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Cai, Julie (2024): Work Hours Volatility and Child Poverty: The Potential Mitigating Role of Safety Net Programs. In: Social forces, Jg. 102, H. 3, S. 902-925. DOI:10.1093/sf/soad109

Abstract

"Despite established links among persistent unemployment, low wages, and children’s economic well-being, social scientists have yet to document how variability in work hours is linked to child poverty. Our knowledge of the safety net’s heterogeneous responses to work-hour instability is also limited. This is of critical importance for scholars and policymakers. Using nationally representative data collected every 4 months, this paper examines how intra-year work-hour volatility is related to child poverty, measured through both the official poverty measure (OPM) and the supplemental poverty measure (SPM). It further assesses varying degrees of buffering effects of cash, in-kind benefits, and tax transfers on income in the context of work-hour volatility. Results indicate that more than one in four households (26%) facing the greatest volatility lived under the poverty line. Black and Hispanic children, as well as those living with unpartnered single mothers, faced substantially higher variability in household market hours worked. Hispanic children experienced not only greater volatility in their caregivers’ work hours but also higher poverty level, even after taking government programs into account. In-kind benefits are more effective in buffering household income declines resulting from unstable work hours, followed by tax transfers and cash benefits. The effectiveness of near-cash benefits is particularly salient among Black children and children of single mothers. These results provide new evidence to inform policy discussions surrounding the best ways to help socioeconomically disadvantaged families to retain benefits and smooth their income in the face of frequent variation in work hours and, thus, earnings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Villar, Antonio (2024): A note on the measurement of poverty persistence. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 236. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2024.111571

Abstract

"This paper introduces a poverty index that incorporates poverty persistence as an integral part of poverty measurement within a multiperiod framework. Using familiar tools (logarithmic utilities and a utilitarian social welfare function) we obtain a mathematically straightforward poverty index, which can be interpreted as an estimate of the social cost of poverty. This index can be neatly decomposed into incidence, intensity, and inequality, and is additively decomposable by population subgroups. It consists of the log of the geometric mean of individual intertemporal utility losses." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Badelt, Christoph & Karin Heitzmann (2023): Armutsmessung in Zeiten von Vielfachkrisen. In: Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Jg. 49, H. 3, S. 17-48.

Abstract

"In diesem Beitrag zeigen wir, dass die traditionellen Armutsmaße nicht geeignet sind, ein adäquates Bild der sozialen Probleme zu zeichnen, die durch die jüngsten Krisen, vor allem durch die Inflation, verstärkt wurden. Vielmehr müsste ein breiteres Indikatorsystem zur Armutsmessung verwendet werden. Da dieses in der Praxis nur auf Stichprobenbasis dargestellt werden kann, steht die Sozialpolitik vor dem Dilemma, dass ein geeignetes Armutsmaß nicht gleichzeitig als Kriterium für automationsunterstützte Entscheidungen über die Förderung bestimmter Einzelpersonen dienen kann. Genau dies wäre allerdings für eine Sozialpolitik, die Unterstützungen zielgerichtet an Armutsbetroffene richten möchte, notwendig. Auch könnte Treffsicherheit nur in Einzelfallentscheidungen erzielt werden, wie sie in der Sozialarbeit (z. B. im Sozialhilfewesen) gefällt werden. Da es aber aus vielfältigen Gründen problematisch wäre, Sozialpolitik stärker in die Sozialarbeit zu ver-schieben, wird es wichtiger, durch eine präventive Sozialpolitik die Zahl jener Menschen, deren Grundbedarfe durch konventionelle Maßnahmen der (Sozial-)Politik nicht gesichert werden können, möglichst klein zu halten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Clark, Rob (2023): Within, Between, and Beyond: A New Approach to Examining World Income Inequality. In: Social forces, Jg. 102, H. 2, S. 403-429. DOI:10.1093/sf/soad051

Abstract

"World income inequality is comprised of uneven development between states and unequal distribution within states. Recent work shows that the “between-country” component still accounts for a majority of the total, but that attention is shifting to the “within-country” portion, which is growing in both absolute and relative terms. What is less appreciated, though, is that the way income is distributed within countries also plays an indirect role in how income differences are recognized between them. When a nation’s income distribution is highly unequal, its mean income is substantially larger than the income of its average person, thereby masking a depreciation in living standards for those residing in the middle. The practical effect of this distortion is that poor, unequal countries seem wealthier than they really are when using mean incomes to represent country averages, as is typically done. I address this shortcoming in prior work by estimating between-country inequality using median incomes. My analysis covers the 1990–2017 period for 123 countries that represent over 90 percent of the world’s population. According to Theil’s T, I find that (a) inequality in median incomes is almost 15 percent higher than inequality in mean incomes, and that (b) median incomes are converging about 7.5 percent more slowly than mean incomes. This translates to a higher level of world income inequality, which is likewise converging at a slower rate. Overall, I find that the direct and indirect effects of national inequality are now responsible for about half of the world’s income inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Helbig, Marcel (2023): Hinter den Fassaden: Zur Ungleichverteilung von Armut, Reichtum, Bildung und Ethnie in den deutschen Städten. (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin P 2023-003), Berlin, 210 S.

Abstract

"Wie ungleich sind Deutschlands Städte? Wo leben die Armen, wo die Wohlhabenden und wo die Akademiker? Diese Fragen beantwortet die vorliegende Studie sowohl im Querschnitt für die 153 größten deutschen Städte als auch in der zeitlichen Entwicklung. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien kann hier nicht nur auf Daten der Kommunalstatistik (101 Städte), sondern erstmals auch auf räumlich vergleichbare Daten der Bundesagentur für Arbeit (BA) für ganz Deutschland zurückgegriffen werden. Mit den Daten der BA ist es zudem erstmals möglich, soziale Ungleichheiten in deutschen Städten nicht nur anhand von Armutslagen (SGB II-Statistik), sondern auch anhand der Verteilung von hoher Bildung und hohen Einkommen zu analysieren. Die Daten der Kommunalstatistik liegen für die Jahre 2005 bis 2021 vor, die Daten der BA für die Jahre 2013 bis 2022." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Siddique, Abu Bakkar (2023): Job market polarization and American poverty. In: Journal for labour market research, Jg. 57. DOI:10.1186/s12651-023-00356-5

Abstract

"The article posits that the puzzles of stagnating poverty rates amidst high growth and declining unemployment in the United States can be substantially explained by polarized job markets characterized by job quality and job distribution. In recent decades, there has been an increased number of poor-quality jobs and an unequal distribution of jobs in the developed world, particularly in the United States. I have calculated measures of uneven job distribution indices that account for the distribution of jobs across households. A higher value of the uneven job distribution indices implies that there are relatively large numbers of households with multiple employed people and households with no employed people. Similarly, poor-quality jobs are those jobs that do not offer full-time work. Two-way fixed-effect models estimate that higher uneven job distribution across households worsens aggregated poverty at the state level. Similarly, good-quality jobs help households escape poverty, whereas poor-quality jobs do not. This paper suggests that eradicating poverty requires the government to direct labor market policies to be tailored more toward distributing jobs from individuals to households and altering bad jobs into good jobs, rather than merely creating more jobs in the economy. This paper contributes by elaborating on relations of employment and poverty, addressing employment quality and distribution, and providing empirical evidence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Sowula, Jakub, Franziska Gehrig, Lyle A. Scruggs, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser & Gabriela Ramalho Tafoya (2023): The end of welfare states as we know them? A multidimensional perspective. In: Social Policy and Administration online erschienen am 20.12.2023. DOI:10.1111/spol.12990

Abstract

"This article highlights the limitations of unidimensional analyses in the comparative welfare state literature and emphasises the need for a more holistic, multidimensional approach incorporating social spending, welfare state outputs and outcomes. To illustrate the utility of a multidimensional approach, we examine the long‐term welfare state trajectories of Sweden and Germany, prototypical social‐democratic and conservative welfare states, respectively, and compare them against the baseline of Europe's prototypical liberal welfare state, the United Kingdom. The social spending (expenditure) and output (generosity) allowed us to identify significant changes in the Swedish welfare state (i.e., retrenchment). The outcome dimension alerts us to a policy drift in the German Welfare State, as relatively stable public spending and welfare generosity until the first half of the 2000s were nonetheless associated with sharply increased inequality and poverty. Overall, our findings suggest that a holistic, multidimensional approach is necessary to fully understand the complexities of welfare state change and continuity, as focusing solely on one dimension can lead to analytical misjudgments. The sharp rise in inequality and poverty across countries raises doubts about whether policymakers and researchers rely too much on outdated assumptions of normality that fail to meet the welfare state realities of today." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Becker, Irene, Tanja Schmidt & Verena Tobsch (2022): Wohlstand, Armut und Reichtum neu ermittelt. Materielle Teilhabe aus mehrdimensionaler Perspektive : Bericht zum ersten Modul des Projekts "Materielle Teilhabe im Lebensverlauf". (Hans-Böckler-Stiftung. Study 472), Düsseldorf, 120 S.

Abstract

"Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt die Messung von Wohlstandsverteilungen in zweifacher Hinsicht weiter: Einkommen und Vermögen werden integrativ betrachtet; zudem wird mit der zusätzlichen Einbeziehung von Konsum und Sparen ein fundiertes Schichtungskonzept materieller Teilhabe für Deutschland entwickelt. Die Analysen führen zu einer mäßigen Modifizierung der gängigen Armuts- und Reichtumsgrenze. Seit 2000 hat die auf dieser Basis ermittelte Armutsquote deutlich zugenommen, wobei sich drastische Unterschiede nach Teilgruppen der Bevölkerung zeigen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dauderstädt, Michael (2022): Coronabedingte Ungleichheit und Armut in Deutschland: Überschätzt oder unterschätzt? In: Wirtschaftsdienst, Jg. 102, H. 1, S. 64-66. DOI:10.1007/s10273-022-3096-5

Abstract

"Anfang November 2021 veröffentlichten sowohl das europäische statistische Amt Eurostat als auch das deutsche Destatis die Ergebnisse der Haushaltsbefragung 2020 zu Einkommen und Lebensbedingungen (EU-SILC: Survey of Income and Living Conditions). Die Ergebnisse für Deutschland waren auf den ersten Blick schockierend: Die Ungleichheit, gemessen mit der Quintilsquote (S80/ S20-Quote), also das Verhältnis des Einkommens des reichsten Fünftels der Bevölkerung zu dem des ärmsten Fünftels, stieg von 4,89 auf 6,47. Die Armutsrisikoquote, die den Anteil der Bevölkerung mit einem Einkommen von weniger als 60 % des mittleren Einkommens angibt, kletterte von 17,4 % auf 24,0 %. Das wären über 5 Mio. zusätzlich von Armut(srisiken) betroffene Menschen in Deutschland. Tatsächlich dürfte die Entwicklung weit weniger dramatisch sein; denn Destatis hat 2020 sein Erhebungsverfahren verändert, weswegen die Werte für 2020 mit den Vorjahren nicht vergleichbar sind. Das lässt aber die Fragen offen, wie sich die Einkommensverteilung in Deutschland tatsächlich verändert hat und ob das alte oder das neue Erhebungsverfahren ein realistischeres Bild der deutschen Verhältnisse liefert. Wenden wir uns zuerst der Veränderung in der Pandemie zu." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Fusco, Alessio & Philippe Van Kerm (2022): Measuring Poverty Persistence. (LISER working papers 2022,02), Esch-sur-Alzette, 14 S.

Abstract

"This chapter reviews the literature on the measurement of poverty persistence. The review has two parts. We first cover the literature on poverty persistence indicators which develops “principled”, descriptive summary measures. We then review the econometric literature which teases out the determinants of poverty persistence. Finally, we describe the challenges and limitations the literature on poverty persistence face." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Goedemé, Tim, Benoit Decerf & Karel Van den Bosch (2022): A new poverty indicator for Europe: The extended headcount ratio. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 32, H. 3, S. 287-301. DOI:10.1177/09589287221080414

Abstract

"The methodology currently used to measure poverty in the European Union faces some important limitations. Capturing key aspects of poverty is done using a dashboard of indicators, which often tell conflicting stories. We propose a new income-based measure of poverty for Europe that captures in a consistent way in a single indicator the level of relative poverty, the intensity of poverty, poverty with a threshold anchored in time and a pan-European perspective on poverty. To do so, we work with a recently developed poverty index, the extended headcount ratio (EHC) and derive the relevant poverty lines to apply the index to poverty in Europe. We show empirically that our measure consistently captures the aspects typically monitored using a variety of indicators and yields rankings that seem more aligned with intuitions than those obtained by these individual indicators. According to our measure, Eastern Europe has a much higher level of poverty than Southern Europe, which, in turn, has a considerably higher level of poverty than North-Western Europe. In North-Western Europe, the evolution of our measure over time correlates most strongly with the at-risk-of-poverty rate, while in Southern and Eastern Europe, it correlates most strongly with at-risk-of-poverty with the threshold anchored in time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Grothe, Oliver, Fabian Kächele & Friedrich Schmid (2022): A multivariate extension of the Lorenz curve based on copulas and a related multivariate Gini coefficient. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 727-748. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09533-x

Abstract

"We propose an extension of the univariate Lorenz curve and of the Gini coefficient to the multivariate case, i.e., to simultaneously measure inequality in more than one variable. Our extensions are based on copulas and measure inequality stemming from inequality in each single variable as well as inequality stemming from the dependence structure of the variables. We derive simple nonparametric estimators for both instruments and exemplary apply them to data of individual income and wealth for various countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Guvenen, Fatih, Luigi Pistaferri & Giovanni L. Violante (2022): Global Trends in Income Inequality and Income Dynamics. New Insights from GRID. In: Quantitative Economics, Jg. 13, H. 4, S. 1321-1360. DOI:10.3982/QE2260

Abstract

"The Global Repository of Income Dynamics (GRID) is a new open-access, cross- country database that contains a wide range of micro statistics on income inequality, dynamics, and mobility. It has four key characteristics: it is built on micro panel data drawn from administrative records; it fully exploits the longitudinal dimension of the underlying datasets; it offers granular descriptions of income inequality and income dynamics for finely defined subpopulations; and it is designed from the ground up with the goals of harmonization and cross-country comparability. This paper introduces the database and presents a set of global trends in income inequality and income dynamics across the 13 countries that are currently in GRID. Our results are based on the statistics created for GRID by the 13 country teams who also contributed to this special issue with individual articles." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Koulovatianos, Christos & Carsten Schröder (2022): Income-Dependent Equivalence Scales and Choice Theory: Implications for Poverty Measurement. (DIW-Diskussionspapiere 1991), Berlin, 14 S.

