Zitatform

Mize, Trenton D. (2016): Sexual orientation in the labor market. In: American Sociological Review, Jg. 81, H. 6, S. 1132-1160. DOI:10.1177/0003122416674025

Abstract

"Most analyses of sexual orientation and earnings find that gay men face a wage gap, whereas lesbian women earn higher wages than similar heterosexual women. However, analyses rarely consider bisexual men and women as a unique group separate from other sexual minorities. I argue that such binary views of sexual orientation -- treating sexual minorities as a homogenous non-heterosexual group -- have obscured understandings of the impact of sexual orientation on labor market outcomes. Specifically, I predict that unequal outcomes for gay men and lesbian women are partly due to the influence of family arrangements and their effects on earnings. In contrast, I argue that bisexual men and women should be the most disadvantaged in the labor market, due to particularly disadvantaging stereotypes, perceptions of choice to their sexual orientation, and prejudicial treatment. Using data from the General Social Survey (N = 13,554) and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 14,714), I show that family arrangements explain some of the observed earnings differentials for gay men and lesbian women. Bisexual men and women, in contrast, face wage penalties that are not explained by human capital differences or occupational characteristics. Perceptions of prejudicial treatment partially explain the observed wage gaps." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Moberg, Ylva (2016): Does the gender composition in couples matter for the division of labor after childbirth? (Working papers / Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy 2016,08), Uppsala, 62 S.

Abstract

"In this paper I compare the effect of entering parenthood on the spousal income gaps in lesbian and heterosexual couples using Swedish population wide register data. Comparing couples with similar pre-childbirth income gaps, a difference-in-differences strategy is used to estimate the impact of the gender composition of the couple on the spousal income gap after childbirth. The results indicate that the gender composition of the couple does matter for the division of labor after having children. Five years after childbirth the income gap is smaller in lesbian than in heterosexual couples also when comparing couples with the same pre-parenthood income gap. Heterosexual couples' division of labor seems to be influenced by traditional gender norms, regardless of their pre-childbirth income gap. In lesbian couples the partners' relative earnings before parenthood and a principle about fairness may be more important, as well as the partners' preferences for giving birth as the birth giving partner typically spends more time on parental leave." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Neumark, David (2016): Experimental research on labor market discrimination. (NBER working paper 22022), Cambrige, Mass., 97 S. DOI:10.3386/w22022

Abstract

"Understanding whether labor market discrimination explains inferior labor market outcomes for many groups has drawn the attention of labor economists for decades - at least since the publication of Gary Becker's The Economics of Discrimination in 1957. The decades of research on discrimination in labor markets began with a regression-based 'decomposition' approach, asking whether raw wage or earnings differences between groups - which might constitute prima facie evidence of discrimination - were in fact attributable to other productivity-related factors. Subsequent research - responding in large part to limitations of the regression-based approach - moved on to other approaches, such as testing direct predictions of the Becker model using data on discriminatory tastes, or using firm-level data to estimate both marginal productivity and wage differentials. In recent years, however, there has been substantial growth in experimental research on labor market discrimination - even though the earliest experiments were done decades ago. Some experimental research on labor market discrimination takes place in the lab. But far more of it is done in the field, which makes this particular area of experimental research unique relative to the explosion of experimental economic research more generally. This paper surveys the full range of experimental literature on labor market discrimination, places it in the context of the broader research literature on labor market discrimination, discusses the experimental literature from many different perspectives (empirical, theoretical, policy, and legal), and reviews what this literature has taught us thus far, and what remains to be done." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Abstract

"Dokumentation des Fachgesprächs der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes am 13. Oktober 2017 im Theater im Aufbauhaus Berlin, Kreuzberg. Das Fachgespräch diente dazu, die Studienergebnisse und Empfehlungen der Studie: 'Diskriminierungsrisiken in der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung' einem Fachpublikum und der interessierten Öffentlichkeit vorzustellen. Aufbauend auf der Präsentation der Ergebnisse der Studie berichteten anschließend in kurzen einzelnen Interviews Vertreter_innen verschiedener Beratungsstellen und Betroffenenorganisationen von ihren Erfahrungen mit Diskriminierungsrisiken durch die öffentliche Arbeitsvermittlung und konnten aus ihrer Sicht Vorschläge äußern. Dabei hatte auch eine Vertreterin der Bundesagentur für Arbeit die Möglichkeit, auf die Handlungsempfehlungen einzugehen. Am Nachmittag wurden in drei parallelen Arbeitsgruppen mögliche praktische Handlungsansätze mit Vertreter_innen aus der Arbeitsvermittlung, der Beratung und aus der Wissenschaft diskutiert." (Textauszug, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Frohn, Dominic Johannes Tobias (2015): Out im Office?! Sexuelle Identität und Geschlechtsidentität im Kontext von Arbeit * Eine differenzielle Betrachtung der Arbeitssituation, der psychischen Beanspruchung und der Leistungsfähigkeit von LSBT*-Beschäftigten. Köln, 220 S. DOI:10.4126/FRL01-006399504

