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Ahn, Kunwon & John V. Winters (2023): Does education enhance entrepreneurship? In: Small business economics, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 717-743. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00701-x

Abstract

"Formal education is correlated with entrepreneurial activity and success, but correlation does not indicate causation. Education and entrepreneurship are both influenced by other related factors. The current study estimates the causal effects of formal education on entrepreneurship outcomes by instrumenting for an individual's years of schooling using cohort mean years of maternal schooling observed decades prior. We differentiate self-employment by industry employment growth and firm incorporation status. Policymakers are especially interested in entrepreneurship with the potential to create substantial employment growth. We find that an additional year of schooling increases self-employment in high-growth industries by 1.12 percentage points for women and by 0.88 percentage points for men. Education reduces the probability of male self-employment in shrinking industries. Education also increases incorporated self-employment for women and men and reduces unincorporated self-employment among men but not women. The overall probability of self-employment increases with education for women but is unaffected by education for men. The results suggest that formal education enhances entrepreneurship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Charpin, Agnès, Ariane Szafarz & Ilan Tojerow (2023): Female corporate owners and female CEOs. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 232. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111285

Abstract

"“Old boys’ club” ownership structures can hamper the empowerment of female talent. We use African data to show that the CEOs of firms with female shareholders are more likely to be women, regardless of the size of female shareholdings." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Köpke, Ulrike & Eva Schmitt-Rodermund (2023): Aus welchen Gründen wagen Hochschulabsolventinnen seltener den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit als Hochschulabsolventen? Eine Analyse auf Basis des DZHW-Absolventenpanels. In: Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, Jg. 75, H. 3, S. 289-318. DOI:10.1007/s11577-023-00909-z

Abstract

"Warum wagen Frauen seltener den Schritt in die Selbstständigkeit als Männer? Die vorliegende Untersuchung fokussiert auf die Umsetzung einer Selbstständigkeit durch Hochschulabsolventinnen und -absolventen und untersucht, welche Faktoren mit der Geschlechterlücke einhergehen. Die Auswahl der Prädiktoren basiert auf dem theoretischen Modell von Eccles et al. (1983), welches in der Tradition eines „Erwartung × Wert-Modells“ unter Einbeziehung sozialer, psychologischer, demografischer und ökonomischer Einflüsse die berufliche Wahlentscheidung beleuchtet. Sowohl über die Zeit hinweg stabile Merkmale, wie die Selbstständigkeit der Eltern, der fachspezifische Studienabschluss und das Big Five-Persönlichkeitsprofil, als auch dynamische und durch Lebensumstände beeinflusste Faktoren, wie Arbeits- und Lebensziele, wurden untersucht. Die Datengrundlage bildete die zweite Welle des DZHW (Deutsches Zentrum für Hochschul- und Wissenschaftsforschung) Absolventenpanel 2009 (N = 2465). Um den Einfluss der Prädiktoren auf die Geschlechterdifferenzen zu analysieren, wurden logistische Regressionsmodelle berechnet, die zum einen den Einfluss insgesamt und zum anderen den geschlechterseparierten Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Umsetzung einer Selbstständigkeit untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass Frauen nach wie vor seltener beruflich selbstständig sind als Männer. Geschlechtsspezifische Auswertungen zeigen weiterhin, dass bei Absolventinnen vor allem Arbeits- und Lebensziele und bei Männern die Vorbildrolle der Eltern dazu führt, unternehmerisch tätig zu sein. Absolventinnen, denen ein sicherer Arbeitsplatz eher unwichtig und eine Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Familie weder besonders wichtig noch besonders unwichtig ist, zeigen eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, selbstständig tätig zu sein, während diese Arbeits- und Lebensziele für Absolventen weniger entscheidend sind. Die Ergebnisse zeigen aber auch, dass Absolventinnen und Absolventen hinsichtlich ihres unternehmerischen Persönlichkeitsprofils gleichermaßen gut für eine berufliche Selbstständigkeit ausgestattet sind. Das Papier schließt mit Überlegungen, wie die berufliche Selbstständigkeit insbesondere bei Hochschulabsolventinnen gefördert werden kann." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag)

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Machokoto, Michael & Eugene Bempong Nyantakyi (2023): Are women-owned enterprises better for employees? In: Economics Letters, Jg. 232. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2023.111368

