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Acero, Isabel & Nuria Alcalde (2025): Gender pay gap among non-executive directors in Spanish boards. In: Applied Economics, S. 1-13. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2025.2499209

Abstract

"This study focuses on the existence or not of a gender pay gap (GPG) among non-executive directors (NEDs) in Spanish boards. For this purpose, we used a sample covering 4,018 positions/year for NEDs in 57 Spanish listed firms over a 10-year period (2013–2022). The results obtained suggest that, controlling for individual characteristics of the directors, the type of position held as well as the features of the company and its corporate governance system, female NEDs receive approximately 11% less remuneration than their male counterparts. Therefore, our findings do not support the idea that female directors are a scarce resource that firms compete for and reward. The results also highlight the need to differentiate by categories of directors when analysing the GPG in the board. In fact, we find that the GPG is higher for proprietary directors (around 18%) than for independent directors (around 6%). In terms of practical implications, our results may be of interest to policy-makers who are considering gender equity policies to break the glass ceiling." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kunze, Astrid & Katrin Scharfenkamp (2025): The Importance of Codetermination for Gender Diversity in the Boardroom. In: Industrial Relations. DOI:10.1111/irel.12396

Abstract

"This study examines the interplay of codetermination law and board gender quotas using novel board-director panel data for Norway. We present descriptive evidence suggesting that boards with employee representatives on boards of directors were more gender diverse before the gender quota. Difference-in-differences estimation results reveal that the differential effect of employee representation on gender diversity is negative after implementing the quota. Boards with employee representatives have recruited fewer women during the phase-in period, and the flexible quota tended to be ineffective. We interpret the effect through employee representation as a potential mediating factor of board gender quotas on gender diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kunze, Astrid & Katrin Scharfenkamp (2025): The Importance of Co-determination for Gender Diversity in the Boardroom. (CESifo working paper 11902), München, 37 S.

Abstract

"This study examines the interplay of co-determination law and board gender quotas using novel board-director panel data for Norway. We present descriptive evidence suggesting that boards with employee representatives on boards of directors were more gender diverse before the gender quota. Difference-in-differences estimation results reveal that the differential effect of employee representation on gender diversity is negative after implementing the quota. Boards with employee representatives have recruited fewer women during the phase-in period and the flexible quota tended to be ineffective. We interpret the effect through employee representation as a potential mediating factor of board gender quotas on gender diversity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Smith, Nina & Emma von Essen (2025): Gender quotas on corporate boards of directors. Gender quotas for women on boards of directors improve female share on boards, but firm performance effects are mixed, and spillover effects are positive but small. (IZA world of labor 7,3), Bonn, o. S. DOI:10.15185/izawol.7.v3

Abstract

"Arguments for increasing gender diversity on corporate boards of directors by gender quotas range from ensuring equal opportunity to improving firm performance. The introduction of gender quotas in a number of countries, mainly in Europe, has increased female representation on boards. Current research does not unambiguously justify gender quotas on grounds of economic efficiency. In many countries, the number of women in top executive positions is limited, and it is not clear from the evidence that quotas lead to a larger pool of female top executives, who, in turn, are the main pipeline for boards of directors. Thus, other supplementary policies may be necessary if politicians want to increase the number of women in senior management positions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Zeng, Juebin, Peng Huang, Yue Lu, Ji George Wu & Lei Yin (2025): Board gender diversity and firm performance revisited: international evidence. In: Applied Economics, S. 1-24. DOI:10.1080/00036846.2025.2493390

Abstract

"We examine the relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance across 40 countries in the period 2009–2018. Using an instrumental variable approach, we show that the presence of female directors negatively affects firm performance. We further explore how country- and firm-level institutions reshape this negative relationship. We find that the negative effect of female directors on firm performance is alleviated in countries with a higher score for control of corruption, government effectiveness, rule of law and regulatory quality. At the firm-level, the negative relationship between board gender diversity and firm performance is mitigated in firms with more anti-takeover devices and a board gender diversity policy, but is strengthened when the CEO also holds the title of the chair of the board. Overall, we agree with previous literature that proposals for regulations enforcing gender quotas on boards must be motivated by reasons other than improvements in firm performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Berkery, Elaine, Caroline Murphy & Christine Cross (2024): Gender Balance on State Boards in Ireland: To the Forefront of Progress or Concealing the Status Quo? In: Social Politics, Jg. 31, H. 1, S. 22-48. DOI:10.1093/sp/jxac045

Abstract

"In this article, we examine female appointments to government-owned corporations, called State Sponsored Boards (SSBs), in Ireland over a twenty-eight-year period, to analyze the extent to which gender parity has been achieved using voluntary gender targets. Using data from thirty-four SSBs, we found that overall figures relating to the achievement of gender parity on SSBs are masking the reality of female representation on these boards. We have demonstrated that the high concentration of females on particular boards is increasing the overall average gender representation figures, and as a result, a high proportion of boards are not meeting their gender targets. This research provides evidence of the importance of taking a more nuanced approach to examining gender diversity on boards as a whole." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Bohr, Jeanette & Nadia Granato (2024): Gender inequality in leadership positions. The role of part-time employment in seven European countries. In: Soziale Welt, Jg. 75, H. 1, S. 78-112. DOI:10.5771/0038-6073-2024-1-78

Abstract

In ganz Europa haben Frauen nach wie vor seltener Führungspositionen inne als Männer, wobei geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede von Land zu Land variieren. In diesem Papier untersuchen wir, wie eine Teilzeitbeschäftigung zu diesen geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden in hochqualifizierten Berufen beiträgt. Dabei legen wir besonderes Augenmerk auf die Frage, ob und gegebenenfalls, wie die Korrelation zwischen Teilzeitarbeit und einer Führungsposition durch das Geschlecht vermittelt wird, da der Erwerbsumfang und die Geschlechterzugehörigkeit in empirischen Studien bisher häufig konfundiert wurden. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten der Arbeitskräfteerhebung der Europäischen Union und schließen sieben europäische Länder ein. Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Teilzeit und dem Gender-Gap bei Führungspositionen, wobei eine negative Korrelation zwischen reduzierter Arbeitszeit und der Ausübung einer Führungsposition besteht und Frauen viel häufiger als Männer in Teilzeit arbeiten. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die sogenannten Teilzeit-Penalties, also die negative Korrelation zwischen Teilzeitbeschäftigung und einer Führungsposition, geschlechtsspezifisch sind, und zwar dahingehend, dass männliche Arbeitnehmer stärker betroffen sind als weibliche. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen auch vermuten, dass das Ausmaß von Teilzeit-Penalties nicht mit der vorherrschenden Teilzeitkultur in einem Land variiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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De Acutis, Costanza, Andrea Weber & Elisabeth Wurm (2024): The Effects of Board Gender Quotas: A Meta-Analysis. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 17333), Bonn, 33 S.