Abstract

"Equivalence Scales are a tool for removing the heterogeneity of household sizes in the measurement of inequality, and affect poverty assessments and poverty lines. We address the disadvantage that poor households may suffer due to their reduced ability to share goods within the household. This disadvantage is important to estimate and embed in standard analysis, as it seems to have a substantial quantitative impact on the measurement of poverty. We also suggest that future research on the role of subsistence incomes of different household types in utility functions may shed light on explanations for poverty and may guide anti-poverty policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lakner, Christoph, Daniel Gerszon Mahler, Mario Negre & Espen Beer Prydz (2022): How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty? In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 3, S. 559-585. DOI:10.1007/s10888-021-09510-w

Abstract

"The goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and working towards a more equal distribution of incomes are part of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Using data from 166 countries comprising 97.5% of the world's population, we simulate scenarios for global poverty from 2019 to 2030 under various assumptions about growth and inequality. We use different assumptions about growth incidence curves to model changes in inequality, and rely on a machine-learning algorithm called model-based recursive partitioning to model how growth in GDP is passed through to growth as observed in household surveys. When holding within-country inequality unchanged and letting GDP per capita grow according to World Bank forecasts and historically observed growth rates, our simulations suggest that the number of extreme poor (living on less than $1.90/day) will remain above 600 million in 2030, resulting in a global extreme poverty rate of 7.4%. If the Gini index in each country decreases by 1% per year, the global poverty rate could reduce to around 6.3% in 2030, equivalent to 89 million fewer people living in extreme poverty. Reducing each country's Gini index by 1% per year has a larger impact on global poverty than increasing each country's annual growth 1 percentage point above forecasts. We also study the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and find that the pandemic may have driven around 60 million people into extreme poverty in 2020. If the pandemic increased the Gini index by 2% in all countries, then more than 90 million may have been driven into extreme poverty in 2020." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Lee, Nayoung (2022): Measurement error and its impact on estimates of income dynamics. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 63, H. 5, S. 2539-2550. DOI:10.1007/s00181-022-02218-4

Abstract

"This paper examines whether reported income generates biases for studies on economic mobility and poverty dynamics. Using a linear measurement error model capturing mean-reverting measurement error, this study finds that substantial classical measurement error exists in reported data, leading to a bias toward zero in the estimate of income dynamics. Time-invariant non-classical measurement error and unobserved heterogeneity offset the effect of classical measurement error. This study also identifies the standard deviation of the measurement error, which is estimated to be about 70% of that of the equation error in the income model, suggesting that random measurement error is substantial." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Meriküll, Jaanika & Tairi Rõõm (2022): Are survey data underestimating the inequality of wealth? In: Empirical economics, Jg. 62, H. 2, S. 339-374. DOI:10.1007/s00181-021-02030-6

Abstract

"This paper studies households' response behaviour in a wealth survey. We analyse how unit non-response and item non-response contribute to the estimated distribution of wealth. Our findings imply that wealth inequality is underestimated in the survey. The downward bias is originating from item non-response and not from unit non-response. Wealthier households are less likely to provide answers to wealth-related questions. As a result, the level of net wealth is underestimated and the top tail of its distribution is missing. Imputation can eliminate biases throughout most of the wealth distribution but does not recover the estimates in the top tail." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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de Mesnard, Louis (2022): About some difficulties with the functional forms of Lorenz curves. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 20, H. 4, S. 939-950. DOI:10.1007/s10888-022-09542-w

Abstract

"We study to what extent some functional form assumption on the Lorenz curve are amenable to calculating headcount poverty, or poverty threshold, the key concept to determine a poverty index. The difficulties in calculating it have been underestimated. We must choose some functional forms for the Lorenz concentration curve. We examine three families of one-parameter functional forms to estimate Lorenz curves: power (elementary and Pareto), exponential (elementary and Gupta) and fractional (Rohde). Computing these numerical functions may be difficult and impose some restrictions on their domain of definition, may impose to use some numerical approximation methods. The elementary power and exponential forms are not a problem. However, Pareto raises the problem of a restricted domain of definition for its parameters. The exponential form of Gupta leads to a Lambert function that poses multiple problems, including a restricted field of definition. The fractional form of Rohde has also a restricted domain of definition. It is probably time to choose functional forms not only according to their ability to fit the data, but also according to their ability to calculate poverty indices." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Beste, Jonas & Mark Trappmann (2021): Die materielle Versorgung von Hartz-IV-Haushalten hat sich in den letzten Jahren etwas verbessert, deren relative Einkommenssituation nicht. In: IAB-Forum H. 17.02.2021 Nürnberg, o. Sz., 2021-02-15.

Abstract

"Während die relative Armut in Deutschland in den 2010er Jahren zunächst zunahm und dann auf hohem Niveau stagnierte, nahm die materielle Unterversorgung in der gleichen Zeit deutlich ab. Letztere kann als Maß für absolute Armut betrachtet werden." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dudel, Christian, Jan Marvin Garbuszus & Julian Schmied (2021): Assessing differences in household needs. A comparison of approaches for the estimation of equivalence scales using German expenditure data. In: Empirical economics, Jg. 60, H. 4, S. 1629-1659. DOI:10.1007/s00181-020-01822-6

Abstract

"Equivalence scales are routinely applied to adjust the income of households of different sizes and compositions. Because of their practical importance for the measurement of inequality and poverty, a large number of methods for the estimation of equivalence scales have been proposed. Until now, however, no comprehensive comparison of current methods has been conducted. In this paper, we employ German household expenditure data to estimate equivalence scales using several parametric, semiparametric, and nonparametric approaches. Using a single dataset, we find that some approaches yield more plausible results than others while implausible scales are mostly based on linear Engel curves. The results we consider plausible are close to the modified OECD scale, and to the square root scale for larger households." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Gartner, Hermann (2021): Amartya Sen und die Idee der Gerechtigkeit. In: F. Schulze (Hrsg.) (2021): Humanistik und Philosophie, Bd. 2. Jahresband der Humanistischen Akademie 2021, S. 1-8.

Abstract

"Der Aufsatz stellt die Grundideen des Wirtschaftsnobelpreisträgers Amartya Sen zu Fragen der Gerechtigkeit dar. Dabei wird auch der Kontext zu anderen Gerechtigkeitstheorien hergestellt, wie dem Utilitarismus oder den Vorstellungen von John Rawls. Im Zentrum von Amartya Sens Vorstellungen zu Gerechtigkeit steht der Befähigungsansatz. Befähigungen umfassen dabei substantielle Freiheiten, das Leben so zu führen, wie wir es mit guten Gründen wollen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kuypers, Sarah & Ive Marx (2021): Poverty in the EU using augmented measures of financial resources: The role of assets and debt. In: Journal of European Social Policy, Jg. 31, H. 5, S. 496-516. DOI:10.1177/09589287211040421

Abstract

"Despite clear limitations, poverty research in the rich world overwhelmingly relies on income-based measures. Households may have significant savings and assets that they can draw on to boost their living standards, but may also have debts that depress the living standard they can actually achieve with their disposable income. Using data from the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS), this article offers a picture of poverty in 17 EU countries that takes into account assets and debt, using various approaches. While earlier studies have found that poverty rates tend to be lower when wealth is accounted for, this study highlights the situation of those who become or remain poor even when savings and assets are included. It focuses both on within-country patterns of joint income–wealth poverty and on cross-country differences. It is shown that the elderly are generally less prone to being poor once assets are accounted for. However, for renter households with a young, female, low educated, unemployed or inactive and single head, the risk of being poor when assets and debt are accounted for remains high and in some cases even increases. That is generally the case because they have few assets, rather than because of high debts. The substantial variation in poverty rates observed across countries can to some extent be accounted for by socio-demographic factors, but a lot of variation still remains unaccounted for." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Moretti, Angelo, Natalie Shlomo & Joseph Sakshaug (2021): Small area estimation of latent economic well-being. In: Sociological methods & research, Jg. 50, H. 4, S. 1660-1693., 2018-09-17. DOI:10.1177/0049124119826160

Abstract

"Small area estimation (SAE) plays a crucial role in the social sciences due to the growing need for reliable and accurate estimates for small domains. In the study of well-being, for example, policy makers need detailed information about the geographical distribution of a range of social indicators. We investigate data dimensionality reduction using factor analysis models and implement SAE on the factor scores under the empirical best linear unbiased prediction approach. We contrast this approach with the standard approach of providing a dashboard of indicators or a weighted average of indicators at the local level. We demonstrate the approach in a simulation study and a real data application based on the European Union Statistics for Income and Living Conditions for the municipalities of Tuscany." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bedük, Selçuk (2020): Missing Dimensions of Poverty? Calibrating Deprivation Scales Using Perceived Financial Situation. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 562-579. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcaa004

Abstract

"Deprivation scales usually cover some but not all aspects of poverty. Missing dimensions could affect who is and is not identified as poor. Despite its importance, whether missing dimensions affect the measurement of poverty has not been empirically examined in the EU context. Such an examination requires data on missing dimensions that existing surveys do not usually collect. In this article, I get around this problem with an innovative design and using the rich content of the British Household Panel Survey (1999–2008). I use perceived financial inadequacy as a proxy for poverty and show that, independent of the deprivation status, having a need in healthcare, childcare, social care, or education increases the risk of reporting financial inadequacy. The main explanations for these effects are extra spending and reduced earnings of the families (as a response to having extra needs), and not other biases that might arise from using a self-assessed proxy measure such as scale heterogeneity, personality traits, state dependence, anticipations, or psychological negativity. These findings demonstrate the need for more comprehensive measures. Unless relevant indicators of missing dimensions (e.g. cost-related unmet needs in healthcare) are included in the analysis, deprivation scales might fail to identify some people experiencing poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Butterwegge, Christoph (2020): Die zerrissene Republik: wirtschaftliche, soziale und politische Ungleichheit in Deutschland. Weinheim: Beltz Juventa, 414 S.

Abstract

"Seit geraumer Zeit ist das Problem wachsender Ungleichheit das Kardinalproblem unserer Gesellschaft, wenn nicht der gesamten Menschheit. Während daraus im globalen Maßstab ökonomische Krisen, Kriege und Bürgerkriege resultieren, die wiederum größere Migrationsbewegungen nach sich ziehen, sind in Deutschland der soziale Zusammenhalt und die repräsentative Demokratie bedroht. Daher wird nicht bloß thematisiert, wie soziale Ungleichheit entsteht und warum sie zugenommen hat, sondern auch, weshalb die politisch Verantwortlichen darauf kaum reagieren und was getan werden muss, um sie einzudämmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Beltz Juventa)

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Eren, Gürer & Alfons Weichenrieder (2020): Pro-rich inflation in Europe: Implications for the measurement of inequality. In: German Economic Review, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 107-138. DOI:10.1515/ger-2018-0146

Abstract

"This paper studies the distributional consequences of a systematic variation in expenditure shares and prices. Using European Union Household Budget Surveys and Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices data, we construct household-specific price indices and reveal the existence of a pro-rich inflation in Europe. Over the period 2001–15, the consumption bundles of the poorest deciles in 25 European countries have, on average, become 11.2 percentage points more expensive than those of the richest deciles. We find that ignoring the differential inflation across the distribution underestimates the change in the Gini (based on consumption expenditure) by almost up to 0.04 points. Cross-country heterogeneity in this change is large enough to alter the inequality ranking of numerous countries. The average inflation effect we detect is almost as large as the change in the standard Gini measure over the period of interest." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with De Gruyter) ((en))

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Kyzyma, Iryna (2020): How Poor Are the Poor? Looking beyond the Binary Measure of Income Poverty. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 525-549. DOI:10.1007/s10888-020-09453-8

Abstract

"This paper contributes to the literature by analysing how poor the income poor are in European countries. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, I go beyond average estimates of the intensity of poverty and analyse the distribution of individual-level poverty gaps in each country of interest. As a next step, I identify which personal and household characteristics predict how far away incomes of the poor fall from the poverty line. The results indicate that, in most European countries, half of the poor have income shortfalls not exceeding 30% of the poverty line whereas only a few percent of the poor have income deficits of 80% and more. The results also suggest that traditional poverty correlates (e.g. age, gender, educational background) are not always significantly associated with the size of normalised poverty gaps at the individual level, or the nature of these associations differs as compared to when the same characteristics are linked to the probability of being poor." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Moretti, Angelo, Natalie Shlomo & Joseph Sakshaug (2020): Multivariate small area estimation of multidimensional latent economic wellbeing indicators. In: International statistical review, Jg. 88, H. 1, S. 1-28., 2019-04-25. DOI:10.1111/insr.12333

Abstract

"Factor analysis models are used in data dimensionality reduction problems where the variability among observed variables can be described through a smaller number of unobserved latent variables. This approach is often used to estimate the multidimensionality of wellbeing. We employ factor analysis models and use multivariate EBLUP (MEBLUP) under a unit-level small area estimation approach to predict a vector of means of factor scores representing wellbeing for small areas. We compare this approach to the standard approach whereby we use SAE (univariate and multivariate) to estimate a dashboard of EBLUPs of the means of the original variables and then averaged. Our simulation study shows that the use of factor scores provides estimates with lower variability than weighted and simple averages of standardised MEBLUPs and univariate EBLUPs. Moreover, we find that when the correlation in the observed data is taken into account before small area estimates are computed, multivariate modelling does not provide large improvements in the precision of the estimates over the univariate modelling. We close with an application using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Niehues, Judith, Maximilian Stockhausen, Andreas Peichl, Charlotte Bartels, Mario Bossler, Bernd Fitzenberger, Arnim Seidlitz, Moritz Kuhn, Till Baldenius, Sebastian Kohl, Moritz Schularick & Rolf Kleimann (2020): Ungleichheit unter der Lupe - neue politische Antworten auf ein bekanntes Thema. Zur Diskussion gestellt. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 73, H. 2, S. 3-26., 2020-01-27.

