Zitatform

Keller, Wolfgang, Teresa Molina & William W. Olney (2023): The gender gap among top business executives. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 211, S. 270-286. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.04.017

Abstract

"This paper examines gender differences among top US business executives using a large executive-employer matched data set spanning the last quarter century. Female executives make up 6% of the sample and exhibit more labor market churning – both higher entry and higher exit rates. Unconditionally, women earn 26% less than men, which decreases to 8% once executive characteristics, firm characteristics, and in particular job title are accounted for. We find that female executives are disproportionately represented in firms with more temporal flexibility and female-friendly corporate cultures, but this does not explain the gender pay gap. Rather, corporate culture is correlated with gender pay gaps within firms; specifically the within-firm gender pay gap is significantly smaller at female-friendly firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Martínez-Córdoba, Pedro-José, Bernardino Benito & Isabel-María García-Sánchez (2023): Women's management in local government: The effects of substantive representation on welfare service efficiency. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 272-286. DOI:10.1111/spol.12853

Abstract

"Spanish legislation on gender quotas in electoral candidate lists implies the effective incorporation of women into politics. This measure has created interest in the impact of this law on public service management (substantive representation), especially welfare services. This is due to the influence these services have on work-life balance. Hence, the objective of this research is to determine the impact of women politicians on the efficiency of municipal welfare services. We estimate efficiency levels in public social service management using non-parametric techniques over the last three local government legislatures in Spain. We then use truncated regression models to estimate the impact of women's substantive representation on these efficiency levels. The results confirm that more women in local government and female leadership in the opposition result in better levels of efficiency through reduced spending. In contrast, female leadership in the government and many women in the opposition reduce efficiency by supporting spending without increasing welfare services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

O'Brien, Wendy, Clare Hanlon & Vasso Apostolopoulos (2023): Women as leaders in male-dominated sectors: A bifocal analysis of gendered organizational practices. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 1867-1884. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13019

Abstract

"Women in male‐dominated sectors face significant challenges to progress their leadership aspirations. While organizations have activated policies and practices that ostensibly assist women to progress, they still face entrenched gendered practices and cultures that create ongoing obstacles. In this paper, we examine the gendered social practices from insights of 15 women leaders in Australia as they attempt to advance their careers. In particular, on formal policies, informal practices, narratives and social interactions, and informal patterns of unconscious bias and merit, they negotiate in three male‐dominated sectors: Trades, Sport, and Surgery. The findings indicate a disconnect between policies and their application. Women were conflicted about the importance of quotas, and often felt unable to access flexible work arrangements upon returning to work after parental leave. Career pathways were often unclear, and women felt a lack of support from their organization, particularly when they attempted to navigate dominant masculine cultures. Drawing on these findings, we argue that executive leaders are central to changing the systemic sexism and discrimination in organizations that persist in male‐dominated sectors. To create organizational changes necessary for women to step into leadership roles, we propose four target areas: create accessible and visible career pathways, provide networking support, activate mentoring opportunities, and address unconscious bias." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

Zitatform

(2023): Siebte Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienst. (... jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes 7), Berlin, 237 S.

Abstract

"Die Bundesregierung hat am 13. Dezember die "Siebte Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauenanteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes sowie der Unternehmen mit unmittelbarer Mehrheitsbeteiligung des Bundes" beschlossen. Der Bericht wurde gemeinsam von der Bundesministerin für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend und dem Bundesminister der Justiz vorgelegt und zeigt einen kontinuierlichen Anstieg des Frauenanteils in Führungspositionen in allen genannten Bereichen. Der Bericht enthält detaillierte Daten zur Entwicklung des Frauenanteils in verschiedenen Sektoren, einschließlich der Privatwirtschaft, des öffentlichen Dienstes, der Bundesunternehmen und der Sozialversicherungen. Besonders auffällig ist der hohe Anteil an Unternehmen, die für den Frauenanteil auf Vorstandsebene die Zielgröße Null festgelegt und veröffentlicht haben. Trotz dieser Herausforderung zeigt der Bericht, dass der Frauenanteil in Führungspositionen insgesamt steigt und dass Maßnahmen wie das Führen in Teilzeit zu einem Kulturwandel beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Fleischer, Dennis (2022): Does gender diversity in supervisory boards affect gender diversity in management boards in Germany? An empirical analysis. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 53-76. DOI:10.1177/2397002221997148