Abstract

"We use a meta-analysis to summarize the recent literature evaluating effects of the introduction of gender quotas on company boards. We collect data from 51 studies on policies implemented in 11 countries from which we extract 496 estimates. The literature considers the effects of quota policies on a wide range of outcome variables which we group in four categories. The findings of the meta-analysis contribute to the discussion of boardroom quota policies by mitigating some concerns of negative impacts and pointing out areas where more policy action is needed." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Del Prete, Silvia, Giulio Papini & Marco Tonello (2024): Gender quotas, board diversity and spillover effects. Evidence from Italian banks. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 221, S. 148-173. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.03.019

Abstract

"We study the impact of a law, which required the increase of the proportion of women on boards of listed companies to at least one third. We look at its impact on listed banks, but also test whether it led to spillovers into non-listed banks belonging to listed groups or along board diversity dimensions other than gender. Using administrative data, we compare diversity measures of boards of listed and non-listed banks in listed groups with those in non-listed groups, before and after the introduction of the law, in a difference-in-differences specification. We find that the gender quota law only changed the composition of the boards of listed banks, with no effects on their economic performance, nor relevant spillovers on other non-listed banks in listed groups. The law also enhanced diversity on boards of directors of listed banks along individual characteristics other than gender." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Hammerschmid, Gerhard, Dinah Rabe, Camila Weinmann, Johanna Klein, Alina Köchling, Antje Matten & Felix Dinnessen (2024): The future is PARITY. Repräsentanz von Frauen in Führungspositionen der Verwaltungsdigitalisierung in Deutschland: Status quo und Möglichkeiten zur Verbesserung. Berlin ; München, 24 S.

Abstract

"Die digitale Transformation der Verwaltung hat stetig an Bedeutung gewonnen und sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem attraktiven und stark wachsenden Karrierefeld der öffentlichen Verwaltung entwickelt. Gleichzeitig ist es ein Bereich, in dem die Repräsentanz von Frauen traditionell geringer ist als in anderen Berufsfeldern. Im Hinblick auf die ambitionierten Gleichstellungsziele der Verwaltung – der Bund hat sich etwa verpflichtet bis Ende 2025 die Gleichstellung von Frauen in Führungspositionen zu erreichen – stellt sich die Frage, wie das gerade auch im Bereich der Verwaltungsdigitalisierung gelingen kann. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Repräsentanz von Frauen in Führungspositionen in der Verwaltungsdigitalisierung auf Bundes- und Länderebene und beleuchtet erstmals den Status quo sowie die Erfahrungen von weiblichen Führungskräften in diesem Bereich. Ziel ist, erfolgsversprechende Strategien und Maßnahmen zur Erhöhung des Frauenanteils der öffentlichen Verwaltung zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine weiterhin bestehende klare Unterrepräsentanz von Frauen sowohl bei Führungskräften allgemein als auch bei Führungskräften mit Digitalisierungsbezug auf. Insbesondere auf Länderebene zeigt sich ein klares Defizit und hoher Handlungsbedarf. Wirksame Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Gleichberechtigung sind angepasste Rekrutierungsmaßnahmen, Personalentwicklung und mehr Flexibilität, insbesondere aber auch verbindliche Quoten. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollen als Orientierung für Maßnahmen zur Förderung der Gleichstellung dienen. Die Ergebnisse sind nicht nur maßgeblich für die aktuelle Debatte um Gleichstellung von Frauen und Männern, sondern stellen einen bedeutenden Schritt zur Integration und Gleichberechtigung von Frauen in der Verwaltungsdigitalisierung dar." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Harnay, Sophie, Fabienne Llense, Antoine Reberioux & Gwenaël Roudaut (2024): Gender equality within boards: comparing quota and soft law. (Working Papers AFED / Association française d'économie du droit 2024,08), 56 S.

Abstract

"In 2011, Britain and France introduced affirmative action policies aiming at improving board gender mix in listed companies. While the reforms were similar in terms of target and timing, Britain opted for a 'soft law' (comply or explain) approach, while France enacted a mandatory quota. Using difference-in-differences analyses, we examine the differential impact of these two reforms on board composition and on women empowerment within boards. We first show that the quota has been associated with a more rapid adjustment of the gender mix without significant disruptive effects on board composition. However, we report that the quota has induced a more limited access of women to monitoring committees within boards, relative to soft law. As these committees are the most influential, this evidence shows that the quota came at a cost when considering within-board women's influence." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ingersoll, Alicia R., Christy Glass & Alison Cook (2024): Gender, credentials & success: An examination of educational attainment in top management teams. In: Social science research, Jg. 124. DOI:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.103078

Abstract

"In recent decades, women have made historic gains in educational attainment, now outpacing men in terms of college enrollment and degree completion. Yet, despite the ubiquity of policies and programs aimed at advancing women in work organizations, women's educational gains have not yet translated into greater representation in elite corporate roles. The current study seeks to address this puzzle by analyzing the conditions under which women's educational attainment and credentials enable them to overcome gendered barriers to entry into executive positions. Specifically, we analyze the conditions under which women's educational attainment and credentials facilitate entry into executive roles and provide access to network ties necessary for gaining entrance into male-dominated positions. To answer our research questions we analyze a unique, author-constructed dataset that includes all top executives of the S&P 500 over a 5-year period. We use ordered logistic regression to analyze both the educational attainment and educational networks of executives. Findings suggest that key differences between women and men executives' networks and credentials exist, which contribute to disparities in access to organizational leadership opportunities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2024 Elsevier) ((en))

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Joecks, Jasmin, Kerstin Pull & Katrin Scharfenkamp (2024): Women directors, board attendance, and corporate financial performance. In: Corporate Governance, Jg. 32, H. 2, S. 205-227. DOI:10.1111/corg.12525

Abstract

"Using insights from an in-depth qualitative interview study, we propose an input-process-output model where the link between women directors (input) and corporate financial performance (output) is mediated by board attendance and where board attendance serves as a proxy of several intermediate but latent board processes. Further, we dig deeper into the nonlinearities of female boardroom representation by analyzing in how far the postulated mediation depends on the number of women in the boardroom. Analyzing quantitative data from German supervisory boards over an 11-year period, we find the link between women directors and corporate financial performance to be partially mediated by board attendance, and we find the mediation to depend on whether there is more than just one “token” woman in the boardroom. When there is only one woman in the boardroom, her presence is positively linked to board attendance, but the higher board attendance does not to translate into a better corporate financial performance. Our study contributes to theory, by inductively enriching our understanding of how and when women directors and corporate financial performance are linked. Our study encourages firms to appoint more than one woman to the boardroom to profit from an enhanced board attendance that will then also translate into a better corporate financial performance." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Möhring, Katja & Céline Teney (2024): Public support for affirmative action policies favouring women and migrants in recruitment processes: An international survey experiment. In: Acta sociologica, Jg. 67, H. 2, S. 215-231. DOI:10.1177/00016993231163416