Abstract

"Die öffentliche Debatte lässt uns glauben, die Ungleichheit der Einkommen und des Vermögens in Deutschland und in Europa habe in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Daraus wird die Forderung abgeleitet, man müsse politisch umverteilen, damit die Schere zwischen arm und reich nicht weiter auseinandergeht. Aber sind die Daten wirklich so eindeutig? Unterschiedliche Datensätze führen oft zu unterschiedlichen Aussagen über das Ausmaß von Ungleichheit. Deshalb stellt sich einmal mehr die Frage: Wie kann Ungleichheit quantifiziert werden? Ist der Gini-Koeffizient das richtige Maß oder die Armutsrisikoquote? Gibt es ein Problem, weil die Kapitaleinkommen stärker gewachsen sind als die Lohneinkommen? Oder entwickelt sich vor allem die Vermögensverteilung in der Gesellschaft rasant auseinander? Unsere Autoren diskutieren über Antworten auf diese Fragen. Das Dossier enthält folgende Beiträge:
- Judith Niehues und Maximilian Stockhausen, Ungleichheit(en), ein bekanntes Phänomen? - Andreas Peichl, Die Macht der Zahlen: Ein kritischer Blick auf die Quantifizierung von Ungleichheit - Charlotte Bartels: Steigende Polarisierung der Markteinkommen>> - Mario Bossler, Bernd Fitzenberger und Arnim Seidlitz, Neues zur Lohnungleichheit in Deutschland - Moritz Kuhn, Vermögensungleichheit in Deutschland - Till Baldenius, Sebastian Kohl und Moritz Schularick, Die neue Wohnungsfrage. Gewinner und Verlierer des deutschen Immobilienbooms - Rolf Kleimann, Ungleichheit - sehen, was der Fall ist" (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Pattaro, Serena, Nick Bailey & Chris Dibben (2020): Using Linked Longitudinal Administrative Data to Identify Social Disadvantage. In: Social indicators research, Jg. 147, H. 3, S. 865-895. DOI:10.1007/s11205-019-02173-1

Abstract

"Administrative data are widely used to construct indicators of social disadvantage, such as Free School Meals eligibility and Indices of Multiple Deprivation, for policy purposes. For research these indicators are often a compromise between accuracy and simplicity, because they rely on cross-sectional data. The growing availability of longitudinal administrative data may aid construction of more accurate indicators for research. To illustrate this potential, we use administrative data on welfare benefits from DWP’s National Benefits Database and annual earnings from employment from HMRC’s P14/P60 data to reconstruct individual labour market histories over a 5-year period. These administrative datasets were linked to survey data from the Poverty and Social Exclusion UK 2012. Results from descriptive and logistic regression analyses show that longitudinal measures correlate highly with survey responses on the same topic and are stronger predictors of poverty risks than measures based on cross-sectional data. These results suggest that longitudinal administrative measures would have potentially wide-ranging applications in policy as well as poverty research." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Cremer, Georg (2019): Fallstricke der Armutsdebatte. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 72, H. 10, S. 27-33.

Abstract

"Von den Vorstellungen über Armut hängt ab, wie Maßnahmen zur materiellen Besserstellung armer Personen oder zur Erhöhung ihrer Teilhabechancen bewertet werden. Georg Cremer, ehemaliger Generalsekretär des Deutschen Caritasverbandes e. V., zeigt, dass einige Armutsindikatoren, beispielsweise die Verwendung der Zahl der Grundsicherungsbezieher, problematisch sind. Eine Debatte zu geeigneten Armutsindikatoren ist notwendig." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Dang, Hai-Anh, Dean Jolliffe & Calogero Carletto (2019): Data gaps, data incomparability, and data imputation: A review of poverty measurement methods for data-scarce environments. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 33, H. 3, S. 757-797. DOI:10.1111/joes.12307

Abstract

"Questions that often come up in contexts where household consumption data are unavailable or missing include: what are the best existing methods to obtain poverty estimates at a single snapshot in time? and over time? and what are the best available methods to study poverty dynamics? A variety of different techniques have been developed to tackle these questions, but unfortunately, they are presented in different forms and lack unified terminology. We offer a review of poverty imputation methods that address contexts ranging from completely missing and partially missing consumption data in cross-sectional household surveys, to missing panel household data. We present the various existing methods under a common framework, with pedagogical discussion on their intuition. Empirical illustrations are provided using several rounds of household survey data from Vietnam. Furthermore, we also offer a practical guide with detailed instructions on computer programs that can be used to implement the reviewed techniques." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Dütsch, Matthias, Ralf Himmelreicher & Clemens Ohlert (2019): Calculating gross hourly wages: The (structure of) earnings survey and the German Socio-Economic Panel in comparison. In: Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jg. 239, H. 2, S. 243-276. DOI:10.1515/jbnst-2017-0121

Abstract

"The statutory minimum wage in Germany was set as an hourly wage. Thus, valid information on gross hourly wages must be calculated from monthly wages and weekly working hours. This paper compares the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and the (Structure of) Earnings Survey (SES/ES). The sampling and collection of data on employees in the household survey GSOEP, and on jobs in the administrative surveys SES/ES exhibit fundamental conceptual differences. Accordingly, there is variation in the definition of types of employment and in the distribution of the observed units regarding central characteristics. Monthly wages, weekly working hours and gross hourly wages differ especially in the lower range of the respective distribution. Against this backdrop specific implications can be derived for minimum wage research." (Author's abstract, © De Gruyter) ((en))

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Furceri, Davide & Jonathan D. Ostry (2019): Robust determinants of income inequality. In: Oxford review of economic policy, Jg. 35, H. Nol. 3, S. 490-517. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grz014

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Furman, Edward, Yisub Kye & Jianxi Su (2019): Computing the Gini index: A note. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 185. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108753

Abstract

The Gini index of inequality has been extensively studied by economists in a variety of contexts with the notions of wealth and income distribution serving as two primary examples. Nevertheless, the Gini index is by far less popular outside of the economics literature, and even in economics it is not uncommon to replace Gini with other measures of inequality. A reason for this lies in the critics associated with the computability of the Gini index. In this note, we reveal convenient ways to compute the Gini index explicitly and in some cases effortlessly. The thrust of our approach is the herein discovered link between the Gini index and the notion of statistical sample size-bias. Not only the just-mentioned link opens up advantageous computational routes for the Gini index, but also yields an alternative interpretation for it.

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Hochgürtel, Tim (2019): Einkommensanalysen mit dem Mikrozensus. In: Wirtschaft und Statistik H. 3, S. 53-64.

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Hérault, Nicolas & Stephen P. Jenkins (2019): How valid are synthetic panel estimates of poverty dynamics? In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 17, H. 1, S. 51-76. DOI:10.1007/s10888-019-09408-8

Abstract

"A growing literature uses repeated cross-section surveys to derive 'synthetic panel' data estimates of poverty dynamics statistics. It builds on the pioneering study by Dang et al. ('DLLM', Journal of Development Economics, 2014) providing bounds estimates and the innovative refinement proposed by Dang and Lanjouw ('DL', World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6504, 2013) providing point estimates of the statistics of interest. We provide new evidence about the accuracy of synthetic panel estimates relative to benchmarks based on estimates derived from genuine household panel data, employing high quality data from Australia and Britain, while also examining the sensitivity of results to a number of analytical choices. For these two high-income countries we show that DL-method point estimates are distinctly less accurate than estimates derived in earlier validity studies, all of which focus on low- and middle-income countries. We also demonstrate that estimate validity depends on choices such as the age of the household head (defining the sample), the poverty line level, and the years analyzed. DLLM parametric bounds estimates virtually always include the true panel estimates, though the bounds can be wide." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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McGregor, Thomas, Brock Smith & Samuel Wills (2019): Measuring inequality. In: Oxford review of economic policy, Jg. 35, H. Nol. 3, S. 368-395. DOI:10.1093/oxrep/grz015

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Meyer, Bruce D., Derek Wu, Victoria R. Moores & Carla Medalia (2019): The use and misuse of income data and extreme poverty in the United States. (NBER working paper 25907), Cambrige, Mass., 60 S. DOI:10.3386/w25907

Abstract

"Recent research suggests that rates of extreme poverty, commonly defined as living on less than $2/person/day, are high and rising in the United States. We re-examine the rate of extreme poverty by linking 2011 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and Current Population Survey, the sources of recent extreme poverty estimates, to administrative tax and program data. Of the 3.6 million non-homeless households with survey-reported cash income below $2/person/day, we find that more than 90% are not in extreme poverty once we include in-kind transfers, replace survey reports of earnings and transfer receipt with administrative records, and account for the ownership of substantial assets. More than half of all misclassified households have incomes from the administrative data above the poverty line, and several of the largest misclassified groups appear to be at least middle class based on measures of material well-being. In contrast, the households kept from extreme poverty by in-kind transfers appear to be among the most materially deprived Americans. Nearly 80% of all misclassified households are initially categorized as extreme poor due to errors or omissions in reports of cash income. Of the households remaining in extreme poverty, 90% consist of a single individual. An implication of the low recent extreme poverty rate is that it cannot be substantially higher now due to welfare reform, as many commentators have claimed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meyer, Bruce D. & Nikolas Mittag (2019): Using linked survey and administrative data to better measure income. Implications for poverty, program effectiveness and holes in the safety net. In: American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, Jg. 11, H. 2, S. 176-204. DOI:10.1257/app.20170478

Abstract

"We examine the consequences of survey underreporting of transfer programs for prototypical analyses of low-income populations. We link administrative data for four transfer programs to the CPS to correct its severe understatement of transfer dollars received. Using survey data sharply understates the income of poor households, distorts our understanding of program targeting, and greatly understates the effects of anti-poverty programs. Using the combined data, the poverty-reducing effect of all programs together is nearly doubled. The effect of housing assistance is tripled. Correcting survey error often reduces the share of single mothers falling through the safety net by one-half or more." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bedük, Selçuk (2018): Understanding material deprivation for 25 EU countries. Risk and level perspectives, and distinctiveness of zeros. In: European Sociological Review, Jg. 34, H. 2, S. 121-137. DOI:10.1093/esr/jcx089

Abstract

"Existing deprivation scales identify a majority of the population in each European Union (EU) country with zero deprivation. In this article, I hypothesize and test whether scoring zero on a material deprivation scale is a qualitatively different phenomenon to scoring at least one by applying and comparing multiple count models. I then examine how neglecting the distinctiveness of zeros, as the case in conventional models, influences our understanding of deprivation risk (deprived vs. non-deprived) and deprivation level (high vs. low deprivation), specifically regarding their relationship to social class. Consistently across 25 EU countries, the findings show that those with zero deprivation have significantly distinct profiles to those who have at least one deprivation. These results are robust to different weighting and index specifications. I then demonstrate how neglecting the distinctiveness of zeros results in significant underestimation of the strong social class gradient in risk of deprivation, and significant overestimation of the rather weak social class gradient in level of deprivation. Moreover, accounting for the distinctiveness of zeros reveals the conceptual difference between the risk and the level of deprivation given their different determinants, while conventional models identify the same determinants for both. These latter findings are also broadly consistent across 25 EU countries, with some exceptions in countries with very low level of zeros, such as Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania. Relevant scales with a zero threshold can be used to study deprivation or to measure poverty in the EU yet either with some reconsiderations of conceptual and data problems or using a consistent poverty approach." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Beste, Jonas, Markus M. Grabka & Jan Göbel (2018): Armut in Deutschland. Ein Vergleich zwischen den beiden Haushaltspanelstudien SOEP und PASS. In: Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv, Jg. 12, H. 1, S. 27-62., 2018-02-19. DOI:10.1007/s11943-018-0221-4

Abstract

"Die Ergebnisse von Armutsanalysen auf Basis von Befragungsdaten unterliegen statistischen Unsicherheiten und möglichen systematischen Verzerrungen, deren Ursachen sowohl in der Pre-Data-Collection-Phase (z.B. bei der Stichprobenziehung), der Data-Collection-Phase (Unit- bzw. Item-Non-Response), als auch in der Post-Data-Collection-Phase (Gewichtung, Datengenerierung) liegen können. Um diese studienspezifischen Einflüsse bewerten zu können, kann ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse auf Basis von mehreren Datenquellen hilfreich sein. In dieser Untersuchung werden die Einkommensverteilungen, mehrere Armutsmaße, die identifizierten Armutsrisikoquoten von Subpopulationen, Armutsfaktoren, die Betroffenheit von dauerhafter Armut sowie Auf- und Abstiege mit den beiden Haushaltspanelstudien Panel 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' (PASS) und soziooekonomisches Panel (SOEP) berechnet und miteinander verglichen. Als zusätzliche Referenz nutzen wir Ergebnisse zu Armut basierend auf dem Mikrozensus. Ziel dieses Vorhabens ist es, die Aussagekraft der Ergebnisse von Armutsanalysen besser einschätzen zu können. Zwischen den beiden Studien können signifikante Unterschiede in den Armutsmaßen festgestellt werden, welche sich allerding teilweise über den Beobachtungszeitraum auflösen. Eine Annäherung der in PASS bestimmten Armut an die Werte des SOEP kann entweder durch einen Ausfallsprozess in den ersten Erhebungsjahren der PASS-Studie oder durch eine Verbesserung der Datenqualität der Einkommensinformation bedingt sein. Die Resultate einer multivariaten Analyse auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit ein Einkommen unterhalb der Armutsschwelle aufzuweisen weichen zwischen den beiden Studien kaum voneinander ab. In der beobachteten Armutsdynamik weisen die beiden Panelstudien neben großen Gemeinsamkeiten auch klare Unterschiede auf. Insgesamt zeigt sich ein in vielen Bereichen vergleichbares Bild von relativer materieller Armut in den beiden Haushaltspanelstudien, das jedoch in einigen Punkten voneinander abweicht. Hieraus lässt sich die Relevanz für die Analyse von Armut anhand mehrerer verschiedener Datenquellen ableiten." (Autorenreferat, © Springer-Verlag)

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(2018): Armut stört. Schattenbericht der Nationalen Armutskonferenz. (Armut in Deutschland : Schattenbericht der Nationalen Armutskonferenz), Berlin, 38 S.