Abstract

Die Arbeitssituation von LSBT*-Personen ist bis dato weitgehend unbefriedigend erforscht. Zu bisexuellen Beschäftigten und erwerbstätigen Trans*-Personen liegen in Deutschland bisher keine aussagekräftigen Erkenntnisse vor. Diese kumulative Dissertationsschrift bildet in zwei empirischen Artikeln ein Forschungsprojekt im mixed-method-Design ab, welches sich aus einem qualitativ orientierten und einem quantitativ orientierten Teilprojekt zusammensetzt.
Inhalt:
Dominic Frohn: Subjektive Theorien von lesbischen, schwulen und bisexuellen bzw. transidenten Beschäftigten zum Umgang mit ihrer sexuellen bzw. ihrer Geschlechtsidentität im Kontext ihrer beruflichen Tätigkeit - eine explorative qualitative Studie (16-181);
Dominic Frohn: Homosexualität in Arbeit und Wirtschaft (186-220) (IAB)

Zitatform

Hammarstedta, Mats, Ali M. Ahmedb & Lina Andersson (2015): Sexual prejudice and labor market outcomes for gays and lesbians. Evidence from Sweden. In: Feminist economics, Jg. 21, H. 1, S. 90-109. DOI:10.1080/13545701.2014.937727

Abstract

"This paper presents results from a study of sexual prejudice and differentials in labor market outcomes due to sexual orientation. It uses data from a nationwide Swedish survey on public attitudes toward homosexuals, conducted in 1999, and combines them with register data for 2007, which include information about sexual orientation, employment status, and yearly earnings for the total population in Sweden. It finds that prejudice against homosexuals negatively affects the relative employment and relative earnings of gay men. Lesbians are affected negatively by prejudice against homosexuals in terms of employment, but the relationship is less clear in regard to earnings. Discrimination against homosexuals, as well as social norms, occupational sorting and self-selection in, geographic mobility are presented as explanations for the results." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Jepsen, Christopher & Lisa K. Jepsen (2015): Labor-market specialization within same-sex and difference-sex couples. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 109-130. DOI:10.1111/irel.12078

Abstract

"We use data from the 2000 decennial U.S. Census to compare differences in earnings, hours worked, and labor-force participation between members of different household types, including same-sex couples, different-sex couples, and roommates. Both same-sex and different-sex couples exhibit some degree of household specialization, whereas roommates show little or no degree of specialization. Of all household types, married couples exhibit by far the highest degree of specialization with respect to labor-market outcomes. With respect to differences in earnings and hours, gay male couples are more similar to married couples than lesbian or unmarried heterosexual couples are to married couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Kelly, Maura & Amy Lubitow (2015): Pride at work: Organizing at the intersection of the labor and LGBT Movements. In: Labor Studies Journal, Jg. 39, H. 4, S. 257-277. DOI:10.1177/0160449X14567806

Abstract

"Collaborations between labor and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) organizations represent opportunities for both movements to increase their membership base, expand their circle of influence, and more fully embrace an intersectional framework for understanding social and economic justice. Drawing from interviews and participation with Pride at Work, an LGBT labor organization, we explore how coalitions that include LGBT and labor organizations can potentially benefit and strengthen both the labor movement and the movement for LGBT rights." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Klawitter, Marieka (2015): Meta-analysis of the effects of sexual orientation on earnings. In: Industrial relations, Jg. 54, H. 1, S. 4-32. DOI:10.1111/irel.12075

Abstract

"Most studies show that gay men earn less and lesbians earn more than their heterosexual counterparts, but the size of estimated sexual orientation differences varies greatly across studies. Using studies published between 1995 and 2012, a meta-regression shows that the gay sample size, sexual orientation measure, and controls for work intensity explain variation in estimates for men. For women, there are few conclusive influences although controlling for work intensity seems to be most important." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Montag, Josef (2015): What drives the gender gap? An analysis using sexual orientation. In: Kyklos, Jg. 68, H. 4, S. 577-608. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12095