Abstract

"Affirmative action policies (AAP) polarise the public debate in Western democracies as they involve favouring one candidate at the cost of others because of their group membership. Against this backdrop, we ran a factorial survey experiment in Denmark, France and Germany on the introduction of a hypothetical regulation favouring women and immigrants with equal qualifications in the recruitment process for a management position (N = 4264; YouGov online panel). Our data show that support for AAP for women is significantly greater than for immigrants in all three countries. Moreover, support for AAP is much higher in France than in Germany and Denmark. Germans and Danes show similar low support for AAP for immigrants, while support for AAP for women is higher in Germany than Denmark. We conducted multilevel regression models to investigate the power of several attitudinal factors in explaining target group and country differences. Results show that respondents’ varying levels of ethnic and gender prejudice and perceived disadvantage entirely explain target group differences in support for AAP. Furthermore, differences between Germany and Denmark in the support of AAP for women are explained by different levels of prejudices and perceived disadvantage, and attitudes towards state intervention. However, these attitudinal variables cannot explain why support for AAP is much higher in France." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sarang, Aitzaz Ahsan Alias, Nicolas Aubert & Xavier Hollandts (2024): Board gender diversity and the cost of equity: What difference does gender quota legislation make? In: International Journal of Finance and Economics, Jg. 29, H. 2, S. 2193-2213. DOI:10.1002/ijfe.2774

Abstract

"This study examines the relationship between women directors and the cost of equity (COE). Investigating the French firm's sample, we find a significant negative effect of women directors on the COE. Our results also document that the effect of women directors on reducing the COE is significant for firms that have a critical mass of at least four women directors. Using the difference-in-difference (DID) and propensity score matching (PSM) approach, we find that the relationship between female directors and lower equity costs is significant for the period following the Copé–Zimmermann gender quota law. The results show that women directors' presence on corporate boards is also supported by economic reasons. The study provides implications in relation to the Copé–Zimmermann law in France." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Sondergeld, Virginia, Katharina Wrohlich & Anja Kirsch (2024): Frauenanteil in Vorständen großer Unternehmen gestiegen, meist bleibt es aber bei höchstens einer Frau. In: DIW-Wochenbericht H. 3, S. 26-36. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2024-3-2

Abstract

"Im Managerinnen-Barometer des DIW Berlin werden seit dem Jahr 2006 die Frauenanteile in Vorständen und Geschäftsführungen (nachfolgend Vorstände) sowie in Aufsichts-, Verwaltungs- und Beiräten sowie Kuratorien (nachfolgend Aufsichtsräte) der größten Unternehmen in Deutschland dokumentiert. Zudem wird dargestellt, wie viele Frauen als Vorsitzende eines Vorstands beziehungsweise als Vorstandssprecherinnen (nachfolgend Vorstandsvorsitzende) sowie als Aufsichtsratsvorsitzende tätig sind. Diese Frauenanteile werden in diesem Bericht für die 200 – gemessen am Umsatz – größten Unternehmen in Deutschland,info für alle DAX-Unternehmen, alle Unternehmen mit Bundesbeteiligunginfo sowie für die 100 – gemessen an der Bilanzsumme – größten Bankeninfo und – nach Beitragseinnahmen – 60 größten Versicherungeninfo erfasst. Weiterhin werden die Frauenanteile in Vorständen und Aufsichtsräten auch gesondert für die von der Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte sowie die von der Mindestbeteiligung für Vorstände betroffenen Unternehmeninfo berichtet. Zusammen genommen enthält das DIW Managerinnen-Barometer somit Informationen zu mehr als 500 Unternehmen in Deutschland. Die hier veröffentlichten Zahlen wurden vom 15. bis zum 27. November 2023 recherchiert. Die Angaben beruhen auf den Selbstdarstellungen der Unternehmen im Internet, den Geschäftsberichten des Jahres 2022, dem Beteiligungsbericht des Bundes für das Jahr 2022, dem Bundesanzeiger sowie auf Anfragen des DIW Berlin bei den Unternehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

(2023): Frauen finden - Unternehmen setzen auf Headhunter, um mehr Vielfalt in die Vorstände zu bringen. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 12 S.

Abstract

"Der Kampf um die besten Köpfe für die deutschen Unternehmensführungen ist in vollem Gange. Das gilt besonders für weibliche Top-Führungskräfte, die dort noch immer stark unterrepräsentiert sind. Wer nicht genug Managerinnen im eigenen Unternehmen gefördert hat, versucht, über Headhunter Frauen bei der Konkurrenz zu finden: 63 Prozent der heutigen weiblichen Vorstandsmitglieder in DAX, MDAX und SDAX haben nicht im eigenen Unternehmen Karriere gemacht, sondern wurden extern für den Vorstand oder die Ebene darunter rekrutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2023): Einsam an der Spitze: Unternehmen holen Frauen in die Vorstände, aber in der Regel nur eine. (AllBright Bericht September 2023), Berlin, 16 S.

Abstract

"Langsam, aber sicher geht es voran mit dem Frauenanteil in den Vorständen: um mehr als 3 Prozentpunkte ist der Anteil seit September 2022 gewachsen, der zweitgrößte Zuwachs im Verlauf eines Jahres überhaupt. Und endlich – wenn auch wirklich spät – ist der Punkt erreicht, an dem es weniger rein männliche Vorstände gibt als gemischte. Von der alten Norm (im Vorstand gibt es nur Männer) bewegen sich die Unternehmen hin zu einer neuen Norm: in jeden Vorstand gehört eine Frau. Und zwar genau eine. Das ist ein bedenkliches Verständnis, bei dem wir es nicht belassen sollten." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Axelsdóttir, Laufey, Þorgerður J. Einarsdóttir & Gudbjörg Linda Rafnsdottir (2023): Justice and utility: Approval of gender quotas to increase gender balance in top-level managements—lessons from Iceland. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 30, H. 4, S. 1218-1235. DOI:10.1111/gwao.12966

Abstract

"Despite the adoption of board gender quotas in several countries, little is known about the views on quotas outside the boards. In this article, we expand the dialogue about gender quotas by examining managers' arguments (justice and utility) for quotas as a measure to increase gender balance in top-level managements. Drawing on a survey of 504 men and women managers in 244 of Iceland's largest companies, we show that social-justice arguments and utility arguments make a stronger case for gender quotas than individual-justice arguments. By highlighting the gendered context of arguments and expectations for further influence of gender quotas, we show that men managers' emphasis on liberal individualism and the lack of approval of quotas may hinder more organizational gender equality. We argue for the need to focus on organizational factors and top managers' responsibilities to support further gender balance in top-level managements." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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Bahadori, Negar (2023): Insights about the barriers to achieve gender equality in the decision-making roles and power positions. (DiSSE working papers / Dipartimento di scienze sociali ed economiche, Sapienza Università di Roma 2023,06), 17 S.