Abstract

"Am 17. Oktober 2018, dem Internationalen Tag zur Beseitigung der Armut, veröffentlicht die Nationale Armutskonferenz ihren dritten Schattenbericht zur Armut in Deutschland. Der Bericht gibt einen Überblick über den armutspolitischen Handlungsbedarf und lässt Betroffene zu Wort kommen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bossert, Walter & Bhaskar Dutta (2018): The measurement of welfare change. (Warwick economic research paper 1151), Coventry, 13 S.

Abstract

"We propose and characterize a class of measures of welfare change that are based on the generalized Gini social welfare functions. In addition, we analyze these measures in the context of a second-order dominance property that is akin to generalized Lorenz dominance as introduced by Shorrocks (1983) and Kakwani (1984). Because we consider welfare differences rather than welfare levels, the requisite equivalence result involves linear welfare functions (that is, those associated with the generalized Ginis) only, as opposed to the entire class of strictly increasing and S-concave welfare indicators." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Desmond, Matthew & Bruce Western (2018): Poverty in America: New directions and debates. In: Annual review of sociology, Jg. 44, S. 305-318. DOI:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053411

Abstract

"Reviewing recent research on poverty in the United States, we derive a conceptual framework with three main characteristics. First, poverty is multidimensional, compounding material hardship with human frailty, generational trauma, family and neighborhood violence, and broken institutions. Second, poverty is relational, produced through connections between the truly advantaged and the truly disadvantaged. Third, a component of this conceptual framework is transparently normative, applying empirical research to analyze poverty as a matter of justice, not just economics. Throughout, we discuss conceptual, methodological, and policy-relevant implications of this perspective on the study of extreme disadvantage in America." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gallardo, Mauricio (2018): Identifying vulnerability to poverty. A critical survey. In: Journal of Economic Surveys, Jg. 32, H. 4, S. 1074-1105. DOI:10.1111/joes.12216

Abstract

"In the economic literature on poverty, various methods have been proposed for measuring a phenomenon known as 'vulnerability'. However, after more than a quarter century of research, no consensus has been reached on how to identify such vulnerable individuals within a given population. Some misunderstandings have also arisen from the overlapping of other closely related concepts, such as the expectation of being poor, expected poverty, multi-period poverty and risk exposure. This paper offers a detailed conceptual discussion on vulnerability to poverty and its related elements, reviewing a wide range of identifying criteria provided in the literature. It is found that according to the state of the art in this ?eld of research, two key elements stand out in identifying vulnerable individuals: an expected well-being below the poverty line and a relevant risk of falling into poverty due to downside deviation from a reference level of well-being. The traditional classi?cation of vulnerability approaches has been updated into four groups: (i) those that stress the element of exposure to risk; (ii) those that emphasize the element of expected poverty; (iii) those that de?ne vulnerability through a utility gap and (iv) those that are supported by a mean-risk dominance criterion." (Author's abstract, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Garbuszus, Jan Marvin, Notburga Ott, Sebastian Pehle & Martin Werding (2018): Wie hat sich die Einkommenssituation von Familien entwickelt? Ein neues Messkonzept. Gütersloh, 119 S. DOI:10.11586/2017050

Abstract

"Familien mit geringem Einkommen sind in den letzten 25 Jahren weiter abgehängt worden. Das ist das Ergebnis der vorliegenden Studie. Sie untersucht, wie sich das Haushaltseinkommen verschiedener Familientypen seit den 90er Jahren entwickelt hat und verwendet dabei ein neues Messkonzept, um Einkommen verschiedener Haushaltstypen vergleichbar zu machen. Erstmals für Deutschland ermitteln die Bochumer Wissenschaftler, welche zusätzlichen Kosten durch Kinder je nach Familientyp und Einkommensniveau entstehen. Dabei wird klar: je geringer das Familieneinkommen ist, desto schwerer wiegt die finanzielle Belastung durch jedes weitere Haushaltsmitglied.
Die Autoren kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass bisherige Berechnungsmethoden auf der Grundlage der neuen OECD-Skala die Einkommen armer Haushalte systematisch über- und jene reicher Haushalte unterschätzt haben. Das führt zu Verzerrungen bei der Armutsmessung. So zeigt sich, dass die Armutsrisikoquote von Paarfamilien nach der neuen Berechnung knapp drei Prozentpunkte über den bisher ermittelten Werten liegt. Die Armutsrisikoquote Alleinerziehender lag nach früheren Berechnungen bei schon sehr hohen 46 Prozent, auf Basis der neuen Methode liegt sie bei 68 Prozent. Insgesamt sind Paarhaushalte mit Kindern und Alleinerziehende in den letzten 25 Jahren zudem im Durchschnitt durchgängig finanziell schlechter gestellt gewesen als Paare ohne Kinder." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Garbuszus, Jan Marvin, Notburga Ott, Sebastian Pehle & Martin Werding (2018): Development of family income since the 1990s. A fresh look at German microdata using income-dependent equivalence scales. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 987), Berlin, 21 S.

Abstract

"Income inequality and poverty risks receive a lot of attention in public debates and current research. However, the situation of families that differ in size and composition is rarely considered more closely in this context. Relevant research typically relies on equivalence scales to make income comparable across different types of households. The standard approach for doing so is based on the so-called '(modified) OECD scale'. Instead, we apply income-dependent equivalence scales in this paper to assess how the financial situation of families living in Germany has developed since the early 1990s. Among other things, our results indicate that poverty risks for households with children - especially for single parents - are considerably higher than was previously found. We conclude that the application of income-dependent equivalence scales is required for applied research in income inequality, especially if one is concerned with the composition, not just the size of the population at poverty risk." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gutfleisch, Tamara & Hans-Jürgen Andreß (2018): Ein Deutschland, in dem wir gut und gerne leben. Welche Merkmale gehören nach Ansicht der Bevölkerung zum notwendigen Lebensstandard? In: Informationsdienst Soziale Indikatoren H. 59, S. 1-7.

Abstract

"Es ist eine sozialpolitisch wichtige Frage, ob sich ein minimaler Lebensstandard definieren lässt, über den man notwendigerweise verfügen muss, um in Deutschland ein gerade noch ausreichendes Leben zu führen. (...) Mit einem im GESIS Panel 2016 geschalteten Messinstrument wollen wir daher die aktuellen Meinungen der Bevölkerung zum notwendigen Lebensstandard in Deutschland erfassen und mit den Daten der Panelbefragung 'Arbeitsmarkt und Soziale Sicherung' (PASS) vergleichen. (...) Im Wesentlichen gehen wir in diesem Beitrag drei Fragen nach: (i) Wie kann man die Einstellungen der Bevölkerung über den notwendigen Lebensstandard erfassen? (ii) Gibt es in der Bevölkerung einen Konsens über das, was den notwendigen Lebensstandard ausmacht? (iii) Wie stabil sind die Einstellungen im Zeitablauf?" (Textauszug, © GESIS)

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Hufe, Paul & Andreas Peichl (2018): Inequality and unfairness in Europe. In: CESifo forum, Jg. 19, H. 2, S. 26-34.

Abstract

"In this paper, we consider three aspects of inequality that could provoke normative concern. Specifically, we will calculate summary statistics for each of these concerns and analyse the extent to which they are reflected in a standard measure of inequality: the Gini index. Firstly, we consider individual deprivation, i.e. the concern that some do not have sufficient means to make ends meet. Typically, poverty is calculated by partitioning the population into a poor and a non-poor fraction by means of a poverty line. An aggregation index is then applied to summarize the income distribution below the poverty line. The higher the poverty index, the unfairer the income distribution from the perspective of those who are poverty-averse. Secondly, we consider individual affluence, i.e. the concern that some have so much that they could tilt the balance of social processes in their favour. In analogy to poverty measurement the population is partitioned into an affluent and a nonaffluent fraction by means of a richness threshold. Then an aggregation index is applied to summarize the income distribution above the richness line. The higher the richness index, the unfairer the income distribution from the perspective of those who are affluence-averse. Thirdly, equality of opportunity, i.e. the concern that disparities among individuals are due to factors for which they should not be held responsible. Typically, inequality of opportunity is measured by comparing incomes across types that are defined by a set of factors beyond individual control. The larger the disparities across types, the more individual incomes are determined by factors beyond individual control, the unfairer the income distribution from the perspective of an opportunity-egalitarian." (Text excerpt, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jorgenson, Dale W. (2018): Production and welfare: Progress in economic measurement. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 56, H. 3, S. 867-919. DOI:10.1257/jel.20171358

Abstract

"While the GDP was intended by its originators as a measure of production, the absence of a measure of welfare in the national accounts has led to widespread misuse of the GDP to proxy welfare. Measures of welfare are needed to appraise the outcomes of changes in economic policies and evaluate the results. Concepts that describe the income distribution, such as poverty and inequality, fall within the scope of welfare rather than production. This paper reviews recent advances in the measurement of production and welfare within the national accounts, primarily in the United States and the international organizations. Expanding the framework beyond the national accounts has led to important innovations in the measurement of both production and welfare." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Keita, Sekou & Pierre Mandon (2018): Give a fish or teach fishing? Partisan affiliation of U.S. governors and the poverty status of immigrants. In: European journal of political economy, Jg. 55, H. December, S. 65-96., 2017-11-09. DOI:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2017.11.004

Abstract

"This paper investigates how governors' partisan affiliation affects the poverty status of immigrants to the U.S. To this end, we compare the poverty outcomes of immigrants in states ruled by Democratic governors relative to the outcomes for those in states ruled by Republican governors. We employ a regression discontinuity design using the re-centered Democratic margin of victory as a running variable, to overcome the identification challenge posed by confounding factors. Consistent with the literature on partisan affiliation, we find that immigrants are more likely to get out of poverty in states with Democratic governors than states with Republican governors. Our results are submitted to a variety of robustness checks and sensitivity tests, to assess the validity of the identification strategy, and highlight conditional lame-duck effects. A formal mediation analysis reveals that the empirical results are mediated through better access to the labor market and possibly through higher wages and labor earnings for immigrants. Last but not least, we check for alternative hypotheses and potential detrimental effects for native populations." (Author's abstract, © 2017 Elsevier) ((en))

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Lohmann, Henning & Ive Marx (Hrsg.) (2018): Handbook on in-work poverty. Cheltenham: Elgar, 508 S. DOI:10.4337/9781784715632

Abstract

"There has been a rapid global expansion of academic and policy attention focusing on in-work poverty, acknowledging that across the world a large number of the poor are 'working poor'. Taking a global and multi-disciplinary perspective, this Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of current research at the intersection between work and poverty.
Authoritative contributions from leading researchers in the field provide comprehensive coverage of conceptual and measurement issues, causal drivers and mechanisms, key empirical findings, policy issues and debates. The Handbook is unique in offering perspectives from a wide range of regions and countries, stretching beyond developed countries. It also does justice to the paradigmatic diversity in approaches to in-work poverty, offering a wealth of variety in disciplinary approaches." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Muñoz, J. F., E. Álvarez-Verdejo & R. M. García-Fernández (2018): On estimating the poverty gap and the poverty severity indices with auxiliary information. In: Sociological Methods and Research, Jg. 47, H. 3, S. 598-625. DOI:10.1177/0049124115626178

Abstract

"Many poverty measures are estimated by using sample data collected from social surveys. Two examples are the poverty gap and the poverty severity indices. A novel method for the estimation of these poverty indicators is described. Social surveys usually contain different variables, some of which can be used to improve the estimation of poverty measures. The proposed estimation methodology is based on this idea. The variance estimation and the construction of confidence intervals are also topics addressed in this article. Real survey data, extracted from the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions and based on various countries, are used to investigate some empirical properties of our estimators via Monte Carlo simulation studies. Empirical results indicate that the suggested methods can be more accurate than the customary estimator. Desirable results are also obtained for the proposed variances and confidence intervals. Various populations generated from the Gamma distribution also support our findings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Pattanaik, Prasanta K. & Yongsheng Xu (2018): On measuring multidimensional deprivation. In: Journal of Economic Literature, Jg. 56, H. 2, S. 657-672. DOI:10.1257/jel.20161454

Abstract

"This essay presents a critical review of the recent book by Alkire et al. entitled Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, and, in the course of doing so, it also discusses some general issues that come up in this context. We outline the basic structure of the problem of measuring multidimensional deprivation and critically evaluate the methodology adopted by Alkire et al. (2015). In particular, we discuss some problems associated with the methods used by them to identify the deprived and to aggregate individual deprivations so as to derive an index of social deprivation. We examine the interpretation in terms of unfreedoms of individuals, which Alkire et al. put on one of their measures of social deprivation. We also suggest a variant of their methodology for measuring multidimensional deprivation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Schröder, Christoph (2018): Armutsgefährdung regional: neue Perspektiven durch Preisbereinigung. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialreform, Jg. 64, H. 4, S. 495-523. DOI:10.1515/zsr-2018-0024