Abstract

"Social aspects like gender diversity in the boardroom are becoming increasingly relevant and are a popular topic of public debate in the context of gender equality in business. However, there is little clarity about the potential spill-over effects of gender diversity. Both theory and empirical results have led to ambiguous conclusions with respect to the effect of gender diversity in the supervisory board on gender diversity in the management board. In addition, it is not clear whether the German gender quota legislation positively affects this relationship. This study analyses whether gender diversity in the supervisory board supports the gender diversity of the management board, and whether this relationship is affected by the gender quota legislation, focusing on the unique case of Germany. To cope with endogeneity concerns, this study employs a cross-lagged panel model with fixed effects using maximum likelihood structural equation modelling. The results of the analysis of the impact of the number of female supervisory board members on the number of female management board members do not support the view of positive spill-over effects of gender diversity in the environment of the German two-tier corporate governance system. Furthermore, this study finds no evidence of an effect of the German gender quota on this relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kunze, Astrid & Katrin Scharfenkamp (2022): Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15691), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates boards of (non-executive) directors and whether employee representation has a positive effect on gender diversity on boards. We exploit rich, newly assembled board–director matched panel data for Norway and Germany, which contain unique information on whether a director represents shareholders or employees during the period around 2008, when a Norwegian board gender quota came into effect. We present two novel results that challenge previous thinking about the effects of board gender quotas on women directors. First, we find a positive impact of employee representation before the gender quota reform on gender diversity. Second, although the Norwegian gender quota has increased the probability of a director being female, the effect through employee representation has relatively decreased after the implementation of the reform. We discuss potential mechanisms and implications for the design of co-determination laws and gender quotas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Lorenzen, Solvej & Jörn Block (2022): Geschlechterdiversität im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen. In: Personal quarterly, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 22-27.

Abstract

"Welchen Einfluss haben weibliche Familien- und Nichtfamilien-CEOs auf die Anzahl und den Anteil weiblicher Nichtfamilienmitglieder im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen? Deskriptive Analyse und lineare Regression. 1.139 mittelständische Familienunternehmen im Maschinenbausektor Praktische Implikationen: Wir finden einen positiven Einfluss weiblicher NichtfamilienCEOs und einen negativen Einfluss weiblicher Familien-CEOs auf die Anzahl weiblicher Nichtfamilienmitglieder im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Haufe-Lexware)

Zitatform

Lucifora, Claudio & Daria Vigani (2022): What if your boss is a woman? Evidence on gender discrimination at the workplace. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 389-417. DOI:10.1007/s11150-021-09562-x

Abstract

"In this paper, we exploit rich cross-country survey data covering 15 European countries over the period 2000–2015 to investigate the relationship between the gender of the immediate supervisor (i.e. having a male or a female “boss”) and perceived gender discrimination at the workplace. We show that a female boss is associated with reduced gender discrimination, with positive spillovers mainly on female subordinates, in jobs where female presence is also higher and where work organization is more complex. The presence of more flexible work schedules and a better balance between work and life, further contributes to reinforce the mitigating effect of female leadership on discrimination. Results are shown to be consistent with available evidence on gender differentials in pay and career advancement, as well as being robust to a number of sensitivity checks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

Zitatform

Paola, Vanessa di, Arnaud Dupray & Stéphanie Moullet (2022): Does occupational gender composition affect women's chances of becoming managers? Evidence from France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 5/6, S. 473-490. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-12-2021-0315