Abstract

"Despite significant advancements in recent years, numerous barriers hinder the full participation and representation of women in higher influential domains. To effectively address the disparities and foster more inclusive and equitable societies, this article presents a literature review, examining the barriers that impede gender equality in decision-making roles and power positions. By shedding light on the complex dynamics and systemic challenges, it aims to contribute to the design of effective strategies for dismantling gender disparities. To investigate why women, struggle to fully advance along the corporate ladder, this study explores the contributing factors to gender inequality in the labor market at three levels: micro, meso, and macro level. Additionally, the article leverages the Varieties of Capitalism framework proposed by Hall and Soskice (2001) to gain insights at a macro level into how gender inequalities in the workplace are shaped and to understand the positioning of Italy within the international context while emphasizing the importance of empirical research to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Understanding the real-world experiences of individuals and organizations working towards gender equality is essential for developing effective strategies to overcome these obstacles and promote equitable representation." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Garnitz, Johanna & Annette von Maltzan (2023): Frauen in Führungspositionen: Wo stehen Deutschlands Unternehmen? In: Ifo-Schnelldienst, Jg. 76, H. 4, S. 63-69.

Abstract

"Im Auftrag der Stiftung Familienunternehmen befragte das ifo Institut knapp 1 000 Unternehmen zum Thema „Frauen in Führungspositionen“. Dabei wurden zum einen die Frauenanteile in den verschiedenen Führungsebenen der Unternehmen betrachtet und zum anderen die Ideen und Anregungen der Unternehmen zur Förderung von Frauen in Führungspositionen erhoben. Die Umfrageergebnisse zeigen, dass Frauen in Führungspositionen mit einem Anteil von durchschnittlich 25% in Deutschlands Unternehmen immer noch stark unterrepräsentiert sind. Insgesamt sind Frauen vermehrt in Betrieben mit weniger als 10 Mio. Euro Umsatz in Führungspositionen tätig und branchenspezifisch vor allem im Handel- und Gastgewerbe und Dienstleitungssektor. Eins von drei Unternehmen hat die Bereitschaft, den Frauenanteil (weiter) zu erhöhen und entsprechende Maßnahmen einzuleiten. Die größten Erfolge versprechen sich die Unternehmen von Initiativen, die eine bessere Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf für beide Geschlechter unterstützen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Handschumacher-Knors, Franziska (2023): Does a gender pay gap exist on executive boards? An empirical multilevel analysis of executive board compensation in German listed companies. In: Journal of business economics, Jg. 93, H. 3, S. 325-357. DOI:10.1007/s11573-022-01107-7

Abstract

"Using a three-stage multilevel model, this paper investigates whether the compensation of female and male members of top management teams differs systematically. For this, the payment and the determinants of compensation of approximately 600 executive board members of German DAX, MDAX, and SDAX companies in the years 2016–2019 were analysed. The differences in remuneration are theoretically founded at the company level by agency theory and at the individual level by human capital theory. The empirical results show that women receive lower compensation than men on average throughout the period under review. However, these differences in pay are especially attributable to the fact that women serve on average for a shorter period on the executive board and rarely hold the CEO position. There is also evidence that executive compensation depends directly on individual attributes (length of service on and position in the board) and company-specific characteristics (firm size and performance) that differ systematically between men and women, but gender determines compensation only indirectly through these factors. The study also confirms that women are still underrepresented on executive boards. With these results, this paper contributes to corporate governance research in the context of the dualistic board system and encourages the discussion about women in leadership positions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Keller, Wolfgang, Teresa Molina & William W. Olney (2023): The gender gap among top business executives. In: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Jg. 211, S. 270-286. DOI:10.1016/j.jebo.2023.04.017

Abstract

"This paper examines gender differences among top US business executives using a large executive-employer matched data set spanning the last quarter century. Female executives make up 6% of the sample and exhibit more labor market churning – both higher entry and higher exit rates. Unconditionally, women earn 26% less than men, which decreases to 8% once executive characteristics, firm characteristics, and in particular job title are accounted for. We find that female executives are disproportionately represented in firms with more temporal flexibility and female-friendly corporate cultures, but this does not explain the gender pay gap. Rather, corporate culture is correlated with gender pay gaps within firms; specifically the within-firm gender pay gap is significantly smaller at female-friendly firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2023 Elsevier) ((en))

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Martínez-Córdoba, Pedro-José, Bernardino Benito & Isabel-María García-Sánchez (2023): Women's management in local government: The effects of substantive representation on welfare service efficiency. In: Social Policy and Administration, Jg. 57, H. 3, S. 272-286. DOI:10.1111/spol.12853

Abstract

"Spanish legislation on gender quotas in electoral candidate lists implies the effective incorporation of women into politics. This measure has created interest in the impact of this law on public service management (substantive representation), especially welfare services. This is due to the influence these services have on work-life balance. Hence, the objective of this research is to determine the impact of women politicians on the efficiency of municipal welfare services. We estimate efficiency levels in public social service management using non-parametric techniques over the last three local government legislatures in Spain. We then use truncated regression models to estimate the impact of women's substantive representation on these efficiency levels. The results confirm that more women in local government and female leadership in the opposition result in better levels of efficiency through reduced spending. In contrast, female leadership in the government and many women in the opposition reduce efficiency by supporting spending without increasing welfare services." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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O'Brien, Wendy, Clare Hanlon & Vasso Apostolopoulos (2023): Women as leaders in male-dominated sectors: A bifocal analysis of gendered organizational practices. In: Gender, work & organization, Jg. 30, H. 6, S. 1867-1884. DOI:10.1111/gwao.13019

Abstract

"Women in male‐dominated sectors face significant challenges to progress their leadership aspirations. While organizations have activated policies and practices that ostensibly assist women to progress, they still face entrenched gendered practices and cultures that create ongoing obstacles. In this paper, we examine the gendered social practices from insights of 15 women leaders in Australia as they attempt to advance their careers. In particular, on formal policies, informal practices, narratives and social interactions, and informal patterns of unconscious bias and merit, they negotiate in three male‐dominated sectors: Trades, Sport, and Surgery. The findings indicate a disconnect between policies and their application. Women were conflicted about the importance of quotas, and often felt unable to access flexible work arrangements upon returning to work after parental leave. Career pathways were often unclear, and women felt a lack of support from their organization, particularly when they attempted to navigate dominant masculine cultures. Drawing on these findings, we argue that executive leaders are central to changing the systemic sexism and discrimination in organizations that persist in male‐dominated sectors. To create organizational changes necessary for women to step into leadership roles, we propose four target areas: create accessible and visible career pathways, provide networking support, activate mentoring opportunities, and address unconscious bias." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, Published by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons) ((en))

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(2023): Siebte Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienst. (... jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes 7), Berlin, 237 S.