Abstract

"Die Betroffenheit von relativer Einkommensarmut weist große regionale Unterschiede auf. In der herkömmlichen Betrachtung mit (nominal) bundeseinheitlichem Schwellenwert zeigt sich ein deutliches Ost-West-Gefälle (5 Prozentpunkte Differenz) und ein fast ebenso großer Stadt-Land-Unterschied. Ein nominal gleich hoher Einkommensschwellenwert hat in den verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands jedoch eine unterschiedlich hohe Kaufkraft. Daher werden hier die Individualeinkommen um die regionalen Preisunterschiede bereinigt, und es wird analog zur Einkommensarmut die relative Kaufkraftarmut berechnet. Diese weist differenziertere regionale Muster mit einem stark ausgeprägten Stadt-Land-Gefälle aus: Die Unterschiede zwischen ostdeutschen und westdeutschen Bundesländern betragen bei der relativen Kaufkraftarmut 2 Prozentpunkte, die Differenz zwischen Stadt und Land dagegen fast 8 Prozentpunkte. Die hohe Betroffenheit der Städte ergibt sich zum einen aus dem dort hohen Preisniveau. Zum anderen ist der Bevölkerungsanteil von Gruppen mit deutschlandweit erhöhter Armutsgefährdung (beispielsweise Arbeitslose, Alleinerziehende, Personen mit Migrationshintergrund) in Städten überdurchschnittlich hoch. Zudem sind diese Gruppen in Großstädten besonders stark armutsgefährdet." (Autorenreferat, © De Gruyter)

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Schüssler, Reinhard (2018): Ein alternativer Ansatz zur Bemessung der Regelbedarfe in der Grundsicherung. In: Sozialer Fortschritt, Jg. 67, H. 7, S. 573-593. DOI:10.3790/sfo.67.7.573

Abstract

"Der Beitrag greift die vielfältige Kritik am Verfahren zur Bemessung der Regelbedarfe in der Grundsicherung auf und entwickelt eine Alternative. Das gegenwärtig angewandte Verfahren der Bemessung der Regelbedarfe ist ein Hybrid aus 'Statistikmodell' und 'Warenkorbmodell'. Die vorgeschlagene Alternative gibt das 'Warenkorb'-Element zugunsten eines direkten Vergleichs zwischen der wirtschaftlichen Situation der Bezieher von Grundsicherungsleistungen und der wirtschaftlichen Situation 'mittlerer' Haushalte auf und betont den relativen Charakter der Bedarfs- oder Armutsgrenze. Dabei werden auch Elemente des EU-weit gebräuchlichen Verfahrens zur Bestimmung der 'Armutsgefährdung' verwendet. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren verdeutlicht, dass ein nahezu reines, in sich konsistentes Statistik-Modell praktisch umsetzbar ist. Die vorgeschlagene Alternative ist transparenter. Sie kommt mit deutlich weniger Annahmen aus als das herkömmliche Verfahren. Sie macht den Unterschied zwischen dem regelgebundenen Rechengang auf der Grundlage empirischer Ergebnisse und politischer, normativer Setzung bei der Bemessung des Niveaus der Grundsicherungsleistungen deutlicher." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Stuth, Stefan, Brigitte Schels, Markus Promberger, Kerstin Jahn & Jutta Allmendinger (2018): Prekarität in Deutschland?! (WZB discussion paper P / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, Forschungsgruppe der Präsidentin 2018-004), Berlin, 48 S.

Abstract

"Vor dem Hintergrund der sozialen Marktwirtschaft wird Prekarität als eine Folge von arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitischen Veränderungen diskutiert. Es wird bilanziert, dass der soziale Zusammenhalt der Arbeitsgesellschaft in Deutschland gefährdet ist. Im Anschluss an diese Diskussion geht die vorliegende Studie empirisch der Frage nach, ob ein Prekariat existiert: Gibt es Personengruppen, die trotz Erwerbstätigkeit dauerhaft in Unsicherheit leben? Konzentriert sich Prekarität hauptsächlich auf geringqualifizierte Personen oder ist sie vor allem an bestimmte Lebensphasen und -übergänge gebunden?
Damit Prekarität in ihren verschiedenen Facetten und Abstufungen erfasst werden kann, wird in dem vorliegenden Papier ein umfassendes Set an Indikatoren zur quantitativen, multidimensionalen Messung von (kumulativer) Prekarität vorgestellt. Auf Basis des Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP) werden je sieben Indikatoren operationalisiert, mit denen sowohl prekäre Beschäftigung als auch prekäre Haushaltslagen erfasst und im Zeitverlauf (1993-2012) analysiert werden können. Damit soll der Grundstein für eine quantitative Analyse von Prekarität gelegt werden, um vor diesem Hintergrund die Institutionen des Arbeitsmarkts und der sozialen Sicherung zukünftig neu bewerten zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Becker, Irene (2017): Kritik am Konzept relativer Armut. Berechtigt oder irreführend? In: WSI-Mitteilungen, Jg. 70, H. 2, S. 98-107. DOI:10.5771/0342-300X-2017-2-98

Abstract

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden verbreitete Einwendungen gegen das Konzept relativer Einkommensarmut aufgegriffen und vor dem Hintergrund historisch-räumlicher Kontexte von statistischen Messkonzepten diskutiert. Eine grundsätzliche Kritik bezieht sich auf die Abstraktion vom Wohlstandsniveau. Sie ist allerdings nicht methodisch ausgerichtet, sondern richtet sich gegen die Fragestellung nach Armut im Sinne von Ausgrenzung und ist somit normativ begründet. Ausgangspunkt sind Vorstellungen von absoluter Armut, die nicht konkretisiert werden, während das Konzept relativer Einkommensarmut an Standards, aber auch Anforderungen in entwickelten Gesellschaften anknüpft. Weitere Kritik richtet sich konkret gegen die Indikatoren und bezieht sich meist auf Ungenauigkeiten infolge von eindimensionalen Messungen. Die damit verbundene Problematik wird aber meist einseitig dargestellt. Denn Unschärfen gehen in zwei Richtungen und kompensieren sich tendenziell. Die unausgewogene Fokussierung auf nur eine Seite ist also irreführend. Demgegenüber sind einige Einwendungen gegen konkrete Setzungen, die in die gängige Armutsmessung einfließen, durchaus berechtigt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Beste, Jonas (2017): Armut im Lebensverlauf. Messkonzepte in der Armutsforschung. (IAB-Bibliothek 366), Bielefeld: Bertelsmann, 252 S. DOI:10.3278/300956w

Abstract

"Die Armutsforschung arbeitet mit verschiedenen Messkonzepten und Datenquellen. Jonas Beste beleuchtet die am häufigsten verwendeten Ansätze auf Grundlage des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung' im Vergleich zu anderen Paneldaten. Er benennt Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede bei der Messung von Armut und beschreibt die verschiedenen Erscheinungsformen von Armut. Damit eröffnet er Einblick in folgende Zusammenhänge: Welchen Einfluss hat die verwendete Datenbasis auf das Ergebnis von Armutsanalysen? Wie lässt sich Deprivation im Lebensstandard bestimmen? Wie unterscheidet sich die Armutsdynamik nach verschiedenen Armutskonzepten? Welche Faktoren beeinflussen eine Veränderung des Lebensstandards? Wie erfolgt die Umwandlung von Ressourcen in Lebensstandard und welche Rolle spielen die finanzielle Situation eines Haushalts (Erwerbstätigkeit), individuelle Merkmale einer Person oder regionale Unterschiede?" (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Brandolini, Andrea, Stephen Jenkins & John Micklewright (2017): Tony Atkinson and his legacy. (IZA discussion paper 10869), Bonn, 29 S.

Abstract

"Tony Atkinson is universally celebrated for his outstanding contributions to the measurement and analysis of inequality, but he never saw the study of inequality as a separate branch of economics. He was an economist in the classical sense, rejecting any sub-field labelling of his interests and expertise, and he made contributions right across economics. His death on 1 January 2017 deprived the world of both an intellectual giant and a deeply committed public servant in the broadest sense of the term. This collective tribute highlights the range, depth and importance of Tony's enormous legacy, the product of over fifty years' work." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Burgoon, Brian (2017): Practical pluralism in the empirical study of social investment. Examples from active labour-market policy. In: A. Hemerijck (Hrsg.) (2017): The uses of social investment, S. 161-173. DOI:10.1093/oso/9780198790488.003.0014

Abstract

"This chapter explores the empirical challenges of understanding the socioeconomic implications of social investment welfare reform. Such understanding is crucial to gauging the pay-offs and pitfalls of social investment, but is also extremely difficult, given the complex character of social investment and its multiple and interacting consequences for work and well-being. Such complexity, the chapter contends, yields an unusually strong tension between relevance and rigour that dooms any dialogue among social scientists and practitioners with clashing methodological commitments. The present study argues in favour of a practical pluralism to facilitate such dialogue. This pluralism entails combining and comparing empirical work across the full spectrum of relevance and rigour. The chapter illustrates the problems and pluralist solutions with a combination of macro-country-year and macro-individual-year analysis of how active labour-market policies (ALMP) affect the poverty of vulnerable citizens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Chambers, Dustin & Shatakshee Dhongde (2017): Are countries becoming equally unequal? In: Empirical economics, Jg. 53, H. 4, S. 1323-1348. DOI:10.1007/s00181-016-1170-9

Abstract

"Literature on convergence in inequality is sparse and has almost entirely focused on the notion of testing beta convergence in the Gini indices. In this paper, for the first time, we test for sigma convergence in decile income shares across countries. We compile panel data on decile income shares for more than 60 countries over the last 25 years. Regardless of the level of development, within-country inequality increased; income shares of the poorest deciles declined and those of the top decile increased significantly. Importantly, the decile income shares exhibited a statistically significant decline in dispersion between 1985 and 2011, providing strong evidence of sigma convergence in inequality. Convergence was more prominent among developing countries and less so among developed countries. The findings are robust to an array of sensitivity tests. Our analysis suggests that cross-country income distributions became more unequal but noticeably similar over time." (Author's abstract, 䗏 Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Dudel, Christian, Jan Marvin Garbuszus & Julian Schmied (2017): Assessing differences in household needs. A comparison of approaches for the estimation of equivalence scales using German expenditure data. (Ruhr economic papers 723), Essen, 23 S. DOI:10.4419/86788843

Abstract

"Äquivalenzskalen werden routinemäßig angewandt, um Einkommen von Haushalten unterschiedlicher Größe und Zusammensetzung vergleichbar zu machen. Aufgrund ihrer praktischen Relevanz für die Messung von Ungleichheit und Armut wurden etliche Methoden für die Schätzung von Äquivalenzskalen vorgeschlagen. Bis jetzt wurde jedoch noch kein umfassender Vergleich dieser Methoden vorgenommen. In dieser Arbeit werden deutsche Haushaltsausgabedaten verwendet, um exakte Äquivalenzskalen mittels parametrischer, semi- und nichtparametrischer Verfahren zu ermitteln. Auf Basis eines einheitlichen Datensatzes kann gezeigt werden, dass sich die aus den unterschiedlichen Verfahren resultierenden Äquivalenzskalen nur wenig voneinander unterscheiden, mit der Ausnahme von wenigen Ausreißern. Die meisten der geschätzten Äquivalenzskalen sind nahe an der modifizierten OECD-Skala. Sie führen zudem zu relativ konsistenten Ergebnissen bei diversen Armuts- und Ungleichheitsmaßen. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass die verschiedenen Schätzmethoden für Äquivalenzskalen zu einheitlicheren Ergebnissen führen als bisher gedacht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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George, Henry, herausgegeben von D. Löhr (Hrsg.) (2017): Fortschritt und Armut. Eine Untersuchung über die Ursache der industriellen Krisen und der Zunahme der Armut bei zunehmendem Reichtum. Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, 480 S.

Abstract

"Henry George, der bedeutende Bodenreform-Theoretiker, wurde verschiedentlich als der letzte große klassische Ökonom bezeichnet. Das Hauptwerk von Henry George war über Dekaden hinweg eines der am meisten gelesenen Bücher. Die auf den Arbeiten von Henry George beruhende Denkschule wird auch 'Geoklassik' genannt. Ausgangspunkt seiner Untersuchungen war die Fragestellung, warum gerade in den sich entwickelnden Industriegesellschaften trotz eines enormen Anstiegs der Produktivität die Armut überhandnahm. Henry George nahm dabei in vielerlei Hinsicht die Ideen der französischen Physiokraten wieder auf, ging allerdings gedanklich weit über diese hinaus. Er betrachtete - ähnlich wie die Physiokraten - Boden (incl. Natur) und Arbeit als die originären, und Kapital lediglich als einen abgeleiteten Produktionsfaktor. Damit steht das Werk von Henry George der neoklassischen Lehre diametral entgegen, welche die bis heute weitgehend 'bodenlose' Wirtschaftswissenschaft prägt. Obwohl Henry George zwar das Privateigentum an Grund und Boden grundsätzlich ablehnte, wollte er es aus politisch-pragmatischen Gründen nicht abschaffen. Stattdessen sollte es über die Wegsteuerung der Bodenerträge 'entkernt' werden. Zwar ist in Deutschland das Werk von Henry George weitgehend in Vergessenheit geraten, doch hat es v.a. in den angelsächsischen Ländern einen bleibenden Eindruck hinterlassen. Darüber hinaus beinhaltet insbesondere die ökonomische Verfassung der asiatischen 'Tigerstaaten' geoklassische Elemente. Allen voran zu nennen sind Hong Kong und Singapur, die ihre Staatsfinanzen zu einem großen Teil aus der Abschöpfung der Erträge und Werte des vornehmlich in staatlichem Eigentum liegenden Bodens bestreiten und im Gegenzug die konventionellen Steuern minimiert haben. So konnten sich diese Standorte innerhalb weniger Jahrzehnte von unbedeutenden Ansiedlungen zu Weltzentren von Handel und Finanzen entwickeln. Diese Ausgabe von 'Fortschritt und Armut' macht das Hauptwerk von Henry George nach vielen Jahrzehnten erneut in deutscher Sprache zugänglich." (Verlagsangaben, IAB-Doku)

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Hetschko, Clemens, Louisa von Reumont & Ronnie Schöb (2017): Embedding as a pitfall for survey-based welfare indicators. Evidence from an experiment. (CESifo working paper 6419), München, 31 S.