Abstract

"The authors aim to explore the link between the gender composition of occupations and women's access to managerial positions in four societal contexts. Using EU-LFS data for 2015, the authors measure the relative gender equality performance of France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK regarding women's access to managerial positions, defined as levels 1 and 2 of the 2008 ISCO classification coupled with the exercise of managerial responsibilities. While gender-mixed working environments offer the largest number of managerial positions, they are also where women are least likely to reach such a position. Overall, except in Switzerland, women fare best in male-dominated occupations. Women do not appear to fare worse than men in female-dominated occupations, except in France. The findings question the relevance of policies aimed simply at reducing occupational gender segregation without providing safeguards against the deleterious effects that gender mixing may have on women's career advancement. The disparities between countries found here show that individual career advancement towards a managerial position may be driven by the social policies, gender ideology and institutions of the societal context. Examining how the societal dimensions involved in the poor performance of women in France and Switzerland are likely to differ sheds light on mechanisms behind the gender gap in management." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald) ((en))

Zitatform

(2021): Aufbruch oder Alibi? Viele Börsenvorstände erstmals mit einer Frau. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 20 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht informiert über die Vorstände (bzw. die den Vorständen analogen Führungsgremien) und Aufsichtsräte der zum 1. September 2021 im DAX30, MDAX und SDAX notierten Unternehmen. Im internationalen Vergleich informiert dieser Bericht über die Vorstände (bzw. die den Vorständen analogen Führungsgremien) der größten zum 1. September 2021 im jeweiligen nationalen Leitindex notierten Unternehmen in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Polen, Schweden und den USA. In Deutschland sind das die 30 DAX-Unternehmen, in Polen die 30 Unternehmen im WIG 30, in Schweden die Unternehmen im OMX 30, in den USA die 30 Unternehmen im Dow Jones Industrial Average. In Großbritannien wurden die 30 Unternehmen mit der am 1. September 2021 größten Marktkapitalisierung im FTSE und in Frankreich die 30 Unternehmen mit der am 1. September 2021 größten Marktkapitalisierung im CAC 40 berücksichtigt. Die verwendeten Informationen sind den Webseiten, Geschäftsberichten und Pressemitteilungen der Unternehmen entnommen. Die präsentierten Informationen dienen allgemeinen Informationszwecken. Die AllBright Stiftung ist um größtmögliche Sorgfalt bemüht, haftet aber nicht für die Richtigkeit, Aktualität und Vollständigkeit der Angaben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bijkerk, Suzanne Helena, Silvia Dominguez-Martinez, Jurjen Kamphorst & Otto Swank (2021): Labor Market Quotas when Promotions are Signals. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 437-460. DOI:10.1086/710358

Abstract

"We analyze the consequences of labor-market quotas for the wages of women in highlevel positions. Labor-market quotas create uncertainty about the reason why a woman is promoted. Firms know whether they promoted their female employees because of the quota or their ability, their competitors do not. A winner's curse, reducing competition for women in high-level positions, results. This widens the gender pay gap for these women. Ex ante women are better-off without quotas. Next, we investigate how quotas affect incentives for employers to learn the abilities of women to make better job-assignment decisions. Then, under specific conditions women may benefit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Holub, Felix & Moritz Drechsel-Grau (2021): Gender Gaps and the Role of Bosses. (Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2021: Climate Economics), Kiel, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the contribution of managers to gender gaps and analyzes whether the over-representation of men in management positions puts women at a disadvantage. Relying on personnel data from one of the largest European manufacturing firms, we separate out the factors explaining gender gaps. Adjusted pay gaps are positive, which means that men earn more than observationally equivalent women. A significant share of pay gaps can be explained by the sorting of men and women to different managers. More importantly, gender gaps in bonus payments causally depend on the manager’s gender. Accounting for worker and manager heterogeneity, bonus gaps are larger when the manager is male. This is driven by the fact that performance ratings are more favorable to men if handed out by a male manager. We present suggestive evidence that the relevance of manager gender for pay gaps is driven by discrimination rather than same-gender complementarities in productivity. However, independent of the root cause of these differences in evaluations by manager gender, the findings imply that a lower number of female managers increases gender gaps and thus constitutes a structural disadvantage for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Seierstad, Cathrine, Ahu Tatli, Maryam Aldossari & Morten Huse (2021): Broadening of the Field of Corporate Boards and Legitimate Capitals. An Investigation into the Use of Gender Quotas in Corporate Boards in Norway. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 753-773. DOI:10.1177/0950017019892835