Abstract

"Gender differences in productivity, if any, that are unobserved to researchers may produce an omitted variable bias in gender gap studies. Finding a subpopulation with less acute differences in unobserved characteristics would allow this concern to be addressed. This paper shows that gays and lesbians are one such interesting group - for the intra-household division of labor and its effects on market productivity cannot be sex-determined in this subpopulation. Indeed, there are substantial intra-household variations in labor market outcomes and other characteristics; the patterns and magnitudes are similar to different-sex households. Simultaneously, the gender wage gap between gays and lesbians is much smaller than in the heterosexual population; in specifications that control for geographic location it is near zero. These findings suggest that the intra-household division of labor is an important factor driving gender differences in labor market outcomes. Such an interpretation is consistent with recent studies that control for productivity." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Patacchini, Eleonora, Giuseppe Ragusa & Yves Zenou (2015): Unexplored dimensions of discrimination in Europe. Homosexuality and physical appearance. In: Journal of population economics, Jg. 28, H. 4, S. 1045-1073. DOI:10.1007/s00148-014-0533-9

Abstract

"We study labor-market discrimination of individuals with 'specific' characteristics in Italy. We conduct a field experiment in two Italian cities: Rome and Milan, by sending 'fake' CVs to real ads. We find that there is a strong penalty for homosexuals, i.e., about 30 % less chance to be called back compared to a heterosexual male and even more so if they are highly skilled. On the other hand, we find no penalty for homosexual females. We also find a beauty premium for females only but this premium is much lower when the 'pretty' woman is skilled." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Peukert, Almut (2015): Aushandlungen von Paaren zur Elternzeit. Arbeitsteilung unter neuen Vorzeichen? (Geschlecht und Gesellschaft 61), Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 312 S. DOI:10.1007/978-3-658-07071-7

Abstract

"Die Studie untersucht mit empirischen Methoden, wie Paare die Kindererziehungszeiten organisieren und verhandeln und wie sich das Elterngeld auf die geschlechtergerechte Aufteilung der Familienarbeit ausgewirkt hat." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Ulrich, Silvia & Karin Neuwirth (Hrsg.) (2015): Zum Verhältnis von Reproduktion, Erwerbsarbeit und fairer Budgetpolitik. (Linzer Schriften zu Gender und Recht 56), Linz: Trauner, 274 S., Anhang.

Abstract

"Diskriminierungsschutz, strukturelle Ursachen der Lohnungleichheit und ihre Verschränkung mit Fragen der Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in Bezug auf familiäre Rechte und Pflichten sind nach wie vor zentrale Themen der Genderforschung. Aufgabe des Gesetzgebers ist es, eine gleichberechtigte Lebens- und Arbeitswelt zu fördern.
Durch die Verankerung von Gender Budgeting als Staatsziel in der Bundesverfassung hat sich das Steuerungspotential der Politik zur Verwirklichung geschlechtergerechter Lebens- und Arbeitsverhältnisse wesentlich verbreitert. Es besteht nunmehr die Verpflichtung, durch eine geschlechtersensible Budget- und Steuerpolitik entsprechende Rahmenbedingungen für die geschlechtergerechte Verteilung von Erwerbs- und Reproduktionsaufgaben zu schaffen und den nach wie vor wirkmächtigen Geschlechterstereotypen entgegenzutreten. Dazu braucht es ein geändertes Selbstverständnis hinsichtlich Elternrollen und der Übernahme von Pflegearbeit. Die Beiträge des Sammelbandes zeigen die angesprochenen Zusammenhänge auf und thematisieren Perspektiven und Veränderungen entlang der thematischen Schwerpunkte 'Gender, Familie und Privatheit', 'Gender und Arbeitsleben' sowie 'Gender, Steuern und Budget'." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)

Zitatform

Drydakis, Nick (2014): Sexual orientation discrimination in the United Kingdom's labour market. A field experiment. (IZA discussion paper 8741), Bonn, 27 S.

Abstract

"Deviations from heteronormativity affect labour market dynamics. Hierarchies of sexual orientation can result in job dismissals, wage discrimination, and the failure to promote gay and lesbian individuals to top ranks. In this paper, I report on a field experiment (144 jobseekers and their correspondence with 5,549 firms) that tested the extent to which sexual orientation affects the labour market outcomes of gay and lesbian job-seekers in the United Kingdom. Their minority sexual orientations, as indicated by job-seekers' participation in gay and lesbian university student unions, negatively affected their workplace prospects. The probability of gay (lesbian) applicants receiving an invitation for an interview was 5.0% (5.1%) lower than that for heterosexual male (female) applicants. In addition, gays (lesbians) received invitations for interviews by firms that paid salaries that were 1.9% (1.2%) lower than those paid by firms that invited heterosexual male (female) applicants for interviews. In addition, in male- (female-) dominated occupations, gay men (lesbians) received fewer invitations for interviews than their non-gay (non-lesbian) counterparts. Furthermore, gay men (lesbians) also received fewer invitations to interview for positions in which masculine (feminine) personality traits were highlighted in job applications and at firms that did not provide written equal opportunity standards, suggesting that the level of discrimination depends partly on the personality traits that employers seek and on organisation-level hiring policies. I conclude that heteronormative discourse continues to reproduce and negatively affect the labour market prospects of gay men and lesbians." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Elmslie, Bruce & Edinaldo Tebaldi (2014): The wage gap against gay men. The leveling of the playing field. In: Kyklos, Jg. 67, H. 3, S. 330-345. DOI:10.1111/kykl.12057