Abstract

"How can we assess the welfare of a society, its evolution over time and predict its change due to particular policy interventions? One way is to use survey-based welfare indicators such as the OECD Better Life Index. It invites people to weight a variety of quality of life indicators according to their individual preferences. 11 broad dimensions aggregate these indicators. Our experiment shows that people do not provide consistent ratings across differently labelled dimensions that embed the same indicators. They also do not adjust the rating of equally named dimensions changing sets of indicators. These results show that survey-based measures might suffer from strong embedding effects and, as a result, may fail to measure citizens' true preferences for the indicators." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Jolliffe, Dean & Espen Beer Prydz (2017): Societal poverty. A relative and relevant measure. (Policy research working paper 8073), Washington, DC, 46 S.

Abstract

"Poverty lines are typically higher in richer countries, and lower in poorer ones, reflecting the relative nature of national assessments of who is considered poor. In many high-income countries, poverty lines are explicitly relative, set as a share of mean or median income. Despite systematic variation in how countries define poverty, global poverty counts are based on fixed-value lines. To reflect national assessments of poverty in a global headcount of poverty, this paper proposes a societal poverty line. The proposed societal poverty line is derived from 699 harmonized national poverty lines, and has an intercept of $1 per day and a relative gradient of 50 percent of median national income or consumption. The societal poverty line is more closely aligned with national definitions of poverty than other proposed relative lines. By this relative measure, societal poverty has fallen steadily since 1990, but at a much slower pace than absolute extreme poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kuypers, Sarah & Ive Marx (2017): The truly vulnerable: Integrating wealth into the measurement of poverty and social policy effectiveness. (IZA discussion paper 11069), Bonn, 18 S.

Abstract

"There is a burgeoning literature on the significance and distribution of wealth in the rich world. It mainly focuses on the top. Wealth remains remarkably absent from the analysis of poverty and the redistributive effectiveness of welfare systems. This paper shows that real and financial assets can matter greatly when making assessments of who is poor and financially vulnerable. We introduce the concept of triple precariousness, afflicting households that not only have low income but also very low or non-existent assets to draw on for consumption needs, especially liquid assets. We analyse whether these households - whom we might call the truly vulnerable - have different characteristics from those that we identify as poor or needy on the basis of pure income based metrics. In an analysis for Belgium drawing on HFCS data, we show that households with a reference person that is young, unemployed, low educated, migrant, parent of dependent children, and above all a tenant are especially vulnerable in terms of their financial situation. By contrast, our assessment of the extent and depth of financial need among the elderly - a segment of society that is at a relatively high risk of income poverty - also changes. A substantial share of income poor elderly households own significant assets. We draw out some tentative consequences of these findings for anti-poverty and redistributive policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Meyer, Bruce D. & Nikolas Mittag (2017): Using linked survey and administrative data to better measure income. Implications for poverty, program effectiveness and holes in the safety net. (IZA discussion paper 10943), Bonn, 54 S.

Abstract

"We examine the consequences of underreporting of transfer programs in household survey data for several prototypical analyses of low-income populations. We focus on the Current Population Survey (CPS), the source of official poverty and inequality statistics. We link administrative data for food stamps, TANF, General Assistance, and subsidized housing from New York State to the CPS at the household level. Program receipt in the CPS is missed for over one-third of housing assistance recipients, over 40 percent of food stamp recipients and over 60 percent of TANF and General Assistance recipients. Dollars of benefits are also undercounted for reporting recipients, particularly for TANF, General Assistance and housing benefits. We find that the survey sharply understates the income of poor households. Underreporting in the survey data also greatly understates the effects of anti-poverty programs and changes our understanding of program targeting, often making it seem that welfare programs are less targeted to both the very poorest and middle-income households than they are. Using the combined data rather than survey data alone, the poverty reducing effect of all programs together is nearly doubled while the effect of housing assistance is tripled. We also re-examine the coverage of the safety net, specifically the share of people without work or program receipt. Using the administrative measures of program receipt rather than the survey ones often reduces the share of single mothers falling through the safety net by one-half or more." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Tromp, Alexander (2017): The Effects of a Hybrid Negative Income Tax on Poverty and Inequality: a Microsimulation on the UK and Italy. (EUROMOD working paper 2017,15), Colchester: EUROMOD at the Institute for Social and Economic Research, 78 S.

Abstract

"This paper aims to propose a social protection system that "decommodifies" labour and fulfills the properties of a Social Protection Floor satisfying revenue-neutrality. To this end, firstly, a Universal Basic Income (UBI) scheme is explored. Secondly, the UBI is transformed into a Negative Income Tax (NIT) scheme, providing universal protection instead of universal benefits. Finally, the NIT is modified into a Hybrid NIT (HNIT), being a mixture of NIT and a classic social assistance scheme. It features a 100% withdrawal rate, consequently allowing for a higher guaranteed minimum income level than would be possible with either an NIT or UBI. A static microsimulation, using the EUROMOD model, is conducted on the HNIT scheme, implementing two scenarios. One scenario establishes what the maximum levels of entitlements could be, assuming revenue-neutrality and current marginal tax levels. The other scenario assumes more generous entitlements and computes which tax rates would be necessary to pay for such a scheme. The models are applied to both Italy and the United Kingdom. The results are interpreted in terms of poverty and inequality statistics while closely looking into the assumptions of the microsimulation models. In the first scenario a modest level of guaranteed minimum income is feasible, decreasing both poverty and inequality decidedly compared to current levels. This effect is even stronger in the second scenario, however, it results in unrealistically high tax rates, especially for Italy. The impact on poverty and inequality of the HNIT scheme is markedly higher for Italy in both scenarios suggesting that the United Kingdom has currently a social protection system in place that redistributes more efficiently than Italy." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Verma, Vijay, Achille Lemmi, Gianni Betti, Francesca Gagliardi & Mario Piacentin (2017): How precise are poverty measures estimated at the regional level? In: Regional science and urban economics, Jg. 66, H. September, S. 175-184. DOI:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.007

Abstract

"There is an urgent policy need for regional (subnational) estimates for assessing regional policies and programmes. Often regional indicators, in particular those concerning poverty and social exclusion, have to be derived from surveys with sample size and design determined primarily to serve estimation at the national level. In the specific context of EU-SILC surveys and the Headline Indicator at-risk-of-poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) and its components defined by European Commission, this paper aims to contribute to the methodology for constructing such indicators at the regional level. The main difficulty arises from the smallness of regional samples in national surveys. The paper focuses on two related issues: identifying procedures potentially useful for improving sampling precision of regional estimates; and improving the precision of sampling error estimates of regional statistics based on small but complex samples. In addition to some results presented for a large number of OECD countries, more detailed numerical illustration is provided for two countries (Austria and Spain) based on EU-SILC data." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Gautié, Jérôme & Sophie Ponthieux (2016): Employment and the working poor. In: D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty, S. 486-504. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.22

Abstract

"This article examines the phenomenon of working poverty and issues relating to employment and the working poor. It first provides an overview of the problems of definition and measurement regarding the working poor, along with the consequences of the diversity of definitions. In particular, it considers different current definitions of the statistical category 'working poor' and how definitions affect the assessment of the in-work poverty phenomenon. It also provides a 'statistical' portrait of the working poor and explores how the risk of working poverty has evolved in the 2000s. Finally, it discusses the causes of working poverty, including low income at the individual level and the role of welfare states, and outlines potential remedies in terms of public policies." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Guio, Anne-Catherine, Eric Marlier, David Gordon, Eldin Fahmy, Shailen Nandy & Marco Pomati (2016): Improving the measurement of material deprivation at the European Union level. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 26, H. 3, S. 219-233. DOI:10.1177/0958928716642947

Abstract

"In June 2010, European Union (EU) Heads of State and Government adopted a social inclusion target as part of the new 'Europe 2020 Strategy': to lift at least 20 million people in the EU from the risk of poverty and exclusion by 2020. One of the three indicators used to monitor progress towards this target is the EU indicator of severe material deprivation (MD). A main limitation of this indicator is the weak reliability of some of the items it is based on. For this reason, a thematic module on MD was included in the 2009 wave of the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey. This article assesses the 2009 EU-SILC MD data and proposes an analytical framework for developing robust EU MD indicators. It carries out a systematic item by item analysis at both EU and country levels to identify the MD items which satisfactorily meet suitability, validity, reliability and additivity criteria across the EU. This approach has resulted in a proposed 13-item MD indicator covering some key aspects of living conditions which are customary across the whole EU covering a broad range of basic (food, clothes, shoes, etc.) as well as social (Internet, regular leisure activities, etc.) necessities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kockläuner, Gerhard (2016): Die gemeinsamen Strukturen relativer Ungleichheitsmaße. In: Wirtschafts- und Sozialstatistisches Archiv, Jg. 10, H. 1, S. 9-14. DOI:10.1007/s11943-016-0178-0

Abstract

"Relative Ungleichheitsmaße besitzen in vielen Fällen eine gemeinsame Struktur: Sie lassen sich durch einen relativen Vergleich auf Basis verschiedener Lagemaße bzw. auch höherer zentraler Momente darstellen. Der Beitrag gibt einen diesbezüglichen Überblick. Darin werden neben dem Gini-Koeffizienten sowohl die Ungleichheitsmaße von Atkinson und Kolm wie auch die verallgemeinerten Entropiemaße von Theil behandelt." (Author's abstract, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Kus, Basak, Brian Nolan & Christopher T. Whelan (2016): Material deprivation and consumption. In: D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty, S. 577-601. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.26

Abstract

"This article examines material deprivation and consumption in relation to poverty. In a developing country context, manifest material deprivation and inadequate levels of consumption have always been central to the conceptualization of poverty and living standards. Direct measures of failure to meet 'basic needs' are widely used alongside income-based measures such as the World Bank's 'dollar a day' standard. In contrast, both research and official poverty monitoring in rich countries tend to rely on household income. This article begins with a review of recent research on material deprivation, seen primarily as a means to go 'beyond income' in capturing poverty and exclusion. It then considers the mismatch between low income and measured deprivation, along with the notion of multidimensionality and the measurement issues raised in the implementation of multidimensional approaches. Finally, it analyzes conceptual and empirical issues relating to the contrast between income and consumption." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kuypers, Sarah & Ive Marx (2016): Estimation of joint income-wealth poverty. A sensitivity analysis. (IZA discussion paper 10391), Bonn, 23 S.

Abstract

"Most poverty studies build on measures that take account of recurring incomes from sources such as labour or social transfers. However, other financial resources such as savings and assets also affect living standards, often in very significant ways. Previous studies that have sought to incorporate assets into poverty measures suggest that (1) poverty estimates including wealth are considerably lower than income-based measures; (2) poverty rates of the elderly are more affected than those of the nonelderly and (3) poverty rates are especially affected by the household's main residence. This paper assesses the sensitivity of these conclusions to various plausible alternative assumptions, such as the poverty line calculation, the types of assets included in the wealth concept and choices with respect to the equivalence scale. Moreover, we check whether the impact of alternative assumptions is consistent across age and institutional settings. To that effect we compare Belgium and Germany, two countries with similar living standards and income poverty rates, but very different levels and distributions of wealth. Using data from the HFCS we show that accounting for wealth affects the incidence and age structure of poverty in a very substantial way. Country comparisons are also affected in very substantial ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Köhler, Theresa (2016): Income and wealth poverty in Germany. (SOEPpapers on multidisciplinary panel data research at DIW Berlin 857), Berlin, 48 S.