Abstract

"This study provides novel survey-based insights from an under-researched developing market perspective into whether women-owned enterprises offer better working environments despite being resource-constrained and subject to engendered restrictions. Using a hand-collected survey-based dataset from Kenya and Tanzania, we find that women-owned enterprises provide more training programs, pension coverage, health insurance, female and youth employment opportunities, and are more innovative. We attribute these findings to the fact that female participation leads to a more empathic and socially responsible approach to decision-making, resulting in better employee welfare outcomes. Our findings echo the need to spur equitable and sustained economic growth by eliminating engendered restrictions and providing more resources to female entrepreneurs in developing markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Metzger, Georg (2023): KfW-Gründungsmonitor 2023: Gründungstätigkeit in Deutschland: im Spannungsfeld zwischen Fachkräftemangel und Corona-Blues. (KfW-Gründungsmonitor), Frankfurt am Main, 10 S.

Abstract

"Die Gründungstätigkeit in Deutschland ist im Jahr 2022 auf 550.000 Existenzgründungen zurückgegangen. Davon waren 222.000 Vollerwerbsgründungen (40%), und 328.000 Nebenerwerbsgründungen. Bei jeder fünften Nebenerwerbsgründung besteht allerdings die Absicht, die Selbstständigkeit zum Vollerwerb auszuweiten. Die anhaltend gute Arbeitsmarktentwicklung hat maßgeblich zu diesem Rückgang beigetragen. Der Fachkräftemangel bleibt auch in Zukunft eine große Herausforderung für die Gründungstätigkeit. Insgesamt ist vor allem die Zahl der Gründerinnen gesunken, während sich die Zahl der Gründer kaum veränderte." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Oladipo, Oluwasheyi, Katarzyna Platt & Hyoung Suk Shim (2023): Female entrepreneurs managing from home. In: Small business economics, Jg. 61, H. 2, S. 447-464. DOI:10.1007/s11187-022-00713-7

Abstract

"Gender roles demand that women devote more time to non-market labor such as childcare and household responsibilities. Therefore, the labor market hinders women's ability to compete with their male counterparts, whose time is less subject to the demands of non-market work. The result is a performance gap between men and women. To obtain the flexibility to more efficiently perform both their market and non-market work, many women choose to be self-employed and operate their businesses from home. Using a large sample of US firms, we find that women who choose to operate their own businesses from home are able to narrow the performance gap between men and women entrepreneurs." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Smyk, Magdalena, Siri Terjesen & Joanna Tyrowicz (2023): Gender wage inequality and women's self-employment. (GRAPE working paper / Group for Research in Applied Economics 88), Warszawa, 30 S.

Abstract

"Theoretical literature on entrepreneurship hints that labor market inequality may constitute a relevant push factor for self-employment. Drawing on empirical confirmation, this insight is used in many policy recommendations. We propose a new approach to test and quantify the link between labor market inequality and self-employment of women. We provide a novel and rich data set labor market inequality for women, utilizing estimates of gender wage gaps specific for age and education group, comparable for 36 countries over ten years. We exploit rich and diverse international data on patterns of self-employment from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Our results show that greater gender wage inequality is associated with higher prevalence of self-employment for both men and women. Relative to men, women are actually discouraged from self-employment, which is consistent with the notion that discriminative labor markets are typically signs of discriminative societies. We show that actually necessity self-employment is more rare form of self-employment in unequal societies, which is consistent with explanations stressing access to resources, networks and markets as relevant dimensions of gender inequality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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(2023): Schwanger- und Mutterschaft für Gründerinnen und Selbständige erleichtern. (Verhandlungen des Deutschen Bundestages. Drucksachen 20/6911 (23.05.2023)), Berlin, 3 S.