Abstract

"Die Bundesregierung hat am 13. Dezember die "Siebte Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauenanteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes sowie der Unternehmen mit unmittelbarer Mehrheitsbeteiligung des Bundes" beschlossen. Der Bericht wurde gemeinsam von der Bundesministerin für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend und dem Bundesminister der Justiz vorgelegt und zeigt einen kontinuierlichen Anstieg des Frauenanteils in Führungspositionen in allen genannten Bereichen. Der Bericht enthält detaillierte Daten zur Entwicklung des Frauenanteils in verschiedenen Sektoren, einschließlich der Privatwirtschaft, des öffentlichen Dienstes, der Bundesunternehmen und der Sozialversicherungen. Besonders auffällig ist der hohe Anteil an Unternehmen, die für den Frauenanteil auf Vorstandsebene die Zielgröße Null festgelegt und veröffentlicht haben. Trotz dieser Herausforderung zeigt der Bericht, dass der Frauenanteil in Führungspositionen insgesamt steigt und dass Maßnahmen wie das Führen in Teilzeit zu einem Kulturwandel beitragen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Fleischer, Dennis (2022): Does gender diversity in supervisory boards affect gender diversity in management boards in Germany? An empirical analysis. In: German Journal of Human Resource Management, Jg. 36, H. 1, S. 53-76. DOI:10.1177/2397002221997148

Abstract

"Social aspects like gender diversity in the boardroom are becoming increasingly relevant and are a popular topic of public debate in the context of gender equality in business. However, there is little clarity about the potential spill-over effects of gender diversity. Both theory and empirical results have led to ambiguous conclusions with respect to the effect of gender diversity in the supervisory board on gender diversity in the management board. In addition, it is not clear whether the German gender quota legislation positively affects this relationship. This study analyses whether gender diversity in the supervisory board supports the gender diversity of the management board, and whether this relationship is affected by the gender quota legislation, focusing on the unique case of Germany. To cope with endogeneity concerns, this study employs a cross-lagged panel model with fixed effects using maximum likelihood structural equation modelling. The results of the analysis of the impact of the number of female supervisory board members on the number of female management board members do not support the view of positive spill-over effects of gender diversity in the environment of the German two-tier corporate governance system. Furthermore, this study finds no evidence of an effect of the German gender quota on this relationship." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Kunze, Astrid & Katrin Scharfenkamp (2022): Gender Diversity, Labour in the Boardroom and Gender Quotas. (IZA discussion paper / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit 15691), Bonn, 51 S.

Abstract

"This study investigates boards of (non-executive) directors and whether employee representation has a positive effect on gender diversity on boards. We exploit rich, newly assembled board–director matched panel data for Norway and Germany, which contain unique information on whether a director represents shareholders or employees during the period around 2008, when a Norwegian board gender quota came into effect. We present two novel results that challenge previous thinking about the effects of board gender quotas on women directors. First, we find a positive impact of employee representation before the gender quota reform on gender diversity. Second, although the Norwegian gender quota has increased the probability of a director being female, the effect through employee representation has relatively decreased after the implementation of the reform. We discuss potential mechanisms and implications for the design of co-determination laws and gender quotas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Lorenzen, Solvej & Jörn Block (2022): Geschlechterdiversität im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen. In: Personal quarterly, Jg. 74, H. 4, S. 22-27.

Abstract

"Welchen Einfluss haben weibliche Familien- und Nichtfamilien-CEOs auf die Anzahl und den Anteil weiblicher Nichtfamilienmitglieder im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen? Deskriptive Analyse und lineare Regression. 1.139 mittelständische Familienunternehmen im Maschinenbausektor Praktische Implikationen: Wir finden einen positiven Einfluss weiblicher NichtfamilienCEOs und einen negativen Einfluss weiblicher Familien-CEOs auf die Anzahl weiblicher Nichtfamilienmitglieder im Management von mittelständischen Familienunternehmen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku, © Haufe-Lexware)

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Lucifora, Claudio & Daria Vigani (2022): What if your boss is a woman? Evidence on gender discrimination at the workplace. In: Review of Economics of the Household, Jg. 20, H. 2, S. 389-417. DOI:10.1007/s11150-021-09562-x

Abstract

"In this paper, we exploit rich cross-country survey data covering 15 European countries over the period 2000–2015 to investigate the relationship between the gender of the immediate supervisor (i.e. having a male or a female “boss”) and perceived gender discrimination at the workplace. We show that a female boss is associated with reduced gender discrimination, with positive spillovers mainly on female subordinates, in jobs where female presence is also higher and where work organization is more complex. The presence of more flexible work schedules and a better balance between work and life, further contributes to reinforce the mitigating effect of female leadership on discrimination. Results are shown to be consistent with available evidence on gender differentials in pay and career advancement, as well as being robust to a number of sensitivity checks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Springer-Verlag) ((en))

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Paola, Vanessa di, Arnaud Dupray & Stéphanie Moullet (2022): Does occupational gender composition affect women's chances of becoming managers? Evidence from France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. In: The international journal of sociology and social policy, Jg. 43, H. 5/6, S. 473-490. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-12-2021-0315

Abstract

"The authors aim to explore the link between the gender composition of occupations and women's access to managerial positions in four societal contexts. Using EU-LFS data for 2015, the authors measure the relative gender equality performance of France, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK regarding women's access to managerial positions, defined as levels 1 and 2 of the 2008 ISCO classification coupled with the exercise of managerial responsibilities. While gender-mixed working environments offer the largest number of managerial positions, they are also where women are least likely to reach such a position. Overall, except in Switzerland, women fare best in male-dominated occupations. Women do not appear to fare worse than men in female-dominated occupations, except in France. The findings question the relevance of policies aimed simply at reducing occupational gender segregation without providing safeguards against the deleterious effects that gender mixing may have on women's career advancement. The disparities between countries found here show that individual career advancement towards a managerial position may be driven by the social policies, gender ideology and institutions of the societal context. Examining how the societal dimensions involved in the poor performance of women in France and Switzerland are likely to differ sheds light on mechanisms behind the gender gap in management." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © Emerald) ((en))

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(2021): Aufbruch oder Alibi? Viele Börsenvorstände erstmals mit einer Frau. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 20 S.