Abstract

"In general, poverty measures are estimated by applying income information. However, only using income data for calculating relative poverty might lead to an incomplete view. For example, a household can be under a poverty threshold even if a household member owns real estate or equity.
In this thesis, at risk of income poverty in Germany is estimated. In order to get a more complete picture of at risk of poverty, a multidimensional approach is applied. Not only at risk of income poverty, also at risk of wealth poverty is measured. Moreover, households that are both at risk of income and wealth poor are analyzed. Furthermore, several poverty groups are identified: twice-poor which are households that are, at risk of income and wealth poverty; protected-poor, households that are at risk of income poverty but not at risk of wealth poverty; vulnerable-poor, households which are at risk of wealth poverty but not at risk of income poverty; non-poor, households which are either at risk of income poverty nor at risk of wealth poverty. Poverty profiles in Germany and their changes over time are analyzed for the years 2002, 2007 and 2012. In fact, it is investigated to which degree at risk of poverty rates differ in socio-economic characteristics. A logit regression is applied for each dimension and each wave for estimation. For robustness checks, 95 percent bootstrap confidence intervals are calculated for all results.
Findings suggest that young age, region East Germany, single, lone parent, unemployment and low education are factors that condition the at risk of poverty rates. The definition of a certain rate influences the percentage of households that are affected by at risk of poverty, however, has a limited effect on poverty profiles. Poverty profiles have not changed over time but some factors such as unemployment and low education have significantly increased." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smeeding, Timothy M. (2016): Poverty measurement. In: D. Brady & L. M. Burton (Hrsg.) (2016): The Oxford handbook of the social science of poverty, S. 21-46. DOI:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013.3

Abstract

"This article focuses on the complexities and idiosyncrasies of poverty measurement, from its origins to current practice. It first considers various concepts of poverty and their measurement and how economists, social statisticians, public policy scholars, sociologists, and other social scientists have contributed to this literature. It then discusses a few empirical estimates of poverty across and within nations, drawing primarily on data from the Luxembourg Income Study and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) to highlight levels and trends in overall poverty, while also referring to the World Bank's measures of global absolute poverty. In the empirical examinations, the article takes a look at rich and middle-income countries and some developing nations. It compares trends in relative poverty over different time periods and in relative and anchored poverty across the Great Recession." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Terraneo, Marco (2016): A longitudinal study of deprivation in European countries. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 36, H. 5/6, S. 379-409. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-05-2015-0058

Abstract

"Purpose: Poverty is one of the most significant economic and social problems that European countries have to face. In recent years, it has become widely accepted that poverty is a multidimensional concept and now many studies use indicators of deprivation to examine the phenomenon. The focus on financial resources alone does not capture people's quality of life as being poor means a lack of access to resources enabling a minimum standard of living and participation in the society within which one belongs. The paper aims to discuss this issue.
Design/methodology/approach: Using a longitudinal component (2006-2010) of EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data on 26 European countries, the author apply a second-order confirmatory factor analysis to estimate deprivation. To describe the patterns of change over time and to evaluate the role of household characteristics in deprivation level, the author employ a set of multilevel growth curve models.
Findings: Three findings clearly stand out from my analysis. First, there is great variability in deprivation between European countries. Second, European countries show various patterns of change in deprivation over time. Third, households with different characteristics have quite different deprivation levels; moreover, the impact of household characteristics on deprivation can vary over time and between countries.
Originality/value: This paper sheds light on the importance of analysing deprivation from a longitudinal perspective and that financial resources alone does not capture people's quality of life." (Author's abstract, © Emerald Group) ((en))

Zitatform

Wilde, Mandy de & Thomas Franssen (2016): The material practices of quantification. Measuring 'deprivation' in the Amsterdam neighbourhood policy. In: Critical social policy, Jg. 36, H. 4, S. 489-510. DOI:10.1177/0261018316637138

Abstract

"The use of indicators and indexes in social policy, as part of evidence-based policy, is understood by governmentality scholars as 'techniques of governance'. However, we know very little about how the process of quantification is enacted in the material practices that constitute social policy itself. In this article we focus on a particular quantified object: the 'Normal Amsterdam Level' (NAP), used in an Amsterdam Neighbourhood Policy programme. We follow the NAP from its birth, to its life and its afterlife. We show that the qualification 'deprived' calls forth a whole set of problematic arrangements which are lost in a process of quantification. We understand the NAP as a generative device that actively assembles and arranges the world. These assemblages are rendered 'hard' through semiotic, statistical and visual techniques that produce facts about targeted neighbourhoods in relation to a city-wide average, thus serving as evidence and legitimisation for policy interventions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Boehle, Mara (2015): Armutsmessung mit dem Mikrozensus. Methodische Aspekte und Umsetzung für Querschnitts- und Trendanalysen. (GESIS papers 2015,16), Mannheim, 37 S.

Abstract

"Obgleich der Mikrozensus für zeitvergleichende und subgruppenbezogene Analysen relativer Einkommensarmut wesentliche Vorzüge bereithält, wird er in der Armutsforschung bislang wenig genutzt. Als ein möglicher Grund hierfür kann die im Vergleich zu anderen Datenquellen recht aufwändige Berechnung von Maßen zur Einkommensarmut erachtet werden, die aus der klassierten Erhebung des Haushaltseinkommens im Mikrozensus resultiert. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass die klassierte Einkommenserhebung des Mikrozensus gerade für zeitvergleichende Armutsanalysen problematisch und daher ein rechnerischer Umweg notwendig ist. Unter einfacher Verwendung der Klassenmitte besteht die Gefahr, Artefakte in Zeitreihen zu erhalten und eventuell fehlerhafte sozialpolitische Schlussfolgerungen zu ziehen. Das in diesem Beitrag bereit gestellte Syntax-Tool zur Berechnung haushaltsspezifischer Armutswahrscheinlichkeiten stellt als Umsetzung des Berechnungsansatzes von Stauder und Hüning (2004) eine Möglichkeit dar, um diesen Problemen zu begegnen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Butterwegge, Christoph (2015): Der Streit um den Armutsbegriff. Polemiken, Probleme und Perspektiven. In: Soziale Sicherheit, Jg. 64, H. 11, S. 405-409.

Abstract

"Nachdem der Paritätische Wohlfahrtsverband im Februar 2015 seinen letzten Armutsbericht vorgelegt hatte, in dem von einem 'neuerlichen Rekordhoch'der Armut in Deutschland die Rede war', entbrannte eine heftige (Medien-)Diskussion um den relativen Armutsbegriff. Seine Operationalisierung, d.h. die EU-offiziöse Festlegung der Armuts(risiko)grenze von 6o % des mittleren Nettoäquivalenzeinkommens und die Gleichsetzung von Armut und Armutsrisiko standen dabei im Zentrum der Kritik. Letztlich handelte es sich um einen Frontalangriff auf die wissenschaftliche Reputation von Armutsforschung und Sozialberichterstattung. Jetzt haben der Hauptgeschäftsführer des Paritätischen Wohlfahrtsverbandes Ulrich Schneider und vier Armutsforscher - darunter auch der Autor dieses Beitrags - auf diese Angriffe in einem gerade erschienenen Buch reagiert.' Hier wird beleuchtet, wie Armut selbst in Fachkreisen bagatellisiert oder relativiert, unter Rückgriff auf statistische Taschenspielertricks 'kleingerechnet' und durch Begriffsakrobatik ideologisch entsorgt wird." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Carr-Hill, Roy (2015): Non-household populations. Implications for measurements of poverty globally and in the UK. In: Journal of social policy, Jg. 44, H. 2, S. 255-275. DOI:10.1017/S0047279414000907

Abstract

"Data from household surveys have increasingly been used as a basis for social policy. They are generally inappropriate for obtaining information about the poorest, and therefore for policies concerned with tackling poverty and deprivation. They omit certain groups by design: the homeless; those in institutions; and mobile, nomadic or pastoralist populations. In addition, in practice, they typically under-represent those in fragile, disjointed or multiple occupancy households, those in urban slums and those in areas deemed as insecure. These sub-groups constitute a pretty comprehensive, ostensive definition of the 'poorest'. The sources of worldwide estimates of the missing populations are briefly described, with those for the UK discussed in greater detail, paying attention to their likely income and wealth. At least 250 million of the poorest of the poor are omitted worldwide; and in the UK about half a million of the poorest are missing from survey sample frames. In the UK, these 'missing' population sub-groups bias the analysis of income inequalities and affect the validity of formulae that have been developed for the geographical allocation of resources to health and social care." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Christoph, Bernhard (2015): Empirische Maße zur Erfassung von Armut und materiellen Lebensbedingungen. Ansätze und Konzepte im Überblick. (IAB-Discussion Paper 25/2015), Nürnberg, 51 S.

Abstract

"Bei der Messung von Armut im Rahmen empirischer Analysen müssen zahlreiche Entscheidungen getroffen werden, die abhängig vom Analyseziel mit unterschiedlichen Konsequenzen verbunden sein können. Ziel des vorliegenden Discussion Papers ist ein Überblick über die verfügbaren Methoden sowie eine detaillierte Diskussion ihrer jeweiligen Vor- und Nachteile.
Der Fokus der Arbeit wird dabei auf der Unterscheidung zwischen den einzelnen Analyseschritten im Rahmen der Armutsmessung liegen: der Lebensstandardmessung, der Armutsschwellendefinition und der Zusammenfassung zu aggregierten Maßzahlen. Für jeden dieser Schritte werden die wichtigsten Ansätze und Entscheidungsmöglichkeiten dargestellt. Darüber hinaus werden die potentiellen Vor- und Nachteile dieser Ansätze diskutiert. Es wird argumentiert, dass auf jeder Ebene eigene Qualitätskriterien gelten, so dass je nach Verwendungszweck auch die Nutzung unterschiedlicher Maße sinnvoll sein kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Dudel, Christian, Jan Marvin Garbuszus, Notburga Ott & Martin Werding (2015): Income dependent equivalence scales, inequality, and poverty. (CESifo working paper 5568), München, 26 S.

Abstract

"Most equivalence scales which are applied in research on poverty and inequality do not depend on income, although there is strong empirical evidence that equivalence scales in fact are income dependent. This paper explores the consistency of results derived from income independent and income dependent scales. It is shown that scales of both types inevitably lead to differing assessments of poverty and inequality under quite general conditions. German microdata will be used to demonstrate and illustrate our findings. Our results provide evidence that income independent scales should be replaced with income dependent equivalence scales." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Götte, Sebastian (2015): Wahrnehmung von Armut und Reichtum in Deutschland. Ergebnisse der repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragung "ARB-Survey 2015". Forschungsprojekt. (Lebenslagen in Deutschland. Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung 05), Berlin, 88 S.

Abstract

"'Armut' und 'Reichtum' werden in der Regel mittels objektiver Indikatoren dargestellt und analysiert - auch in der Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung. Weitgehend unbeantwortet blieb dabei aber lange die Frage, wie die Bürgerinnen und Bürger selbst Armuts- und Reichtumsphänomene wahrnehmen, welche Ursachen sie dafür sehen und inwieweit diese Einschätzungen mit ihrer eigenen Lebenslage in Zusammenhang steht. Deshalb steuert die Neuauflage der Studie 'Wahrnehmung von Armut und Reichtum in Deutschland' zum zweiten Mal Erkenntnisse zur subjektiven Sicht auf Armut und Reichtum in Deutschland auf Basis einer repräsentativen Befragung bei. Auch dieses Mal arbeitet die Studie Zusammenhänge zwischen subjektiven Einschätzungen und Erfahrungen einerseits und sozialstrukturellen Merkmalen andererseits heraus, um komplexere Verständnisse von 'Armut' und 'Reichtum', wie sie in der Bevölkerung vorherrschen, aufzeigen zu können." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Hick, Rod (2015): Three perspectives on the mismatch between measures of material poverty. In: The British Journal of Sociology, Jg. 66, H. 1, S. 163-172. DOI:10.1111/1468-4446.12100

Abstract

"The two most prominent measures of material poverty within contemporary European poverty analysis are low income and material deprivation. However, it is by now well-known that these measures identify substantially different people as being poor. In this research note, I seek to demonstrate that there are at least three ways to understand the mismatch between low income and material deprivation, relating to three different forms of identification: identifying poor households, identifying groups at risk of poverty and identifying trends in material poverty over time. Drawing on data from the British Household Panel Survey, I show that while low income and material deprivation identify very different households as being poor, and display distinct trends over time, in many cases they identify the same groups at being at risk of material poverty." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kawka, Rupert (2015): Gleichwertigkeit messen. In: Informationen zur Raumentwicklung H. 1, S. 71-82.

Abstract

"Unterschiedliche, zum Teil auch überschneidende Ideen zu einem empirisch unterlegten Monitoring der gleichwertigen Lebensverhältnisse gibt es seit vielen Jahrzehnten, aber die Frage, wie Gleichwertig quantitativ erfasst werden kann, ist immer noch aktuell. Der Beitrag macht einen Vorschlag, wie die im Raumordnungsgesetz festgelegten Bereiche der infrastrukturellen, sozialen, wirtschaftlichen, ökologischen und kulturellen Gleichwertigkeit empirisch untersetzt werden können. Ferner werden auch Mindest- oder Eckwerte genannt, an denen sich die regionalen Ausprägungen der einzelnen Indikatoren messen lassen. Daran kann ersehen werden, ob bestimmte Standards in einem Teilraum verletzt sind. Auf diese Weise müssen auch nicht Bundesdurchschnitte bemüht werden, die zwar einfach zu berechnen sind, aber nur eine eingeschränkte Aussagekraft haben. Darüber hinaus wird ein flexibles räumliches Bezugssystem vorgeschlagen, da die Indikatoren in verschiedenen regionalen Kontexten gemessen werden sollen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kleimann, Rolf, Sebastian Nielen, Nicole Meythaler & Jochen Späth Boockmann, Bernhard (Projektlt.); Kleimann, Rolf, Sebastian Nielen, Nicole Meythaler & Jochen Späth (sonst. bet. Pers.) (2015): Aktuelle Entwicklungen der sozialen Mobilität und der Dynamik von Armutsrisiken in Deutschland. (Follow Up-Studie zur Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung). Abschlussbericht. (Lebenslagen in Deutschland. Armuts- und Reichtumsberichterstattung der Bundesregierung), Tübingen, 299 S.