Abstract

"Drawing on 31 interviews, we explore the life trajectories of some of the women with most directorships in Norway after the introduction of the quota, with specific attention to their capitals. Adopting a Bourdieusian approach, we examine to what extent forced structural changes (the quota), challenge what are valued as legitimate capital(s) in the field (corporate boards). Our research demonstrates the progressive role of the quota in challenging gendered ideas of suitability. We found that structural adjustments in the field are leading to realignment in terms of the field-specific value and meaning of different types of capitals, which are redrawing the boundaries of the field in the process. We conclude that the external push through state-imposed regulation has broadened the field, resulting in the recognition of a wider set of capitals as legitimate. The study responds to the much-debated question about the utility of quotas in addressing systemic and historical inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Sondergeld, Virginia & Katharina Wrohlich (2021): Mindestbeteiligung von Frauen in Vorständen: Einige Unternehmen sind neuem Gesetz bereits zuvorgekommen. (DIW aktuell 65), Berlin, 7 S.

Abstract

"Der Bundestag wird voraussichtlich am heutigen Freitag (11. Juni 2021) die Mindestbeteiligung von Frauen in Vorständen großer privatwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen beschließen. 64 Unternehmen müssten die neue Regelung dann erfüllen, 42 davon tun dies bereits, wie die vorliegende Analyse zeigt. Das sind acht Unternehmen mehr als zum Zeitpunkt der Einigung einer Arbeitsgruppe der Großen Koalition auf den Gesetzentwurf im Herbst 2020. Somit hat das neue geplante Gesetz offenbar bemerkenswerte Antizipationseffekte ausgelöst und dazu beigetragen, dass der Frauenanteil in den Vorständen der betroffenen DAX-Unternehmen innerhalb eines guten halben Jahres von knapp zwölf auf 16 Prozent gestiegen ist. Zuvor vergingen für einen Anstieg in dieser Größenordnung fünf Jahre. Infolge des neuen Gesetzes könnte es noch weiter bis auf 21 Prozent nach oben gehen. Allerdings haben einige Unternehmen mit der Berufung einer Frau ihren Vorstand gleichzeitig vergrößert, was den Anstieg des Frauenanteils abschwächt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2021): Fünfte Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienst. (... jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes 5), Berlin, 162 S.

Abstract

"Mit der "Fünften Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes" kommt die Bundesregierung ihrer Verpflichtung nach, die Öffentlichkeit fundiert über die Entwicklungen im Bereich Frauen in Führungspositionen zu informieren, wie es das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) vorsieht. Dem Bericht liegen für die Privatwirtschaft die Datenlage insbesondere aus dem Geschäftsjahr 2018 und für den öffentlichen Dienst des Bundes die Datenlage aus dem Jahre 2019 zugrunde. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Offenlegungspflichten und abweichender Geschäftsjahre ist eine Auswertung aller Geschäftsberichte nur zeitversetzt möglich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This piece of research looks at who makes decisions at the top of the biggest companies in Europe. The percentage of women in the C-suite and Boardroom in European companies is way below what you would expect, and progress has been incredibly slow over the years. At the current pace of advance, it will take decades before we have an acceptable level of representation of women at the helm of companies. Since women represent the vast majority of university students, it is shocking to see that only 7% of companies in Europe are led by women. This has to change. We simply cannot afford such a waste of talent. Progress is strikingly slow even in the Nordic countries, known to be very gender equal. Change generally happens only when we feel the urge to do so. Regulatory targets set in Belgium, Norway, France and other countries were instrumental in getting the numbers moving in the right direction. Influential reports and private initiatives in the UK and Ireland had a similar effect. But even in these countries the glass ceiling at C-suite level remains firmly in place, leaving women out of a crucial part of economic power. That’s why it is good to see more and more Chairs and CEOs, who put gender equality at the top of the agenda. Clear objectives, measures and reporting linked with remuneration, effective talent management, succession planning and promotion rules, all help. It is the best way to ensure real impact and major progress in an acceptable timeframe." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2020): Deutscher Sonderweg: Frauenanteil in DAX-Vorständen sinkt in der Krise. Allbright Bericht September 2020. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 15 S.