Abstract

"Dieser Bericht informiert über die Vorstände (bzw. die den Vorständen analogen Führungsgremien) und Aufsichtsräte der zum 1. September 2021 im DAX30, MDAX und SDAX notierten Unternehmen. Im internationalen Vergleich informiert dieser Bericht über die Vorstände (bzw. die den Vorständen analogen Führungsgremien) der größten zum 1. September 2021 im jeweiligen nationalen Leitindex notierten Unternehmen in Deutschland, Frankreich, Großbritannien, Polen, Schweden und den USA. In Deutschland sind das die 30 DAX-Unternehmen, in Polen die 30 Unternehmen im WIG 30, in Schweden die Unternehmen im OMX 30, in den USA die 30 Unternehmen im Dow Jones Industrial Average. In Großbritannien wurden die 30 Unternehmen mit der am 1. September 2021 größten Marktkapitalisierung im FTSE und in Frankreich die 30 Unternehmen mit der am 1. September 2021 größten Marktkapitalisierung im CAC 40 berücksichtigt. Die verwendeten Informationen sind den Webseiten, Geschäftsberichten und Pressemitteilungen der Unternehmen entnommen. Die präsentierten Informationen dienen allgemeinen Informationszwecken. Die AllBright Stiftung ist um größtmögliche Sorgfalt bemüht, haftet aber nicht für die Richtigkeit, Aktualität und Vollständigkeit der Angaben." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bijkerk, Suzanne Helena, Silvia Dominguez-Martinez, Jurjen Kamphorst & Otto Swank (2021): Labor Market Quotas when Promotions are Signals. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 39, H. 2, S. 437-460. DOI:10.1086/710358

Abstract

"We analyze the consequences of labor-market quotas for the wages of women in highlevel positions. Labor-market quotas create uncertainty about the reason why a woman is promoted. Firms know whether they promoted their female employees because of the quota or their ability, their competitors do not. A winner's curse, reducing competition for women in high-level positions, results. This widens the gender pay gap for these women. Ex ante women are better-off without quotas. Next, we investigate how quotas affect incentives for employers to learn the abilities of women to make better job-assignment decisions. Then, under specific conditions women may benefit." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Holub, Felix & Moritz Drechsel-Grau (2021): Gender Gaps and the Role of Bosses. (Beiträge zur Jahrestagung des Vereins für Socialpolitik 2021: Climate Economics), Kiel, 46 S.

Abstract

"This paper investigates the contribution of managers to gender gaps and analyzes whether the over-representation of men in management positions puts women at a disadvantage. Relying on personnel data from one of the largest European manufacturing firms, we separate out the factors explaining gender gaps. Adjusted pay gaps are positive, which means that men earn more than observationally equivalent women. A significant share of pay gaps can be explained by the sorting of men and women to different managers. More importantly, gender gaps in bonus payments causally depend on the manager’s gender. Accounting for worker and manager heterogeneity, bonus gaps are larger when the manager is male. This is driven by the fact that performance ratings are more favorable to men if handed out by a male manager. We present suggestive evidence that the relevance of manager gender for pay gaps is driven by discrimination rather than same-gender complementarities in productivity. However, independent of the root cause of these differences in evaluations by manager gender, the findings imply that a lower number of female managers increases gender gaps and thus constitutes a structural disadvantage for women." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Seierstad, Cathrine, Ahu Tatli, Maryam Aldossari & Morten Huse (2021): Broadening of the Field of Corporate Boards and Legitimate Capitals. An Investigation into the Use of Gender Quotas in Corporate Boards in Norway. In: Work, Employment and Society, Jg. 35, H. 4, S. 753-773. DOI:10.1177/0950017019892835

Abstract

"Drawing on 31 interviews, we explore the life trajectories of some of the women with most directorships in Norway after the introduction of the quota, with specific attention to their capitals. Adopting a Bourdieusian approach, we examine to what extent forced structural changes (the quota), challenge what are valued as legitimate capital(s) in the field (corporate boards). Our research demonstrates the progressive role of the quota in challenging gendered ideas of suitability. We found that structural adjustments in the field are leading to realignment in terms of the field-specific value and meaning of different types of capitals, which are redrawing the boundaries of the field in the process. We conclude that the external push through state-imposed regulation has broadened the field, resulting in the recognition of a wider set of capitals as legitimate. The study responds to the much-debated question about the utility of quotas in addressing systemic and historical inequalities." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Sondergeld, Virginia & Katharina Wrohlich (2021): Mindestbeteiligung von Frauen in Vorständen: Einige Unternehmen sind neuem Gesetz bereits zuvorgekommen. (DIW aktuell 65), Berlin, 7 S.

Abstract

"Der Bundestag wird voraussichtlich am heutigen Freitag (11. Juni 2021) die Mindestbeteiligung von Frauen in Vorständen großer privatwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen beschließen. 64 Unternehmen müssten die neue Regelung dann erfüllen, 42 davon tun dies bereits, wie die vorliegende Analyse zeigt. Das sind acht Unternehmen mehr als zum Zeitpunkt der Einigung einer Arbeitsgruppe der Großen Koalition auf den Gesetzentwurf im Herbst 2020. Somit hat das neue geplante Gesetz offenbar bemerkenswerte Antizipationseffekte ausgelöst und dazu beigetragen, dass der Frauenanteil in den Vorständen der betroffenen DAX-Unternehmen innerhalb eines guten halben Jahres von knapp zwölf auf 16 Prozent gestiegen ist. Zuvor vergingen für einen Anstieg in dieser Größenordnung fünf Jahre. Infolge des neuen Gesetzes könnte es noch weiter bis auf 21 Prozent nach oben gehen. Allerdings haben einige Unternehmen mit der Berufung einer Frau ihren Vorstand gleichzeitig vergrößert, was den Anstieg des Frauenanteils abschwächt." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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(2021): Fünfte Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienst. (... jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes 5), Berlin, 162 S.

Abstract

"Mit der "Fünften Jährliche Information der Bundesregierung über die Entwicklung des Frauen- und Männeranteils an Führungsebenen und in Gremien der Privatwirtschaft und des öffentlichen Dienstes" kommt die Bundesregierung ihrer Verpflichtung nach, die Öffentlichkeit fundiert über die Entwicklungen im Bereich Frauen in Führungspositionen zu informieren, wie es das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) vorsieht. Dem Bericht liegen für die Privatwirtschaft die Datenlage insbesondere aus dem Geschäftsjahr 2018 und für den öffentlichen Dienst des Bundes die Datenlage aus dem Jahre 2019 zugrunde. Aufgrund unterschiedlicher Offenlegungspflichten und abweichender Geschäftsjahre ist eine Auswertung aller Geschäftsberichte nur zeitversetzt möglich." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Abstract

"This piece of research looks at who makes decisions at the top of the biggest companies in Europe. The percentage of women in the C-suite and Boardroom in European companies is way below what you would expect, and progress has been incredibly slow over the years. At the current pace of advance, it will take decades before we have an acceptable level of representation of women at the helm of companies. Since women represent the vast majority of university students, it is shocking to see that only 7% of companies in Europe are led by women. This has to change. We simply cannot afford such a waste of talent. Progress is strikingly slow even in the Nordic countries, known to be very gender equal. Change generally happens only when we feel the urge to do so. Regulatory targets set in Belgium, Norway, France and other countries were instrumental in getting the numbers moving in the right direction. Influential reports and private initiatives in the UK and Ireland had a similar effect. But even in these countries the glass ceiling at C-suite level remains firmly in place, leaving women out of a crucial part of economic power. That’s why it is good to see more and more Chairs and CEOs, who put gender equality at the top of the agenda. Clear objectives, measures and reporting linked with remuneration, effective talent management, succession planning and promotion rules, all help. It is the best way to ensure real impact and major progress in an acceptable timeframe." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

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(2020): Deutscher Sonderweg: Frauenanteil in DAX-Vorständen sinkt in der Krise. Allbright Bericht September 2020. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 15 S.