Abstract

"In dieser vorbereitenden Studie zum 5. Armuts- und Reichtumsbericht der Bundesregierung sollen Ursachen der sozialen Mobilität sowie die damit einhergehenden Risiko- und Erfolgsfaktoren untersucht werden. Ein zentraler Aspekt ist die Dynamik von Einkommensarmut und von Lebenslagen materieller Unterversorgung. Die Gliederung des Berichts orientiert sich am Konzept der Lebensphasen. So sind die Analysen zunächst in Bildungsübergänge und in Armutsübergänge gegliedert. Unter Bildungsübergängen verstehen wir Übergänge innerhalb der Schulzeit, von der Schule in eine berufliche Ausbildung oder ein Studium sowie von der Ausbildung in den Beruf. Armutsübergänge sind dagegen Übergänge in Armutsgefährdung und SGB II-Leistungsbezug. Weiterführende Aspekte wie die Analyse der intergenerationalen Mobilität schließen sich an. Eine Kernfrage der Analyse ist, welche Faktoren die verschiedenen Übergänge begünstigen oder hemmen. Diese Analysen werden auf der Grundlage der für die einzelnen Untersuchungen jeweils am besten geeigneten repräsentativen Individual- bzw. Haushaltsdaten durchgeführt. Für die Analyse der Bildungsübergänge wird das Nationale Bildungspanel (NEPS) sowie die BIBB-Übergangsstudie 2011 verwendet. Die Armutsübergänge werden auf der Grundlage des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) und des Panels 'Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherheit' (PASS) untersucht. Für die intergenerationale Analyse wird wiederum das NEPS herangezogen. Ein weiterer Analyseschritt betrifft die Wahrnehmungen und Wertvorstellungen, die in der Bevölkerung mit der sozialen Mobilität verbunden sind. Hierbei geht es darum, den objektiv ermittelten Fakten zur sozialen Mobilität die subjektiven Einschätzungen in der Bevölkerung gegenüberzustellen. Ein Schlusskapitel verbindet die kurzfristigen und langfristigen Analysen und geht noch einmal auf die Situation bestimmter Personengruppen ein." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kockläuner, Gerhard (2015): Einkommen: Lage-, Ungleichheits- und Armutsmaße. In: Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium, Jg. 44, H. 8, S. 460-463. DOI:10.15358/0340-1650-2015-8-460

Abstract

"Der Beitrag 'Einkommen: Lage-, Ungleichheits- und Armutsmaße' zeigt am Beispiel verallgemeinerter Mittel und Sen-Mittel, dass Lagemaße für einen Einkommensvektor die darauf bezogene Ungleichheits- und Armutsmessung wesentlich bestimmen können. Die jeweiligen Maße sind durch gemeinsame Eigenschaften verbunden, unterscheiden sich aber hinsichtlich ihres jeweiligen Messziels." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Rippin, Nicole (2015): Verteilungsgerechtigkeit in der Armutsmessung. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Jg. 65, H. 10, S. 47-54.

Abstract

"Armutsbekämpfung wird auch nach dem Auslaufen der Millenniumsentwicklungsziele (MDGs) Schwerpunkt der internationalen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit bleiben. Zunehmend stellt sich dabei allerdings die Frage, wie Armut definiert und gemessen werden soll. Während die MDGs Armut noch ausschließlich anhand der 1,25-US-Dollar-Armutsgrenze der Weltbank definieren und messen, werden in der Debatte für die zukünftige Post-2015-Entwicklungsagenda zunehmend multidimensionale Armutsansätze ins Spiel gebracht." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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Smeeding, Timothy & Jonathan P. Latner (2015): PovcalNet, WDI and 'All the Ginis': a critical review. In: Journal of Economic Inequality, Jg. 13, S. 603-628., 2015-06-22. DOI:10.1007/s10888-015-9312-4

Abstract

"In this paper, we review three data sets which summarize world-wide inequality across countries and years: World Development Indicators (‘WDI’)/‘PovcalNet’ and ‘All the Ginis’ (ATG), each of which has some origins at the World Bank. We hope to inform both experienced and novice users of the existence of these important data sets, provide a review of their benefits and drawbacks, suggest how to use them, and provide suggestions for future improvements. The review is grounded in the history of the development of such data sets, which also necessarily informs users of critical information and the types of choices one must make in order to understand how to measure and compare poverty and inequality over space and time." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer) ((en))

Zitatform

Suppa, Nicolai (2015): Towards a multidimensional poverty index for Germany. (Ruhr economic papers 541), Essen, 55 S. DOI:10.4419/86788619

Abstract

"Der vorliegende Beitrag erstellt einen mehrdimensionalen Armutsindex für Deutschland. Konzeptionell eingebettet in den Capability-Ansatz, wird die Alkire-Foster Methode mit deutschen Paneldaten verwendet. Der Beitrag schlägt die Operationalisierung für zwei weitere Dimensionen vor: soziale Partizipation und praktische Vernunft, wobei letztere auf aktuellen Ergebnissen der Verhaltensökonomie basiert. Die empirischen Befunde sind konsistent mit früheren Ergebnissen, eröffnen aber auch neue Einsichten. Insbesondere die vielfältigen Zerlegungen des Armutsindexes erweisen sich als hilfreich, um wichtige Entwicklungen nachzuzeichnen und besser zu verstehen. Ein Vergleich von mehrdimensionalen mit einkommensbasierten Methoden offenbart eine nur mäßige Überschneidung der als arm identifizierten Personen. Schließlich wird auch die Rolle von Einkommen als weitere Dimension diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Baumann, Helge & Eric Seils (2014): Wie "relativ" ist Kinderarmut? Armutsrisiko und Mangel im regionalen Vergleich. (WSI-Report 11), Düsseldorf, 15 S.

Abstract

"Die Armutsmessung in Deutschland basiert auf dem Konzept der relativen Einkommensarmut. Die Messung folgt einem von der EU gesetzten Standard, wonach Menschen als armutsgefährdet gelten, wenn sie weniger als 60 Prozent des mittleren bedarfsgewichteten Einkommens zur Verfügung haben. Dieses Konzept wird oft dafür kritisiert, dass es Niedrigeinkommen und nicht den mit der Vorstellung von Armut verknüpften Mangel misst. In diesem Aufsatz wird auf regionaler Ebene untersucht, inwiefern die relative Einkommensarmut von Kindern zu schlechten Lebensbedingungen führt. Es zeigt sich, dass insbesondere im Osten beträchtliche Mangellagen für Kinder in einkommensarmen Haushalten zu beobachten sind." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Cantillon, Bea & Frank Vandenbroucke (Hrsg.) (2014): Reconciling work and poverty reduction. How successful are European welfare states? (International policy exchange series), Oxford: Oxford University Press, 432 S.

Abstract

"This book examines the link between poverty on the one hand and labour market participation and the distributive capacity of welfare states on the other hand. It focuses on the working-age population and the evolutions in Europe during the 'good economic years' before the financial crisis. The book provides social research in an accessible way. It introduces the reader into the various concepts of measuring poverty and exclusion and discusses data limitations." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en));
Frank Vandenbroucke, Ron Diris: Mapping at-risk-of-poverty rates, household employment, and social spending (1-59);
Koen Decancq, Tim Goedeme Karel Van den Bosch, Josefine Vanhille: The evolution of poverty in the European Union: concepts, measurement, and data (60-93);
Vincent Corluy, Frank Vandenbroucke: Individual employment, household employment, and risk of poverty in the European Union. A decomposition analysis (94-130);
lve Marx, Brian Nolan: In-work poverty (131-156);
Bea Cantillon, Natascha Van Mechelen, Olivier Pintelon, Aaron Van den Heede: Social redistribution, poverty, and the adequacy of social protection (157-184);
Gerlinde Verbist, Manos Matsaganis : The redistributive capacity of services in the European Union (185-211);
Wim Van Lancker, Joris Ghysels: Who benefits from investment policies? the case of family activation in european countries (212-237);
Anton Hemerijck : The reform capacities of european welfare states (238-259);
Johan De Deken : Identifying the skeleton of the social investment state: defining and measuring patterns of social policy change an the basis of expenditure data (260-285);
Bea Cantillon : Beyond social investment. Which concepts and values for social policy-making in Europe? (286-318);
Frank Vandenbroucke, Bea Cantillon: Epilogue: What we know, don't know, and need to know (319-324).

Zitatform

Pahnke, André, Eva May-Strobl & Stefan Schneck (2014): Erwerbsarmut von Selbständigen. Spielt das Geschlecht eine Rolle? In: C. Gather, I. Biermann, L. Schürmann, S. Ulbricht & H. Zipprian (Hrsg.) (2014): Die Vielfalt der Selbständigkeit : sozialwissenschaftliche Beiträge zu einer Erwerbsform im Wandel (HWR Berlin Forschung, 58/59), S. 63-83.

Abstract

"Hinsichtlich der in den letzten Jahren zugenommenen Erwerbsarmut von Selbständigen stellt sich daher die Frage, welche geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede bei Selbständigen in der Grundsicherung bestehen bzw. ob selbständig erwerbstätige Frauen mit einer höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit ALG II beziehen. Um diese Frage zu klären, wird zunächst die Entwicklung der selbständigen Erwerbstätigkeit von Frauen auf Grundlage amtlicher Statistiken dargestellt. Anschließend wird die allgemeine Einkommenssituation von Selbständigen betrachtet, um dann die besondere Situation von Selbständigen in der Grundsicherung zu analysieren. Ein Fazit schließt den Beitrag ab." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Piacentini, Mario (2014): Measuring income inequality and poverty at the regional level in OECD countries. (OECD statistics working paper 2014,03), Paris, 61 S. DOI:10.1787/5jxzf5khtg9t-en

Abstract

"The extent to which income inequality and poverty vary within countries across different regions is very relevant for policy decisions and monitoring. However, sub-national measures are scarce, given the complexity of producing indicators at the regional level from the available data and the methodological issues related to cross-countries comparability. This paper presents a set of indicators of income inequality and poverty across and within regions for 28 OECD countries. These indicators were produced through a new household-level data collection based on internationally harmonized income definitions undertaken as part of the OECD project on 'Measuring regional and local well-being for policymaking'. The data were collected at the OECD TL2 territorial level, corresponding to NUTS2 regions in Europe and to large administrative subdivisions (e.g. States in Mexico and Unites States) for non-European countries. These estimates confirm that there are significant variations in levels of income inequality within countries, and that regional breakdowns are useful for understanding sources and patterns of income disparities and poverty. For most of the countries relying on survey data for measuring income distribution, standard cross-sectional indicators of income inequality and relative poverty at this regional level are estimated with low precision in the smallest regions due to small samples. This has two main implications for data producers and analysts. First, systematic reporting of confidence intervals is needed to make meaningful comparisons of inequality levels across regions and with respect to the national averages. Second, averaged measures for multiple years or small area estimation methods should be considered as means for obtaining more robust measures. The issues related to the estimation of standard errors for three-year averages in rotational panel surveys and to the definition of the computational sampling structure for sub-national estimates are discussed in the paper." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bartelheimer, Peter & Rene Lehweß-Litzmann (2013): Wie geht es uns? Und wie kriegt man das raus? In: Mitteilungen aus dem SOFI, Jg. 7, H. 19, S. 1-4.

Abstract

Im Beitrag werden einige Basiskonzepte vorgestellt, mit denen im Soziologischen Forschungsinstitut Göttingen in der Sozioökonomischen Berichterstattung (soeb) gearbeitet wird: Als Maß für die individuelle Wohlfahrt wurde 'Teilhabe' ausgewählt, da sie alle Aktivitäten und Beziehungen einschließt, in denen sich Personen die gesellschaftlichen Möglichkeiten individueller Lebensführung aneignen. Zur Unterscheidung der sozialen Differenzierung von Teilhabemustern und sozialstrukturell ungleicher Teilhabe werden unter Verwendung des Lebenslagenansatzes bzw. des Befähigungsansatzes 'Verwirklichungschancen' als sensibilisierendes Konzept der Berichterstattung herangezogen. Die soeb beschränkt sich aber nicht nur darauf, die Verteilung von Wohlfahrt zu beschreiben, sie richtet ihr Augenmerk auch auf deren Entstehung in wirtschaftlichen und gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhängen. 'Wohlfahrtsproduktion' beinhaltet alle Aktivitäten zur Verbesserung der objektiven Lebensbedingungen der subjektiv wahrgenommenen Lebensqualität. Die Analyse der Wohlfahrtsproduktion wird als Makroanalyse den Konzepten der individualisierten Wohlfahrtmessung (Teilhabe und capability) zur Seite gestellt. Die Wahl der Themen und Konzepte des Forschungsverbundes Sozioökonomische Berichterstattung gründet sich auf ein historisch angelegtes Narrativ: Die sozioökonomische Entwicklung Deutschlands wird als Umbruch eines bestimmten Kapitalismusmodells begriffen, der den Wandel dominanter Teilhabemodi einschließt. 'Soeb verfolgt hier unterschiedliche analytische Perspektiven: betriebliche Strategien und Praktiken sowie Lebensweisen von Personen in Haushalten - und als gemeinsamer Rahmen für das strategische Handeln beider die Regulierung sozialer Beziehungen durch das Institutionensystem der Gesellschaft'. (IAB)

Zitatform

Brunori, Paolo, Francisco H. G. Ferreira, María Ana Lugo & Vito Peragine (2013): Opportunity-sensitive poverty measurement. (IZA discussion paper 7818), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"We axiomatically characterize two classes of poverty measures which are sensitive to inequality of opportunity - one a strict subset of the other. The proposed indices are sensitive not only to income shortfalls from the poverty line, but also to differences in opportunities faced by people with different pre-determined characteristics, such as race or family background. Dominance conditions are established for each class of measures, and a subfamily of scalar indices, based on a rank-dependent aggregation of type-specific poverty levels, is also introduced. Using household survey data from eighteen European countries in 2005, we find substantial differences in country rankings based on standard FGT indices and on the new opportunity-sensitive indices. Cross-country differences in opportunity-sensitive poverty are decomposed into a level effect; a distribution effect; and a population composition effect." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Crettaz, Eric (2013): A state-of-the-art review of working poverty in advanced economies. Theoretical models, measurement issues and risk groups. In: Journal of European social policy, Jg. 23, H. 4, S. 347-362. DOI:10.1177/0958928713507470

Abstract

"While there is a growing awareness of the 're-emergence' of working poverty, this topic remains relatively under-researched. This article provides an encompassing review of the literature dealing with the situation in Europe, North America and the Antipodes, with a focus on the theoretical models found in this literature, the definitions used and the risk groups identified. The main conclusion is that most publications were not based on a specific theoretical model, which has led to a flurry of definitions; moreover, conclusions on certain risk groups are divergent. The end of the article focuses on what remains to be done, because there are good reasons to think that working poverty might become a more pressing problem in the near future, and social policy researchers will have to have good theoretical frameworks and robust evaluation strategies in the years to come." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))