. As a result, the level of net wealth is underestimated and the top tail of its distribution is missing. Imputation can eliminate biases throughout most of the wealth distribution but does not recover the estimates in the top tail." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
About some difficulties with the functional forms of Lorenz curves (2022)
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de Mesnard, Louis (2022): About some difficulties with the functional forms of Lorenz curves. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 939-950. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09542-w
Abstract
"We study to what extent some functional form assumption on the Lorenz curve are amenable to calculating headcount poverty, or poverty threshold, the key concept to determine a poverty index. The difficulties in calculating it have been underestimated. We must choose some functional forms for the Lorenz concentration curve. We examine three families of one-parameter functional forms to estimate Lorenz curves: power (elementary and Pareto), exponential (elementary and Gupta) and fractional (Rohde). Computing these numerical functions may be difficult and impose some restrictions on their domain of definition, may impose to use some numerical approximation methods. The elementary power and exponential forms are not a problem. However, Pareto raises the problem of a restricted domain of definition for its parameters. The exponential form of Gupta leads to a Lambert function that poses multiple problems, including a restricted field of definition. The fractional form of Rohde has also a restricted domain of definition. It is probably time to choose functional forms not only according to their ability to fit the data, but also according to their ability to calculate poverty indices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die materielle Versorgung von Hartz-IV-Haushalten hat sich in den letzten Jahren etwas verbessert, deren relative Einkommenssituation nicht (2021)
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Beste, Jonas & Mark Trappmann (2021): Die materielle Versorgung von Hartz-IV-Haushalten hat sich in den letzten Jahren etwas verbessert, deren relative Einkommenssituation nicht. In: IAB-Forum H. 17.02.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-02-15.
Abstract
"Während die relative Armut in Deutschland in den 2010er Jahren zunächst zunahm und dann auf hohem Niveau stagnierte, nahm die materielle Unterversorgung in der gleichen Zeit deutlich ab. Letztere kann als Maß für absolute Armut betrachtet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Assessing differences in household needs: A comparison of approaches for the estimation of equivalence scales using German expenditure data (2021)
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Dudel, Christian, Jan Marvin Garbuszus & Julian Schmied (2021): Assessing differences in household needs. A comparison of approaches for the estimation of equivalence scales using German expenditure data. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 1629-1659. DOI:10.1007/s00181-020-01822-6
Abstract
"Equivalence scales are routinely applied to adjust the income of households of different sizes and compositions. Because of their practical importance for the measurement of inequality and poverty, a large number of methods for the estimation of equivalence scales have been proposed. Until now, however, no comprehensive comparison of current methods has been conducted. In this paper, we employ German household expenditure data to estimate equivalence scales using several parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches. Using a single dataset, we find that some approaches yield more plausible results than others while implausible scales are mostly based on linear Engel curves. The results we consider plausible are close to the modified OECD scale, and to the square root scale for larger households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Amartya Sen und die Idee der Gerechtigkeit (2021)
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Gartner, Hermann (2021): Amartya Sen und die Idee der Gerechtigkeit. In: F. Schulze (Hrsg.) (2021): Humanistik und Philosophie, Bd. 2. Jahresband der Humanistischen Akademie 2021, S. 1-8.
Abstract
"Der Aufsatz stellt die Grundideen des Wirtschaftsnobelpreisträgers Amartya Sen zu Fragen der Gerechtigkeit dar. Dabei wird auch der Kontext zu anderen Gerechtigkeitstheorien hergestellt, wie dem Utilitarismus oder den Vorstellungen von John Rawls. Im Zentrum von Amartya Sens Vorstellungen zu Gerechtigkeit steht der Befähigungsansatz. Befähigungen umfassen dabei substantielle Freiheiten, das Leben so zu führen, wie wir es mit guten Gründen wollen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)
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Literaturhinweis
Poverty in the EU using augmented measures of financial resources: The role of assets and debt (2021)
Zitatform
Kuypers, Sarah & Ive Marx (2021): Poverty in the EU using augmented measures of financial resources: The role of assets and debt. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 496-516. DOI:10.1177/09589287211040421
Abstract
"Despite clear limitations, poverty research in the rich world overwhelmingly relies on income-based measures. Households may have significant savings and assets that they can draw on to boost their living standards, but may also have debts that depress the living standard they can actually achieve with their disposable income. Using data from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), this article offers a picture of poverty in 17 EU countries that takes into account assets and debt, using various approaches. While earlier studies have found that poverty rates tend to be lower when wealth is accounted for, this study highlights the situation of those who become or remain poor even when savings and assets are included. It focuses both on within-country patterns of joint income–wealth poverty and on cross-country differences. It is shown that the elderly are generally less prone to being poor once assets are accounted for. However, for renter households with a young, female, low educated, unemployed or inactive and single head, the risk of being poor when assets and debt are accounted for remains high and in some cases even increases. That is generally the case because they have few assets, rather than because of high debts. The substantial variation in poverty rates observed across countries can to some extent be accounted for by socio-demographic factors, but a lot of variation still remains unaccounted for." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Small area estimation of latent economic well-being (2021)