Abstract

"Die Pandemie prägt derzeit auf beispiellose Weise die Wirtschaft weltweit. Doch nicht überall ist die Reaktion der Unternehmen dieselbe. In der Krise strukturieren deutsche Konzerne ihre Führungsetagen um, allerdings ganz anders als ihre Wettbewerber in anderen westlichen Industrieländern. Während dort die Vorstände deutlich weiblicher werden, sind in deutschen Börsenunternehmen im Krisenjahr zwei Mechanismen zu beobachten: eine Verkleinerung der Vorstände und der Rückgriff auf Gewohntes, Vertrautes, „Altbewährtes“ – man setzt auf Männer." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Bennouri, Moez, Chiara De Amicis & Sonia Falconieri (2020): Welcome on board: A note on gender quotas regulation in Europe. In: Economics Letters, Jg. 190. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2020.109055

Abstract

"Using a diff-in-diff approach, we compare the impact on board and directors' characteristics of mandatory vs advisory regulations on gender quotas in corporate boards. We focus on the experience of three European countries: France and Italy (mandatory regime) vs UK (advisory regime). Our results show that while the percentage of Women on Boards (WoB) generally increases after the introduction of the regulation, this effect is stronger in mandatory regimes. We also find that the quality of the board, measured by several indicators such as size, busyness, qualifications, independence, generally improves more in mandatory regimes. Finally, we also document that gender quotas have had no effect on the likelihood of appointing female executives and board chairwomen in either regime" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Kirsch, Anja & Katharina Wrohlich (2020): Mehr Frauen in Aufsichtsräten. Hinweise für Strahlkraft der Geschlechterquote auf Vorstände verdichten sich. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 87, H. 4, S. 50-55. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2020-4-3

Abstract

"Die verbindliche Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte wirkt: Insbesondere in den an sie gebundenen Unternehmen ist der Frauenanteil im Kontrollgremium in den vergangenen Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Doch wie sieht es mit der erhofften Strahlkraft der Quote auf die Vorstände aus? Dieser Bericht untersucht als zweiter Teil des aktuellen DIW Managerinnen-Barometers, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklung des Frauenanteils in Aufsichtsräten und der Entwicklung des Frauenanteils in Vorständen besteht. Das Kernergebnis: Eine entsprechende Beziehung ist erkennbar und die Hinweise, dass die Geschlechterquote für Aufsichtsräte die Präsenz von Frauen in Vorständen positiv beeinflusst, verdichten sich. Ein kausaler Zusammenhang ist aber noch nicht nachweisbar. Die Antworten aus Interviews mit insgesamt 60 Aufsichtsrätinnen und Aufsichtsräten belegen, dass Aufsichtsratsmitglieder vielfältige Möglichkeiten haben, die Besetzung von Vorstandsposten zu beeinflussen und damit auf mehr Frauen in den Chefetagen hinzuwirken. Vielerorts werden diese Möglichkeiten aber (noch) nicht vollends ausgeschöpft. Weiterer politischer und gesellschaftlicher Druck und neue Formen der Arbeitsorganisation könnten helfen, den Anteil von Frauen in Führungspositionen nachhaltig zu erhöhen." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Kowalewska, Helen (2020): Bringing Women on Board: The Social Policy Implications of Gender Diversity in Top Jobs. In: Journal of Social Policy, Jg. 49, H. 4, S. 744-762. DOI:10.1017/S0047279419000722

Abstract

This paper argues that analyses of the gendered character of welfare states should be broadened to include women’s share of board and executive roles, as well as the affirmative-action policies (e.g. gender boardroom quotas) that help to overcome the gender stereotypes (e.g. women are ‘nice’, men are ‘assertive’) and opaque selection procedures at the root of this. Such indicators may seem beyond the remit of social policy analysis, which is concerned foremost with the analysis of ‘social risk’. However, drawing on evidence from across multiple disciplines, this paper argues that achieving a ‘critical mass’ of women in board and executive positions can bring women’s issues onto companies’ agendas and lead to the adoption of female-friendly practices, policies, and cultures at the firm level. Crucially, these practices, policies, and cultures can help to reduce the incidence of gendered social risks (employment/care conflicts, economic dependence on a partner) and sexual harassment among women at lower levels of the labour market. Thus, the paper highlights another dimension to the social-regulatory function of welfare states which has to date been overlooked, namely legislative requirements on companies to achieve gender diversity in their leadership structures. (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)

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Kuzmina, Olga & Valentina Melentyeva (2020): Gender diversity in corporate boards: Evidence from quota-implied discontinuities. (CEPR discussion paper 14942), London, 54 S.

Abstract

"We use data across European corporate boards to investigate the effects of quota-induced female representation, under minimal possible identification assumptions. We find that having more women in board causally increases Tobin's Q, despite some negative effects on operating performance and more likely employment downsizings. We interpret this evidence as firms scaling down inefficient operations. Our results highlight that gender quotas are not necessarily a costly way of promoting equality." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Maggian, Valeria, Natalia Montinari & Antonio Nicolò (2020): Do quotas help women to climb the career ladder? A laboratory experiment. In: European Economic Review, Jg. 123. DOI:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103390

Abstract

"Women are less likely to enroll in selective or scientific courses, applying for promotions and are particularly underrepresented in both middle and top positions in the STEM field. Quota are often advocated as an instrument to reduce this gender gap, but it remains unclear at what step of the career ladder they more effectively foster women's reaching the top. Many factors may affect quota's success or failure, such as how they would in turn affect teamwork and trust between members within organizations or coordination in applying for promotions. In this paper, by means of a laboratory experiment implementing a two-stage tournament, we evaluate the impact of three different interventions in affecting individual decision to climb the career ladder, abstracting away from other possible confounding factors. We find that, compared with no intervention, a gender quota introduced in the initial stage of competition was ineffective in encouraging women to compete for the top; quotas introduced in the final stage of competition or at both stages increased women's willingness to compete for the top, without distorting the performance of the winners." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku, © 2020 Elsevier) ((en))

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Möhring, Katja & Céline Teney (2020): Equality prescribed? Contextual determinants of citizens' support for gender boardroom quotas across Europe. In: Comparative European Politics, Jg. 18, H. 4, S. 560-589. DOI:10.1057/s41295-019-00199-w

Abstract

"We provide the first cross-national comparative study of citizens' support for affirmative action policies in the economy using the example of gender quotas for company boards. In contrast to previous studies, we focus on the contextual level and analyse how factors related to political institutions and actors, and economic and social structure shape citizens' support and the gap in support between men and women. We apply multilevel regression analyses of Eurobarometer data for 27 European countries. Levels of support and gender gaps in support for boardroom quotas vary largely between countries. Contextual factors related to existing quota laws, gender equality in social and economic life, and public opinion towards state intervention are important determinants of cross-national variation. Our results point to an ambiguous relationship of support for gender quotas and actual gender equality in a country. Citizens' endorsement of quotas is low in countries with high levels of formal gender equality. Support is higher in countries where interventionist policies are widely accepted. Also, existing quota laws are positively related to citizens' support of boardroom quotas." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Tyrowicz, Joanna, Siri Terjesen & Jakub Mazurek (2020): All on board? New evidence on board gender diversity from a large panel of firms. (IZA discussion paper 12883), Bonn, 26 S.