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Crecente, Fernando, María Sarabia & María Teresa del Val (2022): The value of entrepreneurship by gender on regional behaviour. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 18, H. 1, S. 435-453. DOI:10.1007/s11365-021-00777-z

Abstract

"This paper examines how the value of entrepreneurship by gender is related to regional behaviour. Researchers have traditionally defined entrepreneurial organization as separate to gender and to economic growth. Using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) we complete a dataset of 50 countries using variables such as total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and opportunity-driven entrepreneurial activity (OPP). The methodology used proposes an analysis of regional convergence, comparing the evolution over time of both the rate of entrepreneurial activity and the ratios of opportunity-driven and need-driven entrepreneurial activity, distinguishing by gender. On the other hand, a regression model is proposed that explains the greater presence of female entrepreneurship. The results show that entrepreneurship by gender is an important factor to define different cluster of countries according to how men and women entrepreneurs create new economic opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Darnihamedani, Pourya & Siri Terjesen (2022): Male and female entrepreneurs' employment growth ambitions: the contingent role of regulatory efficiency. In: Small business economics, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 185-204. DOI:10.1007/s11187-020-00405-0

Abstract

"Entrepreneurs start and grow their ventures in a widely varying set of institutional contexts. One differentiator is a country's regulatory efficiency which encompasses the freedom to start and to run a business without excessive government interventions around registering, hiring, and firing employees, and price controls on currency. The efficiency of regulations varies substantially among countries and imposes additional costs and risks on entrepreneurs' activities. We integrate insights from institutional theory and recent literature on gender and entrepreneurship to better understand how a country's regulatory efficiency affects male and female entrepreneurs' employment growth ambitions. We explore three aspects of regulatory efficiency: business freedom (e.g., to start, operate, and close a venture), labor freedom (e.g., laws around minimum wage, layoffs, severance), and monetary freedom (e.g., price stability) using data from over 47,000 entrepreneurs in 68 countries. We find that entrepreneurs' growth ambitions are higher in countries with more efficient regulations, particularly those countries characterized by fewer labor law restrictions and greater monetary freedoms. These findings are further exacerbated by gender by such that, relative to their female counterparts, male entrepreneurs have significantly greater venture growth ambitions. Our paper contributes to the discussion on how formal institutions influence women and men entrepreneurs in distinct ways." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Elam, Amanda, Benjamin S. Baumer, Thomas Schott, Mahsa Samsami, Amit Kumar Dwivedi, Rico Baldegger, Maribel Guerrero, Fatima Boutaleb & Karen D. Hughes (2022): GEM 2021/22 Women’s Entrepreneurship Report: From Crisis to Opportunity. (GEM ... women's entrepreneurship report / Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2021/2022), London, 183 S.

Abstract

"The GEM 2021/22 Women's Entrepreneurship Report offers a trend analysis of women’s entrepreneurship in 50 countries, five global regions and three national income levels. We focus on four key themes in the first half of the report, followed by a closer analysis of region- and country-specific patterns in the second half. The four themes are (1) gender differences in rates at various points in the entrepreneurial lifecycle, from intentions through to startup activity, new business, established business and business exit; (2) gender differences in COVID impacts, both positive and negative; (3) structural inequalities and women’s participation in high-potential startups; and (4) factors in the enabling environment that likely influence gender differences in entrepreneurial activity. Our findings offer insights to a diverse audience of researchers, policymakers, educators and practitioners. Our goal is to highlight areas where women entrepreneurs have made significant progress, where the COVID-19 pandemic impacted their business outcomes, and where there are still gaps, challenges and opportunities that can be better addressed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Haasler, Simone R. & Anna Hokema (2022): Female Solo Self-Employment in Germany: The Role of Transitions and Learning From a Life Course Perspective. In: Social Inclusion, Jg. 10, H. 4, S. 150-160. DOI:10.17645/si.v10i4.5743

Abstract

"Based on a qualitative analysis of 12 solo self-employed women's work biographies, this article investigates the (re)structuring effects of solo self-employment on the professional and private lives of women in Germany in their mid- and late-career stages. While solo self-employment has been gaining significance in the German labour market in the last two decades, it is largely an underresearched subject from the perspective of female labour market participation. Our study shows that the transition to working solo self-employed constitutes a marked break in female work biographies with lasting restructuring effects on their life courses. Constituting a deviation from the female standard life course, this move can be understood as a coping strategy of biographical discontinuities, which translates into specific patterns against the background that women (still) assume most of the care and housework responsibilities. How the transition to solo self-employment is being prepared and managed and what role learning and risk management play in the transition process is the focus of our article. Our aim is to better understand the underlining rationalisation logics of female solo self-employment in terms of labour market participation, reconciling work and family life, and professional self-realisation. While in the German welfare system solo self-employed bear higher risks of precarity and financial old age insecurity, solo self-employment is functional as an individual strategy for action, giving women the opportunity to do justice to their (mid) life courses and intrinsic needs to pursue both professional work and freedom of choice when and how to work. This may act as a corrective for gender inequalities in the world of work, especially when it comes to working in a self-determined way." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Herold, Elena, Carla Krolage, Manuel Menkhoff, Annika Oberhuber & Paul Schüle (2022): Frauen als Gründerinnen: Die Covid-Pandemie vergrößert den bestehenden Gender Gap. In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 75, H. 10, S. 36-40.