Abstract

"This study uses data from the March Supplement Current Population Survey (CPS) to examine the wage differential against gay men from 1995 to 2011 in the United States. A wage equation is estimated using the Heckman two-stage method, which addresses the sample selection bias inherent in wage equation estimations. We find evidence that in the United States the wage gap against gay men has significantly decreased over the last two decades. We also find that evidence that the wage gap has become concentrated in three occupations: managerial, sales, and protective services. We conclude that the evidence is most consistent with the hypothesis that discrimination is decreasing, and possibly non-existent and that any lingering discrimination is based on the taste for discrimination by employees against being managed by a gay man and by customers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Mueller, Richard E. (2014): Wage differentials of males and females in same-sex and different-sex couples in Canada, 2006 - 2010. In: Canadian Studies in Population, Jg. 41, H. 3-4, S. 105-116.

Abstract

"This paper utilizes five cycles of the General Social Survey in consecutive years from 2006 through 2010 to address the issue of differential wages amongst members of same-sex couples compared to their counterparts in different-sex couples. We find that men in gay couples have wages that are statistically indistinguishable from those of males in heterosexual relationships. By contrast, a sizeable and statistically significant earnings premium exists for lesbians in same-sex couples." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Ozeren, Emir (2014): Sexual Orientation Discrimination in the Workplace: A Systematic Review of Literature. In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Jg. 109, S. 1203-1215. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.613

Abstract

"Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender (GLBT) employees constitute one of the largest, but least studied minority groups in the workforce. Given the scarcity of an up to date systematic literature review on sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace since Croteau (1996) and Ward (2003), this study aims to fill this gap through systematic literature review based on rigorous criteria. By examining 52 selected papers, the study specifically attempts to systematize the existing literature, explore key emerging themes and recent developments, identify research gaps, and suggest potential areas for future research. As a result, 'coming out', 'wage inequality', 'GLBT employee groups', 'the effects of GLBT (non) discrimination on the workplace and business outcomes' were identified as the major themes of the current review. Social institutions, legal frameworks, and cultural norms were determined as the key pillars of sexual orientation discrimination in the workplace." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Plug, Erik, Dinand Webbink & Nick Martin (2014): Sexual orientation, prejudice, and segregation. In: Journal of labor economics, Jg. 32, H. 1, S. 132-159. DOI:10.1086/673315

Abstract

"This article examines whether gay and lesbian workers sort into tolerant occupations. With information on sexual orientation, prejudice, and occupational choice taken from Australian Twin Registers, we find that gays and lesbians shy away from prejudiced occupations. We show that our segregation results are largely driven by those gay and lesbian workers with disclosed identities and are robust to the inclusion of unobserved factors that are inherited and observed factors that strongly correlate with productive skills and vocational preferences. Our segregation estimates are consistent with prejudice-based theories of employer and employee discrimination against gay and lesbian workers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Rich, Judith (2014): What do field experiments of discrimination in markets tell us? A meta analysis of studies conducted since 2000. (IZA discussion paper 8584), Bonn, 68 S.

Abstract

"Sixty-seven field experiments of discrimination in markets conducted since 2000 across seventeen countries were surveyed. Significant and persistent discrimination was found on all bases in all markets. High levels of discrimination were recorded against ethnic groups, older workers, men applying to female-dominated jobs and homosexuals in labour markets. Minority applicants for housing needed to make many more enquiries to view properties. Geographical steering of African-Americans in US housing remained significant. Higher prices were quoted to minority applicants buying products. More information made no significant improvement to minority applicant outcomes. Clear evidence of statistical discrimination was found only in product markets." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))

Zitatform

Baert, Stijn (2013): Career lesbians. Getting hired for not having kids? (IZA discussion paper 7767), Bonn, 31 S.

Abstract

"Using a field experiment, we investigate whether discrimination based on women's sexual orientation differs by age and family constraints. We find weakly significant evidence of discrimination against young heterosexual women. This effect is driven by age (and fertility) rather than by motherhood. We do not find any unequal treatment at older ages. This age effect is consistent with our theoretical expectation that, relative to lesbian women, young heterosexual women are penalised for getting children more frequently and taking on, on average, more at-home-caring tasks." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en))