Abstract

"Using a unique database of over 20 million firms over two decades, we examine the industry sector and national institution drivers of the prevalence of women directors on supervisory and management boards in both public and private firms across 41 advanced and emerging European economies. We demonstrate that gender board diversity has generally increased, yet women remain rare in both boards of firms in Europe: approximately 70% have no women directors on their supervisory boards, and 60% have no women directors on management boards. We leverage institutional and resource dependency theoretical frameworks to demonstrate that few systematic factors are associated with greater gender diversity for both supervisory and management boards among both private and public firms: the same factor may exhibit a positive correlation to a management board, and a negative correlation to a supervisory board, or vice versa. We interpret these findings as evidence that country-level gender equality and cultural institutions exhibit differentiated correlations with the presence of women directors in management and supervisory boards. We also find little evidence that sector-level competition and innovativeness are systematically associated with the presence of women on either board in either group of firms." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

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Ahamed, M. Mostak, Jie Wen & Namita Gupta (2019): Does board composition affect the gender pay gap? In: Economics Letters, Jg. 184. DOI:10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108624

Abstract

By matching a unique firm-level gender pay gap (GPG) data with the corporate board- and firm-characteristics, we find that firms with the presence of foreign directors on board reduce the GPG of the firms in Britain. This result is more pronounced with the profitable firms, and with those that have less than 5000 employees. The findings suggest that policymakers’ emphasis on achieving diversity on the corporate board may also help improve equality in pay. (Author's Abstract, IAB-Doku)

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(2019): Entwicklungsland. Deutsche Konzerne entdecken erst jetzt Frauen für die Führung. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 19 S.

Abstract

"Es gibt Bewegung an den deutschen Unternehmensspitzen: Rekordverdächtig viele Wechsel haben im vergangenen Jahr mehr neue Frauen als sonst in die Vorstände der 160 deutschen Börsenunternehmen gebracht. Denn Männer räumen dort öfter ihre Posten: im vergangenen Jahr hat jeder fünfte Mann sein Vorstandsmandat abgegeben, aber nur jede 14. Frau. Immer öfter werden Männer durch Frauen ersetzt. Da kommt also etwas in Bewegung - allerdings auf extrem niedrigem Niveau, denn noch immer sind mehr als 90 Prozent der Vorstandsmitglieder Männer, der Frauenanteil lag am 1. September 2019 bei 9,3 Prozent. Im internationalen Vergleich ist Deutschland nun nicht mehr Schlusslicht, sondern Vorletzter." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Joslyn, Marie (2019): Die Macht hinter den Kulissen. Warum Aufsichtsräte keine Frauen in die Vorstände bringen. (AllBright Bericht), Berlin, 11 S.

Abstract

"Obwohl inzwischen immerhin 30 Prozent der Aufsichtsratsmitglieder Frauen sind, berufen die Aufsichtsräte der 160 deutschen Börsenunternehmen weiterhin nur sehr wenige Frauen in ihre Vorstände: 8,8 Prozent beträgt der Frauenanteil in den Vorständen am 1. Februar 2019 - so wenig wie in kaum einem anderen westlichen Industrieland. Zahlreiche Aufsichtsräte veröffentlichen sogar ausdrücklich ein Ziel von Null Frauen im Vorstand. An der Besetzung von Vorstandsposten in den Unternehmen sind zurzeit fast ausschließlich Männer beteiligt, weibliche Aufsichtsratsmitglieder sind in dem Prozess weitgehend ohne Wirkungsmacht." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

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Arndt, Paula & Katharina Wrohlich (2019): Geschlechterquoten im europäischen Vergleich. Harte Sanktionen bei Nichteinhaltung sind am wirkungsvollsten. In: DIW-Wochenbericht, Jg. 86, H. 38, S. 691-698. DOI:10.18723/diw_wb:2019-38-1

Abstract

"Frauen sind in Spitzengremien der Wirtschaft nach wie vor stark unterrepräsentiert - in Deutschland, in Europa und auch weltweit. In den Aufsichtsräten der 200 umsatzstärksten Unternehmen in Deutschland lag der Frauenanteil zuletzt bei knapp 27 Prozent, in den Vorständen sogar nur bei neun Prozent. Auch in anderen Bereichen wie Politik, Wissenschaft und Medien sind Frauen nach wie vor seltener vertreten als Männer. So beträgt beispielsweise der Frauenanteil unter den Abgeordneten im Deutschen Bundestag aktuell 31,2 Prozent; an den größten deutschen Hochschulen liegt der Anteil der Professorinnen bei 23 Prozent.
In den vergangenen Jahren hat die Aufmerksamkeit für dieses Thema stark zugenommen. Beispiele dafür sind die Berichterstattungen zum 'Thomas-Kreislauf' oder zur 'Hans-Bremse'. Durch diese öffentliche Debatte steigt seit einigen Jahren der Druck auf die Politik, den Ungleichheiten zwischen Frauen und Männern in Führungspositionen entgegen zu wirken. Viele Länder in Europa haben gesetzlich verbindliche Geschlechterquoten für Spitzengremien in der Wirtschaft eingeführt. Deutschland hat dazu im Jahr 2015 das Gesetz für die gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Frauen und Männern an Führungspositionen in der Privatwirtschaft und im öffentlichen Dienst (FüPoG) verabschiedet. Auch für andere Bereiche werden ähnliche Quoten gefordert, beispielsweise für Führungspositionen in deutschen Medien, in der Wissenschaft oder in der Medizin. Auch für die Politik werden Geschlechterquoten seit längerem diskutiert. Als erster deutscher Landtag hat Brandenburg im Januar 2019 das sogenannte Paritätsgesetz verabschiedet. Dieses sieht vor, dass alle Parteien, die an der Landtagswahl 2024 teilnehmen wollen, ihre Kandidatenlisten abwechselnd mit Männern und Frauen besetzen müssen. Auch in Thüringen wurde im Juli 2019 ein solches Gesetz für den Landtag beschlossen. In einigen europäischen Ländern (darunter Belgien, Frankreich, Portugal, Spanien und Slowenien) gelten Gesetze zu Geschlechterquoten für Kandidatenlisten auch auf nationaler Ebene." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)