Abstract

"Die Pandemie prägt derzeit auf beispiellose Weise die Wirtschaft weltweit. Doch nicht überall ist die Reaktion der Unternehmen dieselbe. In der Krise strukturieren deutsche Konzerne ihre Führungsetagen um, allerdings ganz anders als ihre Wettbewerber in anderen westlichen Industrieländern. Während dort die Vorstände deutlich weiblicher werden, sind in deutschen Börsenunternehmen im Krisenjahr zwei Mechanismen zu beobachten: eine Verkleinerung der Vorstände und der Rückgriff auf Gewohntes, Vertrautes, „Altbewährtes“ – man setzt auf Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Bennouri, Moez, Chiara De Amicis & Sonia Falconieri (2020): Welcome on board: A note on gender quotas regulation in Europe. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 190. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109055

Abstract

"Using a diff-in-diff approach, we compare the impact on board and directors' characteristics of mandatory vs advisory regulations on gender quotas in corporate boards. We focus on the experience of three European countries: France and Italy (mandatory regime) vs UK (advisory regime). Our results show that while the percentage of Women on Boards (WoB) generally increases after the introduction of the regulation, this effect is stronger in mandatory regimes. We also find that the quality of the board, measured by several indicators such as size, busyness, qualifications, independence, generally improves more in mandatory regimes. Finally, we also document that gender quotas have had no effect on the likelihood of appointing female executives and board chairwomen in either regime" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

Zitatform

Kirsch, Anja & Katharina Wrohlich (2020): Mehr Frauen in Aufsichtsräten. Hinweise für Strahlkraft der Geschlechterquote auf Vorstände verdichten sich. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 87, H. 4, S. 50-55. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2020-4-3

Abstract

"Die verbindliche Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte wirkt: Insbesondere in den an sie gebundenen Unternehmen ist der Frauenanteil im Kontrollgremium in den vergangenen Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Doch wie sieht es mit der erhofften Strahlkraft der Quote auf die Vorstände aus? Dieser Bericht untersucht als zweiter Teil des aktuellen DIW Managerinnen-Barometers, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklung des Frauenanteils in Aufsichtsräten und der Entwicklung des Frauenanteils in Vorständen besteht. Das Kernergebnis: Eine entsprechende Beziehung ist erkennbar und die Hinweise, dass die Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte die Präsenz von Frauen in Vorständen positiv beeinflusst, verdichten sich. Ein kausaler Zusammenhang ist aber noch nicht nachweisbar. Die Antworten aus Interviews mit insgesamt 60 Aufsichtsrätinnen und Aufsichtsräten belegen, dass Aufsichtsratsmitglieder vielfältige Möglichkeiten haben, die Besetzung von Vorstandsposten zu beeinflussen und damit auf mehr Frauen in den Chefetagen hinzuwirken. Vielerorts werden diese Möglichkeiten aber (noch) nicht vollends ausgeschöpft. Weiterer politischer und gesellschaftlicher Druck und neue Formen der Arbeitsorganisation könnten helfen, den Anteil von Frauen in Führungspositionen nachhaltig zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Kowalewska, Helen (2020): Bringing Women on Board: The Social Policy Implications of Gender Diversity in Top Jobs. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 744-762. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000722

Abstract

This paper argues that analyses of the gendered character of welfare states should be broadened to include women’s share of board and executive roles, as well as the affirmative-action policies (e.g. gender boardroom quotas) that help to overcome the gender stereotypes (e.g. women are ‘nice’, men are ‘assertive’) and opaque selection procedures at the root of this. Such indicators may seem beyond the remit of social policy analysis, which is concerned foremost with the analysis of ‘social risk’. However, drawing on evidence from across multiple disciplines, this paper argues that achieving a ‘critical mass’ of women in board and executive positions can bring women’s issues onto companies’ agendas and lead to the adoption of female-friendly practices, policies, and cultures at the firm level. Crucially, these practices, policies, and cultures can help to reduce the incidence of gendered social risks (employment/care conflicts, economic dependence on a partner) and sexual harassment among women at lower levels of the labour market. Thus, the paper highlights another dimension to the social-regulatory function of welfare states which has to date been overlooked, namely legislative requirements on companies to achieve gender diversity in their leadership structures. (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)