Abstract

"Der Anteil der Frauen unter den Unternehmensgründer*innen in Deutschland ist von je her niedrig. Im Zuge der Covid-19-Pandemie ist der Frauenanteil an den Einzelgründungen in den letzten Jahren sogar noch einmal deutlich gesunken. Diese Entwicklung ließ sich insbesondere in ländlichen Regionen beobachten. Insgesamt ist die Frauenquote an Neugründungen in den Großstädten und einigen ostdeutschen Kreisen am höchsten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kiefer, Kip, Mark Heileman & Timothy L. Pett (2022): Does gender still matter? An examination of small business performance. In: Small business economics, Jg. 58, H. 1, S. 141-167. DOI:10.1007/s11187-020-00403-2

Abstract

"This study provides novel insights into gender differences in small business outcomes. We analyze the first publicly available microdata from the 2007 US Census Bureau PUMS dataset, in a manner similar to (Fairlie and Robb's in Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395 2009) analysis of the 1992 CBO dataset, and explore differences in female-led versus male-led firms' business performances over a 15-year period. Findings indicate that gender differences persist and that female-led businesses continue to trail male-led businesses in survival rates, profits, employment (i.e., firm size), and sales. We also extend the work by (Fairlie and Robb in Small Business Economics, 33, 375–395 2009), by examining new performance and predictor measures, including payroll firm and longevity. We find that female-led businesses trail male-led businesses in these variables as well. However, the news is not all bad. Our findings also reveal that, although female-led businesses continue to trail male-led businesses in performance outcomes, both female- and male-led businesses are improving and in some cases performance improvements by female-led businesses are out-pacing their male-led counterparts." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Martínez-Rodríguez, Isabel, Consolación Quintana-Rojo, Pedro Gento & Fernando-Evaristo Callejas-Albiñana (2022): Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Jg. 18, H. 3, S. 1235-1262. DOI:10.1007/s11365-021-00751-9

Abstract

"From 2021 onwards, female entrepreneurship is expected to grow very substantially as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The introduction of teleworking and staggered hours in many countries at national or workplace level will make possible the conciliation between labour and family life. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential explanatory factors in the behaviour of female entrepreneurship in Europe so as to subsequently propose efficient economic policy measures to promote it. The distinction between opportunity and necessity female entrepreneurs have been considered since both motivation and factors are different in each case. 15 econometric models using the panel data method for a sample of 20 previously selected European countries (grouped by their GDP level) during the period 2001 to 2018 have been estimated to determine which explanatory factors affect female entrepreneurship and necessity-based female entrepreneurship. The empirical analysis used demonstrates that more women enter into entrepreneurship due to necessity rather than in pursuit of opportunity for European countries both with higher levels of GDP and for countries with lower levels of GDP. In this context, the following policy measures should be implemented to promote female entrepreneurship in Europe: the optimization of government spending (training courses and mentoring, public procurement, stronger networks, support in reconciling business and family life, etc.), the government incentives for subsidizing high interest rates to support women in accessing financing, and the improvement of entrepreneurship education to increase the confidence of women in themselves in their own entrepreneurial capabilities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Oggero, Noemi, Francesco Devicienti, Mariacristina Rossi & Davide Vannoni (2022): You can't be what you can't see: The role of gender in the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship. (Carlo Alberto notebooks 675), Turin, 33 S.