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Moretti, Angelo, Natalie Shlomo & Joseph Sakshaug (2021): Small area estimation of latent economic well-being. In: Sociological methods & research, Jg. 50, H. 4, S. 1660-1693., 2018-09-17. DOI:10.1177/0049124119826160
Abstract
"Small area estimation (SAE) plays a crucial role in the social sciences due to the growing need for reliable and accurate estimates for small domains. In the study of well-being, for example, policy makers need detailed information about the geographical distribution of a range of social indicators. We investigate data dimensionality reduction using factor analysis models and implement SAE on the factor scores under the empirical best linear unbiased prediction approach. We contrast this approach with the standard approach of providing a dashboard of indicators or a weighted average of indicators at the local level. We demonstrate the approach in a simulation study and a real data application based on the European Union Statistics for Income and Living Conditions for the municipalities of Tuscany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Missing Dimensions of Poverty? Calibrating Deprivation Scales Using Perceived Financial Situation (2020)
Zitatform
Bedük, Selçuk (2020): Missing Dimensions of Poverty? Calibrating Deprivation Scales Using Perceived Financial Situation. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 562-579. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa004
Abstract
"Deprivation scales usually cover some but not all aspects of poverty. Missing dimensions could affect who is and is not identified as poor. Despite its importance, whether missing dimensions affect the measurement of poverty has not been empirically examined in the EU context. Such an examination requires data on missing dimensions that existing surveys do not usually collect. In this article, I get around this problem with an innovative design and using the rich content of the British Household Panel Survey (1999–2008). I use perceived financial inadequacy as a proxy for poverty and show that, independent of the deprivation status, having a need in healthcare, childcare, social care, or education increases the risk of reporting financial inadequacy. The main explanations for these effects are extra spending and reduced earnings of the families (as a response to having extra needs), and not other biases that might arise from using a self-assessed proxy measure such as scale heterogeneity, personality traits, state dependence, anticipations, or psychological negativity. These findings demonstrate the need for more comprehensive measures. Unless relevant indicators of missing dimensions (e.g. cost-related unmet needs in healthcare) are included in the analysis, deprivation scales might fail to identify some people experiencing poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))
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Literaturhinweis
Die zerrissene Republik: wirtschaftliche, soziale und politische Ungleichheit in Deutschland (2020)
Butterwegge, Christoph;Zitatform
Butterwegge, Christoph (2020): Die zerrissene Republik: wirtschaftliche, soziale und politische Ungleichheit in Deutschland. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 414 S.
Abstract
"Seit geraumer Zeit ist das Problem wachsender Ungleichheit das Kardinalproblem unserer Gesellschaft, wenn nicht der gesamten Menschheit. Während daraus im globalen Maßstab ökonomische Krisen, Kriege und Bürgerkriege resultieren, die wiederum größere Migrationsbewegungen nach sich ziehen, sind in Deutschland der soziale Zusammenhalt und die repräsentative Demokratie bedroht. Daher wird nicht bloß thematisiert, wie soziale Ungleichheit entsteht und warum sie zugenommen hat, sondern auch, weshalb die politisch Verantwortlichen darauf kaum reagieren und was getan werden muss, um sie einzudämmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Beltz Juventa)
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Literaturhinweis
Pro-rich inflation in Europe: Implications for the measurement of inequality (2020)
Eren, Gürer; Weichenrieder, Alfons;Zitatform
Eren, Gürer & Alfons Weichenrieder (2020): Pro-rich inflation in Europe: Implications for the measurement of inequality. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 107-138. DOI:10.1515/ger-2018-0146
Abstract
"This paper studies the distributional consequences of a systematic variation in expenditure shares and prices. Using European Union Household Budget Surveys and Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices data, we construct household-specific price indices and reveal the existence of a pro-rich inflation in Europe. Over the period 2001–15, the consumption bundles of the poorest deciles in 25 European countries have, on average, become 11.2 percentage points more expensive than those of the richest deciles. We find that ignoring the differential inflation across the distribution underestimates the change in the Gini (based on consumption expenditure) by almost up to 0.04 points. Cross-country heterogeneity in this change is large enough to alter the inequality ranking of numerous countries. The average inflation effect we detect is almost as large as the change in the standard Gini measure over the period of interest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with De Gruyter) ((en))