Abstract

"In this paper, we investigate how the intergenerational transmission of entrepreneurship varies between sons and daughters, and whether such a process depends on living in a country characterized by a high gender gap. Using the SHARE dataset, we find that the effect on daughters’ entrepreneurial choices of having an entrepreneur as father is lower than the one on sons only in countries with a high gender gap. Moreover, it is just in countries with high gender inequality that the effect of having an entrepreneurial mother is different between sons and daughters, with the impact being positive for daughters only. We also develop an individual-level indicator of gender gap within countries that corroborates our findings, which we interpret as evidence of the presence of a role modeling mechanism. However, we find evidence of convergence across time of the intergenerational transmission process to the gender-independent transfer typical of more gender equal countries." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Oladipo, Oluwasheyi S. & Hyoung Suk Shim (2022): Microentrepreneurs' Gender Difference in Labor Demand. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15690), Bonn, 49 S.

Abstract

"This paper empirically examines firm owners' gender difference in labor demand. We estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) of female ownership on employment of the firm using the 2007 Survey of Business Owners (SBO) Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS), provided by the U.S. Census Bureau. Because female microentrepreneurs potentially demand more labor so as to allocate time for household production, we hypothesize a condition under which female microentrepreneurs employ more, and that is, if they are free from financial constraints. We show first that the estimation of the ATE for female ownership can have a downward selection bias that may yield negative ATE estimates, and this downward selection bias comes from male owners being less financially constrained than female owners. We then perform the two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimation using two sets of instrumental variables (IVs), which are indicator variables for i) inheritance; and ii) loans from bank or family/friend. The estimation results present that the female owner effect on labor demand as local average treatment effect (LATE) is identified and consistently estimated by using the IVs. From the main model estimation, we find a positive and statistically significant female owner effect that female owners hire more employees than male owners by about 25.8%." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Serrano-Pascual, Amparo & Carlota Carretero-García (2022): Women's entrepreneurial subjectivity under scrutiny: Expert knowledge on gender and entrepreneurship. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 666-686. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12806

Abstract

"In recent years, entrepreneurship has become a guiding principle of the thinkable, not just in economy, but also justice. Boosting entrepreneurship among women is a manifestation of this project, which a-problematically links the call for equality with the activation of the economy. The standpoint usually taken in scientific and political debates assumes that, in the case of women, there is an incompatibility between gender norms and entrepreneurial subjectivity. Considering the performative nature of knowledge production, this article analyses how gender is (un)done through the problematization of women's entrepreneurial subjectivity by expert knowledge. To do so, it reviews a sample of the scientific literature of the past 10 years focused on the complex relations in place throughout these regulatory spaces. The authors identify three types of approaches (women facing entrepreneurship, the gender of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurship of gender) and discuss the prevailing normative assumptions, as well as the political implications, through a gender and feminist lens." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Stossier, Theresa (2022): Female Solo-Entrepreneurs. Coping Strategies for Handling the Challenges and Double Burden of Business and Private Life. (BestMasters), Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, XVIII, 178 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-40336-2

Abstract

"Austria's economy is characterized through small and medium sized enterprises. Solo entrepreneurs are considered a special form within SMEs and contribute a major share to Austrian's economy besides being Austria's most popular legal form of organization within the micro firms. In 2020 every second of Carinthia's start-up businesses was established by a female entrepreneur. According to an entrepreneurship study presented by Volksbank in 2019, nearly half of all female entrepreneurs lived with children and juveniles. Two-thirds of women said they were solely responsible for family, childcare, and household and 71 percent of those female entrepreneurs specified that those circumstances caused difficulties for them. This book investigated Carinthian female solo entrepreneurs and aims to find out how these hard-working women manage their business and private life while contributing to such great extent to the (federal) state's economy. The conceptual foundations were found in embeddedness and the contextual framework which supports the importance of numerous influences on different levels placed on the entrepreneur. The empirical section represents a primary research that evaluates self-collected data sets of Carinthian solo-entrepreneurs. About the author Theresa Stossier completed a master's program in business administration at the Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt after education and bachelor studies in the field of tourism." (Provided by publisher)

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Bastida, Maria (2021): Women's entrepreneurship and self-employment, including aspects of gendered Corporate Social Responsibility. Brüssel, 87 S. DOI:10.2861/284985

Abstract

"This study was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the FEMM Committee. It highlights that despite the increasing number of public policies and institutional resources designed to promote women-led business, the entrepreneurship gender gap persists. This study aims to analyse this apparent contradiction, focusing on three main questions: What are the constraints that women face when deciding to become entrepreneurs? What factors attract women’s interest and motivate them to start their own business? And which policies may benefit women’s entrepreneurship?" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))